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Primak A, Bozov K, Rubina K, Dzhauari S, Neyfeld E, Illarionova M, Semina E, Sheleg D, Tkachuk V, Karagyaur M. Morphogenetic theory of mental and cognitive disorders: the role of neurotrophic and guidance molecules. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1361764. [PMID: 38646100 PMCID: PMC11027769 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1361764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mental illness and cognitive disorders represent a serious problem for the modern society. Many studies indicate that mental disorders are polygenic and that impaired brain development may lay the ground for their manifestation. Neural tissue development is a complex and multistage process that involves a large number of distant and contact molecules. In this review, we have considered the key steps of brain morphogenesis, and the major molecule families involved in these process. The review provides many indications of the important contribution of the brain development process and correct functioning of certain genes to human mental health. To our knowledge, this comprehensive review is one of the first in this field. We suppose that this review may be useful to novice researchers and clinicians wishing to navigate the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Primak
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill Bozov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniya Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stalik Dzhauari
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Neyfeld
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Higher Education “A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Illarionova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Semina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Sheleg
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Higher Education “A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Tkachuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim Karagyaur
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Calvier L, Alexander A, Marckx AT, Kounnas MZ, Durakoglugil M, Herz J. Safety of Anti-Reelin Therapeutic Approaches for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Cells 2024; 13:583. [PMID: 38607022 PMCID: PMC11011630 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Reelin, a large extracellular glycoprotein, plays critical roles in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies have revealed non-neuronal functions of plasma Reelin in inflammation by promoting endothelial-leukocyte adhesion through its canonical pathway in endothelial cells (via ApoER2 acting on NF-κB), as well as in vascular tone regulation and thrombosis. In this study, we have investigated the safety and efficacy of selectively depleting plasma Reelin as a potential therapeutic strategy for chronic inflammatory diseases. We found that Reelin expression remains stable throughout adulthood and that peripheral anti-Reelin antibody treatment with CR-50 efficiently depletes plasma Reelin without affecting its levels or functionality within the CNS. Notably, this approach preserves essential neuronal functions and synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, in mice induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), selective modulation of endothelial responses by anti-Reelin antibodies reduces pathological leukocyte infiltration without completely abolishing diapedesis. Finally, long-term Reelin depletion under metabolic stress induced by a Western diet did not negatively impact the heart, kidney, or liver, suggesting a favorable safety profile. These findings underscore the promising role of peripheral anti-Reelin therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases and conditions where endothelial function is compromised, offering a novel approach that may avoid the immunosuppressive side effects associated with conventional anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anna Alexander
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Austin T. Marckx
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Murat Durakoglugil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (A.T.M.); (M.D.); (J.H.)
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Mingo-Moreno N, Truschow P, Staiger JF, Wagener RJ. Caudally pronounced deficiencies in preplate splitting and migration underly a rostro-caudal progression of cortical lamination defects in the reeler brain. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae023. [PMID: 38383722 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammalian neocortex development, every cohort of newborn neurons is guided toward the marginal zone, leading to an "inside-out" organization of the 6 neocortical layers. This migratory pattern is regulated by the extracellular glycoprotein Reelin. The reeler mouse shows a homozygous mutation of the reelin gene. Using RNA in situ hybridization we could demonstrate that the Reelin-deficient mouse cortex (male and female) displays an increasing lamination defect along the rostro-caudal axis that is characterized by strong cellular intermingling, but roughly reproduces the "inside-out" pattern in rostral cortex, while caudal cortex shows a relative inversion of neuronal positioning ("outside-in"). We found that in development of the reeler cortex, preplate-splitting is also defective with an increasing severity along the rostro-caudal axis. This leads to a misplacement of subplate neurons that are crucial for a switch in migration mode within the cortical plate. Using Flash Tag labeling and nucleoside analog pulse-chasing, we found an according migration defect within the cortical plate, again with a progressive severity along the rostro-caudal axis. Thus, loss of one key player in neocortical development leads to highly area-specific (caudally pronounced) developmental deficiencies that result in multiple roughly opposite rostral versus caudal adult neocortical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Mingo-Moreno
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Pavel Truschow
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Robin J Wagener
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen 37075, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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4
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Markiewicz R, Markiewicz-Gospodarek A, Borowski B, Trubalski M, Łoza B. Reelin Signaling and Synaptic Plasticity in Schizophrenia. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1704. [PMID: 38137152 PMCID: PMC10741648 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research emphasizes the significance of studying the quality of life of schizophrenia patients, considering the complex nature of the illness. Identifying neuronal markers for early diagnosis and treatment is crucial. Reelin (RELN) stands out among these markers, with genetic studies highlighting its role in mental health. Suppression of RELN expression may contribute to cognitive deficits by limiting dendritic proliferation, affecting neurogenesis, and leading to improper neuronal circuits. Although the physiological function of reelin is not fully understood, it plays a vital role in hippocampal cell stratification and neuroglia formation. This analysis explores reelin's importance in the nervous system, shedding light on its impact on mental disorders such as schizophrenia, paving the way for innovative therapeutic approaches, and at the same time, raises the following conclusions: increased methylation levels of the RELN gene in patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia results in a multiple decrease in the expression of reelin, and monitoring of this indicator, i.e., methylation levels, can be used to monitor the severity of symptoms in the course of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Markiewicz
- Occupational Therapy Laboratory, Chair of Nursing Development, Medical University of Lublin, 4 Staszica St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
| | | | - Bartosz Borowski
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Mateusz Trubalski
- Students Scientific Association, Department of Normal, Clinical and Imaging Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (B.B.); (M.T.)
| | - Bartosz Łoza
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
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Joly-Amado A, Kulkarni N, Nash KR. Reelin Signaling in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1479. [PMID: 37891846 PMCID: PMC10605156 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein involved in neuronal migration during embryonic brain development and synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. The role of Reelin in the developing central nervous system has been extensively characterized. Indeed, a loss of Reelin or a disruption in its signaling cascade leads to neurodevelopmental defects and is associated with ataxia, intellectual disability, autism, and several psychiatric disorders. In the adult brain, Reelin is critically involved in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Reelin's signaling potentiates glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission, induces synaptic maturation, and increases AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits' expression and activity. As a result, there is a growing literature reporting that a loss of function and/or reduction of Reelin is implicated in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. The present review summarizes the current state of the literature regarding the implication of Reelin and Reelin-mediated signaling during aging and neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting Reelin as a possible target in the prevention or treatment of progressive neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Joly-Amado
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.K.); (K.R.N.)
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Liu Y, Liang R, Zhu D, Wang Q, Li Z, Cheng L, Ren J, Guo Y, Chai H, Wang M, Niu Q, Yang S, Bai J, Yu H, Zhang H, Qin X. Effect of the Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway on the abnormal metabolism of Aβ protein induced by aluminum. Toxicol Ind Health 2023; 39:104-114. [PMID: 36617730 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221150859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a common neurotoxic element that can exacerbate intracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition. Reelin is a highly conserved extracellular glycoprotein that is involved in intracellular Aβ deposition. However, the action of Reelin on aluminum-induced Aβ deposition is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of the Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway on Aβ deposition in aluminum maltol (Al(mal)3) exposure in rat pheochromocytoma-derived cells (PC12). Our results showed that Al(mal)3 exposure decreased activity of PC12, increased expression of Aβ42, and decreased expression of Aβ40. Moreover, Al(mal)3 exposure in PC12 induced Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway-associated proteins changed, decreased expression of Reelin and Dab1, and increased expression of pdab1. Moreover, the expression of Reelin, Dab1, and Aβ40 was found to be elevated in PC12 exposed to Al(mal)3 and corticosterone compared to those exposed to Al(mal)3. Also, the expression of Reelin, Dab1, and Aβ40 was found to be depressed in PC12 exposed to Al(mal)3 and streptozotocin compared with cells exposed to Al(mal)3 alone. These results suggested that Al(mal)3 inhibits the expression of the Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway, promoting Aβ deposition. Thus, our findings provided important evidence to better understand how the Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway may be a potential mechanism of Aβ deposition induced by aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifeng Liang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Doudou Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Cheng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjuan Ren
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Guo
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Chai
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoulin Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Bai
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Yu
- Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiang Qin
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 74648Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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Gupta T, Kaur M, Singla N, Radotra BD, Sahni D, Kharbanda PS, Gupta SK. Reelin Signaling Pathway and Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Causative Link. Basic Clin Neurosci 2023; 14:57-72. [PMID: 37346868 PMCID: PMC10279991 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.2554.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most frequent form of partial epilepsy. Granule cell dispersion, resulting from aberrant neuronal migration in the hippocampus, is pathognomonic of MTLE. Reelin, a secreted neurodevelopmental glycoprotein has a crucial role in controlling the radial migration of neurons. Several animal studies have implicated Reelin in the MTLE pathogenesis Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most frequent form of partial epilepsy. Granule cell dispersion, resulting from aberrant neuronal migration in the hippocampus, is pathognomonic of MTLE. Reelin, a secreted neurodevelopmental glycoprotein has a crucial role in controlling the radial migration of neurons. Several animal studies have implicated Reelin in the MTLE pathogenesis. Methods The aim of this study was to investigate the Reelin signalling pathway in the MTLE patients. Therefore, we studied each step in the Reelin signalling pathway for the gene and protein expressions, in the hippocampal tissue obtained from patients undergoing surgery for MTLE and compared it with age matched normal autopsy cases. Results We found statistically significant decrease (P<0.001) in the Reelin mRNA expression in MTLE patients. Among the two reelin receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) was significantly increased whereas very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) was decreased among the patients. Disabled 1 (Dab1), the downstream target of reelin, was found to be decreased. Dab1 in turn inhibits Cofilin, which is responsible for cytoskeletal reorganization, thus limiting aberrant neuronal migration. Statistically significant over expression of Cofilin protein was found in the patient group. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases-1 (TIMP-1), both of which are involved in processing of Reelin, were down regulated in 70-85% of cases. Conclusion The whole pathway was found to be deranged in MTLE. These results indicate that Reelin signalling pathway is disturbed at various points in the MTLE patients and might be involved in the pathogenesis & progression of MTLE. Our results extend the existing information regarding the components of the Reelin pathway and further, establish a link between pathway disturbance and MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Singla
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bishan Dass Radotra
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Daisy Sahni
- Department of Anatomy, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Sunil K Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Kasahara Y, Nakashima H, Nakashima K. Seizure-induced hilar ectopic granule cells in the adult dentate gyrus. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1150283. [PMID: 36937666 PMCID: PMC10017466 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1150283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by hypersynchronous spontaneous recurrent seizures, and affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Cumulative evidence has revealed that epileptogenic insult temporarily increases neurogenesis in the hippocampus; however, a fraction of the newly generated neurons are integrated abnormally into the existing neural circuits. The abnormal neurogenesis, including ectopic localization of newborn neurons in the hilus, formation of abnormal basal dendrites, and disorganization of the apical dendrites, rewires hippocampal neural networks and leads to the development of spontaneous seizures. The central roles of hilar ectopic granule cells in regulating hippocampal excitability have been suggested. In this review, we introduce recent findings about the migration of newborn granule cells to the dentate hilus after seizures and the roles of seizure-induced ectopic granule cells in the epileptic brain. In addition, we delineate possible intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms underlying this abnormality. Finally, we suggest that the regulation of seizure-induced ectopic cells can be a promising target for epilepsy therapy and provide perspectives on future research directions.
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Lopez-Font I, Lennol MP, Iborra-Lazaro G, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Sáez-Valero J. Altered Balance of Reelin Proteolytic Fragments in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7522. [PMID: 35886870 PMCID: PMC9318932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reelin binds to the apolipoprotein E receptor apoER2 to activate an intracellular signaling cascade. The proteolytic cleavage of reelin follows receptor binding but can also occur independently of its binding to receptors. This study assesses whether reelin proteolytic fragments are differentially affected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects. CSF reelin species were analyzed by Western blotting, employing antibodies against the N- and C-terminal domains. In AD patients, we found a decrease in the 420 kDa full-length reelin compared with controls. In these patients, we also found an increase in the N-terminal 310 kDa fragment resulting from the cleavage at the so-called C-t site, whereas the 180 kDa fragment originated from the N-t site remained unchanged. Regarding the C-terminal proteolytic fragments, the 100 kDa fragment resulting from the cleavage at the C-t site also displayed increased levels, whilst the one resulting from the N-t site, the 250 kDa fragment, decreased. We also detected the presence of an aberrant reelin species with a molecular mass of around 500 kDa present in AD samples (34 of 43 cases), while it was absent in the 14 control cases analyzed. These 500 kDa species were only immunoreactive to N-terminal antibodies. We validated the occurrence of these aberrant reelin species in an Aβ42-treated reelin-overexpressing cell model. When we compared the AD samples from APOE genotype subgroups, we only found minor differences in the levels of reelin fragments associated to the APOE genotype, but interestingly, the levels of fragments of apoER2 were lower in APOE ε4 carriers with regards to APOE ε3/ε3. The altered proportion of reelin/apoER2 fragments and the occurrence of reelin aberrant species suggest a complex regulation of the reelin signaling pathway, which results impaired in AD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Lopez-Font
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain; (M.P.L.); (G.I.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Matthew P. Lennol
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain; (M.P.L.); (G.I.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Guillermo Iborra-Lazaro
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain; (M.P.L.); (G.I.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Mölndal, Sweden; (H.Z.); (K.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Mölndal, Sweden; (H.Z.); (K.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain; (M.P.L.); (G.I.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 03550 Sant Joan d’Alacant, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
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Sevoflurane Postconditioning Ameliorates Neuronal Migration Disorder Through Reelin/Dab1 and Improves Long-term Cognition in Neonatal Rats After Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1524-1542. [PMID: 34224102 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sevoflurane postconditioning (SPC) has been widely reported to attenuate brain injury after hypoxia-ischemia encephalopathy (HIE) by inhibiting neural necrosis and autophagy. Moreover, recent reports revealed that sevoflurane facilitated hippocampal reconstruction via regulating migration. Yet, it remains unclear whether the promotion of neural migration by SPC repairs the hippocampal injury after HIE. Here, we hypothesize that SPC exerts a neuroprotective effect by ameliorating neuronal migration disorder after HIE and regulating Reelin expression. Furthermore, the downstream Reelin/Dab1 pathway may be involved. The classical Rice-Vannucci model of hypoxia-ischemia was performed on postnatal day 7 rat pups, which was followed by SPC at 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC 2.5%) for 30 min. Piceatannol, causing Reelin aggregation in vivo, was used to detect whether Reelin/Dab1 was involved in the neuroprotection effect of SPC. Hippocampal-dependent learning ability tests were conducted to assess the long-term effects on locomotor activity and spatial learning ability. Our findings suggest that hypoxia-ischemia injury inhibited neurons migrated outward from the basal zone of dentate gyrus, disrupted cytoarchitecture of the dentate gyrus (DG), and led to long-term cognition deficits. However, SPC could relieve the restricted hippocampal neurons and repair the hippocampal-dependent memory function damaged after HIE by attenuating the overactivation of the Reelin/Dab1 pathway. These results demonstrate that SPC plays a pivotal role in ameliorating neuronal migration disorder and maintaining normal cytoarchitecture of the DG via inhibiting overactivated Reelin expression. This process may involve overactivated Reelin/Dab1 signaling pathway and spatial learning ability by regulating the Reelin expression which may associate with its neuroprotection.
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11
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Bartlett T. Fusion of single-cell transcriptome and DNA-binding data, for genomic network inference in cortical development. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:301. [PMID: 34088262 PMCID: PMC8176738 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Network models are well-established as very useful computational-statistical tools in cell biology. However, a genomic network model based only on gene expression data can, by definition, only infer gene co-expression networks. Hence, in order to infer gene regulatory patterns, it is necessary to also include data related to binding of regulatory factors to DNA. RESULTS We propose a new dynamic genomic network model, for inferring patterns of genomic regulatory influence in dynamic processes such as development. Our model fuses experiment-specific gene expression data with publicly available DNA-binding data. The method we propose is computationally efficient, and can be applied to genome-wide data with tens of thousands of transcripts. Thus, our method is well suited for use as an exploratory tool for genome-wide data. We apply our method to data from human fetal cortical development, and our findings confirm genomic regulatory patterns which are recognised as being fundamental to neuronal development. CONCLUSIONS Our method provides a mathematical/computational toolbox which, when coupled with targeted experiments, will reveal and confirm important new functional genomic regulatory processes in mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bartlett
- University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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12
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Li S, Duan Q, Lu M, Wen X, Chen J, Tan S, Guo Y. CSPGs promote the migration of meningeal fibroblasts via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway under OGD conditions. Brain Res Bull 2021; 173:37-44. [PMID: 33984430 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Usually glial scar that occurs after central nervous system injury has significantly affected the local neural microenvironment. Meningeal fibroblasts play an essential role in the formation of the glial scar. However, how and why meningeal fibroblasts migrate to lesion sites is still unclear. MAIN METHODS Astrocytes were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury. And then, we measured the glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) expression of reactive astrocytes by western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) after they were co-cultured with meningeal fibroblasts. Following, we clarified the possibility that CSPGs induce the migration of meningeal fibroblasts to glial scar by transwell migration assay and the activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway during the migration by western blot. KEY FINDINGS We found that co-cultured meningeal fibroblasts could alleviate the significantly increased expression of GFAP and CSPGs in the activation of reactive astrocytes induced by OGD/R. Additionally, CSPGs secreted by reactive astrocytes could induce the migration of meningeal fibroblasts and the expression of phospho-p38 in meningeal fibroblasts when meningeal fibroblasts were co-cultured with supernatant of reactive astrocytes. What's more, we could observe a noticeable increase in CSPGs that chondroitinase ABC could reverse their functions. Moreover, phospho-p38 could cause the expression of phospho-cofilin and the migration of CSPGs-induced meningeal fibroblasts. SIGNIFICANCE Our study provides reliable evidence for explaining scar formation mechanisms and further studying to improve regeneration after an injury to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingrui Duan
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minyi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinrui Wen
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Tan
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Gavrilovici C, Jiang Y, Kiroski I, Sterley TL, Vandal M, Bains J, Park SK, Rho JM, Teskey GC, Nguyen MD. Behavioral Deficits in Mice with Postnatal Disruption of Ndel1 in Forebrain Excitatory Neurons: Implications for Epilepsy and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgaa096. [PMID: 33615226 PMCID: PMC7876307 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of nuclear distribution element-like 1 (Ndel1) is associated with schizophrenia, a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by cognitive impairment and with seizures as comorbidity. The levels of Ndel1 are also altered in human and models with epilepsy, a chronic condition whose hallmark feature is the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent seizures and is typically associated with comorbid conditions including learning and memory deficits, anxiety, and depression. In this study, we analyzed the behaviors of mice postnatally deficient for Ndel1 in forebrain excitatory neurons (Ndel1 CKO) that exhibit spatial learning and memory deficits, seizures, and shortened lifespan. Ndel1 CKO mice underperformed in species-specific tasks, that is, the nest building, open field, Y maze, forced swim, and dry cylinder tasks. We surveyed the expression and/or activity of a dozen molecules related to Ndel1 functions and found changes that may contribute to the abnormal behaviors. Finally, we tested the impact of Reelin glycoprotein that shows protective effects in the hippocampus of Ndel1 CKO, on the performance of the mutant animals in the nest building task. Our study highlights the importance of Ndel1 in the manifestation of species-specific animal behaviors that may be relevant to our understanding of the clinical conditions shared between neuropsychiatric disorders and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Gavrilovici
- Departments of Neurosciences & Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Yulan Jiang
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ivana Kiroski
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Toni-Lee Sterley
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Milene Vandal
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jaideep Bains
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jong M Rho
- Departments of Neurosciences & Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Alberca CD, Papale LA, Madrid A, Gianatiempo O, Cánepa ET, Alisch RS, Chertoff M. Perinatal protein malnutrition results in genome-wide disruptions of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at regions that can be restored to control levels by an enriched environment. Epigenetics 2020; 16:1085-1101. [PMID: 33172347 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1841871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition remains one of the major adversities affecting brain development and long-term mental health outcomes, increasing the risk to develop anxiety and depressive disorders. We have previously shown that malnutrition-induced anxiety-like behaviours can be rescued by a social and sensory stimulation (enriched environment) in male mice. Here, we expand these findings to adult female mice and profiled genome-wide ventral hippocampal 5hmC levels related to malnutrition-induced anxiety-like behaviours and their rescue by an enriched environment. This approach revealed 508 differentially hydroxymethylated genes associated with protein malnutrition and that several genes (N = 34) exhibited a restored 5hmC abundance to control levels following exposure to an enriched environment, including genes involved in neuronal functions like dendrite outgrowth, axon guidance, and maintenance of neuronal circuits (e.g. Fltr3, Itsn1, Lman1, Lsamp, Nav, and Ror1) and epigenetic mechanisms (e.g. Hdac9 and Dicer1). Sequence motif predictions indicated that 5hmC may be modulating the binding of transcription factors for several of these transcripts, suggesting a regulatory role for 5hmC in response to perinatal malnutrition and exposure to an enriched environment. Together, these findings establish a role for 5hmC in early-life malnutrition and reveal genes linked to malnutrition-induced anxious behaviours that are mitigated by an enriched environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina D Alberca
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Neuroepigenetica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ligia A Papale
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andy Madrid
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Octavio Gianatiempo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Neuroepigenetica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales - CONICET (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo T Cánepa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Neuroepigenetica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales - CONICET (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Reid S Alisch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mariela Chertoff
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Neuroepigenetica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales - CONICET (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Reelin-Nrp1 Interaction Regulates Neocortical Dendrite Development in a Context-Specific Manner. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8248-8261. [PMID: 33009002 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1907-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reelin plays versatile roles in neocortical development. The C-terminal region (CTR) of Reelin is required for the correct formation of the superficial structure of the neocortex; however, the mechanisms by which this position-specific effect occurs remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that Reelin with an intact CTR binds to neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), a transmembrane protein. Both male and female mice were used. Nrp1 is localized with very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), a canonical Reelin receptor, in the superficial layers of the developing neocortex. It forms a complex with VLDLR, and this interaction is modulated by the alternative splicing of VLDLR. Reelin with an intact CTR binds more strongly to the VLDLR/Nrp1 complex than to VLDLR alone. Knockdown of Nrp1 in neurons leads to the accumulation of Dab1 protein. Since the degradation of Dab1 is induced by Reelin signaling, it is suggested that Nrp1 augments Reelin signaling. The interaction between Reelin and Nrp1 is required for normal dendritic development in superficial-layer neurons. All of these characteristics of Reelin are abrogated by proteolytic processing of the six C-terminal amino acid residues of Reelin (0.17% of the whole protein). Therefore, Nrp1 is a coreceptor molecule for Reelin and, together with the proteolytic processing of Reelin, can account for context-specific Reelin function in brain development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Reelin often exhibits a context-dependent function during brain development; however, its underlying mechanism is not well understood. We found that neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) specifically binds to the CTR of Reelin and acts as a coreceptor for very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). The Nrp1/VLDLR complex is localized in the superficial layers of the neocortex, and its interaction with Reelin is essential for proper dendritic development in superficial-layer neurons. This study provides the first mechanistic evidence of the context-specific function of Reelin (>3400 residues) regulated by the C-terminal residues and Nrp1, a component of the canonical Reelin receptor complex.
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16
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Gavrilovici C, Jiang Y, Kiroski I, Teskey GC, Rho JM, Nguyen MD. Postnatal Role of the Cytoskeleton in Adult Epileptogenesis. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa024. [PMID: 32864616 PMCID: PMC7446231 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in cytoskeletal proteins can cause early infantile and childhood epilepsies by misplacing newly born neurons and altering neuronal connectivity. In the adult epileptic brain, cytoskeletal disruption is often viewed as being secondary to aberrant neuronal activity and/or death, and hence simply represents an epiphenomenon. Here, we review the emerging evidence collected in animal models and human studies implicating the cytoskeleton as a potential causative factor in adult epileptogenesis. Based on the emerging evidence, we propose that cytoskeletal disruption may be an important pathogenic mechanism in the mature epileptic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Gavrilovici
- Departments of Neurosciences & Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Yulan Jiang
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ivana Kiroski
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jong M Rho
- Departments of Neurosciences & Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Canada
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17
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Kiroski I, Jiang Y, Gavrilovici C, Gao F, Lee S, Scantlebury MH, Vandal M, Park SK, Tsai LH, Teskey GC, Rho JM, Nguyen MD. Reelin Improves Cognition and Extends the Lifespan of Mutant Ndel1 Mice with Postnatal CA1 Hippocampus Deterioration. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4964-4978. [PMID: 32328622 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein Reelin maintains neuronal positioning and regulates neuronal plasticity in the adult brain. Reelin deficiency has been associated with neurological diseases. We recently showed that Reelin is depleted in mice with a targeted disruption of the Ndel1 gene in forebrain postnatal excitatory neurons (Ndel1 conditional knockout (CKO)). Ndel1 CKO mice exhibit fragmented microtubules in CA1 pyramidal neurons, profound deterioration of the CA1 hippocampus and a shortened lifespan (~10 weeks). Here we report that Ndel1 CKO mice (of both sexes) experience spatial learning and memory deficits that are associated with deregulation of neuronal cell adhesion, plasticity and neurotransmission genes, as assessed by genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the hippocampus. Importantly, a single injection of Reelin protein in the hippocampus of Ndel1 CKO mice improves spatial learning and memory function and this is correlated with reduced intrinsic hyperexcitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons, and normalized gene deregulation in the hippocampus. Strikingly, when treated with Reelin, Ndel1 CKO animals that die from an epileptic phenotype, live twice as long as nontreated, or vehicle-treated CKO animals. Thus, Reelin confers striking beneficial effects in the CA1 hippocampus, and at both behavioral and organismal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kiroski
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Yulan Jiang
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Cezar Gavrilovici
- Departments of Neurosciences & Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5009, San Diego, California 92123, USA
| | - Fan Gao
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, Boston, USA
| | - Sukyoung Lee
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Morris H Scantlebury
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Milene Vandal
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, Boston, USA
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Jong M Rho
- Departments of Neurosciences & Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5009, San Diego, California 92123, USA
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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18
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Fu DL, Li JH, Shi YH, Zhang XL, Lin Y, Zheng GQ. Sanhua Decoction, a Classic Herbal Prescription, Exerts Neuroprotection Through Regulating Phosphorylated Tau Level and Promoting Adult Endogenous Neurogenesis After Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Physiol 2020; 11:57. [PMID: 32116767 PMCID: PMC7026024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ischemia stroke is the leading cause of death and long-term disability. Sanhua Decoction (SHD), a classic Chinese herbal prescription, has been used for ischemic stroke for about thousands of years. Here, we aim to investigate the neuroprotective effects of SHD on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CIR) injury rat models. Methods: The male Sprague-Dawley rats (body weight, 250–280 g; age, 7–8 weeks) were randomly divided into sham group, CIR group, and SHD group and were further divided into subgroups according to different time points at 6 h, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d, respectively. The SHD group received intragastric administration of SHD at 10 g kg−1 d−1. The focal CIR models were induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion according to Longa’s method, while sham group had the same operation without suture insertion. Neurological deficit score (NDS) was evaluated using the Longa’s scale. BrdU, doublecortin (DCX), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were used to label proliferation, migration, and differentiation of nerve cells before being observed by immunofluorescence. The expression of reelin, total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) were evaluated by western blot and RT-qPCR. Results: SHD can significantly improve NDS at 1, 3, 7, and 14 d (p < 0.05), increase the number of BrdU positive and BrdU/DCX positive cells in subventricular zone at 3, 7, and 14 d (p < 0.05), upregulate BrdU/GFAP positive cells in the ischemic penumbra at 28 d after CIR (p < 0.05), and reduce p-tau level at 1, 3, 7, and 14 d (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference on reelin and t-tau level between three groups at each time points after CIR. Conclusions: SHD exerts neuroprotection probably by regulating p-tau level and promoting the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells, accompanying with neurobehavioral recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Lei Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ji-Huang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi-Hua Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi-Le Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Accogli A, Addour-Boudrahem N, Srour M. Neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and axon guidance. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 173:25-42. [PMID: 32958178 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of the central nervous system (CNS) is a complex, dynamic process that involves a precisely orchestrated sequence of genetic, environmental, biochemical, and physical factors from early embryonic stages to postnatal life. Duringthe past decade, great strides have been made to unravel mechanisms underlying human CNS development through the employment of modern genetic techniques and experimental approaches. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge regarding the main developmental processes and signaling mechanisms of (i) neurogenesis, (ii) neuronal migration, and (iii) axon guidance. We discuss mechanisms related to neural stem cells proliferation, migration, terminal translocation of neuronal progenitors, and axon guidance and pathfinding. For each section, we also provide a comprehensive overview of the underlying regulatory processes, including transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and epigenetic factors, and a myriad of signaling pathways that are pivotal to determine the fate of neuronal progenitors and newly formed migrating neurons. We further highlight how impairment of this complex regulating system, such as mutations in its core components, may cause cortical malformation, epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autism in humans. A thorough understanding of normal human CNS development is thus crucial to decipher mechanisms responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders and in turn guide the development of effective and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini Pediatric Hospital, Genova, Italy; Departments of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Child Science, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Myriam Srour
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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20
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Dlugosz P, Tresky R, Nimpf J. Differential Action of Reelin on Oligomerization of ApoER2 and VLDL Receptor in HEK293 Cells Assessed by Time-Resolved Anisotropy and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:53. [PMID: 30873003 PMCID: PMC6403468 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Reelin signaling cascade regulates correct neuronal layering during embryonic brain development. Details of this pathway are still not fully understood since the participating components are highly variable and create a complex mixture of interacting molecules. Reelin is proteolytically processed resulting in five different fragments some of which carrying the binding site for two different but highly homologous receptors, apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) and very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). The receptors are expressed in different variants in different areas of the developing brain. Binding of Reelin and its central fragment to the receptors results in phosphorylation of the intracellular adapter disabled-1 (Dab1) in neurons. Here, we studied the changes of the arrangement of the receptors upon Reelin binding and its central fragment at the molecular level in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells by time-resolved anisotropy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). In the off-state of the pathway ApoER2 and VLDLR form homo or hetero-di/oligomers. Upon binding of full length Reelin ApoER2 and VLDLR homo-oligomers are rearranged to higher order receptor clusters which leads to Dab1 phosphorylation. When the central fragment of Reelin binds to the receptors the cluster size of homo-oligomers is not affected and Dab1 is not phosphorylated. Hetero-oligomerization, however, can be induced, but does not lead to Dab1 phosphorylation. Cells expressing only ApoER2 or VLDLR change their shape when stimulated with the central fragment. Cells expressing ApoER2 produce filopodia/lamellipodia and cell size increases, whereas VLDLR-expressing cells decrease in size. These findings demonstrate that the primary event in the canonical Reelin pathway is the rearrangement of preformed receptor homo-oligomers to higher order clusters. In addition the possibility of yet another signaling mechanism which is mediated by the central Reelin fragment independent of Dab1 phosphorylation became apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Dlugosz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Tresky
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Nimpf
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Vaswani AR, Weykopf B, Hagemann C, Fried HU, Brüstle O, Blaess S. Correct setup of the substantia nigra requires Reelin-mediated fast, laterally-directed migration of dopaminergic neurons. eLife 2019; 8:41623. [PMID: 30689541 PMCID: PMC6349407 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons migrate to form the laterally-located substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) and medially-located ventral tegmental area (VTA), but little is known about the underlying cellular and molecular processes. Here we visualize the dynamic cell morphologies of tangentially migrating SN-mDA neurons in 3D and identify two distinct migration modes. Slow migration is the default mode in SN-mDA neurons, while fast, laterally-directed migration occurs infrequently and is strongly associated with bipolar cell morphology. Tangential migration of SN-mDA neurons is altered in absence of Reelin signaling, but it is unclear whether Reelin acts directly on migrating SN-mDA neurons and how it affects their cell morphology and migratory behavior. By specifically inactivating Reelin signaling in mDA neurons we demonstrate its direct role in SN-mDA tangential migration. Reelin promotes laterally-biased movements in mDA neurons during their slow migration mode, stabilizes leading process morphology and increases the probability of fast, laterally-directed migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Ravi Vaswani
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatrice Weykopf
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cathleen Hagemann
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Fried
- Light Microscope Facility, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Ducharme P, Zarruk JG, David S, Paquin J. The ferroxidase ceruloplasmin influences Reelin processing, cofilin phosphorylation and neuronal organization in the developing brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 92:104-113. [PMID: 30077770 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is an important extracellular regulator of iron metabolism. We showed previously that it stimulates Reelin proteolytic processing and cell aggregation in cultures of developing neurons. Reelin is a secreted protein required for the correct positioning of neurons in the brain. It is cleaved in vivo into N-terminally-derived 300K and 180K fragments through incompletely known mechanisms. One of Reelin signaling targets is the actin-binding protein cofilin, the phosphorylation of which is diminished in Reelin-deficient mice. This work looked for in vivo evidence of a relationship between Cp, Reelin and neuronal organization during brain development by analyzing wild-type and Cp-null mice. Cp as well as the full-length, 300K and 180K Reelin species appeared together in wild-type brains at embryonic day (E) 12.5 by immunoblotting. In wild-type compared to Cp-null brains, there was more 300K Reelin from E12.5 to E17.5, a period characterized by extensive, radially directed neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex. Immunofluorescence labeling of tissue sections at E16.5 revealed the localization of Cp with radial glia and meningeal cells adjacent to Reelin-producing Cajal-Retzius neurons, underlining the proximity of Cp and Reelin. Cofilin phosphorylation was seen starting at E10.5-E12.5 and lasted longer until postnatal day 7 in wild-type than Cp-null mice. Finally, using CUX1 as a marker revealed defective accumulation of neurons in layers II/III in neonatal and adult Cp-null mice. These results combined with our earlier work point to a potentially new role of Cp in Reelin processing and signaling and neuronal organization in the cerebral cortex in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Ducharme
- Département de Chimie and Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Juan G Zarruk
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Ave., Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - Joanne Paquin
- Département de Chimie and Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada.
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Denley MCS, Gatford NJF, Sellers KJ, Srivastava DP. Estradiol and the Development of the Cerebral Cortex: An Unexpected Role? Front Neurosci 2018; 12:245. [PMID: 29887794 PMCID: PMC5981095 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex undergoes rapid folding in an "inside-outside" manner during embryonic development resulting in the establishment of six discrete cortical layers. This unique cytoarchitecture occurs via the coordinated processes of neurogenesis and cell migration. In addition, these processes are fine-tuned by a number of extracellular cues, which exert their effects by regulating intracellular signaling pathways. Interestingly, multiple brain regions have been shown to develop in a sexually dimorphic manner. In many cases, estrogens have been demonstrated to play an integral role in mediating these sexual dimorphisms in both males and females. Indeed, 17β-estradiol, the main biologically active estrogen, plays a critical organizational role during early brain development and has been shown to be pivotal in the sexually dimorphic development and regulation of the neural circuitry underlying sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors in males and females. However, whether and how estrogens, and 17β-estradiol in particular, regulate the development of the cerebral cortex is less well understood. In this review, we outline the evidence that estrogens are not only present but are engaged and regulate molecular machinery required for the fine-tuning of processes central to the cortex. We discuss how estrogens are thought to regulate the function of key molecular players and signaling pathways involved in corticogenesis, and where possible, highlight if these processes are sexually dimorphic. Collectively, we hope this review highlights the need to consider how estrogens may influence the development of brain regions directly involved in the sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors as well as development of sexually dimorphic regions such as the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. S. Denley
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. F. Gatford
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine J. Sellers
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Deficiency of the Thyroid Hormone Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 in Neural Progenitors Impairs Cellular Processes Crucial for Early Corticogenesis. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11616-11631. [PMID: 29109240 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1917-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential for establishing layered brain structures, a process called corticogenesis, by acting on transcriptional activity of numerous genes. In humans, deficiency of the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), involved in cellular uptake of THs before their action, results in severe neurological abnormalities, known as the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome. While the brain lesions predominantly originate prenatally, it remains unclear how and when exactly MCT8 dysfunction affects cellular processes crucial for corticogenesis. We investigated this by inducing in vivo RNAi vector-based knockdown of MCT8 in neural progenitors of the chicken optic tectum, a layered structure that shares many developmental features with the mammalian cerebral cortex. MCT8 knockdown resulted in cellular hypoplasia and a thinner optic tectum. This could be traced back to disrupted cell-cycle kinetics and a premature shift to asymmetric cell divisions impairing progenitor cell pool expansion. Birth-dating experiments confirmed diminished neurogenesis in the MCT8-deficient cell population as well as aberrant migration of both early-born and late-born neuroblasts, which could be linked to reduced reelin signaling and disorganized radial glial cell fibers. Impaired neurogenesis resulted in a reduced number of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, but the latter additionally showed decreased differentiation. Moreover, an accompanying reduction in untransfected GABAergic neurons suggests hampered intercellular communication. These results indicate that MCT8-dependent TH uptake in the neural progenitors is essential for early events in corticogenesis, and help to understand the origin of the problems in cortical development and function in Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome patients.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Thyroid hormones (THs) are essential to establish the stereotypical layered structure of the human forebrain during embryonic development. Before their action on gene expression, THs require cellular uptake, a process facilitated by the TH transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8). We investigated how and when dysfunctional MCT8 can induce brain lesions associated with the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, characterized by psychomotor retardation. We used the layered chicken optic tectum to model cortical development, and induced MCT8 deficiency in neural progenitors. Impaired cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation resulted in an underdeveloped optic tectum and a severe reduction in nerve cells. Our data underline the need for MCT8-dependent TH uptake in neural progenitors and stress the importance of local TH action in early development.
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Potential Role of Microtubule Stabilizing Agents in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081627. [PMID: 28933765 PMCID: PMC5578018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are characterized by neuroanatomical abnormalities indicative of corticogenesis disturbances. At the basis of NDDs cortical abnormalities, the principal developmental processes involved are cellular proliferation, migration and differentiation. NDDs are also considered “synaptic disorders” since accumulating evidence suggests that NDDs are developmental brain misconnection syndromes characterized by altered connectivity in local circuits and between brain regions. Microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins play a fundamental role in the regulation of basic neurodevelopmental processes, such as neuronal polarization and migration, neuronal branching and synaptogenesis. Here, the role of microtubule dynamics will be elucidated in regulating several neurodevelopmental steps. Furthermore, the correlation between abnormalities in microtubule dynamics and some NDDs will be described. Finally, we will discuss the potential use of microtubule stabilizing agents as a new pharmacological intervention for NDDs treatment.
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Frotscher M, Zhao S, Wang S, Chai X. Reelin Signaling Inactivates Cofilin to Stabilize the Cytoskeleton of Migrating Cortical Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:148. [PMID: 28588454 PMCID: PMC5440592 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells. They give rise to several dendrites but only one axon. In addition, many neurons show a preferred orientation. For example, pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex extend their apical dendrites toward the cortical surface while their axons run in opposite direction toward the white matter. This characteristic orientation reflects the migratory trajectory of a pyramidal cell during cortical development: the leading process (the future apical dendrite) extends toward the marginal zone (MZ) and the trailing process (the future axon) toward the intermediate zone (IZ) while the cells migrate radially to reach their destination in the cortical plate (CP). In this review article, we summarize the function of Reelin, an extracellular matrix protein synthesized by Cajal-Retzius cells in the MZ, in the development of the characteristic orientation of the leading processes running perpendicular to the cortical surface. Reelin promotes migration toward the cortical surface since late-generated cortical neurons in the reeler mutant are unable to reach upper cortical layers. Likewise, Reelin is important for the orientation and maintenance of the leading processes of migrating neurons since they are misoriented in the developing reeler cortex, as are the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in the mature mutant. Reelin-induced phosphorylation of cofilin, an actin-associated protein, is crucial since pyramidal neurons transfected by in utero electroporation (IUE) with a non-phosphorylatable form of cofilin (cofilinS3A) show severe migration defects reminiscent of those in the reeler mutant. Remarkably, migration of neurons in the cortex of reeler mice was partially rescued by transfecting them with LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1), the kinase that induces phosphorylation of cofilin at serine3, or with a pseudo-phosphorylated cofilin mutant (cofilinS3E). Together these results indicate that Reelin-induced phosphorylation of cofilin is an important component in the orientation and directed migration of cortical neurons and in their correct lamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frotscher
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute for Structural Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Shanting Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Shaobo Wang
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute for Structural Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
| | - Xuejun Chai
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), Institute for Structural Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburg, Germany
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