1
|
McIlfatrick S, O’Leary S, Okada T, Penn A, Nguyen VHT, McKenny L, Huang SY, Andreas E, Finnie J, Kirkwood R, St. John JC. Does supplementation of oocytes with additional mtDNA influence developmental outcome? iScience 2023; 26:105956. [PMID: 36711242 PMCID: PMC9876745 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introducing extra mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into oocytes at fertilization can rescue poor quality oocytes. However, supplementation alters DNA methylation and gene expression profiles of preimplantation embryos. To determine if these alterations impacted offspring, we introduced mtDNA from failed-to-mature sister (autologous) or third party (heterologous) oocytes into mature oocytes and transferred zygotes into surrogates. Founders exhibited significantly greater daily weight gain (heterologous) and growth rates (heterologous and autologous) to controls. In weaners, cholesterol, bilirubin (heterologous and autologous), anion gap, and lymphocyte count (autologous) were elevated. In mature pigs, potassium (heterologous) and bicarbonate (autologous) were altered. mtDNA and imprinted gene analyses did not reveal aberrant profiles. Neither group exhibited gross anatomical, morphological, or histopathological differences that would lead to clinically significant lesions. Female founders were fertile and their offspring exhibited modified weight and height gain, biochemical, and hematological profiles. mtDNA supplementation induced minor differences that did not affect health and well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen McIlfatrick
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sean O’Leary
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Takashi Okada
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Alexander Penn
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Vy Hoang Thao Nguyen
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Lisa McKenny
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Shang-Yu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Eryk Andreas
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - John Finnie
- University Veterinarian & AWO, Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Roy Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Justin C. St. John
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Glanzner WG, Rissi VB, Bordignon V. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Pigs. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2647:197-210. [PMID: 37041336 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3064-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been successfully applied to clone animals of several species. Pigs are one of the main livestock species for food production and are also important for biomedical research due to their physiopathological similarities with humans. In the past 20 years, clones of several swine breeds have been produced for a variety of purposes, including biomedical and agricultural applications. In this chapter, we describe a protocol to produce cloned pigs by SCNT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner G Glanzner
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Vitor B Rissi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Vilceu Bordignon
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hirata M, Wittayarat M, Namula Z, Le QA, Lin Q, Takebayashi K, Thongkittidilok C, Mito T, Tomonari S, Tanihara F, Otoi T. Generation of mutant pigs by lipofection-mediated genome editing in embryos. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23806. [PMID: 34903813 PMCID: PMC8668999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The specificity and efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing systems are determined by several factors, including the mode of delivery, when applied to mammalian embryos. Given the limited time window for delivery, faster and more reliable methods to introduce Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) into target embryos are needed. In pigs, somatic cell nuclear transfer using gene-modified somatic cells and the direct introduction of gene editors into the cytoplasm of zygotes/embryos by microinjection or electroporation have been used to generate gene-edited embryos; however, these strategies require expensive equipment and sophisticated techniques. In this study, we developed a novel lipofection-mediated RNP transfection technique that does not require specialized equipment for the generation of gene-edited pigs and produced no detectable off-target events. In particular, we determined the concentration of lipofection reagent for efficient RNP delivery into embryos and successfully generated MSTN gene-edited pigs (with mutations in 7 of 9 piglets) after blastocyst transfer to a recipient gilt. This newly established lipofection-based technique is still in its early stages and requires improvements, particularly in terms of editing efficiency. Nonetheless, this practical method for rapid and large-scale lipofection-mediated gene editing in pigs has important agricultural and biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Hirata
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Bio-Innovation Research Center, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Manita Wittayarat
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Zhao Namula
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong, China
| | - Quynh Anh Le
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Qingyi Lin
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koki Takebayashi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Taro Mito
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Bio-Innovation Research Center, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sayuri Tomonari
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tanihara
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan. .,Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Bio-Innovation Research Center, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tanihara F, Hirata M, Nguyen NT, Le QA, Wittayarat M, Fahrudin M, Hirano T, Otoi T. Generation of CD163-edited pig via electroporation of the CRISPR/Cas9 system into porcine in vitro-fertilized zygotes. Anim Biotechnol 2021; 32:147-154. [PMID: 31558095 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1668801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD163 is a putative fusion receptor for virus of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS). In this study, we introduced a CRISPR/Cas9 system [guide RNAs (gRNAs) with Cas9 protein] targeting the CD163 gene into in vitro-fertilized porcine zygotes by electroporation to generate CD163-modified pigs. First, we designed four types of gRNAs that targeted distinct sites in exon 7 of the CD163 gene. Cas9 protein with different gRNAs was introduced into in vitro-fertilized zygotes by electroporation. When the electroporated zygotes were allowed to develop to blastocysts in vitro and the genome editing efficiency was evaluated using these blastocysts, three (gRNA1, 2, and 4) of the four gRNAs tested successfully edited the CD163 gene. To generate CD163-knockout pigs, a total of 200 electroporated zygotes using these three gRNAs were transferred into the oviducts of oestrous-synchronized surrogate and the surrogate gave birth to eight piglets. Subsequent sequence analysis revealed that one of the piglets carried no wild-type sequence in CD163 gene. The other seven piglets carried only wild-type sequence. Thus, we successfully generated a CD163-edited pig by electroporation of the CRISPR/Cas9 system into in vitro-fertilized zygotes, although further improvement is required to generate genetically modified pigs with high efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Tanihara
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Maki Hirata
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nhien Thi Nguyen
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Quynh Anh Le
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Manita Wittayarat
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Mokhamad Fahrudin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Takayuki Hirano
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Heinrich R, Hussein W, Berlin S. Photo-transformable genetically-encoded optical probes for functional highlighting in vivo. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 355:109129. [PMID: 33711357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studying the brain requires knowledge about both structure (i.e., connectome) and function of its constituents (neurons and glia alike). This need has prompted the development of novel tools and techniques, in particular optical techniques to examine cells remotely. Early works (1900's) led to the development of novel cell-staining techniques that, when combined with the use of a very simple light microscope, visualized individual neurons and their subcellular compartments in fixed tissues. Today, highlighting of structure and function can be performed on live cells, notably in vivo, owing to discovery of GFP and subsequent development of genetically encoded fluorescent optical tools. In this review, we focus our attention on a subset of optical biosensors, namely probes whose emission can be modified by light. We designate them photo-transformable genetically encoded probes. The family of photo-transformable probes embraces current probes that undergo photoactivation (PA), photoconversion (PC) or photoswitching (PS). We argue that these are particularly suited for studying multiple features of neurons, such as structure, connectivity and function concomitantly, for functional highlighting of neurons in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Heinrich
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Wessal Hussein
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shai Berlin
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park JE, Sasaki E. Assisted Reproductive Techniques and Genetic Manipulation in the Common Marmoset. ILAR J 2021; 61:286-303. [PMID: 33693670 PMCID: PMC8918153 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Genetic modification of nonhuman primate (NHP) zygotes is a useful method for the development of NHP models of human diseases. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of assisted reproductive and genetic manipulation techniques in NHP, providing the basis for the generation of genetically modified NHP disease models. In this study, we review assisted reproductive techniques, including ovarian stimulation, in vitro maturation of oocytes, in vitro fertilization, embryo culture, embryo transfer, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection protocols in marmosets. Furthermore, we review genetic manipulation techniques, including transgenic strategies, target gene knock-out and knock-in using gene editing protocols, and newly developed gene-editing approaches that may potentially impact the production of genetically manipulated NHP models. We further discuss the progress of assisted reproductive and genetic manipulation techniques in NHP; future prospects on genetically modified NHP models for biomedical research are also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Park
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Marmoset Biology and Medicine, Central Institute for Experimental Animals in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee SY, Han JH, Lee EK, Kim YK, Hwang SA, Lee SH, Kim M, Cho GY, Hwang JH, Kim SJ, Yoo JG, Cho SK, Lee KJ, Cho WK. Structural and functional characterization of recombinant human growth hormone isolated from transgenic pig milk. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236788. [PMID: 32735629 PMCID: PMC7394428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish and reproduce transgenic pigs expressing human growth hormone (hGH) in their milk. We also aimed to purify hGH from the milk, to characterize the purified protein, and to assess the potential of our model for mass production of therapeutic proteins using transgenic techniques. Using ~15.5 L transgenic pig milk, we obtained proteins with ≥ 99% purity after three pre-treatments and five column chromatography steps. To confirm the biosimilarity of our milk-derived purified recombinant hGH (CGH942) with commercially available somatropin (Genotropin), we performed spectroscopy, structural, and biological analyses. We observed no difference between the purified protein and Genotropin samples. Furthermore, rat models were used to assess growth promotion potential. Our results indicate that CGH942 promotes growth, by increasing bone development and body weight. Toxicity assessments revealed no abnormal findings after 4 weeks of continuous administration and 2 weeks of recovery. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for both males and females was determined to be 0.6 mg/kg/day. Thus, no toxicological differences were observed between commercially available somatropin and CGH942 obtained from transgenic pig milk. In conclusion, we describe a transgenic technique using pigs, providing a new platform to produce human therapeutic proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Lee
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Joo-Hee Han
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Lee
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Young Kyu Kim
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seo-Ah Hwang
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Lee
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Maria Kim
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Gye Yoon Cho
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jae-Ha Hwang
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kim
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Yoo
- Animal Diseases and Biosecurity Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Cho
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Kyung-Ju Lee
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Weon-Ki Cho
- CHO-A Biotechnology Research Institute, CHO-A Pharmaceutical Company, Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang X, Zou X, Xu Z, Tang F, Shi J, Zheng E, Liu D, Moisyadi S, Urschitz J, Wu Z, Li Z. Efficient deletion of LoxP-flanked selectable marker genes from the genome of transgenic pigs by an engineered Cre recombinase. Transgenic Res 2020; 29:307-319. [PMID: 32410183 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-020-00200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) pigs hold great promises for pig genetic improvement, human health and life science. When GM pigs are produced, selectable marker genes (SMGs) are usually introduced into their genomes for host cell or animal recognition. However, the SMGs that remain in GM pigs might have multiple side effects. To avoid the possible side effects caused by the SMGs, they should be removed from the genome of GM pigs before their commercialization. The Cre recombinase is commonly used to delete the LoxP sites-flanked SMGs from the genome of GM animals. Although SMG-free GM pigs have been generated by Cre-mediated recombination, more efficient and cost-effective approaches are essential for the commercialization of SMG-free GM pigs. In this article we describe the production of a recombinant Cre protein containing a cell-penetrating and a nuclear localization signal peptide in one construct. This engineered Cre enzyme can efficiently excise the LoxP-flanked SMGs in cultured fibroblasts isolated from a transgenic pig, which then can be used as nuclear donor cells to generate live SMG-free GM pigs harboring a desired transgene by somatic cell nuclear transfer. This study describes an efficient and far-less costly method for production of SMG-free GM pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Guangken Animal Husbandry Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510610, Guangdong, China
| | - Xian Zou
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiqian Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Fei Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Junsong Shi
- Guangdong Wens Pig Breeding Technology Co., Ltd., Wens Foodstuff Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Dewu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Stefan Moisyadi
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
- Manoa BioSciences, 1717 Mott-Smith Dr. #3213, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Johann Urschitz
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zicong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao X, Nie J, Tang Y, He W, Xiao K, Pang C, Liang X, Lu Y, Zhang M. Generation of Transgenic Cloned Buffalo Embryos Harboring the EGFP Gene in the Y Chromosome Using CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeted Integration. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:199. [PMID: 32426378 PMCID: PMC7212351 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex control technology is of great significance in the production of domestic animals, especially for rapidly breeding water buffalo (bubalus bubalis), which served as a research model in the present study. We have confirmed that a fluorescence protein integrated into the Y chromosome is fit for sexing pre-implantation embryos in the mouse. Firstly, we optimized the efficiency of targeted integration of exogenous gene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and mCherry in Neuro-2a cells, mouse embryonic stem cells, mouse embryonic cells (NIH3T3), buffalo fetal fibroblast (BFF) cells. The results showed that a homology arm length of 800 bp on both sides of the target is more efficient that 300 bp or 300 bp/800 bp. Homology-directed repair (HDR)-mediated knock-in in BFF cells was also significantly improved when cells were supplemented with pifithrin-μ, which is a small molecule that inhibits the binding of p53 to mitochondria. Three pulses at 250 V resulted in the most efficient electroporation in BFF cells and 1.5 μg/mL puromycin was found to be the optimal concentration for screening. Moreover, Y-Chr-eGFP transgenic BFF cells and cloned buffalo embryos were successfully generated using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing combined with the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique. At passage numbers 6–8, the growth rate and cell proliferation rate were significantly lower in Y-Chr-eGFP transgenic than in non-transgenic BFF cells; the expression levels of the methylation-related genes DNMT1 and DNMT3a were similar; however, the expression levels of the acetylation-related genes HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3 were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in Y-Chr-eGFP transgenic BFF cells compared with non-transgenic cells. Y-Chr-eGFP transgenic BFFs were used as donors for SCNT, the results showed that eGFP reporter is suitable for the visualization of the sex of embryos. The blastocyst rates of cloned buffalo embryos were similar; however, the cleavage rates of transgenic cloned embryos were significantly lower compared with control. In summary, we optimized the protocol for generating transgenic BFF cells and successfully generated Y-Chr-eGFP transgenic embryos using these cells as donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Junyu Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wengtan He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunying Pang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanning, China
| | - Xianwei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanning, China
| | - Yangqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee K, Uh K, Farrell K. Current progress of genome editing in livestock. Theriogenology 2020; 150:229-235. [PMID: 32000993 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Historically, genetic engineering in livestock proved to be challenging. Without stable embryonic stem cell lines to utilize, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) had to be employed to produce many of the genetically engineered (GE) livestock models. Through the genetic engineering of somatic cells followed by SCNT, GE livestock models could be generated carrying site-specific modifications. Although successful, only a few GE livestock models were generated because of low efficiency and associated birth defects. Recently, there have been major strides in the development of genome editing tools: Zinc-Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENS), and Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) system. These tools rely on the generation of a double strand DNA break, followed by one of two repair pathways: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology directed repair (HDR). Compared to the traditional approaches, these tools dramatically reduce time and effort needed to establish a GE animal. Another benefit of utilizing genome editing tools is the application of direct injection into developing embryos to induce targeted mutations, therefore, eliminating side effects associated with SCNT. Emerging technological advancements of genome editing systems have dramatically improved efficiency to generate GE livestock models for both biomedical and agricultural purposes. Although the efficiency of genome editing tools has revolutionized GE livestock production, improvements for safe and consistent application are desired. This review will provide an overview of genome editing techniques, as well as examples of GE livestock models for agricultural and biomedical purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiho Lee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
| | - Kyungjun Uh
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kayla Farrell
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kalla D, Kind A, Schnieke A. Genetically Engineered Pigs to Study Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E488. [PMID: 31940967 PMCID: PMC7013672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have seen groundbreaking advances in cancer research. Genetically engineered animal models, mainly in mice, have contributed to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in cancer. However, mice are not ideal for translating basic research into studies closer to the clinic. There is a need for complementary information provided by non-rodent species. Pigs are well suited for translational biomedical research as they share many similarities with humans such as body and organ size, aspects of anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology and can provide valuable means of developing and testing novel diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Porcine oncology is a new field, but it is clear that replication of key oncogenic mutation in pigs can usefully mimic several human cancers. This review briefly outlines the technology used to generate genetically modified pigs, provides an overview of existing cancer models, their applications and how the field may develop in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; (D.K.); (A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
This chapter highlights the importance of reproductive technologies that are applied to porcine breeds. Nowadays the porcine industry, part of a high technological and specialized sector, offers high-quality protein food. The development of the swine industry is founded in the development of breeding/genetics, nutrition, animal husbandry, and animal health. The implementation of reproductive technologies in swine has conducted to levels of productivity never reached before. In addition, the pig is becoming an important species for biomedicine. The generation of pig models for human disease, xenotransplantation, or production of therapeutic proteins for human medicine has in fact generated a growing field of interest.
Collapse
|
13
|
Personality traits and consumer acceptance of controversial food technology: A cross-country investigation of genetically modified animal products. Food Qual Prefer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
14
|
Lipták N, Bősze Z, Hiripi L. GFP transgenic animals in biomedical research: a review of potential disadvantages. Physiol Res 2019; 68:525-530. [PMID: 31342754 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Green Fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic animals are accepted tools for studying various physiological processes, including organ development and cell migration. However, several in vivo studies claimed that GFP may impair transgenic animals' health. Glomerulosclerosis was observed in transgenic mice and rabbits with ubiquitous reporter protein expression. Heart-specific GFP expression evoked dilated cardiomyopathy and altered cardiac function in transgenic mouse and zebrafish lines, respectively. Moreover, growth retardation and increased axon swelling were observed in GFP and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) transgenic mice, respectively. This review will focus on the potential drawbacks of the applications of GFP transgenic animals in biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Lipták
- NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Animal Biotechnology Department, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Use of gene-editing technology to introduce targeted modifications in pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:5. [PMID: 29423214 PMCID: PMC5787920 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are an important resource in agriculture and serve as a model for human diseases. Due to their physiological and anatomical similarities with humans, pigs can recapitulate symptoms of human diseases, making them a useful model in biomedicine. However, in the past pig models have not been widely used partially because of the difficulty in genetic modification. The lack of true embryonic stem cells in pigs forced researchers to utilize genetic modification in somatic cells and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to generate genetically engineered (GE) pigs carrying site-specific modifications. Although possible, this approach is extremely inefficient and GE pigs born through this method often presented developmental defects associated with the cloning process. Advancement in the gene-editing systems such as Zinc-Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) system have dramatically increased the efficiency of producing GE pigs. These gene-editing systems, specifically engineered endonucleases, are based on inducing double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at a specific location, and then site-specific modifications can be introduced through one of the two DNA repair pathways: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology direct repair (HDR). Random insertions or deletions (indels) can be introduced through NHEJ and specific nucleotide sequences can be introduced through HDR, if donor DNA is provided. Use of these engineered endonucleases provides a higher success in genetic modifications, multiallelic modification of the genome, and an opportunity to introduce site-specific modifications during embryogenesis, thus bypassing the need of SCNT in GE pig production. This review will provide a historical prospective of GE pig production and examples of how the gene-editing system, led by engineered endonucleases, have improved GE pig production. We will also present some of our current progress related to the optimal use of CRISPR/Cas9 system during embryogenesis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ruan D, Peng J, Wang X, Ouyang Z, Zou Q, Yang Y, Chen F, Ge W, Wu H, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Zhao B, Zhang Q, Lai C, Fan N, Zhou Z, Liu Q, Li N, Jin Q, Shi H, Xie J, Song H, Yang X, Chen J, Wang K, Li X, Lai L. XIST Derepression in Active X Chromosome Hinders Pig Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:494-508. [PMID: 29337117 PMCID: PMC5830944 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pig cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) remains extremely inefficient, and many cloned embryos undergo abnormal development. Here, by profiling transcriptome expression, we observed dysregulated chromosome-wide gene expression in every chromosome and identified a considerable number of genes that are aberrantly expressed in the abnormal cloned embryos. In particular, XIST, a long non-coding RNA gene, showed high ectopic expression in abnormal embryos. We also proved that nullification of the XIST gene in donor cells can normalize aberrant gene expression in cloned embryos and enhance long-term development capacity of the embryos. Furthermore, the increased quality of XIST-deficient embryos was associated with the global H3K9me3 reduction. Injection of H3K9me demethylase Kdm4A into NT embryos could improve the development of pre-implantation stage embryos. However, Kdm4A addition also induced XIST derepression in the active X chromosome and thus was not able to enhance the in vivo long-term developmental capacity of porcine NT embryos. Normal and abnormal pig SCNT embryos featured different transcriptome patterns Disrupting XIST gene in donor cells could enhance pig NT embryo development capacity Kdm4A injection was able to improve development of pig pre-implantation stage embryos Kdm4A addition caused XIST derepression and failed to improve pig cloning efficiency
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Degong Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jiangyun Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Qingjian Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yi Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Fangbing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Weikai Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Han Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhaoming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Bentian Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Quanjun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chengdan Lai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Nana Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Qishuai Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Nan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Qin Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Hui Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jingke Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Hong Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Jiekai Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Kepin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Xiaoping Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Liangxue Lai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510530, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Valenzuela OA, Couturier-Tarrade A, Choi YH, Aubrière MC, Ritthaler J, Chavatte-Palmer P, Hinrichs K. Impact of equine assisted reproductive technologies (standard embryo transfer or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with in vitro culture and embryo transfer) on placenta and foal morphometry and placental gene expression. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:371-379. [DOI: 10.1071/rd16536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), in vitro embryo culture and embryo transfer (ET) may be associated with alterations in fetal and placental development. In horses, ET has been used for decades. More recently, in vitro embryo production by ICSI and in vitro culture, followed by embryo transfer (ICSI-C) has become an accepted method for clinical foal production. However, no information is available on the effects of ICSI-C or even of standard ET itself on placental and neonatal parameters in horses. We therefore evaluated placental and neonatal morphology and placental gene expression in reining- and cutting-type American Quarter Horse foals produced using different technologies. Thirty foals and placentas (naturally conceived (NC), ET and ICSI-C; 10 in each group) were examined morphometrically. The only parameter that differed significantly between groups was the length of the foal upper hindlimb, which was longer in ET and ICSI-C than in NC foals. Evaluation of placental mRNA expression for 17 genes related to growth and vascularisation showed no difference in gene expression between groups. These data indicate that within this population, use of ARTs was not associated with meaningful changes in foal or placental morphometry or in expression of the placental genes evaluated.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang J, Menges S, Gu P, Tongbai R, Samuel M, Prather RS, Klassen H. Porcine Neural Progenitor Cells Derived from Tissue at Different Gestational Ages Can Be Distinguished by Global Transcriptome. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:1582-1595. [PMID: 29113465 PMCID: PMC5524599 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717723015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of gestational age on mammalian neural progenitor cells is potentially important for both an understanding of neural development and the selection of donor cells for novel cell-based treatment strategies. In terms of the latter, it can be problematic to rely entirely on rodent models in which the gestational period is significantly shorter and the brain much smaller than is the case in humans. Here, we analyzed pig brain progenitor cells (pBPCs) harvested at 2 different gestational ages (E45 and E60) using gene expression profiles, obtained by microarray analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), across time in culture. Comparison of the global transcriptome of pBPCs from age-matched transgenic green flourescent protein (GFP)-expressing fetuses versus non-GFP-expressing fetuses did not reveal significant differences between the 2 cell types, whereas comparison between E45 and E60 pBPCs did show separation between the data sets by principle component analysis. Further examination by qPCR showed evidence of relative downregulation of proliferation markers and upregulation of glial markers in the gestationally older (E60) cells. Additional comparisons were made. This study provides evidence of age-related changes in the gene expression of cultured fetal porcine neural progenitors that are potentially relevant to the role of these cells during development and as donor cells for transplantation studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,2 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Steven Menges
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,2 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ping Gu
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,2 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,3 Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronald Tongbai
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,4 Present Address: Huntington Beach Eye Consultants, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Samuel
- 5 National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- 5 National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Henry Klassen
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,2 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wells KD, Prather RS. Genome-editing technologies to improve research, reproduction, and production in pigs. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:1012-1017. [PMID: 28394093 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to directly manipulate the pig genome through genetic engineering has been available to the research community for over three decades. This technology has progressed from the random insertion of foreign DNA, via a variety of techniques (pronuclear microinjection, sperm mediated gene transfer, and integration of mobile genetic elements), to manipulation of endogenous genes, via homologous recombination in somatic cells followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Over the last few years, designer nucleases facilitated the development of techniques that provide efficient ways to introduce foreign DNA or to modify endogenous genes in eggs, zygotes, or somatic cells. Together, these genome-editing technologies have essentially removed the obstacles to gene manipulation in swine. Although the regulatory environment is still unclear for agricultural applications, genetic engineering of pigs will continue to advance biomedicine and biology. In addition, genetic engineering is now sufficiently simple and efficient that agricultural research can now ask basic and applied questions that are not hampered by limited funding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu J, Platero Luengo A, Gil MA, Suzuki K, Cuello C, Morales Valencia M, Parrilla I, Martinez CA, Nohalez A, Roca J, Martinez EA, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Generation of human organs in pigs via interspecies blastocyst complementation. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 51 Suppl 2:18-24. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla CA USA
| | | | - MA Gil
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - K Suzuki
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies; La Jolla CA USA
| | - C Cuello
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | | | - I Parrilla
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - CA Martinez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - A Nohalez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - J Roca
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - EA Martinez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Embryonic pluripotency can be recapitulated in vitro by a spectrum of pluripotent stem cell states stabilized with different culture conditions. Their distinct spatiotemporal characteristics provide an unprecedented tool for the study of early human development. The newly unveiled ability of some stem cell types for crossing xeno-barriers will facilitate the generation of interspecies chimeric embryos from distant species, including humans. When combined with efficient zygote genome editing technologies, xenogeneic human pluripotent stem cells may also open new frontiers for regenerative medicine applications, including the possibility of generating human organs in animals via interspecies chimeric complementation.
Collapse
|
22
|
New insights and current tools for genetically engineered (GE) sheep and goats. Theriogenology 2016; 86:160-9. [PMID: 27155732 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered sheep and goats represent useful models applied to proof of concepts, large-scale production of novel products or processes, and improvement of animal traits, which is of interest in biomedicine, biopharma, and livestock. This disruptive biotechnology arose in the 80s by injecting DNA fragments into the pronucleus of zygote-staged embryos. Pronuclear microinjection set the transgenic concept into people's mind but was characterized by inefficient and often frustrating results mostly because of uncontrolled and/or random integration and unpredictable transgene expression. Somatic cell nuclear transfer launched the second wave in the late 90s, solving several weaknesses of the previous technique by making feasible the transfer of a genetically modified and fully characterized cell into an enucleated oocyte, capable of cell reprogramming to generate genetically engineered animals. Important advances were also achieved during the 2000s with the arrival of new techniques like the lentivirus system, transposons, RNA interference, site-specific recombinases, and sperm-mediated transgenesis. We are now living the irruption of the third technological wave in which genome edition is possible by using endonucleases, particularly the CRISPR/Cas system. Sheep and goats were recently produced by CRISPR/Cas9, and for sure, cattle will be reported soon. We will see new genetically engineered farm animals produced by homologous recombination, multiple gene editing in one-step generation and conditional modifications, among other advancements. In the following decade, genome edition will continue expanding our technical possibilities, which will contribute to the advancement of science, the development of clinical or commercial applications, and the improvement of people's life quality around the world.
Collapse
|
23
|
Moreira P, Pérez-Cerezales S, Laguna R, Fernández-Gonzalez R, Sanjuanbenito BP, Gutiérrez-Adán A. Transgenic mouse offspring generated by ROSI. J Reprod Dev 2015; 62:37-42. [PMID: 26498042 PMCID: PMC4768777 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of transgenic animals is an important tool for experimental and applied biology. Over the
years, many approaches for the production of transgenic animals have been tried, including pronuclear
microinjection, sperm-mediated gene transfer, transfection of male germ cells, somatic cell nuclear transfer
and the use of lentiviral vectors. In the present study, we developed a new transgene delivery approach, and
we report for the first time the production of transgenic animals by co-injection of DNA and round spermatid
nuclei into non-fertilized mouse oocytes (ROSI). The transgene used was a construct containing the human CMV
immediate early promoter and the enhanced GFP gene. With this procedure, 12% of the live offspring we obtained
carried the transgene. This efficiency of transgenic production by ROSI was similar to the efficiency by
pronuclear injection or intracytoplasmic injection of male gamete nuclei (ICSI). However, ICSI required fewer
embryos to produce the same number of transgenic animals. The expression of Egfp mRNA and
fluorescence of EGFP were found in the majority of the organs examined in 4 transgenic lines generated by
ROSI. Tissue morphology and transgene expression were not distinguishable between transgenic animals produced
by ROSI or pronuclear injection. Furthermore, our results are of particular interest because they indicate
that the transgene incorporation mediated by intracytoplasmic injection of male gamete nuclei is not an
exclusive property of mature sperm cell nuclei with compact chromatin but it can be accomplished with immature
sperm cell nuclei with decondensed chromatin as well. The present study also provides alternative procedures
for transgene delivery into embryos or reconstituted oocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Moreira
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, INIA, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ju H, Zhang J, Bai L, Mu Y, Du Y, Yang W, Li Y, Sheng A, Li K. The transgenic cloned pig population with integrated and controllable GH expression that has higher feed efficiency and meat production. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10152. [PMID: 25959098 PMCID: PMC5386205 DOI: 10.1038/srep10152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained expression of the GH gene has been shown to have detrimental effects on the health of animals. In the current study, transgenic founder pigs, with controllable pig growth hormone (pGH) expression, were cloned via the handmade cloning method (HMC), and pGH expression levels were examined at the cellular and organismal levels. The serum pGH levels in 3 founder male pigs were found to be significantly higher after induction with intramuscular injection of doxycycline (DOX) compared to baseline. A daily dose of DOX was administered via feed to these animals for a period of 65 to 155 days. The growth rate, feed efficiency and pGH serum concentration increased in the DOX-induced transgenic group compared with the other groups. 8 numbers of animals were euthanized and the dressing percentage, loin muscle and lean meat percentage were significantly higher in the DOX-induced F1 transgenic group compared with the other groups. In this study a large population of transgenic pigs, with integrated controllable expression of a transgene, was obtained. The transgenic pigs were healthy and normal in terms of reproductive capability. At the same time, feed efficiency was improved, production processes were accelerated and meat yield was increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Ju
- 1] Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China [2] College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 25009, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqing Zhang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China [2] Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Lijing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yulian Mu
- Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yutao Du
- BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Road, Yantian, Shenzhen, 518083, P. R. China
| | - Wenxian Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Road, Yantian, Shenzhen, 518083, P. R. China
| | - Yong Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Bei Shan Road, Yantian, Shenzhen, 518083, P. R. China
| | - Anzhi Sheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 25009, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Kui Li
- Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Genetic Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yuan L, Wang A, Yao C, Huang Y, Duan F, Lv Q, Wang D, Ouyang H, Li Z, Lai L. Aberrant expression of Xist in aborted porcine fetuses derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21631-43. [PMID: 25429426 PMCID: PMC4284668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151221631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cloned pigs generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) show a greater ratio of early abortion during mid-gestation than normal controls. X-linked genes have been demonstrated to be important for the development of cloned embryos. To determine the relationship between the expression of X-linked genes and abortion of cloned porcine fetuses, the expression of X-linked genes were investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and the methylation status of Xist DMR was performed by bisulfate-specific PCR (BSP). q-PCR analysis indicated that there was aberrant expression of X-linked genes, especially the upregulated expression of Xist in both female and male aborted fetuses compared to control fetuses. Results of BSP suggested that hypomethylation of Xist occurred in aborted fetuses, whether male or female. These results suggest that the abnormal expression of Xist may be associated with the abortion of fetuses derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yuan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Anfeng Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Chaogang Yao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yongye Huang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Feifei Duan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Qinyan Lv
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Luo B, Ju S, Muneri CW, Rui R. Effects of histone acetylation status on the early development of in vitro porcine transgenic cloned embryos. Cell Reprogram 2014; 17:41-8. [PMID: 25393500 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) on transgene expression and development of porcine transgenic cloned embryos, specifically focusing on effects derived from TSA-treated donor cells or TSA-treated reconstructed embryos. The results showed that TSA treatment on reconstructed embryos modified the acetylation status, which significantly improved the development of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos in vitro, but not donor cells. Furthermore, the treatment of reconstructed embryos with TSA enhanced expression of the pluripotency-related gene POU5F1 and stimulated expression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) mRNA expression of every group dropped drastically from donor cells to blastocysts. Interestingly, TSA is likely to prevent a decline in EGFP expression in nuclear reprogramming of porcine SCNT embryos. However DNA hypomethylation induced by modified histone acetylation of donor cells treated with TSA was significantly more effective in increasing EGFP expression in SCNT blastocysts. In conclusion, the acetylation status of both donor cells and reconstructed embryos modified by TSA treatment increased transgene expression and improved nuclear reprogramming and the developmental potential of porcine transgenic SCNT embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biping Luo
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Grupen CG. The evolution of porcine embryo in vitro production. Theriogenology 2014; 81:24-37. [PMID: 24274407 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro production of porcine embryos has presented numerous challenges to researchers over the past four decades. Some of the problems encountered were specific to porcine gametes and embryos and needed the concerted efforts of many to overcome. Gradually, porcine embryo in vitro production systems became more reliable and acceptable rates of blastocyst formation were achieved. Despite the significant improvements, the problem of polyspermic fertilization has still not been adequately resolved and the embryo in vitro culture conditions are still considered to be suboptimal. Whereas early studies focused on increasing our understanding of the reproductive processes involved, the technology evolved to the point where in vitro-matured oocytes and in vitro-produced embryos could be used as research material for developing associated reproductive technologies, such as SCNT and embryo cryopreservation. Today, the in vitro procedures used to mature oocytes and culture embryos are integral to the production of transgenic pigs by SCNT. This review discusses the major achievements, advances, and knowledge gained from porcine embryo in vitro production studies and highlights the future research perspectives of this important technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Grupen
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mair KH, Sedlak C, Käser T, Pasternak A, Levast B, Gerner W, Saalmüller A, Summerfield A, Gerdts V, Wilson HL, Meurens F. The porcine innate immune system: an update. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:321-43. [PMID: 24709051 PMCID: PMC7103209 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, we have seen an increasing interest and demand for pigs in biomedical research. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) are closely related to humans in terms of their anatomy, genetics, and physiology, and often are the model of choice for the assessment of novel vaccines and therapeutics in a preclinical stage. However, the pig as a model has much more to offer, and can serve as a model for many biomedical applications including aging research, medical imaging, and pharmaceutical studies to name a few. In this review, we will provide an overview of the innate immune system in pigs, describe its anatomical and physiological key features, and discuss the key players involved. In particular, we compare the porcine innate immune system to that of humans, and emphasize on the importance of the pig as model for human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Sedlak
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - T Käser
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - A Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - B Levast
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - W Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - V Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - H L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - F Meurens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Adachi N, Yamaguchi D, Watanabe A, Miura N, Sunaga S, Oishi H, Hashimoto M, Oishi T, Iwamoto M, Hanada H, Kubo M, Onishi A. Growth, reproductive performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality in F1 and F2 progenies of somatic cell-cloned pigs. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:100-5. [PMID: 24492641 PMCID: PMC3999388 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2012-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the health and meat production of cloned sows and their progenies in order to demonstrate the application of somatic cell cloning to the pig industry. This study compared the growth, reproductive performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Landrace cloned sows, F1 progenies and F2 progenies. We measured their body weight, growth rate and feed conversion and performed a pathological analysis of their anatomy to detect abnormalities. Three of the five cloned pigs were used for a growth test. Cloned pigs grew normally and had characteristics similar to those of the control purebred Landrace pigs. Two cloned gilts were bred with a Landrace boar and used for a progeny test. F1 progenies had characteristics similar to those of the controls. Two of the F1 progeny gilts were bred with a Duroc or Large White boar and used for the progeny test. F2 progenies grew normally. There were no biological differences in growth, carcass characteristics and amino acid composition among cloned sows, F1 progenies, F2 progenies and conventional pigs. The cloned sows and F1 progenies showed normal reproductive performance. No specific abnormalities were observed by pathological analysis, with the exception of periarteritis in the F1 progenies. All pigs had a normal karyotype. These results demonstrate that cloned female pigs and their progenies have similar growth, reproductive performance and carcass quality characteristics and that somatic cell cloning could be a useful technique for conserving superior pig breeds in conventional meat production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Adachi
- Ibaraki Prefecture Livestock Research Center, Ibaraki 315-0132, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Matsunari H, Kobayashi T, Watanabe M, Umeyama K, Nakano K, Kanai T, Matsuda T, Nagaya M, Hara M, Nakauchi H, Nagashima H. Transgenic pigs with pancreas-specific expression of green fluorescent protein. J Reprod Dev 2014; 60:230-7. [PMID: 24748398 PMCID: PMC4085388 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and regeneration of the pancreas is of considerable interest because of the role of these processes in pancreatic diseases, such as diabetes. Here, we sought to develop a large animal model in which the pancreatic cell lineage could be tracked. The pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx1) gene promoter was conjugated to Venus, a green fluorescent protein, and introduced into 370 in vitro-matured porcine oocytes by intracytoplasmic sperm injection-mediated gene transfer. These oocytes were transferred into four recipient gilts, all of which became pregnant. Three gilts were sacrificed at 47-65 days of gestation, and the fourth was allowed to farrow. Seven of 16 fetuses obtained were transgenic (Tg) and exhibited pancreas-specific green fluorescence. The fourth recipient gilt produced a litter of six piglets, two of which were Tg. The founder Tg offspring matured normally and produced healthy first-generation (G1) progeny. A postweaning autopsy of four 27-day-old G1 Tg piglets confirmed the pancreas-specific Venus expression. Immunostaining of the pancreatic tissue indicated the transgene was expressed in β-cells. Pancreatic islets from Tg pigs were transplanted under the renal capsules of NOD/SCID mice and expressed fluorescence up to one month after transplantation. Tg G1 pigs developed normally and had blood glucose levels within the normal range. Insulin levels before and after sexual maturity were within normal ranges, as were other blood biochemistry parameters, indicating that pancreatic function was normal. We conclude that Pdx1-Venus Tg pigs represent a large animal model suitable for research on pancreatic development/regeneration and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Matsunari
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Moreira PN, Montoliu L. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)-mediated transgenesis in mice. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1194:141-156. [PMID: 25064101 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1215-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the years many well-described techniques for the introduction of transgene DNA into host organisms have been used, including pronuclear injection, in vitro fertilization-mediated transgenesis, transfection of ES and spermatogenic cells, nuclear transfer of somatic cell nuclei, and lentiviral vectors. The application of these techniques has been limited however either by the time and effort to be executed or by their narrow efficiency with large transgenes. The greatest advantage of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)-mediated transgenesis is precisely its ability to stably introduce large DNA molecules into the genome of host organisms with relatively high efficiency, as compared to alternative procedures. In mice, this procedure has been shown to be a reproducible method to generate transgenic offspring with a high efficiency. Recently, it proved also to be a viable method to generate transgenic rats and pigs, and as such, it is foreseen with great interest for the production of transgenic farm animals, where it would constitute an important tool for the production of recombinant proteins and livestock improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro N Moreira
- Mouse Biology Unit, EMBL Monterotondo, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, Via Ramarini 32, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy,
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Huang Y, Ouyang H, Yu H, Lai L, Pang D, Li Z. Efficiency of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer - a retrospective study of factors related to embryo recipient and embryos transferred. Biol Open 2013; 2:1223-8. [PMID: 24244859 PMCID: PMC3828769 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20135983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful generation of pigs via somatic cell nuclear transfer depends on reducing risk factors in several aspects. To provide an overview of some influencing factors related to embryo transfer, the follow-up data related to cloned pig production collected in our laboratory was examined. (i) Spring showed a higher full-term pregnancy rate compared with winter (33.6% vs 18.6%, P = 0.006). Furthermore, a regression equation can be drawn between full-term pregnancy numbers and pregnancy numbers in different months (y = 0.692x−3.326). (ii) There were no significant differences detected in the number of transferred embryos between surrogate sows exhibiting full-term development compared to those that did not. (iii) Non-ovulating surrogate sows presented a higher percentage of full-term pregnancies compared with ovulating sows (32.0% vs 17.5%, P = 0.004; respectively). (iv) Abortion was most likely to take place between Day 27 to Day 34. (v) Based on Life Table Survival Analysis, delivery in normally fertilized and surrogate sows is expected to be completed before Day 117 or Day 125, respectively. Additionally, the length of pregnancy in surrogate sows was negatively correlated with the average litter size, which was not found for normally fertilized sows. In conclusion, performing embryo transfer in appropriate seasons, improving the quality of embryos transferred, optimizing the timing of embryo transfer, limiting the occurrence of abortion, combined with ameliorating the management of delivery, is expected to result in the harvest of a great number of surviving cloned piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongye Huang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130062 , China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wu Z, Xu Z, Zou X, Zeng F, Shi J, Liu D, Urschitz J, Moisyadi S, Li Z. Pig transgenesis by piggyBac transposition in combination with somatic cell nuclear transfer. Transgenic Res 2013; 22:1107-18. [PMID: 23857557 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The production of animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is inefficient, with approximately 2% of micromanipulated oocytes going to term and resulting in live births. However, it is the most commonly used method for the generation of cloned transgenic livestock as it facilitates the attainment of transgenic animals once the nuclear donor cells are stably transfected and more importantly as alternatives methods of transgenesis in farm animals have proven even less efficient. Here we describe piggyBac-mediated transposition of a transgene into porcine primary cells and use of these genetically modified cells as nuclear donors for the generation of transgenic pigs by SCNT. Gene transfer by piggyBac transposition serves to provide an alternative approach for the transfection of nuclear donor cells used in SCNT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Wu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, South China Agricultural University, The New Building of College of Animal Science, Room 315, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kurome M, Geistlinger L, Kessler B, Zakhartchenko V, Klymiuk N, Wuensch A, Richter A, Baehr A, Kraehe K, Burkhardt K, Flisikowski K, Flisikowska T, Merkl C, Landmann M, Durkovic M, Tschukes A, Kraner S, Schindelhauer D, Petri T, Kind A, Nagashima H, Schnieke A, Zimmer R, Wolf E. Factors influencing the efficiency of generating genetically engineered pigs by nuclear transfer: multi-factorial analysis of a large data set. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:43. [PMID: 23688045 PMCID: PMC3691671 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using genetically engineered donor cells is currently the most widely used strategy to generate tailored pig models for biomedical research. Although this approach facilitates a similar spectrum of genetic modifications as in rodent models, the outcome in terms of live cloned piglets is quite variable. In this study, we aimed at a comprehensive analysis of environmental and experimental factors that are substantially influencing the efficiency of generating genetically engineered pigs. Based on a considerably large data set from 274 SCNT experiments (in total 18,649 reconstructed embryos transferred into 193 recipients), performed over a period of three years, we assessed the relative contribution of season, type of genetic modification, donor cell source, number of cloning rounds, and pre-selection of cloned embryos for early development to the cloning efficiency. RESULTS 109 (56%) recipients became pregnant and 85 (78%) of them gave birth to offspring. Out of 318 cloned piglets, 243 (76%) were alive, but only 97 (40%) were clinically healthy and showed normal development. The proportion of stillborn piglets was 24% (75/318), and another 31% (100/318) of the cloned piglets died soon after birth. The overall cloning efficiency, defined as the number of offspring born per SCNT embryos transferred, including only recipients that delivered, was 3.95%. SCNT experiments performed during winter using fetal fibroblasts or kidney cells after additive gene transfer resulted in the highest number of live and healthy offspring, while two or more rounds of cloning and nuclear transfer experiments performed during summer decreased the number of healthy offspring. CONCLUSION Although the effects of individual factors may be different between various laboratories, our results and analysis strategy will help to identify and optimize the factors, which are most critical to cloning success in programs aiming at the generation of genetically engineered pig models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kurome
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludwig Geistlinger
- Practical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Institute for Informatics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Valeri Zakhartchenko
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annegret Wuensch
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Richter
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Baehr
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Kraehe
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katinka Burkhardt
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Flisikowski
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tatiana Flisikowska
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Claudia Merkl
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martina Landmann
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Marina Durkovic
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Alexander Tschukes
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Simone Kraner
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Dirk Schindelhauer
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Petri
- Practical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Institute for Informatics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Kind
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Livestock Biotechnology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmer
- Practical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Institute for Informatics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, and Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hirao A, Kawarasaki T, Konno K, Enya S, Shibata M, Kangawa A, Kobayashi E. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression patterns in the olfactory epithelium of GFP transgenic cloned Jinhua pigs. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hirao
- Department of Anatomy; Division of Anatomy & Embryology; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kawarasaki
- Department of Animal Science; School of Agriculture; Tokai University; Minamiaso Kumamoto 869-1404 Japan
| | - Kenjiro Konno
- Laboratory of Animal Science and Medicine; Department of Animal Medical Sciences; Faculty of Science; Kyoto Sangyo University; Kyoto 603-8555 Japan
| | - Satoko Enya
- Shizuoka Swine & Poultry Research Center; Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry; Shizuoka 439-0037 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Shibata
- Shizuoka Swine & Poultry Research Center; Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry; Shizuoka 439-0037 Japan
| | - Akihisa Kangawa
- Shizuoka Swine & Poultry Research Center; Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry; Shizuoka 439-0037 Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Division of Development of Advanced Treatment; Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology; Jichi Medical University; Tochigi 329-0498 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Miao X. Recent advances in the development of new transgenic animal technology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:815-28. [PMID: 22833168 PMCID: PMC11113483 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic animal technology is one of the fastest growing biotechnology areas. It is used to integrate exogenous genes into the animal genome by genetic engineering technology so that these genes can be inherited and expressed by offspring. The transgenic efficiency and precise control of gene expression are the key limiting factors in the production of transgenic animals. A variety of transgenic technologies are available. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages and needs further study because of unresolved technical and safety issues. Further studies will allow transgenic technology to explore gene function, animal genetic improvement, bioreactors, animal disease models, and organ transplantation. This article reviews the recently developed animal transgenic technologies, including the germ line stem cell-mediated method to improve efficiency, gene targeting to improve accuracy, RNA interference-mediated gene silencing technology, zinc-finger nuclease gene targeting technology and induced pluripotent stem cell technology. These new transgenic techniques can provide a better platform to develop transgenic animals for breeding new animal varieties and promote the development of medical sciences, livestock production, and other fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Miao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nagashima H, Matsunari H, Nakano K, Watanabe M, Umeyama K, Nagaya M. Advancing pig cloning technologies towards application in regenerative medicine. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 47 Suppl 4:120-6. [PMID: 22827360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is expected to make a significant contribution by development of novel therapeutic treatments for intractable diseases and for improving the quality of life of patients. Many advances in regenerative medicine, including basic and translational research, have been developed and tested in experimental animals; pigs have played an important role in various aspects of this work. The value of pigs as a model species is being enhanced by the generation of specially designed animals through cloning and genetic modifications, enabling more sophisticated research to be performed and thus accelerating the clinical application of regenerative medicine. This article reviews the significant aspects of the creation and application of cloned and genetically modified pigs in regenerative medicine research and considers the possible future directions of the technology. We also discuss the importance of reproductive biology as an interface between basic science and clinical medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Nagashima
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Prather RS, Lorson M, Ross JW, Whyte JJ, Walters E. Genetically engineered pig models for human diseases. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013; 1:203-19. [PMID: 25387017 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although pigs are used widely as models of human disease, their utility as models has been enhanced by genetic engineering. Initially, transgenes were added randomly to the genome, but with the application of homologous recombination, zinc finger nucleases, and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) technologies, now most any genetic change that can be envisioned can be completed. To date these genetic modifications have resulted in animals that have the potential to provide new insights into human diseases for which a good animal model did not exist previously. These new animal models should provide the preclinical data for treatments that are developed for diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis, retinitis pigmentosa, spinal muscular atrophy, diabetes, and organ failure. These new models will help to uncover aspects and treatments of these diseases that were otherwise unattainable. The focus of this review is to describe genetically engineered pigs that have resulted in models of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, National Swine Resource and Research Center, and
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Walters EM, Wolf E, Whyte JJ, Mao J, Renner S, Nagashima H, Kobayashi E, Zhao J, Wells KD, Critser JK, Riley LK, Prather RS. Completion of the swine genome will simplify the production of swine as a large animal biomedical model. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:55. [PMID: 23151353 PMCID: PMC3499190 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anatomic and physiological similarities to the human make swine an excellent large animal model for human health and disease. Methods Cloning from a modified somatic cell, which can be determined in cells prior to making the animal, is the only method available for the production of targeted modifications in swine. Results Since some strains of swine are similar in size to humans, technologies that have been developed for swine can be readily adapted to humans and vice versa. Here the importance of swine as a biomedical model, current technologies to produce genetically enhanced swine, current biomedical models, and how the completion of the swine genome will promote swine as a biomedical model are discussed. Conclusions The completion of the swine genome will enhance the continued use and development of swine as models of human health, syndromes and conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Walters
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Men H, Walters EM, Nagashima H, Prather RS. Emerging applications of sperm, embryo and somatic cell cryopreservation in maintenance, relocation and rederivation of swine genetics. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1720-9. [PMID: 22898022 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in porcine assisted reproductive technology (ART) make it possible to use cryopreserved sperm, embryos and somatic cells in the maintenance, relocation and regeneration of swine genetics. In this review, development of key application-limiting technology is discussed in each cell type, focusing on the efficiencies, ease of storage and transportation, and minimization of pathogen transmission. Methods to regenerate swine genetics and/or models using frozen sperm, embryos and somatic cells in combination with other porcine ARTs, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and somatic cell nuclear transplantation (SCNT), are also discussed. The applications of these ARTs utilizing cryopreserved cells will greatly increase the efficiency as well as biosecurity for maintenance, relocation and rederivation of swine genetics/models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Men
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Maehara M, Matsunari H, Honda K, Nakano K, Takeuchi Y, Kanai T, Matsuda T, Matsumura Y, Hagiwara Y, Sasayama N, Shirasu A, Takahashi M, Watanabe M, Umeyama K, Hanazono Y, Nagashima H. Hollow fiber vitrification provides a novel method for cryopreserving in vitro maturation/fertilization-derived porcine embryos. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:133. [PMID: 23053438 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro matured (IVM) oocytes have been used to create genetically modified pigs for various biomedical purposes. However, porcine embryos derived from IVM oocytes are very cryosensitive. Developing improved cryopreservation methods would facilitate the production of genetically modified pigs and also accelerate the conservation of genetic resources. We recently developed a novel hollow fiber vitrification (HFV) method; the present study was initiated to determine whether this new method permits the cryopreservation of IVM oocyte-derived porcine embryos. Embryos were created from the in vitro fertilization of IVM oocytes with frozen-thawed sperm derived from a transgenic pig carrying a humanized Kusabira-Orange (huKO) gene. Morula-stage embryos were assigned to vitrification and nonvitrification groups to compare their in vitro and in vivo developmental abilities. Vitrified morulae developed to the blastocyst stage at a rate similar to that of nonvitrified embryos (66/85, 77.6% vs. 67/84, 79.8%). Eighty-eight blastocysts that developed from vitrified morulae were transferred into the uteri of three recipient gilts. All three became pregnant and produced a total of 17 piglets (19.3%). This piglet production was slightly lower, albeit not significantly, than that of the nonvitrification group (27/88, 30.7%). Approximately half of the piglets in the vitrification (10/17, 58.8%) and nonvitrification (15/27, 55.6%) groups were transgenic. There was no significant difference in the growth rates among the piglets in the two groups. These results indicate that the HFV method is an extremely effective method for preserving cryosensitive embryos such as porcine in vitro maturation/fertilization-derived morulae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Maehara
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Staunstrup NH, Madsen J, Primo MN, Li J, Liu Y, Kragh PM, Li R, Schmidt M, Purup S, Dagnæs-Hansen F, Svensson L, Petersen TK, Callesen H, Bolund L, Mikkelsen JG. Development of transgenic cloned pig models of skin inflammation by DNA transposon-directed ectopic expression of human β1 and α2 integrin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36658. [PMID: 22590584 PMCID: PMC3349713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins constitute a superfamily of transmembrane signaling receptors that play pivotal roles in cutaneous homeostasis by modulating cell growth and differentiation as well as inflammatory responses in the skin. Subrabasal expression of integrins α2 and/or β1 entails hyperproliferation and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes and leads to dermal and epidermal influx of activated T-cells. The anatomical and physiological similarities between porcine and human skin make the pig a suitable model for human skin diseases. In efforts to generate a porcine model of cutaneous inflammation, we employed the Sleeping Beauty DNA transposon system for production of transgenic cloned Göttingen minipigs expressing human β1 or α2 integrin under the control of a promoter specific for subrabasal keratinocytes. Using pools of transgenic donor fibroblasts, cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer was utilized to produce reconstructed embryos that were subsequently transferred to surrogate sows. The resulting pigs were all transgenic and harbored from one to six transgene integrants. Molecular analyses on skin biopsies and cultured keratinocytes showed ectopic expression of the human integrins and localization within the keratinocyte plasma membrane. Markers of perturbed skin homeostasis, including activation of the MAPK pathway, increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1α, and enhanced expression of the transcription factor c-Fos, were identified in keratinocytes from β1 and α2 integrin-transgenic minipigs, suggesting the induction of a chronic inflammatory phenotype in the skin. Notably, cellular dysregulation obtained by overexpression of either β1 or α2 integrin occurred through different cellular signaling pathways. Our findings mark the creation of the first cloned pig models with molecular markers of skin inflammation. Despite the absence of an overt psoriatic phenotype, these animals may possess increased susceptibility to severe skin damage-induced inflammation and should be of great potential in studies aiming at the development and refinement of topical therapies for cutaneous inflammation including psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes Madsen
- Department of Disease Pharmacology, LEO Pharma, Ballerup, Denmark
| | | | - Juan Li
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peter M. Kragh
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mette Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stig Purup
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Svensson
- Department of Disease Pharmacology, LEO Pharma, Ballerup, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Callesen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Lars Bolund
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- HuaDa JiYin (BGI), Shenzhen, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kim S, Saadeldin IM, Choi WJ, Lee SJ, Lee WW, Kim BH, Han HJ, Bang DH, Lee BC, Jang G. Production of transgenic bovine cloned embryos using piggybac transposition. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1453-7. [PMID: 21747215 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic research on cattle embryos has been developed to date using viral or plasmid DNA delivery systems. In this study, a different gene delivery system, piggybac transposition, was employed to investigate if it can be applied for producing transgenic cattle embryos. Green or red fluorescent proteins (GFP or RFP) were transfected into donor fibroblasts, and then transfected donor cells were reprogrammed in enucleated oocytes through SCNT and developed into pre-implantation stage embryos. GFP was expressed in donor cells and in cloned embryos without any mosaicism. Induction of RFP expression was regulated by doxycycline treatment in donor fibroblasts and pre-implantational stage embryos. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that piggybac transposition could be a mean to deliver genes into bovine somatic cells or embryos for transgenic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Whyte JJ, Prather RS. Genetic modifications of pigs for medicine and agriculture. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 78:879-91. [PMID: 21671302 PMCID: PMC3522184 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified swine hold great promise in the fields of agriculture and medicine. Currently, these swine are being used to optimize production of quality meat, to improve our understanding of the biology of disease resistance, and to reduced waste. In the field of biomedicine, swine are anatomically and physiologically analogous to humans. Alterations of key swine genes in disease pathways provide model animals to improve our understanding of the causes and potential treatments of many human genetic disorders. The completed sequencing of the swine genome will significantly enhance the specificity of genetic modifications, and allow for more accurate representations of human disease based on syntenic genes between the two species. Improvements in both methods of gene alteration and efficiency of model animal production are key to enabling routine use of these swine models in medicine and agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Whyte
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| | - Randall S. Prather
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Whitworth KM, Zhao J, Spate LD, Li R, Prather RS. Scriptaid Corrects Gene Expression of a Few Aberrantly Reprogrammed Transcripts in Nuclear Transfer Pig Blastocyst Stage Embryos. Cell Reprogram 2011; 13:191-204. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2010.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Whitworth
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, E125 Animal Science Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jiangou Zhao
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, E125 Animal Science Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Lee D. Spate
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, E125 Animal Science Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rongfeng Li
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, E125 Animal Science Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Randall S. Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, E125 Animal Science Research Center, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
KONG QR, LIU ZH. Inheritance and expression stability of transgene in transgenic animals. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:504-11. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
47
|
Timing of The First Zygotic Cleavage as a Developmental Potential Marker for Porcine Cloned Embryos. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2010.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
48
|
NAKANO K, MATSUNARI H, NAKAYAMA N, OGAWA B, KUROME M, TAKAHASHI M, MATSUMOTO M, MURAKAMI H, KAJI Y, NAGASHIMA H. Cloned Porcine Embryos can Maintain Developmental Ability after Cryopreservation at the Morula Stage. J Reprod Dev 2011; 57:312-6. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.10-142a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki NAKANO
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University
| | - Hitomi MATSUNARI
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University
| | - Naoki NAKAYAMA
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University
| | - Buko OGAWA
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University
| | - Mayuko KUROME
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich
| | | | | | | | - Yuji KAJI
- National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region
| | - Hiroshi NAGASHIMA
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University
- Meiji University International Cluster for Bio-Resource Research
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mizobe Y, Kurino S, Sata Y, Mori H, Yoshida M, Miyoshi K. Stage-specific effects of osmolarity of a culture medium on development of pig oocytes and miniature pig somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos activated by ultrasound treatment. Anim Sci J 2010; 81:453-60. [PMID: 20662814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whether high osmolarity of a culture medium at the early culture stage affects the development of pig oocytes and miniature pig somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos activated by ultrasound was examined. When oocytes were cultured in modified porcine zygote medium-3 (mPZM-3) with increased NaCl to 138 mmol/L (mPZM-3+NaCl; 326 mOsm) or 50 mmol/L sucrose (mPZM-3+sucrose; 318 mOsm) for the first 2 days and then cultured in normal mPZM-3 (273 mOsm) for 5 days, the cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of oocytes cultured in mPZM-3 for 7 days. The cleavage and blastocyst formation rates of SCNT embryos cultured in mPZM-3+NaCl for the first 2 days and then cultured in mPZM-3 for 5 days were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of embryos cultured in mPZM-3 for 7 days. These results showed that the high osmolarity of a culture medium induced by increasing NaCl concentration during the first 2 days improves the development of pig oocytes and miniature pig SCNT embryos activated by ultrasound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Mizobe
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
WHITWORTH KRISTINM, PRATHER RANDALLS. Somatic cell nuclear transfer efficiency: how can it be improved through nuclear remodeling and reprogramming? Mol Reprod Dev 2010; 77:1001-15. [PMID: 20931660 PMCID: PMC4718708 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fertile offspring from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is the goal of most cloning laboratories. For this process to be successful, a number of events must occur correctly. First the donor nucleus must be in a state that is amenable to remodeling and subsequent genomic reprogramming. The nucleus must be introduced into an oocyte cytoplasm that is capable of facilitating the nuclear remodeling. The oocyte must then be adequately stimulated to initiate development. Finally the resulting embryo must be cultured in an environment that is compatible with the development of that particular embryo. Much has been learned about the incredible changes that occur to a nucleus after it is placed in the cytoplasm of an oocyte. While we think that we are gaining an understanding of the reorganization that occurs to proteins in the donor nucleus, the process of cloning is still very inefficient. Below we will introduce the procedures for SCNT, discuss nuclear remodeling and reprogramming, and review techniques that may improve reprogramming. Finally we will briefly touch on other aspects of SCNT that may improve the development of cloned embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - RANDALL S. PRATHER
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|