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Jeczmien-Lazur JS, Sanetra AM, Pradel K, Izowit G, Chrobok L, Palus-Chramiec K, Piggins HD, Lewandowski MH. Metabolic cues impact non-oscillatory intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus: standard versus high-fat diet comparative study. J Physiol 2023; 601:979-1016. [PMID: 36661095 DOI: 10.1113/jp283757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (IGL/VLG) are subcortical structures involved in entrainment of the brain's circadian system to photic and non-photic (e.g. metabolic and arousal) cues. Both receive information about environmental light from photoreceptors, exhibit infra-slow oscillations (ISO) in vivo, and connect to the master circadian clock. Although current evidence demonstrates that the IGL/VLG communicate metabolic information and are crucial for entrainment of circadian rhythms to time-restricted feeding, their sensitivity to food intake-related peptides has not been investigated yet. We examined the effect of metabolically relevant peptides on the spontaneous activity of IGL/VLG neurons. Using ex vivo and in vivo electrophysiological recordings as well as in situ hybridisation, we tested potential sensitivity of the IGL/VLG to anorexigenic and orexigenic peptides, such as cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, orexin A and ghrelin. We explored neuronal responses to these drugs during day and night, and in standard vs. high-fat diet conditions. We found that IGL/VLG neurons responded to all the substances tested, except peptide YY. Moreover, more neurons responded to anorexigenic drugs at night, while a high-fat diet affected the IGL/VLG sensitivity to orexigenic peptides. Interestingly, ISO neurons responded to light and orexin A, but did not respond to the other food intake-related peptides. In contrast, non-ISO cells were activated by metabolic peptides, with only some being responsive to light. Our results show for the first time that peptides involved in the body's energy homeostasis stimulate the thalamus and suggest functional separation of the IGL/VLG cells. KEY POINTS: The intergeniculate leaflet and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (IGL/VLG) of the rodent thalamus process various signals and participate in circadian entrainment. In both structures, cells exhibiting infra-slow oscillatory activity as well as non-rhythmically firing neurons being observed. Here, we reveal that only one of these two groups of cells responds to anorexigenic (cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and oxyntomodulin) and orexigenic (ghrelin and orexin A) peptides. Neuronal responses vary depending on the time of day (day vs. night) and on the diet (standard vs. high-fat diet). Additionally, we visualised receptors to the tested peptides in the IGL/VLG using in situ hybridisation. Our results suggest that two electrophysiologically different subpopulations of IGL/VLG neurons are involved in two separate functions: one related to the body's energy homeostasis and one associated with the subcortical visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda S Jeczmien-Lazur
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna M Sanetra
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Pradel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriela Izowit
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Chrobok
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Katarzyna Palus-Chramiec
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Hugh D Piggins
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marian H Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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2
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Zhang J, Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhao J, Hu W, Yu Y. Effect of Different Vitamin D Levels on Cognitive Function in Aged Mice After Sevoflurane Anesthesia. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:940106. [PMID: 35754958 PMCID: PMC9226433 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.940106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the biological relationship between vitamin D (VD) deficiency and cognitive function has been recognized by many scholars, the theoretical mechanisms involved are still not well-understood. In this study, we demonstrated the role of VD in alleviating the cognitive dysfunction in aged mice caused by sevoflurane anesthesia. Forty female C57BL/6 mice aged 12 months were selected for the experiment. VD (-) and VD (+) mouse models and sevoflurane anesthesia models were established. Mice were randomly divided into normal elderly group (NC group), normal aged mice + sevoflurane anesthesia treatment group (NS group), aged VD (-) mice + sevoflurane anesthesia treatment group [VD (-) group], and aged VD (+) + sevoflurane anesthesia treatment group [VD (+) group]. To compare the emergence time after sevoflurane anesthesia in aged mice with different levels of VD and to test the cognitive function of four groups through the water maze. Inflammatory factor expression and cholinergic activity in hippocampus tissue of all mice were measured at the end of behavioral tests. These data show that, low levels of VD aggravated the delayed emergence and cognitive dysfunction in aged mice caused by sevoflurane anesthesia, while higher levels of VD mitigated this impairment by enhancing cholinergic activity and reducing inflammatory factor expression in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Changzhi People's Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Changzhi People's Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Yongyan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Changzhi People's Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Wenqing Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changzhi People's Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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3
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The effects of P-glycoprotein inhibitor zosuquidar on the sex and time-dependent pharmacokinetics of parenterally administered talinolol in mice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 156:105589. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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4
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Time is of the essence: Coupling sleep-wake and circadian neurobiology to the antidepressant effects of ketamine. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107741. [PMID: 33189715 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ketamine in rapidly alleviating depression and suicidal ideation. Intense research efforts have been undertaken to expose the precise mechanism underlying the antidepressant action of ketamine; however, the translation of findings into new clinical treatments has been slow. This translational gap is partially explained by a lack of understanding of the function of time and circadian timing in the complex neurobiology around ketamine. Indeed, the acute pharmacological effects of a single ketamine treatment last for only a few hours, whereas the antidepressant effects peak at around 24 hours and are sustained for the following few days. Numerous studies have investigated the acute and long-lasting neurobiological changes induced by ketamine; however, the most dramatic and fundamental change that the brain undergoes each day is rarely taken into consideration. Here, we explore the link between sleep and circadian regulation and rapid-acting antidepressant effects and summarize how diverse phenomena associated with ketamine's antidepressant actions - such as cortical excitation, synaptogenesis, and involved molecular determinants - are intimately connected with the neurobiology of wake, sleep, and circadian rhythms. We review several recently proposed hypotheses about rapid antidepressant actions, which focus on sleep or circadian regulation, and discuss their implications for ongoing research. Considering these aspects may be the last piece of the puzzle necessary to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of rapid-acting antidepressants on the brain.
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Infradian Rhythms of Resistance to a Dissociative Anesthetic in Wistar Male Rats under Normal Conditions and After Surgical Removal of the Adrenal Glands and Testes. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 166:413-416. [PMID: 30617706 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04362-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Daily dynamics of changes in the latency of a response to dissociative anesthetic tiletamine (time from injection to ataxia) was studied in mature Wistar rats. Both intramuscular and intravenous administration of the anesthetic was associated with 4-day oscillations of the latent period synchronous with the dynamics of changes in the concentration of glucocorticoid hormones. The period and phases of the infradian rhythm of resistance to the anesthetic remained unchanged after removal of both adrenal glands and testes and administration of corticosterone synthesis blocker trilostane diminishing the 4-day cycle of changes in corticosterone level. Therefore, hormones of the adrenal glands and testes do not play the key role in the mechanisms of formation of the 4-day infradian rhythm.
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Zhang YH, Zhang J, Song JN, Xu X, Cai JS, Zhou Y, Gao JG. The PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway activates recovery from general anesthesia. Oncotarget 2016; 7:40939-40952. [PMID: 27340771 PMCID: PMC5173033 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated roles of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway in recovery from general anesthesia. Sprague-Dawley rats divided into five groups: saline+artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF; Group A), ketamine+ACSF (Group B), ketamine+IGF-1 (Group C), ketamine+PI3K inhibitor (Group D), and PI3K/Akt agonists (Group E). Proportion of δ waves on ECoGs was recorded. Rats were tested for duration of loss of righting reflex (LORR), ataxic period and behavior in Morris water maze. mRNA and protein expression of members of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway were measured by RT-qPCR and Western blots. Histopathologic changes in hippocampal tissues observed by HE staining. We found that the proportion of δ waves decreased in Group C, while increased in Group D compared with Group B; the durations of LORR and ataxic period were shorter in Group C, but longer in Group D. In Morris water maze, escape latency (EL) and duration and frequency of staying on platform was shorter in Group C and longer in Group D than in Group B. Group A exhibited low expression of proteins in PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, while p-AKT, p-mTOR and p-P70S6K expression increased in cerebral cortex, brain stem, and thalamus in Group C. By contrast, expression of those proteins was lower in Group D than Group B. Those proteins expressions were higher in Group E than in Group A. HE staining showed that anesthesia may induce cell apoptosis in rat hippocampal CA1 areas, and PI3K/Akt agonists could inhibit apoptosis. Our results suggest that activation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway may promote recovery from general anesthesia and enhance spatial learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Shijiazhuang Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Nan Song
- Department of Anesthesia, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, P. R. China
| | - Xue Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Song Cai
- Department of Anesthesia, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Gui Gao
- Department of Anesthesia, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
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7
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Bienert A, Bartkowska-Sniatkowska A, Wiczling P, Rosada-Kurasińska J, Grześkowiak M, Zaba C, Teżyk A, Sokołowska A, Kaliszan R, Grześkowiak E. Assessing circadian rhythms during prolonged midazolam infusion in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) children. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:107-21. [PMID: 23563029 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)70969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluates possible circadian rhythms during prolonged midazolam infusion in 27 pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) children under mechanical ventilation. METHODS Blood samples for midazolam and 1-OH-midazolam assay were collected throughout the infusion at different times of the day. The blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature were recorded every hour for the rhythms analysis. Population nonlinear mixed-effect modeling with NONMEM was used for data analysis. RESULTS A two-compartment model for midazolam pharmacokinetics and a one-compartment model for midazolam metabolite adequately described the data. The 24 h profiles of all monitored physiological parameters were greatly disturbed/abolished in comparison with the well-known 24 h rhythmic patterns in healthy subjects. There was no significant circadian rhythm detected with respect to midazolam pharmacokinetics, its active metabolite pharmacokinetics and all monitored parameters. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the light-dark cycle did not influence midazolam pharmacokinetics in intensive care units children. Also, endogenous rhythms in critically ill and sedated children are severely disturbed and desynchronized. Our results confirmed that it is necessary to adjust the dose of midazolam to the patient's body weight. The low value of midazolam clearances observed in our study was probably caused by mechanical ventilation, which was shown to decrease the cardiac output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bienert
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Marii Magdaleny 14, PL 61-861 Poznań, Poland.
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8
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9
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Dispersyn G, Chassard D, Pain L. [Biological rhythms for anaesthesia and intensive care]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 29:470-7. [PMID: 20598847 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of biological rhythms has led to better understanding of the time-of-day dependent effects of anaesthetic drugs. These chronopharmacological effects are currently explained by the biological rhythms modulating the pharmacokinetic, toxic and pharmacodynamic parameters of these substances. Such effect has been described for general anesthetics, local anaesthetics, analgesics as well as for antibiotics. But recent data also highlight that general anaesthetics, probably part of their brain effects, also alter the regulation of biological rhythms, including the sleep-wake or the endogenous circadian temperature rhythms. This desynchronization of biological rhythms can led to disturbance of the circadian secretion of many substances, including hormones. Finally, biological rhythms have been also described with regard to physiology of pain and cardiovascular physiopathology. The concept of biological rhythm should be present in mind not only for the clinical management of patients but also for setting studies in the field of anaesthesia, pain and intensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dispersyn
- Inserm U, CHRU de Strasbourg, université Louis-Pasteur, France
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10
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Sani M, Gadacha W, Boughattas NA, Reinberg A, Ben Attia M. Circadian and Ultradian (12 H) Rhythms of Hepatic Thiosulfate Sulfurtransferase (Rhodanese) Activity in Mice During the First Two Months of Life. Chronobiol Int 2009; 23:551-63. [PMID: 16753941 DOI: 10.1080/07420520600651016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST) is an important 'enzyme of protection,' that accelerates the detoxification of cyanide, converting it into thiocyanate. The TST physiological rhythm was investigated at wks 2, 4, and 8 of post-natal development (PND) in the mouse. The results revealed a statistically significant gender-related difference, with the highest activity in females, at all the documented PND stages. In the second week of PND (pre-weaning time), the circadian rhythm of the enzyme activity was associated with ultradian components. The prominent circadian rhythm (tau=24 h) peaked at the beginning of the light span, more precisely approximately 3 HALO (Hours After Light Onset). A week after weaning (wk 4 of PND), an impairment of the rhythm, with the peak shifted toward the second half of photophase, was recorded. Four to 6 wks later, about wk 8 of PND, the circadian rhythm pattern was stabilized, with its peak then located at the beginning of the dark span (13 HALO). The obtained results showed a 12 h phase-shift of the circadian TST peak time during PND, suggesting that the rhythm stabilization is age-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamane Sani
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Tunisia
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11
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Dridi D, Boughattas NA, Aouam K, Reinberg A, Ben Attia M. Circadian Time‐Dependent Differences in Murine Tolerance to the Antihistaminic Agent Loratadine. Chronobiol Int 2009; 22:499-514. [PMID: 16076650 DOI: 10.1081/cbi-200062369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Loratadine is a second-generation histamine H(1)-receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic diseases. The aim of the study was to assess whether lethal toxicity and motor incoordination (neurotoxicity) of loratadine is circadian rhythm-dependent. A total of 210 male Swiss mice, aged 10 wk, were synchronized for 3 wk to 12 h light (rest span)/12 h dark (activity span). The drug was administered per os. The choice of the sublethal (TD(50) = 82 mg/kg body weight) and the lethal (LD(50) = 4 g/kg body weight) dosage was based on preliminary studies. Each of these two doses was administered to comparable groups of animals at six different circadian time points (1, 5, 9, 13, 17, and 21 Hours After Light Onset [HALO]). The survival duration was dosing time-dependent (chi(2) = 16.96; p < 0.001). Drug dosing at 17 HALO resulted in best (67%) survival rate; whereas, dosing at 9 HALO resulted in poorest (21%) survival rate. Cosinor analyses (with a trial period tau = 24 h) validated a statistically significant circadian rhythm in survival rate (p < 0.04) with an acrophase (peak time Ø of best tolerance to loratadine) being at 17.5 HALO +/- 4.65 h. Troughs of motor incoordination were located at the administration times of 5 and 17 HALO (60% and 32% of animals affected, respectively), whereas peaks were located at 9 and 21 HALO (87% and 68% of animals affected, respectively). The 24 h mean of the motor incoordination was 61%, the mean proportion of animals affected by the treatment for the six different circadian times studies. The extent of this neurotoxic effect varied as a function of loratadine dosing time (p < 0.001). A statistically significant ultradian component rhythm (p < 0.01) with a trial period tau = 12 h was also validated. The obtained results show that the dosing time of loratadine at the mid-activity (dark) span seems to be optimal, since it corresponds to the longest (21 vs. 12 days) survival span and to least neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorra Dridi
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine, Monastir, Tunisia
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12
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Kitoh Y, Ohmori M, Araki N, Miyashita F, Ando H, Kobayashi E, Sogawa N, Fujimura A. Dosing‐Time–Dependent Differences in Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Liver Injury in Rats. Chronobiol Int 2009; 22:987-96. [PMID: 16393703 DOI: 10.1080/07420520500395110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dosing-time-dependent differences in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury were examined in rats housed under a 12 h light : dark (LD) cycle. LPS (5 mg/kg) was intravenously injected into different groups of rats at 2, 14, or 20 h after light on (HALO). Elevations in serum liver enzymes after 14 HALO were significantly greater than those after 2 HALO. These parameters were lower in rats given LPS at 20 HALO, compared to 14 HALO. The number of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in the liver and the amount of hepatic myeloperoxidase activity, which reflects the number of PMN in liver tissues, was significantly greater in the 14 than in the 2 HALO group. In addition, hepatic interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in the 14 HALO group was enhanced compared to that in the 2 HALO trial. These results suggest that LPS-induced liver injury is greater during the early active than during the early resting period. Dosing-time-dependent variation in the accumulation of PMN in the liver and, potentially, subsequent IL-6 production in liver tissues might be involved in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Kitoh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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13
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Dispersyn G, Pain L, Challet E, Touitou Y. General Anesthetics Effects on Circadian Temporal Structure: An Update. Chronobiol Int 2009; 25:835-50. [DOI: 10.1080/07420520802551386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Chassard D, Duflo F, de Queiroz Siqueira M, Allaouchiche B, Boselli E. Chronobiology and anaesthesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2007; 20:186-90. [PMID: 17479018 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0b013e328136c55e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW It has been shown that biological rhythms influence the pharmacology and effects of anaesthetic agents such as local anaesthetics, hypnotics and muscle relaxants. This review discusses the latest findings and their consequences for anaesthesiological practice. RECENTS FINDINGS: Opioids and new local anaesthetics exhibit circadian changes when they are injected into spinal or epidural spaces for labour pain analgesia. Other studies have demonstrated that propofol and ketamine have maximal duration of action when they are injected during a period of rest in animals (at night in humans). It has been also shown that propofol can perturb the central circadian pacemaker and so cause a phase-shifted advance in effect on activity in rats. SUMMARY Although studies are lacking for most newer anaesthetic agents used in humans, recent findings emphasize once again that chronobiology should be considered in studies of anaesthetic drugs. Circadian rhythms should be considered in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses so that proper research protocols can be designed. The implications of chronobiology for the practice of clinical anaesthesia are probably of lesser importance because of the use of patient-controlled devices for pain management, monitoring of muscle paralysis and depth of anaesthesia monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Chassard
- Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de l'Hôtel-Dieu, Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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Challet E, Gourmelen S, Pevet P, Oberling P, Pain L. Reciprocal relationships between general (Propofol) anesthesia and circadian time in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:728-35. [PMID: 16641940 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several common postdischarge symptoms, such as sleep disorders, headache, drowsiness or general malaise, evoke disturbances of circadian rhythms due to jet lag (ie crossing time zones) or shift work rotation. Considering that general anesthesia is associated with numerous effects on the central nervous system, we hypothesized that it may also act on the circadian timing system. We first determined the effects of the circadian timing on general anesthesia. We observed that identical doses of propofol showed marked circadian fluctuations in duration of effects, with a peak at the middle of the resting period (ie 7 h after lights on). Then, we examined the effects of general anesthesia on circadian timing, by analysing stable free-running circadian rhythms (ie in constant environmental conditions), an experimental approach used widely in circadian biology. Free-running rats were housed in constant darkness and temperature to assess possible phase-shifting effects of propofol anesthesia according to the time of the day. When administered around (+/-2 h) the daily rest/activity transition point, a 30-min propofol anesthesia induced a 1-h phase advance in the free-running rest-activity rhythm, while anesthesia had no significant resetting effect at other times of the day. Anesthesia-induced hypothermia was not correlated with the phase-shifting effects of propofol anesthesia. From our results, anesthesia itself can reset circadian timing, and acts as a synchronizing cue for the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Challet
- Department of Neurobiology of Rhythms, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS (UMR7168), University L. Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
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16
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Lemmer B. The sleep-wake cycle and sleeping pills. Physiol Behav 2006; 90:285-93. [PMID: 17049955 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleeping pills are drugs which are used world-wide to combat sleep disturbances, and to prevent symptoms due to maladjustment to shiftwork or jet-lag. Today, benzodiazepines and the so-called "non-benzodiazepines", such as zolpidem, which both act on benzodiazepine receptors, are drugs of first choice and they are substitutes for barbiturates. Their use as sleeping pills in insomniacs is established after appropriate medical diagnosis. Symptoms from shiftwork or jet-lag are due to an internal desynchronisation of biological rhythms, and there is ample evidence that benzodiazepines are not effective in preventing these symptoms. Cabin crews in particular should never take sleeping pills, in order not to impair cognitive functions or to reduce the reactivity needed to fly an aircraft safely. The biological clock(s) cannot be reset instantaneously by any drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Lemmer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Maybachstr, 14, 68169 Mannheim, Germany.
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Danel T, Touitou Y. Chronobiology of alcohol: from chronokinetics to alcohol-related alterations of the circadian system. Chronobiol Int 2005; 21:923-35. [PMID: 15646239 DOI: 10.1081/cbi-200036886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The development of concepts in chronobiology is intimately linked to studies on alcohol, as a number of these are based on chronobiological variations observed in the metabolism of ethanol. This concerns circadian differences in its metabolism (chronokinetics) and effects (chronoefficacy and chronotoxicity) and also inherent circadian rhythmicity in the sensitivity of target organs to its effects (chronesthesy). Chronobiologic discoveries are also fertile grounds for understanding the biological and psychotropic effects of alcohol. Confusing effects, which are difficult to explain by conventional homeostatic theory, are easy to understand when considered in the context of the concepts of chronopharmacology, and thereby uncovering new pathways of investigation. Beyond the studies that have elucidated the rhythm-dependent variation in ethanol, chronobiology is opening new explanatory pathways concerning the attributes of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome and effects of alcohol on the development of the central nervous system, particularly the development of the internal clock, and on the alcohol-dependency syndrome. The concepts of chronopharmacology and chronotoxicology are of equal importance to the fields of occupational medicine and industry medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Danel
- Service de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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