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Xia N, Gao F, Zhang J, Wang J, Huang Y. Overview on the Development of Electrochemical Immunosensors by the Signal Amplification of Enzyme- or Nanozyme-Based Catalysis Plus Redox Cycling. Molecules 2024; 29:2796. [PMID: 38930860 PMCID: PMC11206384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-linked electrochemical immunosensors have attracted considerable attention for the sensitive and selective detection of various targets in clinical diagnosis, food quality control, and environmental analysis. In order to improve the performances of conventional immunoassays, significant efforts have been made to couple enzyme-linked or nanozyme-based catalysis and redox cycling for signal amplification. The current review summarizes the recent advances in the development of enzyme- or nanozyme-based electrochemical immunosensors with redox cycling for signal amplification. The special features of redox cycling reactions and their synergistic functions in signal amplification are discussed. Additionally, the current challenges and future directions of enzyme- or nanozyme-based electrochemical immunosensors with redox cycling are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Fengli Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yaliang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
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Trashin S, Morales-Yánez F, Thiruvottriyur Shanmugam S, Paredis L, Carrión EN, Sariego I, Muyldermans S, Polman K, Gorun SM, De Wael K. Nanobody-Based Immunosensor Detection Enhanced by Photocatalytic-Electrochemical Redox Cycling. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13606-13614. [PMID: 34585567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection of antigenic biomarkers present in trace amounts is of crucial importance for medical diagnosis. A parasitic disease, human toxocariasis, lacks an adequate diagnostic method despite its worldwide occurrence. The currently used serology tests may stay positive even years after a possibly unnoticed infection, whereas the direct detection of a re-infection or a still active infection remains a diagnostic challenge due to the low concentration of circulating parasitic antigens. We report a time-efficient sandwich immunosensor using small recombinant single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies specific to Toxocara canis antigens. An enhanced sensitivity to pg/mL levels is achieved by using a redox cycle consisting of a photocatalytic oxidation and electrochemical reduction steps. The photocatalytic oxidation is achieved by a photosensitizer generating singlet oxygen (1O2) that, in turn, readily reacts with p-nitrophenol enzymatically produced under alkaline conditions. The photooxidation produces benzoquinone that is electrochemically reduced to hydroquinone, generating an amperometric response. The light-driven process could be easily separated from the background, thus making amperometric detection more reliable. The proposed method for detection of the toxocariasis antigen marker shows superior performances compared to other detection schemes with the same nanobodies and outperforms by at least two orders of magnitude the assays based on regular antibodies, thus suggesting new opportunities for electrochemical immunoassays of challenging low levels of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Morales-Yánez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Linda Paredis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Erik N Carrión
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
| | - Idalia Sariego
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kouri, 17100 Havana, Cuba
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katja Polman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sergiu M Gorun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Center for Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey 07079, United States
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A versatile assay for alkaline phosphatase detection based on thymine-HgII-thymine structure generation mediated by TdT. Talanta 2019; 195:566-572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Haque AJ, Nandhakumar P, Yang H. Specific and Rapid Glucose Detection Using NAD‐dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase, Diaphorase, and Osmium Complex. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Al‐Monsur Jiaul Haque
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional MaterialsPusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Ponnusamy Nandhakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional MaterialsPusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
| | - Haesik Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional MaterialsPusan National University Busan 46241 Korea
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Molinnus D, Hardt G, Siegert P, Willenberg HS, Poghossian A, Keusgen M, Schöning MJ. Detection of Adrenaline in Blood Plasma as Biomarker for Adrenal Venous Sampling. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Molinnus
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB); FH Aachen; Campus Jülich, Heinrich-Mußmannstr. 1 52428 Jülich Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Philipps-University Marburg; Wilhelm-Roser-Str. 2 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Gabriel Hardt
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB); FH Aachen; Campus Jülich, Heinrich-Mußmannstr. 1 52428 Jülich Germany
| | - Petra Siegert
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB); FH Aachen; Campus Jülich, Heinrich-Mußmannstr. 1 52428 Jülich Germany
| | - Holger S. Willenberg
- Devision of Endocrinology and Metabolism; Rostock University Medical Center; Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6 18057 Rostock Germany
| | - Arshak Poghossian
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB); FH Aachen; Campus Jülich, Heinrich-Mußmannstr. 1 52428 Jülich Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems 8 (ICS-8); Research Center Jülich; Wilhelm-Johnen-Str. 6 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Michael Keusgen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Philipps-University Marburg; Wilhelm-Roser-Str. 2 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Michael J. Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB); FH Aachen; Campus Jülich, Heinrich-Mußmannstr. 1 52428 Jülich Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems 8 (ICS-8); Research Center Jülich; Wilhelm-Johnen-Str. 6 52425 Jülich Germany
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6
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Ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor employing glucose oxidase catalyzed deposition of gold nanoparticles for signal amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 27:53-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Digital biosensors with built-in logic for biomedical applications—biosensors based on a biocomputing concept. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1591-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pescador P, Katakis I, Toca-Herrera JL, Donath E. Efficiency of a bienzyme sequential reaction system immobilized on polyelectrolyte multilayer-coated colloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:14108-14114. [PMID: 19360959 DOI: 10.1021/la8027435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We assembled multilayer films of glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) coimmobilized together with polyelectrolyte layers on the surface of silica microparticles. The influence of different polyelectrolyte combinations on the immobilization and functionality of the enzymes was examined for several multilayer configurations. Precomplexation of the enzymes with a polyvinylpyridine-based polyamine allowed the stable adsorption of enzyme layers without affecting their catalytic activity. The efficiency of the sequential reaction between GOx and HRP on the surface of the colloids was quantitatively analyzed and rationalized in terms of the kinetic parameters of both enzymes and the reaction-diffusion kinetics of the system. In the optimized configuration, with GOx and HRP coimmobilized in the same layer, the overall rate of hydrogen peroxide conversion was around 2.5 times higher than for GOx and HRP in separate layers or for equivalent amounts of both enzymes free in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pescador
- Bioengineering and Bioelectrochemistry Group, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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Mie Y, Kowata K, Hirano Y, Niwa O, Mizutani F. Comparison of enzymatic recycling electrodes for measuring aminophenol: development of a highly sensitive natriuretic peptide assay system. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:577-82. [PMID: 18469461 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several redox enzymes were examined for enzymatic/electrochemical-recycling systems in order to measure p-aminophenol (PAP) with high sensitivity. Glucose oxidase (GOD) and diaphorase (DI) worked well as catalysts for recycling electrode systems: these enzymes effectively reduced p-iminoquinone (PIQ), the electrochemically-oxidized form of PAP, and caused an enhancement in the electrochemical signals (anodic currents in the voltammogram and amperogram) by approximately 100 fold. The lower detection limits for PAP were estimated to be 50 nM with the GOD system and 2 nM with the DI system. We combined the enzymatic-recycling electrode using DI with an enzyme immunoassay system to measure atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), an important marker peptide hormone involved in heart diseases. ANPs from serum samples at ppt-levels were determined appropriately using the present assay system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Mie
- Hokkaido Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Japan.
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Limoges B, Marchal D, Mavré F, Savéant JM. Theory and practice of enzyme bioaffinity electrodes. Chemical, enzymatic, and electrochemical amplification of in situ product detection. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:7276-85. [PMID: 18491854 DOI: 10.1021/ja7102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The two articles in this series are dedicated to bioaffinity electrodes with in situ detection of the product of the enzyme label after recognition by its conjugate immobilized on the electrode. Part 1 was devoted to direct electrochemical detection, whereas the present contribution deals with homogeneous chemical and enzymatic amplification of the primary electrochemical signal. The theoretical relationships that are established for these modes of amplification are applied to the avidin-biotin recognition in a system that involves alkaline phosphatase as enzyme label and 4-amino-2,6-dichloro-phenyl phosphate as substrate, generating 2,6-dichloro-4-aminophenol as electrochemically active product. Chemical amplification then results from the addition of NADH, which reduces the 2,6-dichloro-quinonimine resulting from the electrochemical oxidation of 2,6-dichloro-4-aminophenol. An increased amplification is obtained when the reduction of 2,6-dichloro-quinonimine involves diaphorase in solution with NADH as substrate. The excellent agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental data required a detailed theoretical analysis and the independent determination of the key kinetic parameters of the system. The theoretical analysis was extended to monolayer and multilayered films of auxiliary enzyme as well as to electrochemical amplification by means of closely spaced dual electrodes so as to offer a rational comparative panorama of the amplification capabilities of the various possible strategies. Confinement of the profile of the product, and/or its oxidized form, in the vicinity the electrode surface appears as a key parameter of amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Limoges
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Diderot, UMR CNRS 7591, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Limoges B, Marchal D, Mavré F, Savéant JM. Electrochemistry of immobilized redox enzymes: kinetic characteristics of NADH oxidation catalysis at diaphorase monolayers affinity immobilized on electrodes. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:2084-92. [PMID: 16464111 DOI: 10.1021/ja0569196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the class of NADH:acceptor oxidoreductases, the diaphorase from Bacillus stearothermophilusis a particularly promising enzyme for sensing NADH, and indirectly a great number of analytes, when coupled with a NAD-dependent dehydrogenase as well as for the design of mono- and multienzyme affinity sensors. The design and rational optimization of such systems require devising immobilization procedures that prevent dramatic losses of the enzymatic activity and a full kinetic characterization of the immobilized enzyme system. Two immobilization procedures are described, which involve recognition of the biotinylated diaphorase by a monolayer of neutravidin adsorbed on the electrode surface either directly or through the intermediacy of a monolayer of biotinylated rabbit immunoglobulin. Thorough kinetic characterization of the two systems is derived from cyclic voltammetric responses. A precise estimate of the enzyme coverages is obtained after comparing the enzyme kinetics of the immobilized and the homogeneous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Limoges
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université de Paris 7-Denis Diderot, 2 place Jussieu,75251 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Andrieux CP, Limoges B, Marchal D, Savéant JM. Redox Enzymes Immobilized on Electrodes with Solution Cosubstrates. General Procedure for Simulation of Time-Resolved Catalytic Responses. Anal Chem 2006; 78:3138-43. [PMID: 16643005 DOI: 10.1021/ac052176v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In view of the existing and potential applications of electrochemical enzymatic catalysis with redox enzymes immobilized on the electrode surface in biosensors, a numerical calculation procedure for simulating their cyclic voltammetric responses is presented. It is applicable to systems involving a redox cosubstrate in solution. The cosubstrates, substrates, products, and inhibitors are assumed to diffuse linearly (planar electrode) between the electrode and the solution. The reactions in which the various forms of the immobilized enzyme participate may be as numerous and intricate as required by the simulation with no other restriction than the computing time. They may, at will, follow or not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Slow charge-transfer cosubstrates are treated in the framework of Butler-Volmer kinetic law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude P Andrieux
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université de Paris 7-Denis Diderot, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Abstract
Oxidoreductase enzymes catalyze single- or multi-electron reduction/oxidation reactions of small molecule inorganic or organic substrates, and they are integral to a wide variety of biological processes including respiration, energy production, biosynthesis, metabolism, and detoxification. All redox enzymes require a natural redox partner such as an electron-transfer protein (e.g. cytochrome, ferredoxin, flavoprotein) or a small molecule cosubstrate (e.g. NAD(P)H, dioxygen) to sustain catalysis, in effect to balance the substrate/product redox half-reaction. In principle, the natural electron-transfer partner may be replaced by an electrochemical working electrode. One of the great strengths of this approach is that the rate of catalysis (equivalent to the observed electrochemical current) may be probed as a function of applied potential through linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry, and insight to the overall catalytic mechanism may be gained by a systematic electrochemical study coupled with theoretical analysis. In this review, the various approaches to enzyme electrochemistry will be discussed, including direct and indirect (mediated) experiments, and a brief coverage of the theory relevant to these techniques will be presented. The importance of immobilizing enzymes on the electrode surface will be presented and the variety of ways that this may be done will be reviewed. The importance of chemical modification of the electrode surface in ensuring an environment conducive to a stable and active enzyme capable of functioning natively will be illustrated. Fundamental research into electrochemically driven enzyme catalysis has led to some remarkable practical applications. The glucose oxidase enzyme electrode is a spectacularly successful application of enzyme electrochemistry. Biosensors based on this technology are used worldwide by sufferers of diabetes to provide rapid and accurate analysis of blood glucose concentrations. Other applications of enzyme electrochemistry are in the sensing of macromolecular complexation events such as antigen–antibody binding and DNA hybridization. The review will include a selection of enzymes that have been successfully investigated by electrochemistry and, where appropriate, discuss their development towards practical biotechnological applications.
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MIE Y, KATO D, NIWA O, MIZUTANI F. A Highly Sensitive Assay to Determine Atrial Natriuretic Peptides by Electrochemical Enzyme Immunoassays. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.74.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Díaz-González M, González-García M, Costa-García A. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Enzyme Immunoassays. ELECTROANAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200503357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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