1
|
Kang YE, Chae J, Nguyen TT, Kang JJ, Oh SY. A Case Report of Acute Bilateral Mydriasis Induced by Herbal Medication. Neuroophthalmology 2024; 48:193-197. [PMID: 38756336 PMCID: PMC11095564 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2023.2301363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ma Huang (Ephedra), a traditional herbal remedy, which contains pseudoephedrine and ephedrine, has sympathomimetic characteristics. Despite being banned by the Federal Drug Administration in 2004, it is still used for weight loss and energy boosting in some countries. A previous healthy 42-year-old woman experienced sudden blurred vision in both eyes. Her pupils were dilated to 6 mm each, showing diminished light reflex responses, and were not responsive to both 0.1% and 1% pilocarpine. The day before the onset of her symptoms she had taken a herbal supplement. The woman's herbal medicine was believed to contain ephedrine, a component found in Ma Huang. The sympathomimetic effects of this substance could potentially induce mydriasis. After discontinuing the medication, her symptoms improved over 4 days, leading to a suspicion of drug-induced bilateral mydriasis. Herbal products prescribed for weight loss, which may contain potential elements such as Ma Huang, could lead to unforeseen side effects like bilateral mydriasis, and should be appropriately highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Eun Kang
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Juhee Chae
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Thanh Tin Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Jin-Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Oh
- Department of Neurology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital & School of Medicine, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University-Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Knapik JJ, Trone DW, Steelman RA, Farina EK, Lieberman HR. Adverse effects associated with use of specific dietary supplements: The US Military Dietary Supplement Use Study. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 161:112840. [PMID: 35093428 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplements (DSs) are used by 50% of Americans and 70% of United States military service members (SMs); some have adverse effects (AEs). This cross-sectional investigation examined AEs associated with specific DSs. A stratified random sample of SMs from the Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, and Navy was obtained. Volunteers completed a questionnaire reporting AEs for 96 generic and 62 specific DSs. The highest prevalence (≥1 AE) in specific DS categories was 35% prohormones, 33% weight loss supplements, 26% pre/post workout supplements, 14% herbal products, 12% multivitamin/multiminerals, 11% protein/amino acids, 9% muscle building supplements, 7% other DSs, 6% joint health products, and 5% individual vitamins/minerals. Specific DSs of concern (with proportion reporting AEs) included: Libido Max® (35%), Hydroxycut Hardcore® (33%), OxyElite® (33%), Roxylean® (31%), Growth Factor 9® (30%), Super HD® (29%), Hydroxycut Advanced® (29%), Lipo 6® (28%), The Ripper® (27%), Test Booster® (27%), Xenadrine Xtreme Thermogenic® (27%), C4 Extreme® (26%), and C4 Origional® (25%). Products marketed for weight loss, use before/after workout, and prohormones had the highest AE prevalence. DSs can contain substances with independent/additive AEs and/or interact with other ingredients or prescribed medications. Methods described here could provide a continuous surveillance system detecting dangerous DSs entering the market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Knapik
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
| | - Daniel W Trone
- Naval Health Research Center, Building 329, Ryne Rd, San Diego, CA, 92152, USA
| | - Ryan A Steelman
- Army Public Health Center, 8252 Blackhawk Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
| | - Emily K Farina
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Murugan S, Solanki H, Purusothaman D, Bethapudi B, Ravalji M, Mundkinajeddu D. Safety Evaluation of Standardized Extract of Curcuma longa (NR-INF-02): A 90-Day Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6671853. [PMID: 34337042 PMCID: PMC8294958 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6671853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
NR-INF-02 is a standardized extract containing turmerosaccharides from Curcuma longa that has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and chondroprotective potential. In view of its potential uses, NR-INF-02 was evaluated for its safety in Wistar rats at an oral dose of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg in a 90-day repeated dose subchronic toxicity study. NR-INF-02 administered at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg for 90 days did not show any mortality or clinical signs of toxicity. Body weight gain, food consumption, ocular and neurological examination, and hematological, blood biochemical, hormone, and urine analysis revealed no evidence of toxicity of NR-INF-02 treatment in rats. Absolute and relative organ weights were comparable to control rats. The study did not reveal any major treatment related gross pathological and histopathological alterations in the tissues or organs examined. Thus, based on study observations, the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was found to be 1000 mg/kg body weight in albino Wistar rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasikumar Murugan
- R&D Center, Natural Remedies Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Divya Purusothaman
- R&D Center, Natural Remedies Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bharathi Bethapudi
- R&D Center, Natural Remedies Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oesch F, Oesch-Bartlomowicz B, Efferth T. Toxicity as prime selection criterion among SARS-active herbal medications. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153476. [PMID: 33593628 PMCID: PMC7840405 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present here a new selection criterion for prioritizing research on efficacious drugs for the fight against COVID-19: the relative toxicity versus safety of herbal medications, which were effective against SARS in the 2002/2003 epidemic. We rank these medicines according to their toxicity versus safety as basis for preferential rapid research on their potential in the treatment of COVID-19. The data demonstrate that from toxicological information nothing speaks against immediate investigation on, followed by rapid implementation of Lonicera japonica, Morus alba, Forsythia suspensa, and Codonopsis spec. for treatment of COVID-19 patients. Glycyrrhiza spec. and Panax ginseng are ranked in second priority and ephedrine-free Herba Ephedrae extract in third priority (followed by several drugs in lower preferences). Rapid research on their efficacy in the therapy - as well as safety under the specific circumstances of COVID-19 - followed by equally rapid implementation will provide substantial advantages to Public Health including immediate availability, enlargement of medicinal possibilities, in cases where other means are not successful (non-responders), not tolerated (sensitive individuals) or just not available (as is presently the case) and thus minimize sufferings and save lives. Moreover, their moderate costs and convenient oral application are especially advantageous for underprivileged populations in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franz Oesch
- Institute of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suroowan S, Mahomoodally MF. Herbal Medicine of the 21st Century: A Focus on the Chemistry, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of Five Widely Advocated Phytotherapies. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 19:2718-2738. [PMID: 31721714 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191112121330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Widely advocated for their health benefits worldwide, herbal medicines (HMs) have evolved into a billion dollar generating industry. Much is known regarding their wellness inducing properties, prophylactic and therapeutic benefits for the relief of both minor to chronic ailment conditions given their long-standing use among various cultures worldwide. On the other hand, their equally meaningful chemistry, pharmacokinetic profile in humans, interaction and toxicity profile have been poorly researched and documented. Consequently, this review is an attempt to highlight the health benefits, pharmacokinetics, interaction, and toxicity profile of five globally famous HMs. A systematic literature search was conducted by browsing major scientific databases such as Bentham Science, SciFinder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar and EBSCO to include 196 articles. In general, ginsenosides, glycyrrhizin and curcumin demonstrate low bioavailability when orally administered. Ginkgo biloba L. induces both CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 and alters the AUC and Cmax of conventional medications including midazolam, tolbutamide, lopinavir and nifedipine. Ginsenosides Re stimulates CYP2C9, decreasing the anticoagulant activity of warfarin. Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze increases the bioavailability of buspirone and is rich in vitamin K thereby inhibiting the activity of anticoagulant agents. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. displaces serum bound cardiovascular drugs such as diltiazem, nifedipine and verapamil. Herbal medicine can directly affect hepatocytes leading to hepatoxicity based on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The potentiation of the activity of concurrently administered conventional agents is potentially lethal especially if the drugs bear dangerous side effects and have a low therapeutic window.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Suroowan
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - M F Mahomoodally
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius.,Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Labidi S, Ennouri S, Rachdi H, El Benna H, Mejri N, Daoud N, Berrazaga Y, Boussen H. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in cancer: A Tunisian single-center experience. Bull Cancer 2020; 107:209-214. [PMID: 32000968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to explore the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and to identify their side effects, when used in cancer patients. We also assessed the communication of the patients and families with the oncologist about this issue. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 120 adult patients treated for cancer in our medical oncology department between January and April 2019, using an anonymous questionnaire to assess complementary and alternative medicine use. RESULTS One hundred twenty patients participated in the survey, among them 102 used CAM (85%). A majority of users were female patients (n=72, 70.6%), and mean age was 52.4 years±11.6. Patients had breast cancer in 48% of cases. Wild herbs were the most commonly used alternative therapy (67.7%), particularly Ephedra foeminea (Alanda) in 52% of cases. Patients' families incited them to use CAM in 64.7% of cases. Internet and social network (Facebook) were the major sources of information on CAM (79.4%), followed by family and friends (72.5%). Fourteen patients (13.7%) reported nausea and vomiting secondary to CAM use. We reported disruption of liver function in 9.8% of cases, and renal failure in 1.96%, with fatal issue in one patient using Ephedra. Nineteen patients (18.6%) informed their oncologist about the alternative therapy they received. CONCLUSION The oncologist has to explore the use of alternative therapies with their patients. Communication about CAM should be a part of cancer care. It may protect patients from some dangerous side effects and improve efficacy of conventional therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Labidi
- Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Medical oncology department SOMA, Rue de l'hôpital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sana Ennouri
- Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Medical oncology department SOMA, Rue de l'hôpital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Haifa Rachdi
- Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Medical oncology department SOMA, Rue de l'hôpital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Houda El Benna
- Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Medical oncology department SOMA, Rue de l'hôpital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nesrine Mejri
- Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Medical oncology department SOMA, Rue de l'hôpital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nouha Daoud
- Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Medical oncology department SOMA, Rue de l'hôpital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yosra Berrazaga
- Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Medical oncology department SOMA, Rue de l'hôpital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Boussen
- Abderrahmen Mami Hospital, Medical oncology department SOMA, Rue de l'hôpital, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia; University Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hypertensive Urgency: An Undesirable Complication of a "Male Performance" Herbal Product. J Emerg Med 2019; 57:43-46. [PMID: 31031073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertensive urgency is a clinical scenario that may be associated with herbal supplement use and that requires special consideration with regard to emergency department management. CASE REPORT A 49-year-old man presented to the emergency department with palpitations and severely elevated blood pressure without evidence of end organ dysfunction. Hypertension failed to be controlled with multiple doses of oral clonidine and intravenous labetalol. The patient later admitted to using an herbal supplement containing yohimbine, a selective ⍺2-adrenoreceptor antagonist specifically linked to cases of refractory hypertension. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Between 17-35% of the U.S. adult population may use herbal supplements on a sporadic or regular basis; pharmacologically active agents in herbal supplements may affect both a patient's presentation and response to treatment. Most patients do not mention over-the-counter and herbal products in their medication profile unless specifically asked, and therefore it is important for emergency physicians to be aware of the pharmacologic effects of herbal supplements in the evaluation and treatment of refractory severe hypertension.
Collapse
|
8
|
Qu W, Liu X. Identification of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of artocarpin and assessment of its drug-drug interaction. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- Guangxi Medical University; Nanning China
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brown AC. Heart Toxicity Related to Herbs and Dietary Supplements: Online Table of Case Reports. Part 4 of 5. J Diet Suppl 2017; 15:516-555. [PMID: 28981338 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1356418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this review was to create an online research summary table of heart toxicity case reports related to dietary supplements (DS; includes herbs). METHODS Documented PubMed case reports of DS appearing to contribute to heart-related problems were used to create a "Toxic Table" that summarized the research (1966 to April, 2016, and cross-referencing). Keywords included "herb," "dietary supplement," and cardiac terms. Case reports were excluded if they were herb combinations (some exceptions), Chinese herb mixtures, teas of mixed herb contents, mushrooms, poisonous plants, self-harm (e.g. suicide), excess dose (except vitamins/minerals), drugs or illegal drugs, drug-herbal interactions, and confounders of drugs or diseases. The spectrum of heart toxicities included hypertension, hypotension, hypokalemia, bradycardia, tachycardia, arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation, heart attack, cardiac arrest, heart failure, and death. RESULTS Heart related problems were associated with approximately seven herbs: Four traditional Chinese medicine herbs - Don quai (Angelica sinensis), Jin bu huan (Lycopodium serratum), Thundergod vine or lei gong teng (Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F), and Ting kung teng (Erycibe henryi prain); one an Ayruvedic herb - Aswagandha, (Withania somnifera); and two North American herbs - blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), and Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe). Aconitum and Ephedra species are no longer sold in the United States. The DS included, but are not limited to five DS - bitter orange, caffeine, certain energy drinks, nitric oxide products, and a calming product. Six additional DS are no longer sold. Licorice was the food related to heart problems. CONCLUSION The online "Toxic Table" forewarns clinicians, consumers and the DS industry by listing DS with case reports related to heart toxicity. It may also contribute to Phase IV post marketing surveillance to diminish adverse events that Government officials use to regulate DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Brown
- a Complementary and Alternative Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , HI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rao N, Spiller HA, Hodges NL, Chounthirath T, Casavant MJ, Kamboj AK, Smith GA. An Increase in Dietary Supplement Exposures Reported to US Poison Control Centers. J Med Toxicol 2017; 13:227-237. [PMID: 28741126 PMCID: PMC5570731 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-017-0623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of dietary supplement exposures in the USA. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted of out-of-hospital dietary supplement exposures reported to the National Poison Data System from 2000 through 2012. RESULTS There were 274,998 dietary supplement exposures from 2000 through 2012. The annual rate of dietary supplement exposures per 100,000 population increased by 46.1% during 2000-2002, decreased 8.8% during 2002-2005, and then increased again by 49.3% from 2005 to 2012. These trends were influenced by the decrease in ma huang exposures starting in 2002. Miscellaneous dietary supplements accounted for 43.9% of all exposures, followed by botanicals (31.9%), hormonal products (15.1%), and other supplements (5.1%). The majority of dietary supplement exposures (70.0%) occurred among children younger than 6 years old and were acute (94.0%) and unintentional (82.9%). Serious medical outcomes accounted for 4.5% of exposures and most (95.0%) occurred among individuals 6 years and older. Ma huang products, yohimbe, and energy products were the categories associated with the greatest toxicity. CONCLUSIONS There was an overall increase in the rate of dietary supplement exposures from 2000 through 2012. Although the majority of these exposures did not require treatment at a health care facility or result in serious medical outcomes, exposures to yohimbe and energy products were associated with considerable toxicity. Our results demonstrate the success of the FDA ban on ma huang products and the need for FDA regulation of yohimbe and energy products in the USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Rao
- Center for Injury Research and Policy of the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Henry A Spiller
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Central Ohio Poison Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nichole L Hodges
- Center for Injury Research and Policy of the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thiphalak Chounthirath
- Center for Injury Research and Policy of the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Marcel J Casavant
- Center for Injury Research and Policy of the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Central Ohio Poison Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amrit K Kamboj
- Center for Injury Research and Policy of the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gary A Smith
- Center for Injury Research and Policy of the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Child Injury Prevention Alliance, Columbus, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ben-Arye E, Lavie O, Samuels N, Khamaisie H, Schiff E, Raz OG, Mahajna J. Safety of herbal medicine use during chemotherapy in patients with ovarian cancer: a "bedside-to-bench" approach. Med Oncol 2017; 34:54. [PMID: 28238155 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored herbal supplements used by patients during chemotherapy and test for herb-drug interactions and response of cancer cells to treatment. Patients with gynecological cancer referred to a complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) service were asked about their use of herbal medicine during chemotherapy. The leading five clinically relevant herbs selected for cytotoxicity analysis included the following: wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum), European mistletoe (Viscum album), ginger (Zingiber officinale), Ephedra (Ephedra campylopoda), and Oriental mistletoe (Viscum cruciatum). Cytotoxicity was examined using XTT assays in cisplatin-sensitive and resistant ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780, A2780CisR), and non-cancer kidney cells (HEK-293). The effect of the selected herbs on carboplatin and paclitaxel cytotoxicity was tested as well. Pro-apoptotic effects were tested using Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Of 98 patients referred to the CIM service, 42 (42.9%) reported using/intending to use herbal products during chemotherapy. European mistletoe and ginger exhibited significant anti-cancer activity in cisplatin-sensitive and resistant ovarian cells. Wheatgrass and ephedra reduced cytotoxicity of carboplatin on cisplatin-sensitive ovarian cancer cells, while ginger, European and Oriental mistletoe increased chemosensitivity in both cancer cell lines. Wheatgrass, European mistletoe, and ginger increased sensitivity to cisplatin-resistant cells treated with carboplatin and paclitaxel. No effect was observed with the addition of any of the herbs on non-cancerous embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293). Herbal medicine use by patients with ovarian cancer may influence anti-cancer activity of chemotherapy. Integrative physicians can provide "bedside-to-bench" guidance on the safety of these products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eran Ben-Arye
- Integrative Oncology Program, Oncology Service, Lin Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, 35 Rothschild St., Haifa and Western Galilee District, Israel. .,Complementary and Traditional Medicine Unit, Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Ofer Lavie
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecologic Oncology Service, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Noah Samuels
- Integrative Oncology Program, Oncology Service, Lin Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, 35 Rothschild St., Haifa and Western Galilee District, Israel.,Tal Center for Integrative Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Hazem Khamaisie
- Cancer Drug Discovery Program, Galilee Technology Center (Migal), Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Elad Schiff
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Integrative Surgery Service, Bnai Zion Hospital, Haifa, Israel
| | - Orit Gressel Raz
- Integrative Oncology Program, Oncology Service, Lin Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, 35 Rothschild St., Haifa and Western Galilee District, Israel
| | - Jamal Mahajna
- Cancer Drug Discovery Program, Galilee Technology Center (Migal), Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Nutritional Sciences Department, Tel Hai College, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ren M, Song S, Liang D, Hou W, Tan X, Luo J. Comparative tissue distribution and excretion study of alkaloids from Herba Ephedrae-Radix Aconiti Lateralis extracts in rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 134:137-142. [PMID: 27912193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herba Ephedrae-Radix Aconiti Lateralis, composed of Ephedrae (Mahuang in Chinese) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis (Fuzi in Chinese), is a classical herbal combination proven to be effective in treating common cold, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. Alkaloids, bioactive components of the herbal extract, have been associated with many side effects. Nine alkaloids, including norephedrine, norpseudoephedrine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, methylephedrine, hypaconitine, benzoylaconine, benzoylmesaconine and benzoylhypaconine, were simultaneously quantified within 14.5min, by a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method in various rat tissues, urine, and feces after oral administration of Mahuang-Fuzi and single-herb extracts. The results indicated that the alkaloids were widely distributed in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain. Lower bioavailability and higher clearance of some alkaloids were observed for the herbal combination, but hypaconitine showed a longer residence time and lower clearance. Elimination kinetics demonstrated that ephedra and aconitum alkaloids were mainly excreted in urine and feces, respectively. The tissue distribution and excretion of ephedra and aconitum alkaloids are comprehensively reported for the first time for the Mahuang-Fuzi combination. Compared with single-herb extracts, lower extraction efficiencies of alkaloids in vitro were observed which may result in their lower intake. However, the combination showed a prolonged residence time and delayed elimination of aconitum alkaloids, which increases the risk of drug accumulation. The study demonstrated potential risks of intoxication with aconitum alkaloids, associated with the use of Fuzi in combination with Mahuang. Mahuang-Fuzi is a classical combination used in clinics, further investigation is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuai Song
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Dedong Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weiting Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaomei Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jiabo Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Guangzhou 510515, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ali-Shtayeh MS, Jamous RM, Salameh NMY, Jamous RM, Hamadeh AMA. Complementary and alternative medicine use among cancer patients in Palestine with special reference to safety-related concerns. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 187:104-122. [PMID: 27125594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The use of CAM including herbal medicine as the most preferred CAM modality, among cancer patients who are taking prescription medications has shown to be highly prevalent worldwide as well as in several Middle Eastern countries, with a high percentage of the patients do not disclose their CAM use to treating physician. AIM OF THE STUDY The current study aimed to evaluate the patterns of CAM use among two cohorts of cancer patients in Palestine over a three-year period, and to identify socio-demographic factors that are associated with CAM use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Across-sectional survey of patients attending outpatient cancer clinics. The method was based on a semi-structured questionnaire. In order to identify safety-related concerns associated with the products listed, a literature search was conducted using different databases (PubMed, Micromedex, AltMedDex, and the Natural Medicine Comprehensive Database). RESULTS In 472 cancer patients including 372 of the 2011 cohort; and 100 of the 2014 cohort, the overall prevalence of CAM use was 69.5%. CAM users were more likely to be ≤65 years old, village resident, being in the midst of chemotherapy, to have high interest spiritual quest, and to have no other chronic diseases. A significant number of CAM users reported using herbal preparations (98.3%, and 89.6% in the two study cohorts, respectively). In the current study, a total of 40 plant taxa belonging to 23 botanical families were reported by ≥3 cancer patients in the two cohort groups. The top most commonly used plant in the 2011 cohort group was Arum palaestinum (43.5%), while Ephedra foeminea emerged as the top most commonly utilized plant (from 0.0% in 2011 to 55.2% in the 2014 cohort), mainly due to a recent publicizing and portraying of the plant in the local media as an effective cancer herbal remedy. Safety-related concerns were associated with 33 (82.5%) herbs, including herb-drug interactions with altered pharmacokinetics (8, 20% herbs), direct toxic effects (16, 40% herbs), and increased in vitro response of cancer cells to chemotherapy (30, 75% herbs). CONCLUSIONS CAM use, especially herbal medicine in cancer is highly prevalent in Palestine. This study has demonstrated the role of the media on the emergence of new CAM herbal therapies among cancer patients in Palestine, and discussed its potential implications on patients and for oncologists who are treating them. Some of the most widely used herbal medicines by cancer patients in the present work are known to interact with conventional anticancer drugs. Hence, the disclosure of the use of herbal remedies by patients to health professionals with sufficient training in CAM use is important for the later in order to assess whether there are any possible herbal drug interactions and/or harmful drug reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rana M Jamous
- Biodiversity and Environmental Research Center-BERC, Til-Nablus, Palestine
| | - Nihaya M Y Salameh
- Biodiversity and Environmental Research Center-BERC, Til-Nablus, Palestine; Palestinian Military Services, Ramallah, Palestine
| | - Rania M Jamous
- Biodiversity and Environmental Research Center-BERC, Til-Nablus, Palestine; Palestinian Military Services, Ramallah, Palestine
| | - Amneh M A Hamadeh
- Biodiversity and Environmental Research Center-BERC, Til-Nablus, Palestine
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ben-Arye E, Mahajna J, Aly R, Ali-Shtayeh MS, Bentur Y, Lev E, Deng G, Samuels N. Exploring an herbal "wonder cure" for cancer: a multidisciplinary approach. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:1499-508. [PMID: 27155666 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES The unmonitored use of herbal medicinal remedies by patients with cancer presents a significant challenge to oncology healthcare professionals. We describe an increasingly popular herbal "wonder drug," Ephedra foeminea (Alanda in Arabic), whose use has spread from the Palestinian patient population throughout the Middle East. We conducted a multicentered and multidisciplinary collaborative research effort in order to understand the potential benefits and harms of this popular herbal remedy. METHODS We conducted an in-depth search of the medical literature, both traditional and modern, for any mention of the clinical use of Alanda for the treatment of cancer. We then tested the remedy, first for toxic ephedra alkaloid components and then for anticancer effects, as well as effects on the cytotoxic activity of chemotherapy agents (cisplatin and carboplatin) on breast cancer cell cultures. RESULTS We found no mention in the literature, both conventional and traditional, on the use of Alanda for the treatment of cancer. Laboratory testing did not find any toxic components (i.e., ephedra alkaloids) in the preparation. However, in vitro exposure to Alanda led to a reduced cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy on breast cancer cell cultures. CONCLUSIONS The use of an integrative ethnobotanical, laboratory and clinical research-based approach can be extremely helpful when providing nonjudgmental and evidence-based guidance to patients with cancer, especially on the use of traditional herbal medicine. The effectiveness and safety of these products need to be examined by integrative physicians who are dually trained in both complementary medicine and supportive cancer care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eran Ben-Arye
- Integrative Oncology Program, Haifa and Western Galilee Oncology Service, Clalit Health Services, Haifa, Israel.
- Lin Medical Center, Affiliated with the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Complementary and Traditional Medicine Unit, Department of Family Medicine, Affiliated with the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- The Oncology Service, Lin Medical Center, 35 Rothschild St., Haifa, Israel.
| | - Jamal Mahajna
- Cancer Drug Discovery Program, Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Radi Aly
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, Newe-Yaar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Mohammed Saleem Ali-Shtayeh
- Biodiversity and Biotechnology Research Unit, Biodiversity and Environmental Research Center, BERC, Til, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Yedidia Bentur
- Israel Poison Information Center, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rambam Health Care Campus, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Efraim Lev
- Department of Eretz Israel Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gary Deng
- Integrative Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noah Samuels
- Integrative Oncology Program, Haifa and Western Galilee Oncology Service, Clalit Health Services, Haifa, Israel
- Lin Medical Center, Affiliated with the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Tal Center for Integrative Medicine, Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shi X, Yang S, Zhang G, Song Y, Su D, Liu Y, Guo F, Shan L, Cai J. The different metabolism of morusin in various species and its potent inhibition against UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and cytochrome p450 (CYP450) enzymes. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:467-76. [PMID: 26372370 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1086839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of morusin on Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms and cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s). We also investigated the metabolism of morusin in human, rat, dog, monkey, and minipig liver microsomes. 2. 100 μM of morusin exhibited strong inhibition on all UGTs and CYP450s. The half inhibition concentration (IC50) values for CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, UGT1A6, UGT1A7, and UGT1A8 were 2.13, 1.27, 3.18, 9.28, 4.23, 0.98, and 3.00 μM, and the inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) were 1.34, 1.16, 2.98, 6.23, 4.09, 0.62, and 2.11 μM, respectively. 3. Metabolism of morusin exhibited significant species differences. The quantities of M1 from minipig, monkey, dog, and rat were 7.8, 11.9, 2.0, and 6.3-fold of human levels. The Km values in HLMs, RLMs, MLMs, DLMs, and PLMs were 7.84, 22.77, 14.32, 9.13, and 22.83 μM, and Vmax for these species were 0.09, 1.23, 1.43, 0.15, and 0.75 nmol/min/mg, respectively. CLint (intrinsic clearance) values (Vmax/Km) for morusin obeyed the following order: monkey > rat > minipig > dog > human. CLH (hepatic clearance) values for humans, dogs, and rats were calculated to be 8.28, 17.38, and 35.12 mL/min/kg body weight, respectively. 4. This study provided vital information to understand the inhibitory potential and metabolic behavior of morusin among various species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianbao Shi
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Shenyang , China .,b Department of Pharmacy , The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University , Jinzhou , China
| | - Shuman Yang
- c Department of Internal Medicine/Community Health Sciences , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada
| | - Gang Zhang
- d Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA , and
| | - Yonggui Song
- e National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Dan Su
- e National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Yali Liu
- e National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Feng Guo
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Lina Shan
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Shenyang , China .,b Department of Pharmacy , The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University , Jinzhou , China
| | - Jiqun Cai
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , School of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Song JH, Cui L, An LB, Li WT, Fang ZZ, Zhang YY, Dong PP, Wu X, Wang LX, Gonzalez FJ, Sun XY, Zhao DW. Inhibition of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) Activity by constituents of Schisandra chinensis. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1658-64. [PMID: 26084208 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship for the inhibition of Schisandra chinensis's ingredients toward (Uridine-Diphosphate) UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) activity was performed in the present study. In vitro incubation system was employed to screen the inhibition capability of S. chinensis's ingredients, and in silico molecular docking method was carried out to explain possible mechanisms. At 100 μM of compounds, the activity of UGTs was inhibited by less than 90% by schisandrol A, schisandrol B, schisandrin, schisandrin C, schisantherin A, gomisin D, and gomisin G. Schisandrin A exerted strong inhibition toward UGT1A1 and UGT1A3, with the residual activity to be 7.9% and 0% of control activity. Schisanhenol exhibited strong inhibition toward UGT2B7, with the residual activity to be 7.9% of control activity. Gomisin J of 100 μM inhibited 91.8% and 93.1% of activity of UGT1A1 and UGT1A9, respectively. Molecular docking prediction indicated different hydrogen bonds interaction resulted in the different inhibition potential induced by subtle structure alteration among schisandrin A, schisandrin, and schisandrin C toward UGT1A1 and UGT1A3: schisandrin A > schisandrin > schisandrin C. The detailed inhibition kinetic evaluation showed the strong inhibition of gomisin J toward UGT1A9 with the inhibition kinetic parameter (Ki ) to be 0.7 μM. Based on the concentrations of gomisin J in the plasma of the rats given with S. chinensis, high herb-drug interaction existed between S. chinensis and drugs mainly undergoing UGT1A9-mediated metabolism. In conclusion, in silico-in vitro method was used to give the inhibition information and possible inhibition mechanism for S. chinensis's components toward UGTs, which guide the clinical application of S. chinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hui Song
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No.6, Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Li Cui
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No.6, Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Li-Bin An
- Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China
| | - Wen-Tao Li
- Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China
| | - Zhong-Ze Fang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Pei-Pei Dong
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Personalized Treatment & Diagnosis Center, No.6, Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Li-Xuan Wang
- Personalized Treatment & Diagnosis Center, No.6, Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiao-Yu Sun
- Personalized Treatment & Diagnosis Center, No.6, Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - De-Wei Zhao
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No.6, Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, 116001, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Gurley BJ, Steelman SC, Thomas SL. Multi-ingredient, Caffeine-containing Dietary Supplements: History, Safety, and Efficacy. Clin Ther 2015; 37:275-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
19
|
Ma HY, Sun DX, Cao YF, Ai CZ, Qu YQ, Hu CM, Jiang C, Dong PP, Sun XY, Hong M, Tanaka N, Gonzalez FJ, Ma XC, Fang ZZ. Herb-drug interaction prediction based on the high specific inhibition of andrographolide derivatives towards UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 277:86-94. [PMID: 24631340 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Herb-drug interaction strongly limits the clinical application of herbs and drugs, and the inhibition of herbal components towards important drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) has been regarded as one of the most important reasons. The present study aims to investigate the inhibition potential of andrographolide derivatives towards one of the most important phase II DMEs UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). Recombinant UGT isoforms (except UGT1A4)-catalyzed 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) glucuronidation reaction and UGT1A4-catalyzed trifluoperazine (TFP) glucuronidation were employed to firstly screen the andrographolide derivatives' inhibition potential. High specific inhibition of andrographolide derivatives towards UGT2B7 was observed. The inhibition type and parameters (Ki) were determined for the compounds exhibiting strong inhibition capability towards UGT2B7, and human liver microsome (HLMs)-catalyzed zidovudine (AZT) glucuronidation probe reaction was used to furtherly confirm the inhibition behavior. In combination of inhibition parameters (Ki) and in vivo concentration of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide, the potential in vivo inhibition magnitude was predicted. Additionally, both the in vitro inhibition data and computational modeling results provide important information for the modification of andrographolide derivatives as selective inhibitors of UGT2B7. Taken together, data obtained from the present study indicated the potential herb-drug interaction between Andrographis paniculata and the drugs mainly undergoing UGT2B7-catalyzed metabolic elimination, and the andrographolide derivatives as potential candidates for the selective inhibitors of UGT2B7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Ma
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.
| | - Dong-Xue Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yun-Feng Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China; Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chun-Zhi Ai
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yan-Qing Qu
- Thyroid Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Cui-Min Hu
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pei-Pei Dong
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Sun
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mo Hong
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China; Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; College of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetic and Drug Transport Key Laboratory, Dalian, Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Zhong-Ze Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China; Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim EJY, Chen Y, Huang JQ, Li KM, Razmovski-Naumovski V, Poon J, Chan K, Roufogalis BD, McLachlan AJ, Mo SL, Yang D, Yao M, Liu Z, Liu J, Li GQ. Evidence-based toxicity evaluation and scheduling of Chinese herbal medicines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:40-61. [PMID: 23286904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE While there is an increasing number of toxicity report cases and toxicological studies on Chinese herbal medicines, the guidelines for toxicity evaluation and scheduling of Chinese herbal medicines are lacking. AIM The aim of this study was to review the current literature on potentially toxic Chinese herbal medicines, and to develop a scheduling platform which will inform an evidence-based regulatory framework for these medicines in the community. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Australian and Chinese regulations were used as a starting point to compile a list of potentially toxic herbs. Systematic literature searches of botanical and pharmaceutical Latin name, English and Chinese names and suspected toxic chemicals were conducted on Medline, PubMed and Chinese CNKI databases. RESULTS Seventy-four Chinese herbal medicines were identified and five of them were selected for detailed study. Preclinical and clinical data were summarised at six levels. Based on the evaluation criteria, which included risk-benefit analysis, severity of toxic effects and clinical and preclinical data, four regulatory classes were proposed: Prohibited for medicinal usage, which are those with high toxicity and can lead to injury or death, e.g., aristolochia; Restricted for medicinal usage, e.g., aconite, asarum, and ephedra; Required warning label, e.g., coltsfoot; and Over-the-counter herbs for those herbs with a safe toxicity profile. CONCLUSION Chinese herbal medicines should be scheduled based on a set of evaluation criteria, to ensure their safe use and to satisfy the need for access to the herbs. The current Chinese and Australian regulation of Chinese herbal medicines should be updated to restrict the access of some potentially toxic herbs to Chinese medicine practitioners who are qualified through registration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellie J Y Kim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cimolai N, Cimolai T. Yohimbine Use for Physical Enhancement and Its Potential Toxicity. J Diet Suppl 2011; 8:346-54. [DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2011.615806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
22
|
Marles RJ, Barrett ML, Barnes J, Chavez ML, Gardiner P, Ko R, Mahady GB, Dog TL, Sarma ND, Giancaspro GI, Sharaf M, Griffiths J. United States Pharmacopeia Safety Evaluation of Spirulina. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:593-604. [DOI: 10.1080/10408391003721719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
23
|
Smoliga JM, Vang O, Baur JA. Challenges of translating basic research into therapeutics: resveratrol as an example. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 67:158-67. [PMID: 21746739 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic science literature abounds with molecules that promise to ameliorate almost any disease, from curing cancer to slowing the aging process itself. However, most of these compounds will never even be evaluated in humans, let alone proven effective. Here, we use resveratrol as an example to highlight the enormous difficulties in understanding pharmacokinetics, determining side effects, and, ultimately, establishing mechanisms of action for a natural compound. Despite extensive interest and effort, and continuing promising results from basic science groups, very little is known even today about the effects of resveratrol in humans. Part of the problem is the unattractiveness of natural compounds to large, well-funded companies that could run clinical trials because developing their own molecules affords much greater protection for their intellectual property. In fact, selling unpatentable material motivates smaller nutraceutical companies to complicate the scientific problem even more--each creates its own proprietary blend, making it extremely difficult to compare their data with those of other companies, or of academic labs using pure compounds. But even beyond these problems lies a deeper one; resveratrol, and almost every natural compound, is likely to have many clinically relevant targets with different dose-response profiles, tissue distributions, and modifiers. Tackling this type of problem efficiently, and even beginning to address the spectrum of other molecules with claimed benefits, is likely to require the development of new paradigms and approaches. Examples include better molecular modeling to predict interactions, large-scale screens for toxic or other common effects, affinity-based methods to identify drug-interacting proteins, and better synthesis of existing data, including legislation to promote the release of trial results, and tracking of voluntary supplement usage. The evidence for benefits of resveratrol in humans remains too sparse to be conclusive; yet, the limited data that are available, combined with a growing list of animal studies, provide a strong justification for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Smoliga
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Human Physiology Laboratory, Marywood University, Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fang ZZ, Zhang YY, Wang XL, Cao YF, Huo H, Yang L. Bioactivation of herbal constituents: simple alerts in the complex system. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:989-1007. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.586335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
25
|
Medicinal plants useful for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Current status and future perspectives. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:141-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
26
|
How ephedrine escaped regulation in the United States: A historical review of misuse and associated policy. Health Policy 2011; 99:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
27
|
Safety of botanical ingredients in personal care products/cosmetics. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 49:324-41. [PMID: 21111022 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The key issue of the safety assessment of botanical ingredients in personal care products (PCP) is the phytochemical characterisation of the plant source, data on contamination, adulteration and hazardous residues. The comparative approach used in the safety assessment of GM-plants may be applied to novel botanical PCP ingredients. Comparator(s) are the parent plant or varieties of the same species. Chemical grouping includes definition of chemical groups suitable for a read-across approach; it allows the estimation of toxicological endpoints on the basis of data from related substances (congeneric groups) with physical/chemical properties producing similar toxicities. The Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) and Dermal Sensitisation Threshold (DST) are tools for the assessment of trace substances or minor ingredients. The evaluation of skin penetration of substances present in human food is unnecessary, whereas mixtures may be assessed on the basis of physical/chemical properties of individual substances. Adverse dermal effects of botanicals include irritation, sensitisation, phototoxicity and immediate-type allergy. The experience from dietary supplements or herbal medicines showed that being natural is not equivalent to being safe. Pragmatic approaches for quality and safety standards of botanical ingredients are needed; consumer safety should be the first objective of conventional and botanical PCP ingredients.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kearney T, Tu N, Haller C. Adverse Drug Events Associated with Yohimbine-Containing Products: A Retrospective Review of the California Poison Control System Reported Cases. Ann Pharmacother 2010; 44:1022-9. [DOI: 10.1345/aph.1p060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kearney
- California Poison Control System, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California at San Francisco
| | - Nora Tu
- Medical Communications Department, PPD, Inc., Morrisville, NC
| | - Christine Haller
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs and Safety, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Assessment of herbal medicinal products: challenges, and opportunities to increase the knowledge base for safety assessment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 243:198-216. [PMID: 20018204 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although herbal medicinal products (HMP) have been perceived by the public as relatively low risk, there has been more recognition of the potential risks associated with this type of product as the use of HMPs increases. Potential harm can occur via inherent toxicity of herbs, as well as from contamination, adulteration, plant misidentification, and interactions with other herbal products or pharmaceutical drugs. Regulatory safety assessment for HMPs relies on both the assessment of cases of adverse reactions and the review of published toxicity information. However, the conduct of such an integrated investigation has many challenges in terms of the quantity and quality of information. Adverse reactions are under-reported, product quality may be less than ideal, herbs have a complex composition and there is lack of information on the toxicity of medicinal herbs or their constituents. Nevertheless, opportunities exist to capitalise on newer information to increase the current body of scientific evidence. Novel sources of information are reviewed, such as the use of poison control data to augment adverse reaction information from national pharmacovigilance databases, and the use of more recent toxicological assessment techniques such as predictive toxicology and omics. The integration of all available information can reduce the uncertainty in decision making with respect to herbal medicinal products. The example of Aristolochia and aristolochic acids is used to highlight the challenges related to safety assessment, and the opportunities that exist to more accurately elucidate the toxicity of herbal medicines.
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Gardiner P, Sarma DN, Low Dog T, Barrett ML, Chavez ML, Ko R, Mahady GB, Marles RJ, Pellicore LS, Giancaspro GI. The state of dietary supplement adverse event reporting in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009; 17:962-70. [PMID: 18613260 DOI: 10.1002/pds.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Dietary Supplements Information Expert Committee (DSI-EC; the Committee) of the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) reviews safety profiles of dietary supplements before development of USP-National Formulary (USP-NF) quality monographs. Because the veracity of dietary supplement adverse event reports (DS AERs) directly affects DSI-EC safety reviews, the Committee reviewed the current status of DS AER reporting in the US. METHODS DSI-EC reviewed PubMed searches, information from the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch program, the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS) of the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC), and reports from US and other agencies. DSI-EC analyzed this information to identify key factors that affect the quality of DS AERs. RESULTS The overall incidence of DS AERs appears generally to be low. However, the primary reporting portal (FDA MedWatch) receives fewer AERs than do poison control centers (PCCs), and limited coordination exists among national and international surveillance programs for evaluating signals that may indicate potential public health risks. Both inadequate and poor-quality reporting of DS AERs are major limitations of DS safety monitoring in the US. CONCLUSIONS Based on its assessments, the Committee advances recommendations to improve the quality of reporting, monitoring, and assessing DS AERs. These include (1) enhanced data collection approaches, (2) improved coordination of AER surveillance programs, (3) strengthening of educational programs for public and health care sectors, and (4) conduct of research concerning the safety of DS. If taken, these approaches are expected to improve the health and well-being of DS users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gardiner
- USP Dietary Supplements Information Expert Committee, Rockville, MD 02118, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
White N, Litovitz T, Clancy C. Suicidal antidepressant overdoses: a comparative analysis by antidepressant type. J Med Toxicol 2009; 4:238-50. [PMID: 19031375 DOI: 10.1007/bf03161207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The safety of antidepressants following overdose is critical because of the high risk of suicide attempts in depressed patients. This study was conducted to decrease the fatality rate of antidepressant overdoses by providing data to shift prescribing toward safer antidepressants. METHODS US poison control data for 2000-2004 were analyzed by 25 antidepressant types. Medical outcome differences were quantified using a hazard index (number of major or fatal outcomes per 1000 reported antidepressant ingestions). RESULTS Of 82,802 suicidal single-agent ingestions of identifiable antidepressants approved for use in the US, cases occurred predominantly in females and peaked in teens. Fatal cases peaked at 40 to 49 years of age. Suicidal ingestions of the SSRIs, SNRIs, and other antidepressants peaked in teens, lithium in the twenties, tricyclics and tetracyclics in the thirties, and MAO inhibitors in the forties. There were 40 major or fatal outcomes per 1000 cases. Weighted by antidepressant type, the mean hazard index for the 25 antidepressants was 79 (range: 0 to 292). Amoxapine (292), maprotiline (211), and desipramine (187) had the highest hazard indices. The tricyclic antidepressants, MAO inhibitors, maprotiline, and bupropion were in the more severe half of antidepressants, ranked by hazard index. All SSRIs had low hazard indices. Hazard index and exposure frequency were inversely correlated (R = -0.423, p = 0.035), while hazard index and use of critical care were positively correlated for the 25 antidepressant types (R = 0.797, p < 0.001). Clinical effect profiles for each antidepressant type are presented. CONCLUSION Suicidal overdose severity varied considerably by antidepressant type. Prescribing decisions should be informed by regularly updated comparative overdose severity data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole White
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Hoffman RS. Understanding the limitations of retrospective analyses of poison center data. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 45:943-5. [PMID: 18163236 DOI: 10.1080/15563650701233370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
35
|
Sarma DN, Barrett ML, Chavez ML, Gardiner P, Ko R, Mahady GB, Marles RJ, Pellicore LS, Giancaspro GI, Low Dog T. Safety of green tea extracts : a systematic review by the US Pharmacopeia. Drug Saf 2008; 31:469-84. [PMID: 18484782 DOI: 10.2165/00002018-200831060-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Green tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze] is the fourth most commonly used dietary supplement in the US. Recently, regulatory agencies in France and Spain suspended market authorization of a weight-loss product containing green tea extract because of hepatotoxicity concerns. This was followed by publication of adverse event case reports involving green tea products. In response, the US Pharmacopeia (USP) Dietary Supplement Information Expert Committee (DSI EC) systematically reviewed the safety information for green tea products in order to re-evaluate the current safety class to which these products are assigned. DSI EC searched PubMed (January 1966-June 2007) and EMBASE (January 1988-June 2007) for clinical case reports and animal pharmacological or toxicological information. Reports were also obtained from a diverse range of other sources, including published reviews, the US FDA MedWatch programme, USP's MEDMARX adverse event reporting system, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration, the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, and Health Canada's Canadian Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Program. Case reports pertaining to liver damage were evaluated according to the Naranjo causality algorithm scale. In addition, the Committee analysed information concerning historical use, regulatory status, and current extent of use of green tea products. A total of 216 case reports on green tea products were analysed, including 34 reports concerning liver damage. Twenty-seven reports pertaining to liver damage were categorized as possible causality and seven as probable causality. Clinical pharmacokinetic and animal toxicological information indicated that consumption of green tea concentrated extracts on an empty stomach is more likely to lead to adverse effects than consumption in the fed state. Based on this safety review, the DSI EC determined that when dietary supplement products containing green tea extracts are used and formulated appropriately the Committee is unaware of significant safety issues that would prohibit monograph development, provided a caution statement is included in the labelling section. Following this decision, USP's DSI ECs may develop monographs for green tea extracts, and USP may offer its verification programmes related to that dietary ingredient.
Collapse
|
36
|
Woolf AD. Safety Evaluation and Adverse Events Monitoring by Poison Control Centers: A Framework for Herbs & Dietary Supplements. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008; 44:617-22. [PMID: 16905504 DOI: 10.1080/15563650600795578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Woolf
- Harvard Medical School, and Program in Environmental Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Modi SJ, LaCourse WR. Monitoring carbohydrate enzymatic reactions by quantitative in vitro microdialysis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1118:125-33. [PMID: 16546198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
On-line in vitro microdialysis (MD) sampling followed by HPLC separation and UV absorbance detection (HPLC-UV) was used to monitor carbohydrate enzyme systems. Fundamental parameters (i.e., K(m) and V(max)) of hydrolysis reactions of 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 4-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside, and 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside were determined for a model enzyme, almond beta-glucosidase. Accurate quantitation was achieved via internal standard methodology and compared to spectrophotometric data and literature K(m) values, which were found to be 2.6+/-0.5 mM (MD), 2.7+/-0.4 mM (spec), and 2.5 mM (lit), for the substrate 4-nitrophenyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside. A previously unpublished K(m) value for the substrate salicin was also determined by this method. An application is shown for monitoring the glycoside salicin and its hydrolysis product saligenin in a commercially available willow bark product that is used for making tea. This versatile method has far-reaching applications to monitoring a variety of carbohydrates in enzymatic processes without complex sample preparation procedures and without volume loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swati J Modi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|