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Hare D, Dembicka KM, Brennan C, Campbell C, Sutton-Fitzpatrick U, Stapleton PJ, De Gascun CF, Dunne CP. Whole-genome sequencing to investigate transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the acute healthcare setting: a systematic review. J Hosp Infect 2023; 140:139-155. [PMID: 37562592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has been used widely to elucidate transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in acute healthcare settings, and to guide infection, prevention, and control (IPC) responses. AIM To systematically appraise available literature, published between January 1st, 2020 and June 30th, 2022, describing the implementation of WGS in acute healthcare settings to characterize nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 transmission. METHODS Searches of the PubMed, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, EBSCO MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases identified studies in English reporting the use of WGS to investigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission in acute healthcare environments. Publications involved data collected up to December 31st, 2021, and findings were reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. FINDINGS In all, 3088 non-duplicate records were retrieved; 97 met inclusion criteria, involving 62 outbreak analyses and 35 genomic surveillance studies. No publications from low-income countries were identified. In 87/97 (90%), WGS supported hypotheses for nosocomial transmission, while in 46 out of 97 (47%) suspected transmission events were excluded. An IPC intervention was attributed to the use of WGS in 18 out of 97 (18%); however, only three (3%) studies reported turnaround times ≤7 days facilitating near real-time IPC action, and none reported an impact on the incidence of nosocomial COVID-19 attributable to WGS. CONCLUSION WGS can elucidate transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in acute healthcare settings to enhance epidemiological investigations. However, evidence was not identified to support sequencing as an intervention to reduce the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital or to alter the trajectory of active outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hare
- UCD National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - K M Dembicka
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - C Brennan
- UCD National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Campbell
- UCD National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - C F De Gascun
- UCD National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - C P Dunne
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Nagai H, Saito M, Adachi E, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Yamayoshi S, Kiso M, Kawamata T, Koga M, Kawaoka Y, Tsutsumi T, Yotsuyanagi H. Casirivimab/Imdevimab for Active COVID-19 Pneumonia Which Persisted for Nine Months in a Patient with Follicular Lymphoma during Anti-CD20 Therapy. Jpn J Infect Dis 2022; 75:608-611. [PMID: 35768273 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2022.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunocompromised patients are more likely to develop severe COVID-19, and exhibit high mortality. It is also hypothesized that chronic infection in these patients can be a risk factor for developing new variants. We describe a patient with prolonged active infection of COVID-19 who became infected during treatment with an anti-CD20 antibody (obinutuzumab) for follicular lymphoma. This patient had persistent RT-PCR positivity and live virus isolation for nine months despite treatment with remdesivir and other potential antiviral therapies. The computed tomography image of the chest showed that the viral pneumonia repeatedly appeared and disappeared in different lobes, as if a new infection had occurred continuously. The patient's SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer was negative throughout the illness, even after two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine were administered in the seventh month of infection. A combination of monoclonal antibody therapy against COVID-19 (casirivimab and imdevimab) and antivirals resulted in negative RT-PCR results, and the virus was no longer isolated. The patient was clinically cured. During the 9-month active infection period, no fixed mutations in the spike (S) protein were detected, and the in vitro susceptibility to remdesivir was retained. Therapeutic administration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies is essential in immunocompromised patients. Therefore, measures to prevent resistance against these key drugs are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nagai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Saito
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisuke Adachi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sakai-Tagawa
- Department of Virology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Department of Virology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Japan
| | - Maki Kiso
- Department of Virology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyotaka Kawamata
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Koga
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Virology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Japan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Takeya Tsutsumi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Zagorski K, Pandey K, Rajaiah R, Olwenyi OA, Bade AN, Acharya A, Johnston M, Filliaux S, Lyubchenko YL, Byrareddy SN. Modular nanoarray vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 46:102604. [PMID: 36113829 PMCID: PMC9468299 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current vaccine development strategies for the COVID-19 pandemic utilize whole inactive or attenuated viruses, virus-like particles, recombinant proteins, and antigen-coding DNA and mRNA with various delivery strategies. While highly effective, these vaccine development strategies are time-consuming and often do not provide reliable protection for immunocompromised individuals, young children, and pregnant women. Here, we propose a novel modular vaccine platform to address these shortcomings using chemically synthesized peptides identified based on the validated bioinformatic data about the target. The vaccine is based on the rational design of an immunogen containing two defined B-cell epitopes from the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and the universal T-helper epitope PADRE. The epitopes were conjugated to short DNA probes and combined with a complementary scaffold strand, resulting in sequence-specific self-assembly. The immunogens were then formulated by conjugation to gold nanoparticles by three methods or by co-crystallization with epsilon inulin. BALB/C mice were immunized with each formulation, and the IgG immune responses and virus neutralizing titers were compared. The results demonstrate that this assembly is immunogenic and generates neutralizing antibodies against wildtype SARS-CoV-2 and the Delta variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Zagorski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, United States.
| | - Kabita Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Omalla A Olwenyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Aditya N Bade
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Morgan Johnston
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
| | - Shaun Filliaux
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, United States.
| | - Yuri L Lyubchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, United States.
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Avery RK. Update on COVID-19 Therapeutics for Solid Organ Transplant Recipients, Including the Omicron Surge. Transplantation 2022; 106:1528-1537. [PMID: 35700481 PMCID: PMC9311293 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Major changes have occurred in therapeutics for coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) infection over the past 12-18 mo, most notably in early outpatient therapy. In most cases, solid organ transplant recipients were not included in the original clinical trials of these agents, so studies of real-world outcomes have been important in building our understanding of their utility. This review examines what is known about clinical outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients with newer therapies. SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies for early treatment or prophylaxis have likely prevented many hospitalizations and deaths. In addition, convalescent plasma, the oral drugs nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir, remdesivir for early outpatient treatment, anti-inflammatory therapy, and investigational virus-specific T-cell therapy will be discussed. Finally, the later consequences of COVID-19, such as secondary infections, long COVID symptoms, and persistent active infection, are identified as areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kimiko Avery
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Sloan B, Duhaime E, Sandkovsky U, Berhe M. Effectiveness of casirivimab/imdevimab in an intensive care unit patient with acute respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Proc AMIA Symp 2022; 35:339-341. [DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2022.2042033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Duhaime
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Uriel Sandkovsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mezgebe Berhe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in the stem cell transplant recipient - clinical spectrum and outcome. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:654-662. [PMID: 34751184 PMCID: PMC8577303 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Focusing on large multicenter cohorts reported over the last months, this review aims at summarizing the available evidence by July 2021 on the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients in terms of epidemiology, clinical features, and outcome. RECENT FINDINGS The incidence of COVID-19 in institutional cohorts varied according to different regions and study periods from 0.4% to 8.3%. Clinical presentation was overall comparable to other immunocompromised hosts and the general population. Microbiologically confirmed superinfection occurred in 13-25% of recipients, with most episodes due to hospital-acquired bacteria and few reported cases of COVID-19-associated aspergillosis. Prolonged nasopharyngeal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 shedding has been demonstrated for as long as 210 days. Mortality rates were similar across studies (14.8-28.4%) and did not markedly differ from those observed in nontransplant hematological patients during the first wave. Older age and shorter time from transplantation were associated with mortality, as well as underlying disease status and amount of immunosuppression. No outcome differences were found in most studies between allogeneic and autologous procedures. SUMMARY Considerable advances have been achieved in the characterization of COVID-19 in the HSCT population, although uncertainties remain in the optimal therapeutic management.
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Multiple drugs. REACTIONS WEEKLY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8617012 DOI: 10.1007/s40278-021-06208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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