1
|
Zhu TH, Nakamura M, Farahnik B, Abrouk M, Reichenberg J, Bhutani T, Koo J. Obsessive-compulsive skin disorders: a novel classification based on degree of insight. J DERMATOL TREAT 2016; 28:342-346. [DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2016.1240864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Hao Zhu
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mio Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Psoriasis and Skin Treatment Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael Abrouk
- University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jason Reichenberg
- University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
- Seton Family of Hospitals, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Tina Bhutani
- Department of Dermatology, Psoriasis and Skin Treatment Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Koo
- Department of Dermatology, Psoriasis and Skin Treatment Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dyster TG, Mikell CB, Sheth SA. The Co-evolution of Neuroimaging and Psychiatric Neurosurgery. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:68. [PMID: 27445706 PMCID: PMC4916214 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of neuroimaging in psychiatric neurosurgery has evolved significantly throughout the field's history. Psychiatric neurosurgery initially developed without the benefit of information provided by modern imaging modalities, and thus lesion targets were selected based on contemporary theories of frontal lobe dysfunction in psychiatric disease. However, by the end of the 20th century, the availability of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allowed for the development of mechanistic theories attempting to explain the anatamofunctional basis of these disorders, as well as the efficacy of stereotactic neuromodulatory treatments. Neuroimaging now plays a central and ever-expanding role in the neurosurgical management of psychiatric disorders, by influencing the determination of surgical candidates, allowing individualized surgical targeting and planning, and identifying network-level changes in the brain following surgery. In this review, we aim to describe the coevolution of psychiatric neurosurgery and neuroimaging, including ways in which neuroimaging has proved useful in elucidating the therapeutic mechanisms of neuromodulatory procedures. We focus on ablative over stimulation-based procedures given their historical precedence and the greater opportunity they afford for post-operative re-imaging, but also discuss important contributions from the deep brain stimulation (DBS) literature. We conclude with a discussion of how neuroimaging will transition the field of psychiatric neurosurgery into the era of precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G. Dyster
- Functional and Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian HospitalNew York, NY, USA
| | - Charles B. Mikell
- Functional and Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian HospitalNew York, NY, USA
| | - Sameer A. Sheth
- Functional and Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York Presbyterian HospitalNew York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
James C, Seixas AA, Harrison A, Jean-Louis G, Butler M, Zizi F, Samuels A. Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse in Caribbean Young Adults and Its Association with Depression, Post-Traumatic Stress, and Skin Bleaching. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5. [PMID: 27019771 PMCID: PMC4807863 DOI: 10.4172/2167-1044.1000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global prevalence of skin depigmentation/skin bleaching among blacks, estimated at 35%, is on the rise and is associated with a host of negative health and medical consequences. Current etiological approaches do not fully capture the emotional and psychological underpinnings of skin bleaching. The current study investigated the potential mediating role of depression, or post-traumatic stress symptoms (avoidance and hyperarousal) on the relationship between childhood physical and sexual abuse (CPSA) and skin bleaching. METHODS A total of 1226 university participants (ages 18-30 years and 63.4% female) from three Caribbean countries (Jamaica, Barbados, and Grenada) provided data for the current analysis. They all completed self-reported measures of general demographic information along with the short screening scale for posttraumatic stress disorder (DSM-IV), childhood trauma, and skin bleaching questions. RESULTS The prevalence of skin bleaching in our study was 25.4%. Our findings showed that individuals who bleached their skin were more likely to have been abused as children (21.6% versus 13.5%, p<0.001), were more likely to have significant symptoms of trauma (34.1% versus 24.0%, p=0.005), and were more likely to have significant depression (43.7% versus 35.1%, p=0.032). We found that trauma-related hyperarousal symptoms positively mediated the relationship between childhood physical and sexual abuse and skin bleaching (Indirect Effect=0.03, p<0.05), while avoidance (Indirect Effect=0.000, p>0.05) and depressive (Indirect Effect=0.005, p>0.05) symptoms did not. CONCLUSION The presence of trauma symptoms and childhood physical and sexual abuse (CPSA) may increase the likelihood of skin bleaching. Findings suggest that further exploration is needed to ascertain if the presence of skin bleaching warrants being also screened for trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caryl James
- Corresponding author: Caryl James, PhD, CEDS, Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Psychology, and Social Work, Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, 6, Jamaica, West Indies, Tel: 876-927-1660; . Azizi Seixas, PhD, Postodoctoral Fellow, NYU Langone School of Medicine, Center for Healthful Behavior Change, 227 East 30th St, 6th Floor, New York NY 10016, USA, Tel: 646-501-2672;
| | - Azizi A Seixas
- Corresponding author: Caryl James, PhD, CEDS, Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Psychology, and Social Work, Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, 6, Jamaica, West Indies, Tel: 876-927-1660; . Azizi Seixas, PhD, Postodoctoral Fellow, NYU Langone School of Medicine, Center for Healthful Behavior Change, 227 East 30th St, 6th Floor, New York NY 10016, USA, Tel: 646-501-2672;
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shame in the obsessive compulsive related disorders: a conceptual review. J Affect Disord 2015; 171:74-84. [PMID: 25299438 PMCID: PMC4252512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theoretical and anecdotal support for the role of shame in obsessive compulsive related disorders (OCRDs) is prominent. Developing our understanding of shame׳s role in OCRDs is important to building knowledge about this new diagnostic category. This review aims to consolidate our understanding of shame in each OCRD, through summarizing existing clinical, conceptual, and empirical work. METHODS We provide an overview of shame, its measurement considerations, and a full review of 110 articles addressing shame in OCRDs. RESULTS General shame and shame about having a mental illness are the broadest types of shame relevant to OCRDs; symptom-based shame and body shame may be more specific to OCRDs. In OCD, violent, sexual, or blasphemous obsessions may trigger symptom-based shame. In trichotillomania (TTM) and skin picking (SP), symptom-based shame may be related to pulling, picking, and post-pulling/picking behaviors. In hoarding disorder, symptom-based shame may accompany beliefs about being defective due to living with clutter. Body shame appears inherent to body dysmorphic disorder, while in TTM and SP it may arise as a secondary response to damage resulting from body focused repetitive behaviors. LIMITATIONS Much of the current knowledge on shame in OCRDs comes from anecdotal, case, and conceptual work. Empirical studies do not always assess specific types of shame, instead assessing shame as a general construct. CONCLUSIONS Shame is closely related to OCRDs. Clinical and research recommendations drawing from the literature are provided.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chosak A, Marques L, Greenberg JL, Jenike E, Dougherty DD, Wilhelm S. Body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder: similarities, differences and the classification debate. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 8:1209-18. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.8.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
6
|
van der Meer J, van Rood YR, van der Wee NJ, den Hollander-Gijsman M, van Noorden MS, Giltay EJ, Zitman FG. Prevalence, demographic and clinical characteristics of body dysmorphic disorder among psychiatric outpatients with mood, anxiety or somatoform disorders. Nord J Psychiatry 2012; 66:232-8. [PMID: 22029732 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2011.623315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the prevalence, demographic and clinical characteristics of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) compared with other psychiatric outpatients with a mood, anxiety or somatoform disorder. METHOD Outpatients referred for treatment of a mood, anxiety or somatoform disorder were routinely assessed at intake. A structured interview (MINI-Plus), observer-based and self-rating instruments were administered by an independent assessor. RESULTS Among our sample of 3798 referred patients, 2947 patients were diagnosed with at least one DSM-IV mood, anxiety or somatoform disorder. Of these patients 1.8% (n = 54) met the diagnostic criteria for BDD. In comparison with other outpatients, patients with BDD were on average younger, less often married and were more often living alone. Highly prevalent comorbid diagnoses were major depression (in 46.3% of cases), social anxiety disorder (in 35.2% of cases) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (in 16.7% of cases). Furthermore, patients with BDD had higher scores on the Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) as well as lower scores on the Short Form 36 social role functioning. CONCLUSION BDD is frequently associated with depression, social phobia and OCD. Patients with BDD have more distress and more impaired interpersonal functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Job van der Meer
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Berczik K, Szabó A, Griffiths MD, Kurimay T, Kun B, Urbán R, Demetrovics Z. Exercise addiction: symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology. Subst Use Misuse 2012; 47:403-17. [PMID: 22216780 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2011.639120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity plays a crucial role in health maintenance and disease prevention. However, excessive exercise has the potential to have adverse effects on both physical and mental health. The scholastic and empirical discussion of excessive physical activity focuses on obsessive and compulsive exercising, and uses several labels. However, in this review, we argue that the most appropriate term for this phenomenon is exercise addiction, emphasizing that excessive physical exercise fits the typical and most common characteristics of behavioral addictions. The aim of this review is to synthesize the current knowledge on symptomology, diagnosis, epidemiology, and etiology of exercise addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Berczik
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Black DW, Shaw M, Blum N. Pathological gambling and compulsive buying: do they fall within an obsessive-compulsive spectrum? DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [PMID: 20623922 PMCID: PMC3181956 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2010.12.2/dblack] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both compulsive buying (CB) and pathological gambling (PG) have been proposed as members of a spectrum of disorders related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The spectrum hypothesis originated in the early 1990s and has gained considerable support, despite the lack of empirical evidence. Interest in this hypothesis has become critical because some investigators have recommended the creation of a new category that includes these disorders in DSM-5, now under development. In this article, the authors describe the origin of the obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum and its theoretical underpinnings, review both CB and PG, and discuss the data both in support of and against an OC spectrum. Both disorders are described in terms of their history, definition, classification, phenomenology family history, pathophysiology, and clinical management. The authors conclude that: (i) CB and PG are probably not related to OCD, and there is insufficient evidence to place them within an OC spectrum in DSM-V; (ii) PG should stay with the impulse-control disorders (ICDs); and (iii) a new diagnosis of CB should be created and be classified as an ICD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald W Black
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Murphy DL, Timpano KR, Wheaton MG, Greenberg BD, Miguel EC. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and its related disorders: a reappraisal of obsessive-compulsive spectrum concepts. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2010. [PMID: 20623919 PMCID: PMC3181955 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2010.12.2/dmurphy] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinical syndrome whose hallmarks are
excessive, anxiety-evoking thoughts and compulsive behaviors that are generally
recognized as unreasonable, but which cause significant distress and impairment.
When these are the exclusive symptoms, they constitute uncomplicated OCD. OCD
may also occur in the context of other neuropsychiatric disorders, most commonly
other anxiety and mood disorders. The question remains as to whether these
combinations of disorders should be regarded as independent, cooccurring
disorders or as different manifestations of an incompletely understood
constellation of OCD spectrum disorders with a common etiology. Additional
considerations are given here to two potential etiology-based subgroups: (i) an
environmentally based group in which OCD occurs following apparent causal events
such as streptococcal infections, brain injury, or atypical neuroleptic
treatment; and (ii) a genomically based group in which OCD is related to
chromosomal anomalies or specific genes. Considering the status of current
research, the concept of OCD and OCD-related spectrum conditions seems fluid in
2010, and in need of ongoing reappraisal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Phillips KA, Stein DJ, Rauch SL, Hollander E, Fallon BA, Barsky A, Fineberg N, Mataix-Cols D, Ferrão YA, Saxena S, Wilhelm S, Kelly MM, Clark LA, Pinto A, Bienvenu OJ, Farrow J, Leckman J. Should an obsessive-compulsive spectrum grouping of disorders be included in DSM-V? Depress Anxiety 2010; 27:528-55. [PMID: 20533367 PMCID: PMC3985410 DOI: 10.1002/da.20705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The obsessive-compulsive (OC) spectrum has been discussed in the literature for two decades. Proponents of this concept propose that certain disorders characterized by repetitive thoughts and/or behaviors are related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and suggest that such disorders be grouped together in the same category (i.e. grouping, or "chapter") in DSM. This article addresses this topic and presents options and preliminary recommendations to be considered for DSM-V. The article builds upon and extends prior reviews of this topic that were prepared for and discussed at a DSM-V Research Planning Conference on Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders held in 2006. Our preliminary recommendation is that an OC-spectrum grouping of disorders be included in DSM-V. Furthermore, we preliminarily recommend that consideration be given to including this group of disorders within a larger supraordinate category of "Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders." These preliminary recommendations must be evaluated in light of recommendations for, and constraints upon, the overall structure of DSM-V.
Collapse
|
11
|
Classification of anxiety disorders: dimensional assessments, intermediate phenotypes, and psychobiological bases. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2008; 10:287-9. [PMID: 18627665 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-008-0046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|