Technological Advancement in the Processing of Lycopene: A Review

Micro/nano-encapsulation of marine dietary oils: A review on biomacromolecule-based delivery systems and their role in preventing cardiovascular diseases

Marine-based dietary oils (MDOs), which are naturally obtained from different sources, have been scientifically recommended as potent functional bioactives owing to their therapeutic biological activities; however, they have exhibited plenty of health benefits. Though they are very sensitive to light, temperature, moisture, and oxygen, as well as being chemically unstable and merely oxidized, this may limit their utilization in food and pharmaceutical products. Miro- and nanoencapsulation techniques are considered to be the most promising tactics for enhancing the original characteristics, physiochemical properties, and therapeutic effects of entrapped MDOs. This review focuses on the biomacromolecule-stabilized micro/nanocarriers encompassing a wide range of MDOs. The novel-equipped polysaccharides and protein-based micro/nanocarriers cover microemulsions, microcapsules, nanoemulsions, and nanoliposomes, which have been proven to be encouraging candidates for the entrapment of diverse kinds of MDOs. In addition, the current state-of-the-art loading of various MDOs through polysaccharide and protein-based micro/nanocarriers has been comprehensively discussed and tabulated in detail. Biomacromolecule-stabilized nanocarriers, particularly nanoemulsions and nanoliposomes, are addressed as propitious nanocargos for protection of MDOs in response to thought-provoking features as well as delivering the successful, meticulous release to the desired sites. Gastrointestinal fate (GF) of biopolymeric micro/nanocarriers is fundamentally based on their centrifugation, dimension, interfacial, and physical properties. The external surface of epithelial cells in the lumen is the main site where the absorption of lipid-based nanoparticles takes place. MDO-loaded micro- and nanocarriers with biological origins or structural modifications have shown some novel applications that could be used as future therapies for cardiovascular disorders, thanks to today's cutting-edge medical technology. In the future, further investigations are highly needed to open new horizons regarding the application of polysaccharide and protein-based micro/nanocarriers in food and beverage products with the possibility of commercialization in the near future for industrial use.

Comprehensive Update on Carotenoid Colorants from Plants and Microalgae: Challenges and Advances from Research Laboratories to Industry

The substitution of synthetic food dyes with natural colorants continues to be assiduously pursued. The current list of natural carotenoid colorants consists of plant-derived annatto (bixin and norbixin), paprika (capsanthin and capsorubin), saffron (crocin), tomato and gac fruit lycopene, marigold lutein, and red palm oil (α- and β-carotene), along with microalgal Dunaliella β-carotene and Haematococcus astaxanthin and fungal Blakeslea trispora β-carotene and lycopene. Potential microalgal sources are being sought, especially in relation to lutein, for which commercial plant sources are lacking. Research efforts, manifested in numerous reviews and research papers published in the last decade, have been directed to green extraction, microencapsulation/nanoencapsulation, and valorization of processing by-products. Extraction is shifting from conventional extraction with organic solvents to supercritical CO2 extraction and different types of assisted extraction. Initially intended for the stabilization of the highly degradable carotenoids, additional benefits of encapsulation have been demonstrated, especially the improvement of carotenoid solubility and bioavailability. Instead of searching for new higher plant sources, enormous effort has been directed to the utilization of by-products of the fruit and vegetable processing industry, with the application of biorefinery and circular economy concepts. Amidst enormous research activities, however, the gap between research and industrial implementation remains wide.

Artificial intelligence-based prediction of lycopene content in raw tomatoes using physicochemical attributes

INTRODUCTION

Lycopene consumption reduces risk and incidence of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Tomatoes are a rich source of phytochemical compounds including lycopene as a major constituent. Lycopene estimation using high-performance liquid chromatography is time-consuming and expensive.

OBJECTIVE

To develop artificial intelligence models for prediction of lycopene in raw tomatoes using 14 different physicochemical parameters including salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), firmness, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), colour values on Hunter scale (L, a, b), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activity (AOA).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The post-harvest data acquisition was collected through investigation for more than 100 raw tomatoes stored for 15 days. Linear multivariate regression (LMVR), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were developed by splitting data set into train and test datasets. The training of models was performed using 10-fold cross validation (CV).

RESULTS

Principal component analysis showed strong positive association between lycopene, colour value 'a', TPC, TFC and AOA. The R2 (CV), root mean square error (RMSE) (CV) and RMSE (Test) for best LMVR model was observed to be at 0.70, 8.48 and 9.69 respectively. The PCR model revealed R2 (CV) at 0.59, RMSE (CV) at 8.91 and RMSE (Test) at 10.17 while PLSR model revealed R2 (CV) at 0.60, RMSE (CV) at 9.10 and RMSE (Test) at 10.11.

CONCLUSION

Results of the present study show that epidemiological studies suggest fully ripened tomatoes are most beneficial for consumption to ensure recommended daily intake of lycopene content.

Recent Advances on Key Enzymes of Microbial Origin in the Lycopene Biosynthesis Pathway

Lycopene is a common carotenoid found mainly in ripe red fruits and vegetables that is widely used in the food industry due to its characteristic color and health benefits. Microbial synthesis of lycopene is gradually replacing the traditional methods of plant extraction and chemical synthesis as a more economical and productive manufacturing strategy. The biosynthesis of lycopene is a typical multienzyme cascade reaction, and it is important to understand the characteristics of each key enzyme involved and how they are regulated. In this paper, the catalytic characteristics of the key enzymes involved in the lycopene biosynthesis pathway and related studies are first discussed in detail. Then, the strategies applied to the key enzymes of lycopene synthesis, including fusion proteins, enzyme screening, combinatorial engineering, CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing, DNA assembly, and scaffolding technologies are purposefully illustrated and compared in terms of both traditional and emerging multienzyme regulatory strategies. Finally, future developments and regulatory options for multienzyme synthesis of lycopene and similar secondary metabolites are also discussed.

The Importance of Antioxidant Activity for the Health-Promoting Effect of Lycopene

Lycopene is a compound of colored origin that shows strong antioxidant activity. The positive effect of lycopene is the result of its pleiotropic effect. The ability to neutralize free radicals via lycopene is one of the foundations of its pro-health effect, including the ability to inhibit the development of many civilization diseases. Therefore, this study focuses on the importance of the antioxidant effect of lycopene in inhibiting the development of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diseases within the nervous system, diabetes, liver diseases, and ulcerative colitis. According to the research mentioned, lycopene supplementation has significant promise for the treatment of illnesses marked by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the majority of the supporting data for lycopene's health benefits comes from experimental research, whereas the evidence from clinical studies is both scarcer and less certain of any health benefits. Research on humans is still required to establish its effectiveness.

Probiotics: mechanism of action, health benefits and their application in food industries

Probiotics, like lactic acid bacteria, are non-pathogenic microbes that exert health benefits to the host when administered in adequate quantity. Currently, research is being conducted on the molecular events and applications of probiotics. The suggested mechanisms by which probiotics exert their action include; competitive exclusion of pathogens for adhesion sites, improvement of the intestinal mucosal barrier, gut immunomodulation, and neurotransmitter synthesis. This review emphasizes the recent advances in the health benefits of probiotics and the emerging applications of probiotics in the food industry. Due to their capability to modulate gut microbiota and attenuate the immune system, probiotics could be used as an adjuvant in hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cancer, and gastrointestinal diseases. Considering the functional properties, probiotics are being used in the dairy, beverage, and baking industries. After developing the latest techniques by researchers, probiotics can now survive within harsh processing conditions and withstand GI stresses quite effectively. Thus, the potential of probiotics can efficiently be utilized on a commercial scale in food processing industries.

Lycopene in hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent with natural catalysts: A promising strategy to simultaneously promote lycopene Z-isomerization and extraction

Lycopene Z-isomerization and degradation in a series of hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents (HNDES) was firstly studied. The highest lycopene retention (about 84.6%) was found in HNDES composed of thymol and menthol (TM), and fatty acid-based HNDES promoted lycopene Z-isomerization (about 70% for total Z-isomers) and degradation. The addition of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), diallyl disulfide (DADS) and capric acid into TM promoted Z-isomerization of lycopene (80% for total Z-isomers), especially 5Z-isomer (>30%), while lycopene remaining rate in TM/-capric acid was below 20%. During lycopene extraction from tomato power and watermelon juice by TM, the ratios of Z-isomer significantly (p < 0.05) increased especially with AITC and DADS (up to about 80%), and extraction yields increased even > 100% with capric acid. Lycopene in TM/-capric acid extracts showed low degradation with Z-isomers increasing during storage. TM with capric acid could simultaneously promote lycopene Z-isomerization and extraction.

Isothiocyanate-functionalized silica as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for carotenoid isomerization

Daily consumption of carotenoids is associated with multiple health benefits, but their bioavailability is generally extremely low. In this context, the Z-isomerization is receiving attention as a method for increasing carotenoid bioavailability because this approach is superior to conventional physical approaches. Here we investigated the feasibility of using isothiocyanate-functionalized silica (Si-NCS) as a heterogeneous catalyst for carotenoid isomerization. We found that this catalyst promoted Z-isomerization of (all-E)-carotenoids with high efficiency, e.g., when lycopene and astaxanthin solutions were incubated at 50 °C with 10 mg/mL Si-NCS, their total Z-isomer ratios increased by approximately 80 and 50 %, respectively. Furthermore, the Z-isomerization was successfully performed continuously by introducing carotenoid solution into a column packed with Si-NCS. Materials rich in carotenoid Z-isomers have not been used in practical applications due to high production cost and quality limitations (e.g., low Z-isomer ratio). The use of Si-NCS has sufficient potential to solve both these issues.

Research Progress on Lycopene in Swine and Poultry Nutrition: An Update

Oxidative stress and in-feed antibiotics restrictions have accelerated the development of natural, green, safe feed additives for swine and poultry diets. Lycopene has the greatest antioxidant potential among the carotenoids, due to its specific chemical structure. In the past decade, increasing attention has been paid to lycopene as a functional additive for swine and poultry feed. In this review, we systematically summarized the latest research progress on lycopene in swine and poultry nutrition during the past ten years (2013-2022). We primarily focused on the effects of lycopene on productivity, meat and egg quality, antioxidant function, immune function, lipid metabolism, and intestinal physiological functions. The output of this review highlights the crucial foundation of lycopene as a functional feed supplement for animal nutrition.

A mechanistic updated overview on lycopene as potential anticancer agent

The potent relation between lycopene intake and reduced incidence of a variety of cancers has an increasing interest. This comprehensive review aims to highlight the in vivo and in vitro research evaluating the anticancer mechanisms of lycopene by underlining the experiment conditions. In addition to these, the general characterization of lycopene has been explained. A collection of relevant scientific pharmacological articles from the following databases PubMed/MedLine, Web of Science, Scopus, TRIP database, and Google Scholar on the mechanisms of anticancer molecular action and cellular effects of lycopene in various types of tumors was performed. The anticancer potential of lycopene has been described by various in vitro cells, animal studies, and some clinical trials. It has been revealed that the anticancer potential of lycopene is mainly due to its powerful singlet-oxygen quencher characteristics, simulation of detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes production, initiation of apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression as well as modulations of gap junctional communication, the growth factors, and signal transduction pathways. It has been highlighted that the anticancer properties of lycopene are primarily linked to factors including; dose, presence of drug delivery systems, type of cancer, tumor size, and treatment time.

Natural Polysaccharide-Based Nanodrug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Diabetes

In recent years, natural polysaccharides have been considered as the ideal candidates for novel drug delivery systems because of their good biocompatibility, biodegradation, low immunogenicity, renewable source and easy modification. These natural polymers are widely used in the designing of nanocarriers, which possess wide applications in therapeutics, diagnostics, delivery and protection of bioactive compounds or drugs. A great deal of studies could be focused on developing polysaccharide nanoparticles and promoting their application in various fields, especially in biomedicine. In this review, a variety of polysaccharide-based nanocarriers were introduced, including nanoliposomes, nanoparticles, nanomicelles, nanoemulsions and nanohydrogels, focusing on the latest research progress of these nanocarriers in the treatment of diabetes and the possible strategies for further study of polysaccharide nanocarriers.

Sustainable Food Systems in Fruits and Vegetables Food Supply Chains

Fruits and vegetables wastes (e.g., peel fractions, pulps, pomace, and seeds) represent ~16% of total food waste and contribute ~6% to global greenhouse gas emissions. The diversity of the fruit-horticultural production in several developing countries and the excess of certain fruits or vegetables in the months of greatest production offer unique opportunities for adding value to these wastes (co-products). Within the scope of the Circular Economy, valorization of such wastes for the production of innovative bio-ingredients can open great market opportunities if efficiently exploited. In this context, this review deals with the current situation of wastes arising from fruits and vegetables (availability, characterization) as sources of valuable ingredients (fiber, polyphenols, pigments) suitable to be incorporated into food, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products. In addition, an integral and systematic approach including the sustainable technologies generally used at both lab and industrial scale for efficient extraction of bioactive compounds from fruits and vegetables wastes are addressed. Overall, this review provides a general updated overview regarding the situation of fruits and vegetables chain supplies in the post-pandemic era, offering an integrative perspective that goes beyond the recovery of fiber and phytochemicals from the previous mentioned wastes and focuses on whole processes and in their social and economic impacts.

Effect of Co-Encapsulated Natural Antioxidants with Modified Starch on the Oxidative Stability of β-Carotene Loaded within Nanoemulsions

β-Carotene (vitamin A precursor) and α-tocopherol, the utmost energetic form of vitamin E (VE), are known to be fat-soluble vitamins (FSVs) and essential nutrients needed to enhance the growth and metabolic functions of the human body. Their deficiencies are linked to numerous chronic disorders. Loading of FSVs within nanoemulsions could increase their oxidative stability and solubility. In this research, VE and β-Carotene (BC) were successfully co-entrapped within oil-in-water nanoemulsions of carrier oils, including tuna fish oil (TFO) and medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), stabilized by modified starch and Tween-80. These nanoemulsions and free carrier oils loaded with vitamins were stored for over one month to investigate the impact of storage circumstances on their physiochemical characteristics. Entrapped bioactive compounds inside the nanoemulsions and bare oil systems showed a diverse behavior in terms of oxidation. A more deficiency of FSVs was found at higher temperatures that were more noticeable in the case of BC. VE behaved like an antioxidant to protect BC in MCT-based nanoemulsions, whereas it could not protect BC perfectly inside the TFO-loaded nanoemulsions. However, cinnamaldehyde (CIN) loading significantly enhanced the oxidative stability and FSVs retention in each nanoemulsion. Purity gum ultra (PGU)-based nanoemulsions comprising FSVs and CIN presented a greater BC retention (42.3%) and VE retention (90.1%) over one-month storage at 40 °C than Twee 80. The superior stability of PGU is accredited to the OSA-MS capabilities to produce denser interfacial coatings that can protect the entrapped compounds from the aqueous phase. This study delivers valuable evidence about the simultaneous loading of lipophilic bioactive compounds to enrich functional foods.

Comparative Study of the Characterisation and Extraction Techniques of Polyphenolic Compounds from Acacia seyal gum

Abstract

Acacia seyal gum is an abundant source of natural polyphenolic compounds (NPPCs) and antioxidant activity with numerous benefits and is often used in cancer treatment. The type of extraction technique can significantly impact the yield and isolation of NPPCs from Acacia seyal gum (ASG). The traditional use of maceration extraction reportedly yields fewer NPPCs.

Objectives

This study investigates five extraction techniques for NPPCs and ASG antioxidant activity, namely: homogenisation, shaking, ultrasonication, magnetic stirring, and maceration.

Materials and Methods

The evaluation of the antioxidant activity (AoA) of the extracted NPPCs from ASG used five assays, namely: Total Flavonoids Content (TFC), Folin-Ciocalteu index (FCI), 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC).

Results

To minimise the dataset dimensionality requires Principal Component Analysis. The ultrasonic and maceration techniques were the best techniques to extract NPPCs and examine the AoA of ASG, with a high correlation between the NPPCs and AoA. However, the maceration process was slow (12 h) compared to ultrasonication (1 h). Slow extraction can result in a decline of the NPPCs due to polyphenol oxidase-enzyme and impact productivity.

Conclusions

These findings provide an essential guide for the choice of extraction techniques for the effective extraction of NPPCs from ASG and other plant materials.

The direct and indirect effects of bioactive compounds against coronavirus

Emerging viruses are known to pose a threat to humans in the world. COVID‐19, a newly emerging viral respiratory disease, can spread quickly from people to people via respiratory droplets, cough, sneeze, or exhale. Up to now, there are no specific therapies found for the treatment of COVID‐19. In this sense, the rising demand for effective antiviral drugs is stressed. The main goal of the present study is to cover the current literature about bioactive compounds (e.g., polyphenols, glucosinolates, carotenoids, minerals, vitamins, oligosaccharides, bioactive peptides, essential oils, and probiotics) with potential efficiency against COVID‐19, showing antiviral activities via the inhibition of coronavirus entry into the host cell, coronavirus enzymes, as well as the virus replication in human cells. In turn, these compounds can boost the immune system, helping fight against COVID‐19. Overall, it can be concluded that bioactives and the functional foods containing these compounds can be natural alternatives for boosting the immune system and defeating coronavirus.

Pesticide-loaded colloidal nanodelivery systems; preparation, characterization, and applications

The fast developments in pesticide-loaded nanodelivery systems over the last decade have inspired many companies and research organizations to highlight potential applications by employing encapsulation approaches in order to protect the agricultural crops. This approach is being used to retard the indiscriminate application of conventional pesticides, as well as, to make ensure the environmental safety. This article shed light on the potential of colloidal delivery systems, particularly controlled releasing profiles of several pesticides with enhanced stability and improved solubility. Colloidal nanodelivery systems, being efficient nanoformulations, have the ability to boost up the pest-control competence for prolonged intervals thru averting the early degradation of active ingredients under severe ecofriendly circumstances. This work is thus aimed to provide critical information on the meaningful role of nanocarriers for loading of pesticides. The smart art of pesticide-loaded nanocarriers can be more fruitful owing to the use of lower amount of active ingredients with improved efficiency along with minimizing the pesticide loss. Also, the future research gaps regarding nano-pesticide formulations, such as role of nanomaterials as active ingredients are discussed briefly. In addition, this article can deliver valuable information to the readers while establishing novel pesticide-loaded nanocarriers for a wide range of applications in the agriculture sectors.

Influence of diverse natural biopolymers on the physicochemical characteristics of borage seed oil-peppermint oil loaded W/O/W nanoemulsions entrapped with lycopene

Borage seed oil (BSO), peppermint oil (PO) and lycopene (LC) have accomplished a lot of interest due to their therapeutic benefits in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. However, their employment in functional food products and dietary supplements is still precluded by their high susceptibility to oxidation. Thus, the encapsulation can be applied as a promising strategy to overcome these limits. In the present study, doubly layered water/oil/water (W/O/W) nanoemulsions were equipped using purity gum ultra (PGU), soy protein isolate (SPI), pectin (PC), whey protein isolate (WPI) and WPI-PC and SPI-PC complexes, and their physico-chemical properties were investigated. Our aim was to investigate the influence of natural biopolymers as stabilizers on the physicochemical properties of nanoemulsified BSO, PO and lycopene thru W/O/W emulsions. The droplet size of the fabricated emulsions coated with PGU, WPI, SPI, PC, WPI-PC, and SPI-PC was 156.2, 265.9, 254.7, 168.5, 559.5 and 656.1 nm, correspondingly. The encapsulation efficiency of the entrapped bioactives for powders embedded by PGU, WPI, SPI, PC, WPI-PC, and SPI-PC was 95.21%, 94.67%, 97.24%, 92.19%, 90.07% and 92.34%, respectively. In addition, peroxide and p-anisidine values were used to measure the antioxidant potential of the entrapped bioactive compounds during storage, which was compared to synthetic antioxidant and bare natural antioxidant. The collected findings revealed that oxidation occurred in oils encompassing entrapped bioactive compounds, but at a lower extent than for non-encapsulated bioactives. In summary, the findings obtained from current research prove that the nanoencapsulation of BSO surrounded by innermost aqueous stage of W/O/W improved its stability as well as allowed a controlled release of the entrapped bioactives. Thus, the obtained BSO-PO-based systems could be successfully used for further fortification of food-stuffs.

Spray dried nanoemulsions loaded with curcumin, resveratrol, and borage seed oil: The role of two different modified starches as encapsulating materials

Recently, food industries are directing on the promotion of innovative food matrices fortified with bioactive compounds in order to enhance the consumer's health. Octenyl succinic anhydride modified starches (OSA-MS) such as Hi-cap100 (HCP) and purity gum 2000 (PUG) were used to fabricate emulsions co-entrapped with borage seed oil (BSO), resveratrol (RES) and curcumin (CUR), which were further spray dried to obtain powders. The fabricated microcapsules loaded with BSO, RES, and CUR displayed excellent dissolution performance, high encapsulation efficiency (≈93.05%) as well as semi-spherical shape, revealed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We also evaluated the impact of storage time (4 weeks) and temperature (40 °C) on the physicochemical characterization of OSA-MS coated microcapsules. Microcapsules coated with HCP exhibited greater oxidative stability, lower water activity and moisture contents rather than PUG coated microcapsules during storage because of its good film-forming properties. Addition of CUR enhanced the oxidative stability and retention of bioactive compounds. HCP microcapsules loaded with BSO + RES + CUR presented supreme retention of RES (70.32%), CUR 81.6% and γ-linolenic acid (≈ 96%). Our findings showed that CUR acted as an antioxidant agent; also, lower molecular weight OSA-MS as wall material could be used for the entrapment of bioactive compounds and promotion of innovative food products.

Enriched (Z)-lycopene in Tomato Extract via Co-Extraction of Tomatoes and Foodstuffs Containing Z-isomerization-accelerating Compounds

The aim of this study was to promote the Z-isomerization of lycopene in its extraction process from tomato pulp by adding foodstuffs containing Z-isomerization-accelerating compounds. The addition of onion, broccoli, mustard, makonbu (Saccharina japonica), or shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) to the ethyl acetate extraction process significantly accelerated the Z-isomerization of lycopene. For example, when lycopene was extracted from tomato pulp at 70 °C without foodstuffs, the total Z-isomer ratio of lycopene in the extract was 38.4 ± 0.5%, whereas when onion, broccoli, mustard, makonbu, and shiitake mushroom were added to the process and the extraction was performed using the same procedure, the total Z-isomer ratios significantly increased to 53.6 ± 0.4, 47.9 ± 0.3, 48.2 ± 0.1, 41.5 ± 0.9, and 42.0 ± 1.2%, respectively. Since the above foodstuffs contain large amounts of carotenoid Z-isomerization-accelerating catalysts, i.e., polysulfides, isothiocyanates, or iodine, those components would promote Z-isomerization of lycopene in the extraction process. Since lycopene Z-isomers potentially have higher bioavailability and biological effects than the all-E-isomer, lycopene extraction with foodstuffs having a Z-isomerization-promoting effect in ethyl acetate should enhance the health benefits of tomato extracts.

Tomato Oil Encapsulation by α-, β-, and γ-Cyclodextrins: A Comparative Study on the Formation of Supramolecular Structures, Antioxidant Activity, and Carotenoid Stability

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are oligosaccharides, comprising 6 (α), 7 (β), or 8 (γ) glucose residues, used to prepare oil-in-water emulsions and improve oil stability towards degradation. In this research, the aptitude of α-, β-, and γ-CDs to form complexes with a supercritical CO₂ extracted lycopene-rich tomato oil (TO) was comparatively assessed. TO/CD emulsions and the resulting freeze-dried powders were characterized by microscopy, Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as well as for their antioxidant activity. Furthermore, carotenoid stability was monitored for 90 days at 25 and 4 °C. Confocal and SEM microscopy revealed morphological differences among samples. α- and β-CDs spontaneously associated into microcrystals assembling in thin spherical shells (cyclodextrinosomes, Ø ≈ 27 µm) at the oil/water interface. Much smaller (Ø ≈ 9 µm) aggregates were occasionally observed with γ-CDs, but most TO droplets appeared "naked". FTIR and DSC spectra indicated that most CDs did not participate in TO complex formation, nevertheless structurally different interfacial complexes were formed. The trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) activity of emulsions and powders highlighted better performances of α- and β-CDs as hydrophobic antioxidants-dispersing agents across aqueous media. Regardless of CDs type, low temperature slowed down carotenoid degradation in all samples, except all-[E]-lycopene, which does not appear efficiently protected by any CD type in the long storage period.

Drug nanodelivery systems based on natural polysaccharides against different diseases

Drug nanodelivery systems (DNDSs) are fascinated cargos to achieve outstanding therapeutic results of various drugs or natural bioactive compounds owing to their unique structures. The efficiency of several pharmaceutical drugs or natural bioactive ingredients is restricted because of their week bioavailability, poor bioaccessibility and pharmacokinetics after orally pathways. In order to handle such constraints, usage of native/natural polysaccharides (NPLS) in fabrication of DNDSs has gained more popularity in the arena of nanotechnology for controlled drug delivery to enhance safety, biocompatibility, better retention time, bioavailability, lower toxicity and enhanced permeability. The main commonly used NPLS in nanoencapsulation systems include chitosan, pectin, alginates, cellulose, starches, and gums recognized as potential materials for fabrication of cargos. Herein, this review is centered on different polysaccharide-based nanocarriers including nanoemulsions, nanohydrogels, nanoliposomes, nanoparticles and nanofibers, which have already served as encouraging candidates for entrapment of therapeutic drugs as well as for their sustained controlled release. Furthermore, the current article explicitly offers comprehensive details regarding application of NPLS-based nanocarriers encapsulating several drugs intended for the handling of numerous disorders, including diabetes, cancer, HIV, malaria, cardiovascular and respiratory as well as skin diseases.