In-Session Caregiver Behaviors during Evidence-Based Intervention Delivery for Children with ASD in Community Mental Health Services

Shared Decision-Making with Latinx Caregivers During Community Implemented Evidence-Based Practices: Determinants and Associations with Alliance

OBJECTIVE

The current observational study examined shared decision-making (SDM) with caregivers of Latinx youth within the delivery of multiple evidence-based practices (EBPs) in community mental health services. The aims of the study were to (1) Identify therapist and client factors associated with increased SDM within EBP sessions and (2) Examine the association between SDM and therapeutic alliance between community therapists and Latinx caregivers.

METHOD

The Observing Patient Involvement in Decision-Making (OPTION) instrument measured SDM in 210 audio-recorded therapy sessions with 62 community therapists (91.94% female; 69.35% Latinx) and 109 Latinx caregivers (91.43% female) of youth who were an average age of 8.26 years (SD = 3.59). We used the Therapy Process Observational Coding System for Child Psychotherapy-Alliance scale to measure the caregiver-therapist alliance observationally. Multilevel linear regressions were conducted to examine research questions.

RESULTS

Greater SDM was observed within sessions where therapists targeted conduct problems versus trauma (B = -8.79, 95% CI[-14.09, -3.49], p = .001). There was a trend that SDM was higher in English-language sessions compared to Spanish. We found that the global measurement of SDM (B = .04, 95% CI[.01, .08], p = .03) and the OPTION item Integrate Preferences (B = .69, 95% CI[.07, 1.32], p = .03) were positively associated with alliance.

CONCLUSIONS

SDM may help foster Latinx caregiver engagement within EBP delivery. Provider training in SDM may be warranted with consideration of the specific clinical contexts (e.g., by presenting problem) that are appropriate for collaborative treatment planning. More research is needed to further establish the benefits of SDM in youth psychotherapy.

Parent Involvement in Mental Health Treatment for Autistic Children: A Grounded Theory-Informed Qualitative Analysis

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for many autistic children experiencing mental health problems, and parents are particularly involved in their psychotherapy. This study presents a conceptual framework of successful parent involvement in CBT for autistic children. Seventeen therapists (94% female) and 11 mothers were interviewed about their involvement in a CBT program for autistic children ages 8-13 years. The conceptual framework depicts how parent involvement varies depending on child, parent, and environmental factors. Parents' contributions to therapy were grouped into five main roles. Parents' beliefs and attitudes toward therapy also influenced their involvement. This is the first study to empirically investigate how parents of autistic children contribute to the therapeutic process in CBT.

Shared decision making between community therapists and Latinx caregivers during evidence-based practice delivery in publicly-funded children's mental health services

OBJECTIVES

This observational study examined shared decision-making (SDM) with caregivers of Latinx youth within the delivery of multiple evidence-based practices (EBPs) in community mental health services. Study aims were to (1) Characterize therapist use of SDM strategies and (2) Describe the types of treatment decisions that were the focus of therapist use of SDM.

METHODS

The OPTION instrument was used to measure SDM in 210 audio-recorded therapy sessions with 62 community therapists and 109 Latinx caregivers; frequency and mean ratings of OPTION items were examined. Qualitative analysis on the descriptions of treatment decisions being deliberated was also conducted.

RESULTS

Results revealed that therapists used at least one SDM step in most sessions (N = 192; 91.43%) with a mean composite score of 32.78 (SD=17.79; range: 6.25-81.25). Four superordinate categories of decisions were: (1) Treatment planning, (2) Evidence-based Parenting Strategies, (3) Addressing Youth Functioning, and (4) Addressing Family Psychosocial Needs.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest that community therapists serving Latinx families are naturalistically engaging in SDM steps about a variety of decisions during most EBP sessions, but only at modest levels.

Observed Engagement in Community Implemented Evidence-Based Practices for Children and Adolescents: Implications for Practice Delivery

OBJECTIVE

This observational study characterizes youth and caregiver behaviors that may pose challenges to engagement within a system-driven implementation of multiple evidence-based practices (EBPs). We examined links between Engagement Challenges and therapist EBP implementation outcomes.

METHOD

Community therapists (N = 102) provided audio recordings of EBP sessions (N = 666) for youth (N = 267; 71.54%, Latinx; 51.69%, female; Mage = 9.85, Range: 1-18). Observers rated the extent to which youth and/or caregivers engaged in the following behaviors: Caregiver and/or Youth Expressed Concerns about interventions, and Youth Disruptive Behaviors. Multilevel modeling was used to identify predictors of observable Engagement Challenges, and examine associations between Engagement Challenges, and therapist-reported ability to deliver planned activities, and observer-rated extensiveness of EBP strategy delivery.

RESULTS

At least one Engagement Challenge was observed in 43.99% of sessions. Youth Engagement Challenges were not associated with outcomes. Caregiver Expressed Concerns were negatively associated with therapist-reported ability to carry out planned session activities (B = -.21, 95% CI[-.39-(-.02)], p < .05). However, Caregiver Expressed Concerns were positively associated with extensiveness of EBP Content strategy delivery (B = .08, 95% CI[.01-.15], p < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Results suggest that Youth Engagement Challenges have little observed impact on EBP delivery. In contrast, although therapists perceive that Caregiver Expressed Concerns derail their planned activities, Caregiver Expressed Concerns are associated with more extensive delivery of content about therapeutic interventions. Community therapists' implementation of EBPs appear unaffected by common youth in-session behavioral challenges, but future research is needed to clarify whether caregivers' concerns about interventions prompt, or are prompted by, more intensive therapist EBP content instruction.

Latinx caregivers and autism identification: what we know a scoping review

This is a scoping review driven by the broad research question: What are Latinx caregivers' specific facilitators and challenges, if any, in getting a timely diagnosis/identification for their child with autism? Our search resulted in 128 articles across various disciplines. A total of 43 articles were included in the final article set. Employing an inductive process, the experiences of Latinx caregiver(s) in obtaining a diagnosis/identification were coded and categorized. From that process, three broad themes were identified: (1) Diagnosis/identification barriers and facilitators (2) System changes and (3) Cultural adaptations and intersectionality. These themes represent the myriad of considerations that have been purported in the existing body of literature to frame an understanding of the experiences that Latinx/Hispanic caregivers encounter as they seek to obtain an autism diagnosis/identification for their child.

Impact of Therapist Training on Parent Attendance in Mental Health Services for Children with ASD

OBJECTIVE

The current study explored the impact of training therapists in a mental health intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on parent attendance in their children's therapy sessions. We also examined family, therapist, and program factors as potential moderators.

METHOD

Data were drawn from a cluster-randomized community effectiveness trial of "An Individualized Mental Health Intervention for ASD (AIM HI)". Participants included 168 therapists yoked with 189 children recruited from publicly-funded mental health services. Data included family (caregiver strain, parent sense of competence, race/ethnicity), therapist (background, experience), and program (service setting) characteristics, and parent session attendance. Multilevel models were used to evaluate the effectiveness of AIM HI therapist training on caregiver attendance and identify moderators of training effects on parent attendance.

RESULTS

Parents attended a higher percentage of sessions in the AIM HI training condition compared to the Usual Care condition. Program service setting moderated the effect of AIM HI training, with higher parent attendance in non-school (mostly outpatient) settings compared to school settings and a significantly smaller difference between the settings in the AIM HI condition.

CONCLUSIONS

Effective strategies to promote parent engagement, especially in service settings such as schools, are warranted. Findings support the effectiveness of AIM HI training in promoting parent attendance across multiple publicly-funded mental health service settings. The larger effect in school-based programs supports the utility of training in evidence-based interventions such as AIM HI to increase the feasibility of parent attendance in such services.

Therapist Reports of EBP Client Engagement Challenges in Sessions with Diverse Youth and Families in Community Mental Health Settings

BACKGROUND

The implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in community settings appears to result in reduced benefit relative to controlled trials. This difference in outcomes may be attributable in part to engagement challenges therapists encounter when delivering EBPs to low-income ethnic minority youth and families.

OBJECTIVE

The current study sought to identify therapist, client, and session characteristics associated with therapist-reported engagement challenges in therapy sessions, as well the associations between two types of client engagement challenges and therapists' self-reported ability to deliver the EBP in sessions within a system-driven implementation in public children's mental health services.

METHOD

One hundred and three therapists reported on two types of engagement challenges-Limited Client Engagement and Expressed Client Concerns-in 702 sessions with 274 clients.

RESULTS

Results indicated that therapists reported a higher frequency of Limited Client Engagement in sessions with male clients and in sessions where the youth was present, and by therapists with smaller caseloads. No variables significantly predicted Expressed Client Concerns. Both types of engagement challenges were negatively associated with therapists' report of their ability to carry out intended activities in the same session.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest that therapists may benefit from learning strategies to address these two distinct types of engagement challenges encountered in implementation of EBPs with diverse families in community settings.