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Chadwick PR, Trainor E, Marsden GL, Mills S, Chadwick C, O'Brien SJ, Evans CM, Mullender C, Strazds P, Turner S, Weston V, Toleman MS, de Barros C, Kontkowski G, Bak A. Guidelines for the management of norovirus outbreaks in acute and community health and social care settings. J Hosp Infect 2023:S0195-6701(23)00043-9. [PMID: 36796728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eamonn Trainor
- Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester, UK.
| | - Gemma L Marsden
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Royal College of General Practitioners, London, UK
| | - Samuel Mills
- British Infection Association, Seafield, West Lothian, UK; Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Cariad M Evans
- Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Pixy Strazds
- Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; St Andrew's Healthcare, Northampton, UK
| | - Sarah Turner
- Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; Stockport Council, Stockport, UK
| | - Valya Weston
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Infection Prevention Society, London, UK; NHS England, London, UK
| | - Michelle S Toleman
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Aggie Bak
- Healthcare Infection Society, London, UK
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2
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Balakrishnan A, Jacob MM, Senthil Kumar P, Kapoor A, Ponnuchamy M, Sivaraman P, Sillanpää M. Strategies for safe management of hospital wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2023; 20:1-16. [PMID: 36817164 PMCID: PMC9925218 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-023-04803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Management of hospital wastewater is a challenging task, particularly during the situations like coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The hospital effluent streams are likely to contain many known and unknown contaminants including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) along with a variety of pollutants arising from pharmaceuticals, life-style chemicals, drugs, radioactive species, and human excreta from the patients. The effluents are a mixed bag of contaminants with some of them capable of infecting through contact. Hence, it is essential to identify appropriate treatment strategies for hospital waste streams. In this work, various pollutants emerging in the context of COVID-19 are examined. A methodical review is conducted on the occurrence and disinfection methods of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. An emphasis is given to the necessity of addressing the challenges of handling hospital effluents dynamically involved during the pandemic scenario to ensure human and environmental safety. A comparative evaluation of disinfection strategies makes it evident that the non-contact methods like ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide vapor, and preventive approaches such as the usage of antimicrobial surface coating offer promise in reducing the chance of disease transmission. These methods are also highly efficient in comparison with other strategies. Chemical disinfection strategies such as chlorination may lead to further disinfection byproducts, complicating the treatment processes. An overall analysis of various disinfection methods is presented here, including developing methods such as membrane technologies, highlighting the merits and demerits of each of these processes. Finally, the wastewater surveillance adopted during the COVID-19 outbreak is discussed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13762-023-04803-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Balakrishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| | - M. M. Jacob
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - P. Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai 603203 India
- Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai 603203 India
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413 India
| | - A. Kapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208002 India
| | - M. Ponnuchamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - P. Sivaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - M. Sillanpää
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), NO. 2006, Xiyuan Ave., West High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731 People’s Republic of China
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Wang M, Bai Z, Liu S, Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhou G, Gong X, Jiang Y, Sui Z. Accurate quantification of total bacteria in raw milk by flow cytometry using membrane potential as a key viability parameter. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Aerosolized Hydrogen Peroxide Decontamination of N95 Respirators, with Fit-Testing and Viral Inactivation, Demonstrates Feasibility for Reuse during the COVID-19 Pandemic. mSphere 2022; 7:e0030322. [PMID: 36040048 PMCID: PMC9599425 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00303-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the demand for N95 respirators by health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, we evaluated decontamination of N95 respirators using an aerosolized hydrogen peroxide (aHP) system. This system is designed to dispense a consistent atomized spray of aerosolized, 7% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution over a treatment cycle. Multiple N95 respirator models were subjected to 10 or more cycles of respirator decontamination, with a select number periodically assessed for qualitative and quantitative fit testing. In parallel, we assessed the ability of aHP treatment to inactivate multiple viruses absorbed onto respirators, including phi6 bacteriophage, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). For pathogens transmitted via respiratory droplets and aerosols, it is critical to address respirator safety for reuse. This study provided experimental validation of an aHP treatment process that decontaminates the respirators while maintaining N95 function. External National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) certification verified respirator structural integrity and filtration efficiency after 10 rounds of aHP treatment. Virus inactivation by aHP was comparable to the decontamination of commercial spore-based biological indicators. These data demonstrate that the aHP process is effective, with successful fit-testing of respirators after multiple aHP cycles, effective decontamination of multiple virus species, including SARS-CoV-2, successful decontamination of bacterial spores, and filtration efficiency maintained at or greater than 95%. While this study did not include extended or clinical use of N95 respirators between aHP cycles, these data provide proof of concept for aHP decontamination of N95 respirators before reuse in a crisis-capacity scenario. IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented pressure on health care and research facilities to provide personal protective equipment. The respiratory nature of the SARS-CoV2 pathogen makes respirator facepieces a critical protective measure to limit inhalation of this virus. While respirator facepieces were designed for single use and disposal, the pandemic increased overall demand for N95 respirators, and corresponding manufacturing and supply chain limitations necessitated the safe reuse of respirators when necessary. In this study, we repurposed an aerosolized hydrogen peroxide (aHP) system that is regularly utilized to decontaminate materials in a biosafety level 3 (BSL3) facility, to develop a method for decontamination of N95 respirators. Results from viral inactivation, biological indicators, respirator fit testing, and filtration efficiency testing all indicated that the process was effective at rendering N95 respirators safe for reuse. This proof-of-concept study establishes baseline data for future testing of aHP in crisis-capacity respirator-reuse scenarios.
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Mileto D, Mancon A, Staurenghi F, Rizzo A, Econdi S, Gismondo MR, Guidotti M. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in the Liquid Phase: Are Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide and Sodium Percarbonate Efficient Decontamination Agents? ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2021; 28:260-267. [PMID: 37556234 PMCID: PMC7901233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.0c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A diluted 3% w/w hydrogen peroxide solution acidified to pH 2.5 by adding citric acid inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus by more than 4 orders of magnitude in 5 min. After a contact time of 15 min, no viral replication was detected. Aqueous solutions of sodium percarbonate inactivated coronavirus by >3 log10 diminution in 15 min. Conversely, H2O2 solutions with no additives displayed a scarce virucidal activity (1.1 log10 diminution in 5 min), confirming that a pH-modifying ingredient is necessary to have a H2O2-based disinfectant active against the novel coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Mileto
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and
Bioemergency, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University Hospital L.
Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mancon
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and
Bioemergency, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University Hospital L.
Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Staurenghi
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and
Bioemergency, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University Hospital L.
Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Rizzo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and
Bioemergency, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University Hospital L.
Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Econdi
- CNR-SCITEC, Istituto di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, via C. Golgi 19, 20133
Milan, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Milan, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and
Bioemergency, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, University Hospital L.
Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Guidotti
- CNR-SCITEC, Istituto di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, via C. Golgi 19, 20133
Milan, Italy
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A Systematic Review on the Efficacy of Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide as a Non-Contact Decontamination System for Pathogens Associated with the Dental Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094748. [PMID: 33946831 PMCID: PMC8124733 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol generation and a wide range of pathogens originating from the oral cavity of the patient contaminate various surfaces of the dental clinic. The aim was to determine the efficacy of vaporized hydrogen peroxide fogging on pathogens related to the dental environment and its possible application in dentistry. PICOS statement (Population, Intervention, Comparison/Control, Outcome and Study design statement) was used in the review. Six electronic databases were searched for articles published from 2010 to 2020. Articles written in English reporting vaporized hydrogen peroxide on pathogens deemed to be relevant to the dental environment were assessed. The quality of the studies was assessed using the risk-of-bias assessment tool designed for the investigation of vaporized hydrogen peroxide application in dentistry. A total of 17 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The most commonly reported single bacterial pathogen was Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in five studies, and the viruses Feline calicivirus, Human norovirus, and Murine norovirus were featured in three studies. The results of the studies reporting the log kill were sufficient for all authors to conclude that vaporized hydrogen peroxide generation was effective for the assessed pathogens. The studies that assessed aerosolized hydrogen peroxide found a greater log kill with the use of vaporized hydrogen peroxide generators. The overarching conclusion was that hydrogen peroxide delivered as vaporized hydrogen peroxide was an effective method to achieve large levels of log kill on the assessed pathogens. The hydrogen peroxide vapor generators can play a role in dental bio-decontamination. The parameters must be standardized and the efficacy assessed to perform bio-decontamination for the whole clinic. For vaporized hydrogen peroxide generators to be included in the dental bio-decontamination regimen, certain criteria should be met. These include the standardization and efficacy assessment of the vaporized hydrogen peroxide generators in dental clinics.
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Alsved M, Widell A, Dahlin H, Karlson S, Medstrand P, Löndahl J. Aerosolization and recovery of viable murine norovirus in an experimental setup. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15941. [PMID: 32994471 PMCID: PMC7525472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the major cause for viral acute gastroenteritis in the world. Despite the existing infection prevention strategies in hospitals, the disease continues to spread and causes extensive and numerous outbreaks. Hence, there is a need to investigate the possibility of airborne transmission of norovirus. In this study, we developed an experimental setup for studies on the infectivity of aerosolized murine norovirus (MNV), a model for the human norovirus. Two aerosol generation principles were evaluated: bubble bursting, a common natural aerosolization mechanism, and nebulization, a common aerosolization technique in laboratory studies. The aerosolization setup was characterized by physical and viral dilution factors, generated aerosol particle size distributions, and the viral infectivity after aerosolization. We found a lower physical dilution factor when using the nebulization generator than with the bubble bursting generator. The viral dilution factor of the system was higher than the physical dilution; however, when comparing the physical and viral dilution factors, bubble bursting generation was more efficient. The infectivity per virus was similar using either generation principle, suggesting that the generation itself had a minor impact on MNV infectivity and that instead, the effect of drying in air could be a major reason for infectivity losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Alsved
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Widell
- Clinical Virology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Dahlin
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Karlson
- Clinical Virology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrik Medstrand
- Clinical Virology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jakob Löndahl
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Ortega KL, Rech BDO, Ferreira Costa AL, Perez Sayans M, Braz-Silva PH. Is 0.5% hydrogen peroxide effective against SARS-CoV-2? Oral Dis 2020; 28 Suppl 1:937-939. [PMID: 32564413 PMCID: PMC7323093 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karem López Ortega
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna de Oliveira Rech
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mario Perez Sayans
- Oral Medicine Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago, Spain
| | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Osazuwa F, Johnson W, Grobler H. Genetic lineage of genogroup I norovirus identified among children with diarrhoea in Niger-Delta region, Nigeria. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019; 52:213-215. [DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2019.1693623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Favour Osazuwa
- MDS Molecular Services, Sub-Saharan African Center, Abuja, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Bnin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - William Johnson
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Bnin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Hailey Grobler
- MDS Molecular Services, Sub-Saharan African Center, Abuja, Nigeria
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