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Teixeira SC, Teixeira TL, Tavares PCB, Alves RN, da Silva AA, Borges BC, Martins FA, Dos Santos MA, de Castilhos P, E Silva Brígido RT, Notário AFO, Silveira ACA, da Silva CV. Subversion strategies of lysosomal killing by intracellular pathogens. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127503. [PMID: 37748260 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Many pathogenic organisms need to reach either an intracellular compartment or the cytoplasm of a target cell for their survival, replication or immune system evasion. Intracellular pathogens frequently penetrate into the cell through the endocytic and phagocytic pathways (clathrin-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis and macropinocytosis) that culminates in fusion with lysosomes. However, several mechanisms are triggered by pathogenic microorganisms - protozoan, bacteria, virus and fungus - to avoid destruction by lysosome fusion, such as rupture of the phagosome and thereby release into the cytoplasm, avoidance of autophagy, delaying in both phagolysosome biogenesis and phagosomal maturation and survival/replication inside the phagolysosome. Here we reviewed the main data dealing with phagosome maturation and evasion from lysosomal killing by different bacteria, protozoa, fungi and virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cota Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaise Lara Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aline Alves da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Cristina Borges
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Alves Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marlus Alves Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Castilhos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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2
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Nenciarini S, Cavalieri D. Immunomodulatory Potential of Fungal Extracellular Vesicles: Insights for Therapeutic Applications. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1487. [PMID: 37892168 PMCID: PMC10605264 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicular organelles that perform a variety of biological functions including cell communication across different biological kingdoms. EVs of mammals and, to a lesser extent, bacteria have been deeply studied over the years, whereas investigations of fungal EVs are still in their infancy. Fungi, encompassing both yeast and filamentous forms, are increasingly recognized for their production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing a wealth of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These EVs play pivotal roles in orchestrating fungal communities, bolstering pathogenicity, and mediating interactions with the environment. Fungal EVs have emerged as promising candidates for innovative applications, not only in the management of mycoses but also as carriers for therapeutic molecules. Yet, numerous questions persist regarding fungal EVs, including their mechanisms of generation, release, cargo regulation, and discharge. This comprehensive review delves into the present state of knowledge regarding fungal EVs and provides fresh insights into the most recent hypotheses on the mechanisms driving their immunomodulatory properties. Furthermore, we explore the considerable potential of fungal EVs in the realms of medicine and biotechnology. In the foreseeable future, engineered fungal cells may serve as vehicles for tailoring cargo- and antigen-specific EVs, positioning them as invaluable biotechnological tools for diverse medical applications, such as vaccines and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duccio Cavalieri
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy;
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3
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Wang L, Wang J, Zhang X, Yin Y, Li R, Lin Y, Deng C, Yang K, Liu X, Wang Z. Pathogenicity of Metarhizium rileyi against Spodoptera litura larvae: Appressorium differentiation, proliferation in hemolymph, immune interaction, and reemergence of mycelium. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 150:103508. [PMID: 33675988 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of Metarhizium rileyi is a multi-faceted process that depends on many factors. This study attempts to decipher those factors of M. rileyi by investigating its pathogenicity against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Through morphogenesis analysis, we for the first time demonstrated the infection structure, appressorium, of M. rileyi that can generate a more than 4 MPa turgor pressure. The Mrpmk1 gene was found to be essential for appressorium differentiation and mycelium reemerging, ΔMrpmk1 mutant exhibited no pathogenicity towards S. litura by natural infection process. Delayed appressorium formation time, decreased appressorium formation rate and turgor pressure of ΔMrpbs2 mutant manifested itself in postponed death time and lower mortality against S. litura. Following invasion into the larval hemocoel, M. rileyi cells transformed into blastospores, which may be conducive to dispersal and propagation, moreover, the blastospore form M. rileyi may subverted phagocytic defenses. Then M. rileyi cells morphed into extended hyphal body to cope with elongated hemocytes that participated in encapsulation. In the end, M. rileyi mycelia reemerged from the larval cadaver evenly to form muscardine cadaver. Eventually, conidia were produced to complete the infection cycle. During the infection, M. rileyi triggered both cellular and humoral immunity of S. litura. Besides morphological changes, stage-specifically produced oxalic acid and F-actin arrangement may play roles in nutrient acquisition and mycelium reemerging, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Chongqing Tobacco Monopoly Bureau, China
| | - Xiufen Zhang
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, China
| | - Youping Yin
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, China.
| | - Ren Li
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, China
| | - Yunlong Lin
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, China
| | - Chaoqun Deng
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, China
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4
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Amara AAAF. Improving Animal Immunity to Prevent Fungal Infections with Folk Remedies and Advanced Medicine. FUNGAL DISEASES IN ANIMALS 2021:127-162. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-69507-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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5
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Freitas MS, Pessoni AM, Coelho C, Bonato VLD, Rodrigues ML, Casadevall A, Almeida F. Interactions of Extracellular Vesicles from Pathogenic Fungi with Innate Leukocytes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 432:89-120. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83391-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Gabriel KT, Neville JJ, Pierce GE, Cornelison CT. Lipolytic Activity and the Utilization of Fatty Acids Associated with Bat Sebum by Pseudogymnoascus destructans. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:625-636. [PMID: 31529298 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pseudogymnoascus destructans is the causative agent of a fungal infection of bats known as white-nose syndrome (WNS). Since its discovery in 2006, it has been responsible for precipitous declines of several species of cave-dwelling North American bats. While numerous advancements in the understanding of the disease processes underlying WNS have been made in recent years, there are still many aspects of WNS, particularly with respect to pathogen virulence, that remain unknown. In this preliminary investigation, we sought to further elucidate the disease cycle by concentrating on the pathogen, with specific focus on its ability to utilize lipids that compose bat wing sebum and are found in wing membranes, as a substrate for energy and growth. In vitro growth experiments were conducted with the three most common fatty acids that comprise bat sebum: oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. None of the fatty acids were observed to contribute a significant difference in mean growth from controls grown on SDA, although morphological differences were observed in several instances. Additionally, as an accompaniment to the growth experiments, bat wing explants from Perimyotis subflavus and Eptesicus fuscus were fluorescently stained to visualize the difference in distribution of 16- and 18-carbon chain fatty acids in the wing membrane. Which substrates contribute to the growth of P. destructans is important to understanding the progressive impact P. destructans has on bat health through the course of the disease cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Gabriel
- Division of Research and Advanced Studies, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA.
| | - John J Neville
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - George E Pierce
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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7
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Prusty JS, Kumar A. Coumarins: antifungal effectiveness and future therapeutic scope. Mol Divers 2019; 24:1367-1383. [PMID: 31520360 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-019-09992-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The antifungals that are in current clinical practice have a high occurrence of a side effect and multidrug resistance (MDR). Researchers across the globe are trying to develop a suitable antifungal that has minimum side effect as well as no MDR issues. Due to serious undesired effects connected with individual antifungals, it is now necessary to introduce novel and effective drugs having numerous potentials to regulate complex therapeutic targets of several fungal infections simultaneously. Thus, by taking a lead from this subject, synthesis of potent antifungals from coumarin moiety could contribute to the development of promising antifungal. Its resemblance and structural diversity make it possible to produce an auspicious antifungal candidate. Due to the natural origin of coumarin, its presence in diversity, and their broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, it secures an important place for the researcher to investigate and develop it as a promising antifungal in future. This manuscript discusses the bioavailability of coumarin (natural secondary metabolic molecule) that has privileged scaffold for many mycologists to develop it as a broad-spectrum antifungal against several opportunistic mycoses. As a result, several different kinds of coumarin derivatives were synthesized and their antifungal properties were evaluated. This review compiles various coumarin derivatives broadly investigated for antifungal activities to understand its current status and future therapeutic scope in antifungal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Sankar Prusty
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, CG, 492010, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, CG, 492010, India.
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8
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Singulani JL, Scorzoni L, de Oliveira HC, Marcos CM, Assato PA, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Applications of Invertebrate Animal Models to Dimorphic Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040118. [PMID: 30347646 PMCID: PMC6308930 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimorphic fungi can be found in the yeast form during infection and as hyphae in the environment and are responsible for a large number of infections worldwide. Invertebrate animals have been shown to be convenient models in the study of fungal infections. These models have the advantages of being low cost, have no ethical issues, and an ease of experimentation, time-efficiency, and the possibility of using a large number of animals per experiment compared to mammalian models. Invertebrate animal models such as Galleria mellonella, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Acanthamoebacastellanii have been used to study dimorphic fungal infections in the context of virulence, innate immune response, and the efficacy and toxicity of antifungal agents. In this review, we first summarize the features of these models. In this aspect, the growth temperature, genome sequence, availability of different strains, and body characteristics should be considered in the model choice. Finally, we discuss the contribution and advances of these models, with respect to dimorphic fungi Paracoccidioides spp., Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporothrix spp., and Talaromyces marneffei (Penicillium marneffei).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya L Singulani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Haroldo C de Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Caroline M Marcos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Patricia A Assato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
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9
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Mansano ESB, de Morais GR, Moratto EM, Sato F, Baesso ML, Medina AN, Svidzinski TIE, Hernandes L. Combination of Histopathology and FT-Raman Spectroscopy for the Study of Experimental Paracoccidioidomycosis in the Spleen. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 94:88-94. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francielle Sato
- Department of Physics; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brasil
| | | | - Antonio Neto Medina
- Department of Physics; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brasil
| | | | - Luzmarina Hernandes
- Department of Morphological Sciences; Universidade Estadual de Maringá; Maringá Paraná Brasil
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10
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Medina-Alarcón KP, Singulani JL, Voltan AR, Sardi JCO, Petrônio MS, Santos MB, Polaquini CR, Regasini LO, Bolzani VS, da Silva DHS, Chorilli M, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Alkyl Protocatechuate-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Systems as a Treatment Strategy for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii In Vitro. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1048. [PMID: 28659880 PMCID: PMC5466964 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dodecyl protocatechuate (dodecyl) is a derivative of protocatechuic acid (3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) that possesses anti-oxidant and antifungal properties. Nanostructured lipid systems (NLS) can potentiate the action of many antifungal agents, reducing the required dose and side effects by improving their activity. This work aimed to evaluate dodecyl protocatechuate loaded into a NLS (NLS+dodecyl) as a strategy for the treatment of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii in vitro. Antifungal activity against P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii was evaluated using the microdilution technique. NLS+dodecyl showed high antifungal activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 0.06 to 0.03 μg/mL; 4- to 16-fold higher than that of free dodecyl. NLS+dodecyl was able to inhibit fungal adhesion of the extracellular artificial matrix proteins (laminin and fibronectin), resulting in 82.4 and 81% inhibition, respectively, an increase of 8–17% compared with free dodecyl. These findings corroborate previous results demonstrating 65 and 74% inhibition of fungal adhesion in pulmonary fibroblast cells by dodecyl and NLS+dodecyl, respectively, representing a 9% increase in inhibition for NLS+dodecyl. Subsequently, cytotoxicity was evaluated using the 0.4% sulforhodamine B assay. NLS+dodecyl did not exhibit cytotoxicity in MRC5 (human pneumocyte) and HepG2 (human hepatic carcinoma) cells, thus increasing the selectivity index for NLS+dodecyl. In addition, cytotoxicity was evaluated in vivo using the Caenorhabditis elegans model; neither dodecyl nor NLS+dodecyl exhibited any toxic effects. Taken together, these results suggest that NLS can be used as a strategy to improve the activity of dodecyl against P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii because it improves antifungal activity, increases the inhibition of fungal adhesion in lung cells and the extracellular matrix in vitro, and does not exhibit any toxicity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaila P Medina-Alarcón
- Mycology Laboratory and Nucleus of Proteomics, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State UniversityAraraquara, Brazil
| | - Junya L Singulani
- Mycology Laboratory and Nucleus of Proteomics, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State UniversityAraraquara, Brazil
| | - Aline R Voltan
- Mycology Laboratory and Nucleus of Proteomics, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State UniversityAraraquara, Brazil
| | - Janaina C O Sardi
- Mycology Laboratory and Nucleus of Proteomics, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State UniversityAraraquara, Brazil
| | - Maicon S Petrônio
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio PretoAraraquara, Brazil
| | - Mariana B Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio PretoAraraquara, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Polaquini
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio PretoAraraquara, Brazil
| | - Luis O Regasini
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio PretoAraraquara, Brazil
| | - Vanderlan S Bolzani
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State UniversityAraraquara, Brazil
| | - Dulce H S da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State UniversityAraraquara, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State UniversityAraraquara, Brazil
| | - Maria J S Mendes-Giannini
- Mycology Laboratory and Nucleus of Proteomics, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State UniversityAraraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- Mycology Laboratory and Nucleus of Proteomics, Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State UniversityAraraquara, Brazil
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11
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Camacho E, Niño-Vega GA. Paracoccidioides Spp.: Virulence Factors and Immune-Evasion Strategies. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5313691. [PMID: 28553014 PMCID: PMC5434249 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5313691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides spp. are dimorphic fungal pathogens responsible for one of the most relevant systemic mycoses in Latin America, paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). Their exact ecological niche remains unknown; however, they have been isolated from soil samples and armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus), which have been proposed as animal reservoir for these fungi. Human infection occurs by inhalation of conidia or mycelia fragments and is mostly associated with immunocompetent hosts inhabiting and/or working in endemic rural areas. In this review focusing on the pathogen perspective, we will discuss some of the microbial attributes and molecular mechanisms that enable Paracoccidioides spp. to tolerate, adapt, and ultimately avoid the host immune response, establishing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Camacho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunobiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo A. Niño-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GTO, Mexico
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12
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Hyperspectral Imaging Using Intracellular Spies: Quantitative Real-Time Measurement of Intracellular Parameters In Vivo during Interaction of the Pathogenic Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus with Human Monocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163505. [PMID: 27727286 PMCID: PMC5058474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a technique based on the combination of classical spectroscopy and conventional digital image processing. It is also well suited for the biological assays and quantitative real-time analysis since it provides spectral and spatial data of samples. The method grants detailed information about a sample by recording the entire spectrum in each pixel of the whole image. We applied HSI to quantify the constituent pH variation in a single infected apoptotic monocyte as a model system. Previously, we showed that the human-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus conidia interfere with the acidification of phagolysosomes. Here, we extended this finding to monocytes and gained a more detailed analysis of this process. Our data indicate that melanised A. fumigatus conidia have the ability to interfere with apoptosis in human monocytes as they enable the apoptotic cell to recover from mitochondrial acidification and to continue with the cell cycle. We also showed that this ability of A. fumigatus is dependent on the presence of melanin, since a non-pigmented mutant did not stop the progression of apoptosis and consequently, the cell did not recover from the acidic pH. By conducting the current research based on the HSI, we could measure the intracellular pH in an apoptotic infected human monocyte and show the pattern of pH variation during 35 h of measurements. As a conclusion, we showed the importance of melanin for determining the fate of intracellular pH in a single apoptotic cell.
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13
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Marcos CM, de Oliveira HC, da Silva JDF, Assato PA, Yamazaki DS, da Silva RAM, Santos CT, Santos-Filho NA, Portuondo DL, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Identification and characterisation of elongation factor Tu, a novel protein involved in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-host interaction. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow079. [PMID: 27634774 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides spp., which are temperature-dependent dimorphic fungi, are responsible for the most prevalent human systemic mycosis in Latin America, the paracoccidioidomycosis. The aim of this study was to characterise the involvement of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-host interaction. Adhesive properties were examined using recombinant PbEF-Tu proteins and the respective polyclonal anti-rPbEF-Tu antibody. Immunogold analysis demonstrated the surface location of EF-Tu in P. brasiliensis. Moreover, PbEF-Tu was found to bind to fibronectin and plasminogen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and it was determined that the binding to plasminogen is at least partly dependent on lysine residues and ionic interactions. To verify the participation of EF-Tu in the interaction of P. brasiliensis with pneumocytes, we blocked the respective protein with an anti-rPbEF-Tu antibody and evaluated the consequences on the interaction index by flow cytometry. During the interaction, we observed a decrease of 2- and 3-fold at 8 and 24 h, respectively, suggesting the contribution of EF-Tu in fungal adhesion/invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Patricia Akemi Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniella Sayuri Yamazaki
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rosângela Aparecida Moraes da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cláudia Tavares Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Norival Alves Santos-Filho
- Instituto de Química, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Unidade de Síntese, Estrutura e Caracterização de Peptídeos e Proteínas, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacéuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil
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14
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Sardi JDCO, Pitangui NDS, Voltan AR, Braz JD, Machado MP, Fusco Almeida AM, Mendes Giannini MJS. In vitro Paracoccidioides brasiliensis biofilm and gene expression of adhesins and hydrolytic enzymes. Virulence 2016; 6:642-51. [PMID: 26055497 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1031437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides species are dimorphic fungi that initially infect the lungs but can also spread throughout the body. The spreading infection is most likely due to the formation of a biofilm that makes it difficult for the host to eliminate the infection. Biofilm formation is crucial for the development of infections and confines the pathogen to an extracellular matrix. Its presence is associated with antimicrobial resistance and avoidance of host defenses. This current study provides the first description of biofilm formation by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb18) and an analysis of gene expression, using real-time PCR, associated with 3 adhesins and 2 hydrolytic enzymes that could be associated with the virulence profile. Biofilm formation was analyzed using fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Metabolic activity was determined using the XTT reduction assay. P. brasiliensis was able to form mature biofilm in 144 h with a thickness of 100 μm. The presence of a biofilm was found to be associated with an increase in the expression of adhesins and enzymes. GP43, enolase, GAPDH and aspartyl proteinase genes were over-expressed, whereas phospholipase was down-regulated in biofilm. The characterization of biofilm formed by P. brasiliensis may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of paracoccidioidomycosis as well as the search for new therapeutic alternatives; while improving the effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina de Cássia Orlandi Sardi
- Departamento de Anáalises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas; UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Nayla de Souza Pitangui
- Departamento de Anáalises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas; UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Aline Raquel Voltan
- Departamento de Anáalises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas; UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Jaqueline Derissi Braz
- Departamento de Anáalises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas; UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; Araraquara, Brasil
| | | | - Ana Marisa Fusco Almeida
- Departamento de Anáalises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas; UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Maria Jose Soares Mendes Giannini
- Departamento de Anáalises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas; UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; Araraquara, Brasil
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15
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da Silva JDF, de Oliveira HC, Marcos CM, Assato PA, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Advances and challenges in paracoccidioidomycosis serology caused by Paracoccidioides species complex: an update. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 84:87-94. [PMID: 26494541 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the possible methodologies for the rapid and inexpensive identification of fungal infections is essential for disease diagnosis, but there are some limitations. To help with this problem, serological methods that detect antigens or antibodies are widely used and are useful for the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) through the detection of gp43, which is the main antigen employed for the immunodiagnosis of this disease caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. However, the use of gp43 has become restricted because it was recently found that this marker is not identified in the infections caused by Paracoccidioides lutzii. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new antigens in both species or antigens specific for P. lutzii to decrease the morbidity and/or mortality associated with PCM. This review provides a discussion of new diagnostic challenges after the recent discoveries regarding the taxonomy of the Paracoccidioides genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Caroline Maria Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Akemi Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara, FCFAr, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, SP, Brazil.
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16
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da Silva JDF, Vicentim J, de Oliveira HC, Marcos CM, Assato PA, Andreotti PF, da Silva JLM, Soares CP, Benard G, Almeida AMF, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Influence of the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 14-3-3 and gp43 proteins on the induction of apoptosis in A549 epithelial cells. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:476-84. [PMID: 26038961 PMCID: PMC4501410 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal strain Paracoccidioides brasiliensis remains viable inside of epithelial cells and can induce apoptosis in this population. However, until now, the molecules that participate in this process remained unknown. Thus, this study evaluated the contribution of two P. brasiliensis molecules, the 14-3-3 and glycoprotein of 43 kDa proteins, which had been previously described as extracellular matrix adhesins and apoptosis inductors in human pneumocytes. Accordingly, epithelial cells were treated with these molecules for different periods of time and the expression of the apoptosis regulating-proteins Bak, Bax, Bcl-2, p53 and caspases were evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling, flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Our results demonstrated that treatment with these molecules induces apoptosis signalling in pulmonary epithelial cells, showing the same pattern of programmed cell-death as that observed during infection with P. brasiliensis. Thus, we could conclude that P. brasiliensis uses these molecules as virulence factors that participate not only in the fungal adhesion process to host cells, but also in other important cellular mechanisms such as apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Juliana Vicentim
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Caroline Maria Marcos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Patricia Akemi Assato
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Ferrari Andreotti
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Juliana Leal Monteiro da Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Christiane Pienna Soares
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Gil Benard
- Laboratório de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica e Experimental
- Clínica de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina,
Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
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17
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de Oliveira HC, da Silva JDF, Scorzoni L, Marcos CM, Rossi SA, de Paula E Silva ACA, Assato PA, da Silva RAM, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Importance of adhesins in virulence of Paracoccidioides spp. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:303. [PMID: 25914695 PMCID: PMC4392702 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Paracoccidioides genus are the etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). This genus is composed of two species: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii. The correct molecular taxonomic classification of these fungi has created new opportunities for studying and understanding their relationships with their hosts. Paracoccidioides spp. have features that permit their growth under adverse conditions, enable them to adhere to and invade host tissues and may contribute to disease development. Cell wall proteins called adhesins facilitate adhesion and are capable of mediating fungi-host interactions during infection. This study aimed to evaluate the adhesion profile of two species of the genus Paracoccidioides, to analyze the expression of adhesin-encoding genes by real-time PCR and to relate these results to the virulence of the species, as assessed using a survival curve in mice and in Galleria mellonella after blocking the adhesins. A high level of heterogeneity was observed in adhesion and adhesin expression, showing that the 14-3-3 and enolase molecules are the most highly expressed adhesins during pathogen-host interaction. Additionally, a survival curve revealed a correlation between the adhesion rate and survival, with P. brasiliensis showing higher adhesion and adhesin expression levels and greater virulence when compared with P. lutzii. After blocking 14-3-3 and enolase adhesins, we observed modifications in the virulence of these two species, revealing the importance of these molecules during the pathogenesis of members of the Paracoccidioides genus. These results revealed new insights into the host-pathogen interaction of this genus and may enhance our understanding of different isolates that could be useful for the treatment of this mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroldo C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Caroline M Marcos
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Suelen A Rossi
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana C A de Paula E Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Assato
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Rosângela A M da Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Maria J S Mendes-Giannini
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Brazil
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18
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Chaves EGA, Weber SS, Báo SN, Pereira LA, Bailão AM, Borges CL, Soares CMDA. Analysis of Paracoccidioides secreted proteins reveals fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase as a plasminogen-binding protein. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:53. [PMID: 25888027 PMCID: PMC4357084 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite being important thermal dimorphic fungi causing Paracoccidioidomycosis, the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie the genus Paracoccidioides remain largely unknown. Microbial pathogens express molecules that can interact with human plasminogen, a protein from blood plasma, which presents fibrinolytic activity when activated into plasmin. Additionally, plasmin exhibits the ability of degrading extracellular matrix components, favoring the pathogen spread to deeper tissues. Previous work from our group demonstrated that Paracoccidioides presents enolase, as a protein able to bind and activate plasminogen, increasing the fibrinolytic activity of the pathogen, and the potential for adhesion and invasion of the fungus to host cells. By using proteomic analysis, we aimed to identify other proteins of Paracoccidioides with the ability of binding to plasminogen. Results In the present study, we employed proteomic analysis of the secretome, in order to identify plasminogen-binding proteins of Paracoccidioides, Pb01. Fifteen proteins were present in the fungal secretome, presenting the ability to bind to plasminogen. Those proteins are probable targets of the fungus interaction with the host; thus, they could contribute to the invasiveness of the fungus. For validation tests, we selected the protein fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA), described in other pathogens as a plasminogen-binding protein. The protein FBA at the fungus surface and the recombinant FBA (rFBA) bound human plasminogen and promoted its conversion to plasmin, potentially increasing the fibrinolytic capacity of the fungus, as demonstrated in fibrin degradation assays. The addition of rFBA or anti-rFBA antibodies was capable of reducing the interaction between macrophages and Paracoccidioides, possibly by blocking the binding sites for FBA. These data reveal the possible participation of the FBA in the processes of cell adhesion and tissue invasion/dissemination of Paracoccidioides. Conclusions These data indicate that Paracoccidioides is a pathogen that has several plasminogen-binding proteins that likely play important roles in pathogen-host interaction. In this context, FBA is a protein that might be involved somehow in the processes of invasion and spread of the fungus during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilânia Gomes Araújo Chaves
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICBII, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Simone Schneider Weber
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICBII, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Sonia Nair Báo
- Laboratório de Microscopia, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Augusto Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICBII, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICBII, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICBII, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICBII, Campus II, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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19
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de Oliveira HC, da Silva JDF, Matsumoto MT, Marcos CM, Peres da Silva R, Moraes da Silva RA, Labate MTV, Labate CA, Fusco Almeida AM, Mendes Giannini MJS. Alterations of protein expression in conditions of copper-deprivation for Paracoccidioides lutzii in the presence of extracellular matrix components. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:302. [PMID: 25609357 PMCID: PMC4302596 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paracoccidioides spp is a fungi genus and the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis. The strategies of infection used by these pathogens involve the expression of proteins related to adaptation to the host, particularly regarding the uptake of micronutrients. This study analyzed the adhesion of Paracoccidioides lutzii during conditions of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) deprivation, while also evaluating the proteins expressed in conditions of Cu depletion in the presence of four extracellular matrix (ECM) components (laminin, fibronectin and types I and IV collagen). Results We cultured the P. lutzii in a chemically defined media without Cu and Fe. The fungus was then placed in contact with different ECM components and adhesion was evaluated. A significant increase in binding to all ECM components was observed when the fungus was cultured without Cu; which might be related to some adhesins expression. A proteomic assay was developed and revealed 39 proteins expressed that are involved in processes such as virulence, protein synthesis, metabolism, energy, transcription, transport, stress response and the cell cycle when the fungus was interacting with the ECM components. The up-regulated expression of two important adhesins, enolase and 14-3-3, was observed at the fungal cell wall during the interaction with the ECM components, indicating the role of these proteins in the Paracoccidioides–host interaction. Conclusions This study is important for determining prospective proteins that may be involved in the interaction of Paracoccidioides with a host. Understanding the adaptive response to different growth conditions, elucidating the processes of adhesion and cell invasion, and identifying the proteins that are differentially expressed during the fungus-host interaction may help elucidate mechanisms used for survival and growth of Paracoccidioides in various human tissues. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0302-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria José Soares Mendes Giannini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Micologia Clinica, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, Km 1, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Niessen L. Current state and future perspectives of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based diagnosis of filamentous fungi and yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:553-74. [PMID: 25492418 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification is a rather novel method of enzymatic deoxyribonucleic acid amplification which can be applied for the diagnosis of viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Although firmly established in viral and bacterial diagnosis, the technology has only recently been applied to a noteworthy number of species in the filamentous fungi and yeasts. The current review gives an overview of the literature so far published on the topic by discussing the different groups of fungal organisms to which the method has been applied. Moreover, the method is described in detail as well as the different possibilities available for signal detection and quantification and sample preparation. Future perspective of loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based assays is discussed in the light of applicability for fungal diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Niessen
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354, Freising, Germany,
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21
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Mansano ESB, de Morais GR, Moratto EM, Sato F, Medina Neto A, Svidzinski TIE, Baesso ML, Hernandes L. Correlation between histopathological and FT-Raman spectroscopy analysis of the liver of Swiss mice infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106256. [PMID: 25181524 PMCID: PMC4152158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. The main entrance of the fungus is the airway. It primarily occurs in the lung, but in its disseminated form may affect any organ. The liver is one of the organs afflicted by this disease and its homeostasis may be impaired. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the evolution of paracoccidioidomycosis in the liver of Swiss mice and correlate morphological factors with the expression of gp43 and with physicochemical analysis via FT-Raman of the infected organ. According to colony forming unit (CFU) and granuloma counting, the first and second weeks were the periods when infection was most severe. Tissue response was characterized by the development of organized granulomas and widespread infection, with yeasts located within the macrophages and isolated hepatocytes. The gp43 molecule was distributed throughout the hepatic parenchyma, and immunostaining was constant in all observed periods. The main physicochemical changes of the infected liver were observed in the spectral ranges between 1700-1530 cm(-1) and 1370-1290 cm(-1), a peak shifting center attributed to phenylalanine and area variation of -CH2 and -CH3 compounds associated to collagen, respectively. Over time, there was a direct proportional relationship between the number of CFUs, the number of granulomas and the physicochemical changes in the liver of mice infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The expression of gp43 was similar in all observed periods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Francielle Sato
- Department of Physics, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Antonio Medina Neto
- Department of Physics, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Luciano Baesso
- Department of Physics, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luzmarina Hernandes
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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22
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Sahaza JH, Pérez-Torres A, Zenteno E, Taylor ML. Usefulness of the murine model to study the immune response against Histoplasma capsulatum infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37:143-52. [PMID: 24766724 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present paper is an overview of the primary events that are associated with the histoplasmosis immune response in the murine model. Valuable data that have been recorded in the scientific literature have contributed to an improved understanding of the clinical course of this systemic mycosis, which is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Data must be analyzed carefully, given that misinterpretation could be generated because most of the available information is based on experimental host-parasite interactions that used inappropriate proceedings, i.e., the non-natural route of infection with the parasitic and virulent fungal yeast-phase, which is not the usual infective phase of the etiological agent of this mycosis. Thus, due to their versatility, complexity, and similarities with humans, several murine models have played a fundamental role in exploring the host-parasite interaction during H. capsulatum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H Sahaza
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de Hongos, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, DF 04510, Mexico; Unidad de Micología Médica y Experimental, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Filogenia del Sistema Inmune de Piel y Mucosas, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Edgar Zenteno
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, México, DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Maria Lucia Taylor
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de Hongos, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, DF 04510, Mexico.
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23
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da Silva JDF, de Oliveira HC, Marcos CM, da Silva RAM, da Costa TA, Calich VLG, Almeida AMF, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Paracoccidoides brasiliensis 30 kDa adhesin: identification as a 14-3-3 protein, cloning and subcellular localization in infection models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62533. [PMID: 23638109 PMCID: PMC3640054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidoides brasiliensis adhesion to lung epithelial cells is considered an essential event for the establishment of infection and different proteins participate in this process. One of these proteins is a 30 kDa adhesin, pI 4.9 that was described as a laminin ligand in previous studies, and it was more highly expressed in more virulent P. brasiliensis isolates. This protein may contribute to the virulence of this important fungal pathogen. Using Edman degradation and mass spectrometry analysis, this 30 kDa adhesin was identified as a 14-3-3 protein. These proteins are a conserved group of small acidic proteins involved in a variety of processes in eukaryotic organisms. However, the exact function of these proteins in some processes remains unknown. Thus, the goal of the present study was to characterize the role of this protein during the interaction between the fungus and its host. To achieve this goal, we cloned, expressed the 14-3-3 protein in a heterologous system and determined its subcellular localization in in vitro and in vivo infection models. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed the ubiquitous distribution of this protein in the yeast form of P. brasiliensis, with some concentration in the cytoplasm. Additionally, this 14-3-3 protein was also present in P. brasiliensis cells at the sites of infection in C57BL/6 mice intratracheally infected with P. brasiliensis yeast cells for 72 h (acute infections) and 30 days (chronic infection). An apparent increase in the levels of the 14-3-3 protein in the cell wall of the fungus was also noted during the interaction between P. brasiliensis and A549 cells, suggesting that this protein may be involved in host-parasite interactions, since inhibition assays with the protein and this antibody decreased P. brasiliensis adhesion to A549 epithelial cells. Our data may lead to a better understanding of P. brasiliensis interactions with host tissues and paracoccidioidomycosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julhiany de Fatima da Silva
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - University Estadual Paulista Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Haroldo César de Oliveira
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - University Estadual Paulista Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Maria Marcos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - University Estadual Paulista Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Aparecida Moraes da Silva
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - University Estadual Paulista Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Alves da Costa
- Department of Immunology, Biomedical Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Marisa Fusco Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - University Estadual Paulista Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University - University Estadual Paulista Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Voltan AR, Sardi JDCO, Soares CP, Pelajo Machado M, Fusco Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Early Endosome Antigen 1 (EEA1) decreases in macrophages infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2013; 51:759-64. [PMID: 23566224 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.777859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, endemic in Latin America. P. brasiliensis has been observed in epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro, as well as within the macrophages. The identification of the mechanism by which it survives within the host cell is fertile ground for the discovery of its pathogenesis since this organism has the ability to induce its own endocytosis in epithelial cells and most likely in macrophages. The study of the expression of endocytic proteins pathway and co-localization of microorganisms enable detection of the mechanism by which microorganisms survive within the host cell. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of the endocytic protein EEA1 (early endosome antigen 1) in macrophages infected with P. brasiliensis. For detection of EEA1, three different techniques were employed: immunofluorescence, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunoblotting. In the present study, decreased expression of EEA1 as well as the rearrangement of the actin was observed when the fungus was internalized, confirming that the input mechanism of the fungus in macrophages occurs through phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Raquel Voltan
- * Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista , Araraquara , São Paulo
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Silva FLD, Pimenta RS, Silva JFMD, Corrêa DAN, Corrêa Junior A. The influence of carbohydrates in the interaction of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis with CCL-6 cells in vitro. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45:739-44. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000600016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the early events in the interaction between Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and its host. To understand the effect of carbohydrates in the interaction between the fungus and epithelial cell in culture, we analyzed the influence of different carbohydrate solutions on the adhesion of P. brasiliensis yeast cells to CCL-6 cells in culture. METHODS: Fungal cells were cultivated with the epithelial cell line, and different concentrations of D-fucose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, D-mannose, D-glucosamine, D-galactosamine, sorbitol and fructose were added at the beginning of the experiment. Six hours after the treatment, the cells were fixed and observed by light microscopy. The number of P. brasiliensis cells that were adhered to the CCL-6 monolayer was estimated. RESULTS: The number of adhesion events was diminished following treatments with D-fucose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, D-mannose, D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine as compared to the untreated controls. Sorbitol and fructose-treated cells had the same adhesion behavior as the observed in the control. P. brasiliensis propagules were treated with fluorescent lectins. The FITC-labeled lectins WGA and Con-A bound to P. brasiliensis yeast cells, while SBA and PNA did not. CONCLUSIONS: The perceptual of adhesion between P. brasiliensis and CCL-6 cells decreased with the use of D-mannose, N-acetyl-glucosamine and D-glucosamine. The assay using FITC-labeled lectins suggests the presence of N-acetyl-glucosamine, α-mannose and α-glucose on the P. brasiliensis cell surface. An enhanced knowledge of the mediators of adhesion on P. brasiliensis could be useful in the future for the development of more efficient and less harmful methods for disease treatment and control.
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Marcos CM, de Fátima da Silva J, de Oliveira HC, Moraes da Silva RA, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Surface-expressed enolase contributes to the adhesion of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis to host cells. FEMS Yeast Res 2012; 12:557-70. [PMID: 22443156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2012.00806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Understanding the interactions between P. brasiliensis and the host tissue depends on the study of the different steps of the process of colonization, especially adhesion, in which the pathogen recognizes ligands on the surface of host cells. This study aimed to verify the role of enolase in the host cell-fungus interaction and the ability of enolase to bind to extracellular matrix components, to determine its subcellular localization, and to study the P. brasiliensis enolase amino acid sequence. The data revealed that fibronectin is the major ligand of enolase. Evaluation of the location of enolase at an ultrastructural level revealed that it is distributed in various cellular compartments, but at a high level in the cell wall. The analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed an internal plasminogen-binding motif ((254)FYKADEKKY(262)), which is conserved in most organisms and described as an important interaction site of the enolase with the host cell surface. This suggests that enolase performs additional functions related to the glycolytic pathway and also plays a role of adhesion in P. brasiliensis. Therefore, this study increases the knowledge about the characteristics of enolase and its influence on the binding process of P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Marcos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Araraquara, Department of Clinical Analysis, Clinical Mycology Laboratory, SP, Brazil
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27
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Hickey RM. The role of oligosaccharides from human milk and other sources in prevention of pathogen adhesion. Int Dairy J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pitangui NS, Sardi JCO, Silva JF, Benaducci T, Moraes da Silva RA, Rodríguez-Arellanes G, Taylor ML, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Adhesion of Histoplasma capsulatum to pneumocytes and biofilm formation on an abiotic surface. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:711-718. [PMID: 22784100 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.703659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum, causes the respiratory and systemic disease 'histoplasmosis'. This disease is primarily acquired via inhalation of aerosolized microconidia or hyphal fragments of H. capsulatum. Evolution of this respiratory disease depends on the ability of H. capsulatum yeasts to survive and replicate within alveolar macrophages. It is known that adhesion to host cells is the first step in colonization and biofilm formation. Some microorganisms become attached to biological and non-biological surfaces due to the formation of biofilms. Based on the importance of biofilms and their persistence on host tissues and cell surfaces, the present study was designed to investigate biofilm formation by H. capsulatum yeasts, as well as their ability to adhere to pneumocyte cells. H. capsulatum biofilm assays were performed in vitro using two different clinical strains of the fungus and biofilms were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The biofilms were measured using a 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium-hydroxide (XTT) reduction assay. The results showed that both the H. capsulatum strains tested were very efficient at adhering to host cells and forming biofilm. Therefore, this is a possible survival strategy adopted by this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Pitangui
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP 14801-902, Brazil
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Ayres-Silva JDP, Manso PPDA, Madeira MRDC, Pelajo-Machado M, Lenzi HL. Sequential morphological characteristics of murine fetal liver hematopoietic microenvironment in Swiss Webster mice. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 344:455-69. [PMID: 21541657 PMCID: PMC3102842 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic hematopoiesis occurs via dynamic development with cells migrating into various organs. Fetal liver is the main hematopoietic organ responsible for hematopoietic cell expansion during embryologic development. We describe the morphological sequential characteristics of murine fetal liver niches that favor the settlement and migration of hematopoietic cells from 12 days post-coitum (dpc) to 0 day post-partum. Liver sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Lennert’s Giemsa, Sirius Red pH 10.2, Gomori’s Reticulin, and Periodic Acid Schiff/Alcian Blue pH 1.0 and pH 2.5 and were analyzed by bright-field microscopy. Indirect imunohistochemistry for fibronectin, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), and MMP-9 and histochemistry for naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase (NCAE) were analyzed by confocal microscopy. The results showed that fibronectin was related to the promotion of hepatocyte and trabecular differentiation; reticular fibers did not appear to participate in fetal hematopoiesis but contributed to the physical support of the liver after 18 dpc. During the immature phase, hepatocytes acted as the fundamental stroma for the erythroid lineage. The appearance of myeloid cells in the liver was related to perivascular and subcapsular collagen, and NCAE preceded MMP-1 expression in neutrophils, an occurrence that appeared to contribute to their liver evasion. Thus, the murine fetal liver during ontogenesis shows two different phases: one immature and mainly endodermic (<14 dpc) and the other more developed (endodermic-mesenchymal; >15 dpc) with the maturation of hepatocytes, a better definition of trabecular pattern, and an increase in the connective tissue in the capsule, portal spaces, and liver parenchyma. The decrease of hepatic hematopoiesis (migration) coincides with hepatic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackline de Paula Ayres-Silva
- Laboratory of Pathology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Pavilhão Gomes de Faria, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21040-360, Brazil.
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Comparative analysis of extracellular matrix and cellular carbohydrate expression in the sporotrichosis and chromoblastomycosis. Mycopathologia 2011; 171:403-9. [PMID: 21365320 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This work was based on the analysis of digital images of histochemical profile from subcutaneous lesions in sporotrichosis (ST) and chromoblastomycosis (CM) patients. An additional aim was the detection of carbohydrate expression using lectin histochemical analysis of the different carbohydrates in the fungal cell wall from four different species (Sporothrix schenckii, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora verrucosa, and Cladophialophora carrionii) associated with diseases mentioned earlier. Slides from tissue biopsies from ST and CM positive patients (n=10, each) were stained according to routine techniques. Slides were incubated with 25 μg/ml of Con A lectins and WGA conjugated to peroxidase. Digital image analysis was carried out in a workstation using OPTIMAS™ software system. Routine histochemistry results indicated that there is significantly higher collagen deposition and elastic fibers in ST characteristic lesions compared with that found in CM cases. The ST interstitial fibrosis area was larger than in CM lesions. Comparative lectin binding showed a positive and intense lectin staining pattern in the cell wall of S. schenckii, suggesting a higher expression of glucose/mannose and N-acetyl glucosamine in their cell surface as evidenced by Con A and WGA, respectively. However, these lectins were not effective to recognize some carbohydrates moieties in the F. pedrosoi, P. verrucosa, and C. carrionii. Such findings contribute to additional information about specific recognition processes between fungal parasites and their host cell targets may be mediated by the interaction of carbohydrate-binding proteins, such as lectins, on the surface of one type of cell that combine with complementary sugars on the surface of another cells into fibro-connective tissues associated with lesions.
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Lima-Neto RG, Beltrão EIC, Oliveira PC, Neves RP. Adherence of Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis to epithelial cells correlates with fungal cell surface carbohydrates. Mycoses 2011; 54:23-9. [PMID: 19735440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have described the adherence of Candida albicans to epithelial cells but little is known about Candida parapsilosis adhesion and its role in host cell surface recognition. This study was designed to evaluate the correlation between the adherence of 20 C. albicans and 12 C. parapsilosis strains to human buccal epithelial cells and the expression of fungal cell surface carbohydrates using lectin histochemistry. Adherence assays were carried out by incubating epithelial cells in yeast suspensions (10(7) cells ml(-1) ) and peroxidase conjugated lectins (Con A, WGA, UEA I and PNA at 25 μg ml(-1) ) were used for lectin histochemistry. The results showed that adherence was overall greater for C. albicans than for C. parapsilosis (P < 0.01) and that the individual strain differences correlated with a high content of cell surface α-l-fucose residues as indicated by the UEA I staining pattern. Based on the saccharide specificity of the lectins used, these results suggest that l-fucose residues on cell surface glycoconjugates may represent recognition molecules for interactions between the yeast strain studied and the host (r = 0.6985, P = 0.0045). In addition, our results indicated the presence of α-d-glucose/α-d-mannose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine/N-acetylneuraminic acid and D-galactose/N-acetyl-D-galactosamine in fungal cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginaldo G Lima-Neto
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade universitária, Av. Morais Rego s/n, 50670-910, Recife, Brazil.
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López-Romero E, Reyes-Montes MDR, Pérez-Torres A, Ruiz-Baca E, Villagómez-Castro JC, Mora-Montes HM, Flores-Carreón A, Toriello C. Sporothrix schenckii complex and sporotrichosis, an emerging health problem. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:85-102. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii, now named the S. schenckii species complex, has largely been known as the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, which is an acute or chronic subcutaneous mycosis of humans and other mammals. Gene sequencing has revealed the following species in the S. schenckii complex: Sporothrix albicans, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix globosa, Sporothrix luriei, Sporothrix mexicana and S. schenckii. The increasing number of reports of Sporothrix infection in immunocompromised patients, mainly the HIV-infected population, suggests sporotrichosis as an emerging global health problem concomitant with the AIDS pandemic. Molecular studies have demonstrated a high level of intraspecific variability. Components of the S. schenckii cell wall that act as adhesins and immunogenic inducers, such as a 70-kDa glycoprotein, are apparently specific to this fungus. The main glycan peptidorhamnomannan cell wall component is the only O-linked glycan structure known in S. schenckii. It contains an α-mannobiose core followed by one α-glucuronic acid unit, which may be mono- or di-rhamnosylated. The oligomeric structure of glucosamine-6-P synthase has led to a significant advance in the development of antifungals targeted to the enzyme’s catalytic domain in S. schenckii.
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Suárez-Alvarez RO, Pérez-Torres A, Taylor ML. Adherence patterns of Histoplasma capsulatum yeasts to bat tissue sections. Mycopathologia 2010; 170:79-87. [PMID: 20340046 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The adherence of Histoplasma capsulatum yeasts to lung, spleen, liver, gut, and trachea cryosections of Artibeus hirsutus bats and inbred BALB/c mice (control) was studied after in vitro yeast-tissue incubations. Candida albicans yeasts were used as a well-known adherent fungal model in the mice host, and latex beads were used as a negative adherence control. Adhered yeast cells were identified by using crystal violet staining and the immunoperoxidase method with specific antibodies. H. capsulatum yeasts adhered to all tissues tested, mainly in the lung. Moreover, H. capsulatum yeasts adhered preferentially to white and red spleen pulp, in contrast to the dispersed distribution of C. albicans yeasts. H. capsulatum yeasts were mostly found on the sinusoidal face of hepatocytes. In general, the gut showed a higher number of adhered H. capsulatum yeasts than the trachea in both bats and mice. H. capsulatum and C. albicans yeasts developed high selectivity for the lamina propria of the gut. In addition, H. capsulatum yeasts interacted better with the lamina propria and adventitia of the trachea. The number of H. capsulatum yeast cells that adhered to each tissue section type was always greater than the corresponding number of C. albicans yeast cells, and latex beads never adhered to the tissue sections. Controls with anti-H. capsulatum and normal rabbit sera showed a significant blockage of H. capsulatum yeast adherence to lung tissue. This is the first study describing the patterns of H. capsulatum yeast adherence to different bat and mouse tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Osvaldo Suárez-Alvarez
- Departamento de Microbiología-Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, México DF, Mexico
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Pärnänen P, Meurman JH, Virtanen I. Laminin-511 and fibronectin degradation withCandidayeast. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38:768-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Del Vecchio A, Silva JDFD, Silva JLMD, Andreotti PF, Soares CP, Benard G, Giannini MJSM. Induction of apoptosis in A549 pulmonary cells by two Paracoccidioides brasiliensis samples. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:749-54. [PMID: 19820837 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000500015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis presents a variety of clinical manifestations and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis can reach many tissues, most importantly the lungs. The ability of the pathogen to interact with host surface structures is essential to its virulence. The interaction between P. brasiliensis and epithelial cells has been studied, with particular emphasis on the induction of apoptosis. To investigate the expression of different apoptosis-inducing pathways in human A549 cells, we infected these cells with P. brasiliensis Pb18SP (subcultured) and 18R (recently isolated from cell culture and showing a high adhesion pattern) samples in vitro. The expressions of Bcl-2, Bak and caspase 3 were analysed by flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation using the TUNEL technique. Apoptosis of human A549 cells was induced by P. brasiliensis in a sample and time-dependent manner. Using an in vitro model, our data demonstrates that caspase 3, Bak, Bcl-2 and DNA fragmentation mediate P. brasiliensis-induced apoptosis in A549 cells. The overall mechanism is a complex process, which may involve several signal transduction pathways. These findings could partially explain the efficient behaviour of this fungus in promoting tissue infection and/or blood dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Del Vecchio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Donofrio FC, Calil ACA, Miranda ET, Almeida AMF, Benard G, Soares CP, Veloso SN, Soares CMDA, Mendes Giannini MJS. Enolase from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: isolation and identification as a fibronectin-binding protein. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:706-713. [PMID: 19429745 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.003830-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells can enter mammalian cells and may manipulate the host cell environment to favour their own growth and survival. Moreover, fibronectin and several other host extracellular matrix proteins are recognized by various components of the yeast cell extracts. The present study was designed to isolate and characterize a fibronectin-binding protein from P. brasiliensis. We also compared P. brasiliensis strain 18, tested before (Pb18a) and after (Pb18b) animal passage, in relation to its adhesion and invasion processes. Extracts from both samples, when cultured on blood agar solid medium, showed higher levels of protein expression than when the same samples were cultured on Fava-Netto solid medium, as demonstrated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE. Also, both Pb18a and Pb18b exhibited stronger adhesion to A549 epithelial cells when cultured on blood agar medium than when cultured on Fava-Netto medium. Ligand affinity binding assays revealed a protein of 54 kDa and pI 5.6 in P. brasiliensis cell-free extracts with the properties of a fibronectin-binding adhesin, which was characterized by tryptic digestion and mass spectroscopy as a homologue of enolase from P. brasiliensis. Antibody raised against this 54 kDa protein abolished 80 % of P. brasiliensis adhesion to A549 epithelial cells. Our results demonstrate that P. brasiliensis produces a fibronectin-binding adhesin, irrespective of the culture medium, and that this activity can be inhibited by a specific antibody and is involved in the adhesion of the fungus to pulmonary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Cristina Donofrio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Alvarez Calil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Toscano Miranda
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gil Benard
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiane Pienna Soares
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Nogueira Veloso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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Ruiz-Baca E, Toriello C, Perez-Torres A, Sabanero-Lopez M, Villagomez-Castro JC, Lopez-Romero E. Isolation and some properties of a glycoprotein of 70 kDa (Gp70) from the cell wall of Sporothrix schenckii involved in fungal adherence to dermal extracellular matrix. Med Mycol 2008; 47:185-96. [PMID: 18608892 DOI: 10.1080/13693780802165789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis and an emerging disease in immunocompromised patients. Adherence to target cells is a prerequisite for fungal dissemination and systemic complications. However, information on the cell surface components involved in this interaction is rather scarce. In this investigation, the extraction of isolated cell walls from the yeast phase of S. schenckii with SDS and separation of proteins by SDS-PAGE led to the identification of a periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-reacting 70 kDa glycoprotein (Gp70) that was purified by elution from electrophoresis gels. The purified glycopeptide exhibited a pI of 4.1 and about 5.7% of its molecular mass was contributed by N-linked glycans with no evidence for O-linked oligosaccharides. Confocal analysis of immunofluorescence assays with polyclonal antibodies directed towards Gp70 revealed a rather uniform distribution of the antigen at the cell surface with no distinguishable differences among three different isolates. Localization of Gp70 at the cell surface was confirmed by immunogold staining. Gp70 seems specific for S. schenckii as no immunoreaction was observed in SDS-extracts from other pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi. Yeast cells of the fungus abundantly adhered to the dermis of mouse tails and the anti-Gp70 serum reduced this process in a concentration-dependent manner. Results are discussed in terms of the potential role of Gp70 in the host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Ruiz-Baca
- Instituto de Investigación en Biología Experimental, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México
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38
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González A, Caro E, Muñoz C, Restrepo A, Hamilton AJ, Cano LE. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia recognize fibronectin and fibrinogen which subsequently participate in adherence to human type II alveolar cells: Involvement of a specific adhesin. Microb Pathog 2008; 44:389-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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González A, Lenzi HL, Motta EM, Caputo L, Restrepo A, Cano LE. Expression and arrangement of extracellular matrix proteins in the lungs of mice infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis conidia. Int J Exp Pathol 2008; 89:106-16. [PMID: 18336528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2008.00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are important modulators of migration, differentiation and proliferation for the various cell types present in the lungs; they influence the immune response as well as participate in the adherence of several fungi including Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The expression, deposition and arrangement of ECM proteins such as laminin, fibronectin, fibrinogen, collagen and proteoglycans in the lungs of mice infected with P. brasiliensis conidia has been evaluated in this study, together with the elastic fibre system. Lungs of BALB/c mice infected with P. brasiliensis conidia were analysed for the different ECM proteins by histological and immunohistochemical procedures at different times of infection. In addition, laser scanning confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used. During the early periods, the lungs of infected animals showed an inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages, while during the later periods, mice presented a chronic inflammatory response with granuloma formation. Re-arrangement and increased expression of all ECM proteins tested were observed throughout all studied periods, especially during the occurrence of inflammatory infiltration and formation of the granuloma. The elastic fibre system showed an elastolysis process in all experiments. In conclusion, this study provides new details of pulmonary ECM distribution during the course of paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel González
- Medical and Experimental Mycology Group, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia.
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40
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Mendes-Giannini MJS, Monteiro da Silva JL, de Fátima da Silva J, Donofrio FC, Miranda ET, Andreotti PF, Soares CP. Interactions of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis with host cells: recent advances. Mycopathologia 2007; 165:237-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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41
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Schéele S, Nyström A, Durbeej M, Talts JF, Ekblom M, Ekblom P. Laminin isoforms in development and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:825-36. [PMID: 17426950 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The members of the laminin family of heterotrimers are major constituents of all basement membranes, sheet-like extracellular structures, present in almost all organs. The laminins bind to cell surface receptors and thereby tightly connect the basement membrane to the adjacent cell layer. This provides for the specific basement membrane functions to stabilize cellular structures, to serve as effective physical barriers, and furthermore, to govern cell fate by inducing intracellular signalling cascades. Many different types of diseases involve basement membranes and laminins. Metastasizing solid tumors must pass through basement membranes to reach the vascular system, and various microbes and viruses enter the cells through direct interaction with laminins. Furthermore, whereas mutations in one specific laminin chain lead to a muscular disorder, mutations of other laminin chains cause skin blistering and kidney defects, respectively. This review summarizes recent progress concerning the molecular mechanisms of laminins in development and disease. The current knowledge may lead to clinical treatment of lamininopathies and may include stem-cell approaches as well as gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Schéele
- Section for Cell and Matrix Biology, BMC B12, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 22184, Lund, Sweden.
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42
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Monteiro da Silva JL, Andreotti PF, Benard G, Soares CP, Miranda ET, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Epithelial cells treated with genistein inhibit adhesion and endocytosis of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2006; 92:129-35. [PMID: 17120081 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-006-9129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which although not formally considered an intracellular pathogen, can be internalized by epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. The mechanisms used by P. brasiliensis to adhere to and invade non-professional phagocytes have not been identified. The signal-transduction networks, involving protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and protein phosphatase activities, can modulate crucial events during fungal infections. In this study, the involvement of PTK has been investigated in P. brasiliensis adherence and invasion in mammalian epithelial cells. A significant inhibition of the fungal invasion occurred after the pre-treatment of the epithelial cells with genistein, a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, indicating that the tyrosine kinase pathway is involved in P. brasiliensis internalization. In contrast, when the fungus was treated, a slight (not significant) inhibition of PTK was observed, suggesting that PTK might not be the fungus' transduction signal pathway during the invasion process of epithelial cells. An intense PTK immunofluorescence labeling was observed in the periphery of the P. brasiliensis infected cells, little PTK labeling was found in both uninfected cells and yeast cells, at later infection times (8 and 24 h). Moreover, when the epithelial cells were treated with genistein and infected with P. brasiliensis, no labeling was observed, suggesting the importance of the PTK in the infectious process. These results suggest that PTK pathway participates in the transduction signal during the initial events of the adhesion and invasion processes of P. brasiliensis to mammalian epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Monteiro da Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, Araraquara, 14801-902, SP, Brazil
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43
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Mendes-Giannini MJS, Andreotti PF, Vincenzi LR, da Silva JLM, Lenzi HL, Benard G, Zancopé-Oliveira R, de Matos Guedes HL, Soares CP. Binding of extracellular matrix proteins to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1550-9. [PMID: 16698299 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins plays a crucial role in invasive fungal diseases. ECM proteins bind to the surface of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells in distinct qualitative patterns. Extracts from Pb18 strain, before (18a) and after animal inoculation (18b), exhibited differential adhesion to ECM components. Pb18b extract had a higher capacity for binding to ECM components than Pb18a. Laminin was the most adherent component for both samples, followed by type I collagen, fibronectin, and type IV collagen for Pb18b. A remarkable difference was seen in the interaction of the two extracts with fibronectin and their fragments. Pb18b extract interacted significantly with the 120-kDa fragment. Ligand affinity binding assays showed that type I collagen recognized two components (47 and 80kDa) and gp43 bound both fibronectin and laminin. The peptide 1 (NLGRDAKRHL) from gp43, with several positively charged amino acids, contributed most to the adhesion of P. brasiliensis to Vero cells. Synthetic peptides derived from peptide YIGRS of laminin or from RGD of both laminin and fibronectin showed the greatest inhibition of adhesion of gp43 to Vero cells. In conclusion, this work provided new molecular details on the interaction between P. brasiliensis and ECM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, R. Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, 14802-901 Araraquara São Paulo, Brazil.
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44
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Srinoulprasert Y, Kongtawelert P, Chaiyaroj SC. Chondroitin sulfate B and heparin mediate adhesion of Penicillium marneffei conidia to host extracellular matrices. Microb Pathog 2006; 40:126-32. [PMID: 16455229 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Penicilliosis is a disseminated infection in immunocompromised individuals caused by the dimorphic fungus, Penicillium marneffei. Very little is known about its route of infection, however, it is thought that initial infection occurs through inhalation of conidia. We investigated the role played by various extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the initial adherence of P. marneffei conidia using a direct adhesion assay. GAGs were further used to block the binding of fungal spores to human lung epithelial cells and highly sulfated GAGs were tested for their inhibitory effects owing to their degree of sulfation. Our results demonstrated high levels of conidial adhesion to chondroitin sulfate B, heparin and highly sulfated chitosan (CP-3). No direct adherence was observed to immobilized chondroitin sulfate (CS) A, CSC, CSD and hyaluronic acid, as well as chitosans with low sulfate content. The results suggested that P. marneffei conidia bind to iduronic acid (IdoA) of the polysaccharide chains. Involvement of negatively charged sulfate groups in adhesion was also indicated. Furthermore, significant inhibition of conidial adherence to A549 cells was observed in the presence of CSB, heparan sulfate (HS), heparin and CP-3. It was further demonstrated that GAGs can affect the adhesion of conidia to fibronectin and laminin, glycoproteins that have previously been implicated as adhesive receptors for fungal conidia. CSB and HS could partially inhibit the adhesion of fungal conidia to laminin and fibronectin implying that conidia can weakly interact with the IdoA GAG-binding domain(s) of these molecules. The data indicated that, in addition to fibronectin and laminin, IdoA-containing GAGs may play an important role in fungal adherence to the surface of human lung epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuttana Srinoulprasert
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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45
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Semighini CP, Hornby JM, Dumitru R, Nickerson KW, Harris SD. Farnesol-induced apoptosis in Aspergillus nidulans reveals a possible mechanism for antagonistic interactions between fungi. Mol Microbiol 2006; 59:753-64. [PMID: 16420349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dimorphic fungus Candida albicans secretes farnesol, which acts as a quorum-sensing molecule and prevents the yeast to mycelium conversion. In this study we examined the effect of farnesol in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. We show that externally added farnesol has no effect on hyphal morphogenesis; instead, it triggers morphological features characteristic of apoptosis. Additional experiments suggest that mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in farnesol-induced apoptosis. Moreover, the effects of farnesol appear to be mediated by the FadA heterotrimeric G protein complex. Because A. nidulans does not secrete detectable amounts of farnesol, we propose that it responds to farnesol produced by other fungi. In agreement with this notion, growth and development were impaired in a farnesol-dependent manner when A. nidulans was co-cultivated with C. albicans. Taken together, our data suggest that farnesol, in addition to its quorum-sensing function that regulates morphogenesis, is also employed by C. albicans to reduce competition from other microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camile P Semighini
- Plant Science Initiative, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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46
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Mendes-Giannini MJS, Soares CP, da Silva JLM, Andreotti PF. Interaction of pathogenic fungi with host cells: Molecular and cellular approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 45:383-94. [PMID: 16087326 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of several molecular and cellular approaches that are likely to supply insights into the host-fungus interaction. Fungi present intra- and/or extracellular host-parasite interfaces, the parasitism phenomenon being dependent on complementary surface molecules. The entry of the pathogen into the host cell is initiated by the fungus adhering to the cell surface, which generates an uptake signal that may induce its cytoplasmatic internalization. Furthermore, microbial pathogens use a variety of their surface molecules to bind to host extracellular matrix (ECM) components to establish an effective infection. On the other hand, integrins mediate the tight adhesion of cells to the ECM at sites referred to as focal adhesions and also play a role in cell signaling. The phosphorylation process is an important mechanism of cell signaling and regulation; it has been implicated recently in defense strategies against a variety of pathogens that alter host-signaling pathways in order to facilitate their invasion and survival within host cells. The study of signal transduction pathways in virulent fungi is especially important in view of their putative role in the regulation of pathogenicity. This review discusses fungal adherence, changes in cytoskeletal organization and signal transduction in relation to host-fungus interaction.
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47
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Ruiz-Baca E, Villagómez-Castro JC, Leal-Morales CA, Sabanero-López M, Flores-Carreón A, López-Romero E. Biosynthesis of Glycoproteins in the Human Pathogenic Fungus Sporothrix Schenckii: Synthesis of Dolichol Phosphate Mannose and Mannoproteins by Membrane-Bound and Solubilized Mannosyl Transferases. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2005; 88:221-30. [PMID: 16284928 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-005-6963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A membrane fraction obtained from the filamentous form of Sporothrix schenckii was able to transfer mannose from GDP-Mannose into dolichol phosphate mannose and from this inTermediate into mannoproteins in coupled reactions catalyzed by dolichol phosphate mannose synthase and protein mannosyl transferase(s), respectively. Although the transfer reaction depended on exogenous dolichol monophosphate, membranes failed to use exogenous dolichol phosphate mannose for protein mannosylation to a substantial extent. Over 95% of the sugar was transferred to proteins via dolichol phosphate mannose and the reaction was stimulated several fold by Mg2+ and Mn2+. Incubation of membranes with detergents such as Brij 35 and Lubrol PX released soluble fractions that transferred the sugar from GDP-Mannose mostly into mannoproteins, which were separated by affinity chromatography on Concanavilin A-Sepharose 4B into lectin-reacting and non-reacting fractions. All proteins mannosylated in vitro eluted with the lectin-reacting proteins and analytical electrophoresis of this fraction revealed the presence of at least nine putative mannoproteins with molecular masses in the range of 26-112 kDa. The experimental approach described here can be used to identify and isolate specific glycoproteins mannosylated in vitro in studies of O-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Ruiz-Baca
- Instituto de Investigación en Biología Experimental, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Guanajuato, Apdo Postal No. 187, Guanajuato 36000, Mexico
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48
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Andreotti PF, Monteiro da Silva JL, Bailão AM, Soares CMDA, Benard G, Soares CP, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Isolation and partial characterization of a 30 kDa adhesin from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:875-81. [PMID: 15862780 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2004] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The virulence of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis can be attenuated or lost after long periods of repeated subculturing and reestablished after animal inoculation. Only one adhesin (gp43) has been described until now, among the various identified components of P. brasiliensis, and gp43 shows adhesion to laminin. Thus, the present study was designed to isolate and characterize factors putatively related to the capacity of this fungus to adhere to the host by comparing P. brasiliensis samples, taken before and after animal inoculation. The two samples differed in their pattern of adhesion and invasion. The sample recently isolated from animals (Pb18b) demonstrated a greater capacity to adhere and to invade the Vero cells than the one subcultured in vitro (Pb18a). Extract from Pb18b also showed higher levels of protein expression than that from Pb18a, when two-dimensional electrophoresis gels were compared. A protein species of 30 kDa, pI 4.9, was more evident in the Pb18b extract and had properties of adhesin. Laminin, but none of the other extracellular matrix (ECM) components, such as fibronectin, collagen I and IV, bound specifically to the P. brasiliensis 30 kDa protein. The roles of 30 kDa and gp43 in cellular interactions were investigated and the adhesion of P. brasiliensis yeast cells was intensively inhibited by pre-treatment of epithelial cells with 30 kDa protein and gp43. Thus, this study presents evidence that adhesion capacity could be related to virulence, and that a 30 kDa adhesin accumulated differentially in samples with different levels of pathogenicity. This protein and its adhesion characteristics are being published for the first time and may be related to the virulence of P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Ferrari Andreotti
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP, R. Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, CEP 14.801-902, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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49
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André DC, Lopes JD, Franco MF, Vaz CAC, Calich VLG. Binding of laminin to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis induces a less severe pulmonary paracoccidioidomycosis caused by virulent and low-virulence isolates. Microbes Infect 2005; 6:549-58. [PMID: 15158188 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). This pulmonary mycosis, acquired by inhalation of airborne propagules, may disseminate to several internal organs and tissues, leading to severe disease. Adhesion to host cell components is the first step involved in dissemination of pathogens. Previous studies showed that laminin, the most abundant glycoprotein of the basement membrane, binds to P. brasiliensis yeast cells, enhancing their pathogenicity in the hamster testicle model. As PCM is primarily a pulmonary infection, we studied the influence of previous treatment of yeast cells with laminin on the course of the intratracheal infection of resistant and susceptible mice using high-virulence (Pb18) and low-virulence (Pb265) P. brasiliensis isolates. Laminin treatment did not alter fungal loads, delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, levels of pulmonary cytokines and production of specific antibodies in any group of Pb18-infected mice. However, early in the infection, a less intense inflammatory reaction was detected in the lungs of the laminin-treated groups. In addition, laminin treatment of Pb265 resulted in a less severe infection as revealed by the lower fungal loads recovered from lungs. Antibody and cytokine levels, however, did not change after laminin treatment. Altogether, our results demonstrate that laminin binding to yeast cells diminishes P. brasiliensis pathogenicity. The lower inflammatory response observed with the virulent isolate and the decreased pulmonary fungal burden with the low-virulence isolate indicate an inhibitory effect of laminin treatment on P. brasiliensis infectivity and interaction with pulmonary host cells or extracellular matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C André
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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50
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Mendes-Giannini MJS, Hanna SA, da Silva JLM, Andreotti PF, Vincenzi LR, Benard G, Lenzi HL, Soares CP. Invasion of epithelial mammalian cells by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis leads to cytoskeletal rearrangement and apoptosis of the host cell. Microbes Infect 2004; 6:882-91. [PMID: 15310464 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) yeast cells can enter mammalian cells and probably manipulate the host cell environment to favor their own growth and survival. We studied the uptake of strain Pb 18 into A549 lung and Vero epithelial cells, with an emphasis on the repercussions in the cytoskeleton and the apoptosis of host cells. Cytoskeleton components of the host cells, such as actin and tubulin, were involved in the P. brasiliensis invasion process. Cytochalasin D and colchicine treatment substantially reduced invasion, indicating the functional participation of microfilaments (MFs) and microtubules (MTs) in this mechanism. Cytokeratin could also play a role in the P. brasiliensis interaction with the host. Gp43 was recognized by anti-actin and anti-cytokeratin antibodies, but not by anti-tubulin. The apoptosis induced by this fungus in infected epithelial cells was demonstrated by various techniques: TUNEL, DNA fragmentation and Bak and Bcl-2 immunocytochemical expression. DNA fragmentation was observed in infected cells but not in uninfected ones, by both TUNEL and gel electrophoresis methods. Moreover, Bcl-2 and Bak did not show any differences until 24 h after infection of cells, suggesting a competitive mechanism that allows persistence of infection. Overexpression of Bak was observed after 48 h, indicating the loss of competition between death and survival signals. In conclusion, the mechanisms of invasion of host cells, persistence within them, and the subsequent induction of apoptosis of such cells may explain the efficient dissemination of P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas-UNESP, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621-CEP, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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