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Complex coacervation: Principles, mechanisms and applications in microencapsulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 121:1276-1286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yao M, Wu J, Li B, Xiao H, McClements DJ, Li L. Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus salivarious Li01 for enhanced storage viability and targeted delivery to gut microbiota. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Devi N, Sarmah M, Khatun B, Maji TK. Encapsulation of active ingredients in polysaccharide-protein complex coacervates. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 239:136-145. [PMID: 27296302 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide-protein complex coacervates are amongst the leading pair of biopolymer systems that has been used over the past decades for encapsulation of numerous active ingredients. Complex coacervation of polysaccharides and proteins has received increasing research interest for the practical application in encapsulation industry since the pioneering work of complex coacervation by Bungenburg de Jong and co-workers on the system of gelatin-acacia, a protein-polysaccharide system. Because of the versatility and numerous potential applications of these systems essentially in the fields of food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and agriculture, there has been intense interest in recent years for both fundamental and applied studies. Precisely, the designing of the micronscale and nanoscale capsules for encapsulation and control over their properties for practical applications garners renewed interest. This review discusses on the overview of polysaccharide-protein complex coacervates and their use for the encapsulation of diverse active ingredients, designing and controlling of the capsules for delivery systems and developments in the area.
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Lenormand H, Amar-Bacoup F, Vincent JC. Reaction–complexation coupling between an enzyme and its polyelectrolytic substrate: Determination of the dissociation constant of the hyaluronidase–hyaluronan complex from the hyaluronidase substrate-dependence. Biophys Chem 2013; 175-176:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Silva SS, Mano JF, Reis RL. Potential applications of natural origin polymer-based systems in soft tissue regeneration. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 30:200-21. [PMID: 20735324 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.505561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the many advances in tissue engineering approaches, scientists still face significant challenges in trying to repair and replace soft tissues. Nature-inspired routes involving the creation of polymer-based systems of natural origins constitute an interesting alternative route to produce novel materials. The interest in these materials comes from the possibility of constructing multi-component systems that can be manipulated by composition allowing one to mimic the tissue environment required for the cellular regeneration of soft tissues. For this purpose, factors such as the design, choice, and compatibility of the polymers are considered to be key factors for successful strategies in soft tissue regeneration. More recently, polysaccharide-protein based systems have being increasingly studied and proposed for the treatment of soft tissues. The characteristics, properties, and compatibility of the resulting materials investigated in the last 10 years, as well as commercially available matrices or those currently under investigation are the subject matter of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone S Silva
- 3B's Research Group- Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra - Caldas das Taipas - 4806-909 Guimarães- Portugal.
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Lenormand H, Tranchepain F, Deschrevel B, Vincent JC. The hyaluronan–protein complexes at low ionic strength: How the hyaluronidase activity is controlled by the bovine serum albumin. Matrix Biol 2009; 28:365-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lemetter CYG, Meeuse FM, Zuidam NJ. Control of the morphology and the size of complex coacervate microcapsules during scale-up. AIChE J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.11816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Leclercq S, Harlander KR, Reineccius GA. Formation and characterization of microcapsules by complex coacervation with liquid or solid aroma cores. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Weinbreck F, Minor M, de Kruif CG. Microencapsulation of oils using whey protein/gum arabic coacervates. J Microencapsul 2008; 21:667-79. [PMID: 15762323 DOI: 10.1080/02652040400008499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Microencapsulating sunflower oil, lemon and orange oil flavour was investigated using complex coacervation of whey protein/gum arabic (WP/GA). At pH 3.0-4.5, WP and GA formed electrostatic complexes that could be successfully used for microencapsulation purposes. The formation of a smooth biopolymer shell around the oil droplets was achieved at a specific pH (close to 4.0) and the payload of oil (i.e. amount of oil in the capsule) was higher than 80%. Small droplets were easier to encapsulate within a coacervate matrix than large ones, which were present in a typical shell/core structure. The stability of the emulsion made of oil droplets covered with coacervates was strongly pH-dependent. At pH 4.0, the creaming rate of the emulsion was much higher than at other pH values. This phenomenon was investigated by carrying out zeta potential measurements on the mixtures. It seemed that, at this specific pH, the zeta potential was close to zero, highlighting the presence of neutral coacervate at the oil/water interface. The influence of pH on the capsule formation was in accordance with previous results on coacervation of whey proteins and gum arabic, i.e. WP/GA coacervates were formed in the same pH window with and without oil and the pH where the encapsulation seemed to be optimum corresponded to the pH at which the coacervate was the most viscous. Finally, to illustrate the applicability of these new coacervates, the release of flavoured capsules incorporated within Gouda cheese showed that large capsules gave stronger release and the covalently cross-linked capsules showed the lowest release, probably because of a tough dense biopolymer wall which was difficult to break by chewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Weinbreck
- NIZO food research, PO Box 20, 6710 BA Ede, The Netherlands.
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Song JK, Choi HJ, Chin I. Preparation and properties of electrophoretic microcapsules for electronic paper. J Microencapsul 2007; 24:11-9. [PMID: 17438939 DOI: 10.1080/02652040601058384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper shows two types of microcapsules used for electrophoretic display. One is prepared by in-situ polymerization which is based on urea, melamine and formaldehyde and another by complex coacervation, which is composed of gelatin and gum Arabic. Microcapsules attract interests of many research groups for longer lifetime of electrophoretic display by reducing agglomerization or lateral movements of nanoparticles. The gelatin microcapsules were more attractive in providing more uniform microcapsule coverage on electrodes due to their flexibility as compared to the melamine-urea microcapsules. The properties of microcapsules were characterized by FTIR, OM, SEM and TGA. Migration of nanoparticles in the two types of microcapsules was also observed when an electric field was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Song
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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Malay O, Bayraktar O, Batigün A. Complex coacervation of silk fibroin and hyaluronic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2007; 40:387-93. [PMID: 17101174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the pH-induced complexation of silk fibroin (SF) and hyaluronic acid (HA). SF-HA complex coacervation was investigated by monitoring turbidity of the SF-HA system under slow acidification. Gravimetric analysis was performed to determine the yield of complex coacervation and viscosity of the system was measured to study the formation of the complexes at different pH values. The influences of total biopolymer concentration and biopolymer weight ratio on complex coacervation were examined during the analyses. Formation of the complexes was evidenced by the minimum viscosity and the maximum turbidity observed in the system. SF-HA complexes were formed within the pH-window of 2.5-3.5 regardless of the total biopolymer concentration or biopolymer ratio. Complex coacervation of SF-HA showed a reversible behavior and coacervation could be handled even in excess amounts of the biopolymers, which pointed out a non-stoichiometric complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Malay
- Bioreaction Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe Köyü, 35430 Urla, Izmir, Turkey.
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Al-Kassas R. Design and in vitro evaluation of gentamicin-Eudragit microspheres intended for intra-ocular administration. J Microencapsul 2004; 21:71-81. [PMID: 14718187 DOI: 10.1080/02652040310001619992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The conditions of preparation of gentamicin sulfate microspheres with high drug loading and a particle size less than 5 micro m, using a double-emulsion-solvent evaporation technique, intended for intra-ocular administration are described. The microspheres were prepared from poly methacrylate (Eudragit RS and RL) polymers cross-linked with polyvinyl alcohol. The parameters that improved the incorporation efficiency of gentamicin in the microspheres and controlled the particle size and surface morphology were investigated. Modifying the secondary aqueous phase by partially saturating it with various concentrations of either KCl or gentamicin increased the incorporation efficiency of the drug and affected the mean diameters of the microspheres. However, these characteristics were not altered when the initial drug loading was increased in the formulations. The modified gentamicin microspheres exhibited a smooth surface with an incorporation efficiency rate of 12.59% and a mean diameter of 4.06 micro m. The antimicrobial efficiency of gentamicin released from the modified particles against selected Gram-positive and -negative organisms including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa confirmed that the entrapped gentamicin seemed to remain unaltered by the encapsulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Al-Kassas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 17221 Riyadh, 11484 Saudi Arabia.
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Tantishaiyakul V, Wiwattanawongsa K, Pinsuwan S, Kasiwong S, Phadoongsombut N, Kaewnopparat S, Kaewnopparat N, Rojanasakul Y. Characterization of mefenamic acid-guaiacol ester: stability and transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Pharm Res 2002; 19:1013-8. [PMID: 12180533 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016470523923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prodrug of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or NSAIDs linked with guaiacol have been reported to suppress gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity or induce GI protective effect. In this study. mefenamic-guaiacol ester was synthesized and its physicochemical properties. stability, and transport across Caco-2 monolayers were investigated. METHODS Synthesis of the ester was carried out using mefenamic acid, guaiacol. N. N'-dimethylaminopyridine, and N,N'dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The hydrolysis of the ester was investigated in aqueous buffer solutions pH 1-12 as well as in Caco-2 homogenate, human plasma, and porcine liver esterase. Caco-2 cell monolayers were utilized for transport studies. Due to the high lipophilicity of the ester with a calculated logP of 6.15, bovine serum albumin (BSA, 4%) was included in the receiver compartment to obtain a good in vitro-in vivo correlation. Permeation of the ester was assessed with or without the exposure of cells to PMSF, an inhibitor of esterase. RESULTS The ester was stable at a wide pH range from 1-10. However, it was hydrolyzed by enzymes from porcine liver esterase and Caco-2 homogenate. With the PMSF exposure on the apical (AP) side and in the presence of 4% BSA on the basolateral (BL) side, the transported amount of the ester from AP-to-BL direction was 14.63% after 3 hr with a lag time of 23 min. The Papp for the ester was 4.72 x 10(-6) cm s(-1). CONCLUSION The results from hydrolysis studies indicate that this ester is a prodrug. The Papp value suggests the moderate absorption characteristic of the compound. The accumulation of this highly lipophilic ester in Caco-2 cells is reduced in the presence of BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimon Tantishaiyakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, Thailand.
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Kim JC, Song ME, Lee EJ, Park SK, Rang MJ, Ahn HJ. Preparation of microspheres by an emulsification-complexation method. J Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 248:1-4. [PMID: 16290495 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.8171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2001] [Accepted: 12/10/2001] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microspheres were prepared by complexation of a cationic polymer, polyquaternium-24, and an anionic surfactant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). The cationic polymer solution was emulsified in dimethylsiloxane to give water in silicone emulsion (W/Si), and it was used as a template for the formation of microspheres. The emulsion was dispersed into the SLS solution. In this process, two kinds of droplets, silicone dropletes and microspheres composed of the cationic polymer and SLS, were formed, evidenced by X-ray energy dispersive spectra. The mean diameter of the microspheres was reduced from 105.7 to 64.8 mum as the stirring rate for W/Si preparation increased from 300 to 1000 rpm. It is believed that water droplets in W/Si emulsion, when exposed to SLS solution, could be solidified by the complexation of the cationic polymer and the anionic surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chul Kim
- LG Household and Health Care, 84, Jang-dong, Yusong-gu, Taejon, 305-343, Korea
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Chang SJ, Lee CH, Hsu CY, Wang YJ. Biocompatible microcapsules with enhanced mechanical strength. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2002; 59:118-26. [PMID: 11745544 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A block copolymer, (short-chain alginate)-co-MPEG, was synthesized and used for coating the capsular membranes of the photosensitive microcapsules. The resulted microcapsules exhibited an excellent mechanical strength. The permeability test results revealed that the capsular membrane was freely permeable to cytochrome C and myoglobin, less permeable to serum albumin, and almost impermeable to IgG. In the cell attachment test, the results showed that the surface formed by (short-chain alginate)-co-MPEG copolymer could effectively reduce cell adhesion as compared to poly(L-lysine) and alginate. The microcapsules were evaluated by intraperitoneal implantation experiment of mice. The results demonstrated that microcapsules coated with (short-chain alginate)-co-MPEG were more biocompatible than the conventional alginate/PLL/alginate microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwu Jen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming University, Shih Pai, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Palmieri GF, Bonacucina G, Di Martino P, Martelli S. Spray-drying as a method for microparticulate controlled release systems preparation: advantages and limits. I. Water-soluble drugs. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2001; 27:195-204. [PMID: 11291199 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-100000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Spray-drying was used for the preparation of paracetamol/eudragit RS or RL or ethylcellulose microspheres to verify the possibility of their use in controlled-release solid-dosage forms formulation and try to determine advantages and limits of the technique of such use. Microspheres were first characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, x-ray diffractometry, and in vitro dissolution studies and then used for the preparation of tablets. During this step, the compressibility of the spray-dried powders was also evaluated. In vitro dissolution studies were performed also on the tablets and their release control was accessed. Although powders were unable to slow down drug release, tablets obtained from microsphere compression showed a good capability of controlling paracetamol release when eudragit RS or ethylcellulose was used, even at low polymer amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Palmieri
- Università di Camerino, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
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Literature alerts. J Microencapsul 2000; 17:117-25. [PMID: 10702047 DOI: 10.1080/026520400288607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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