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Struwe MA, Scheidig AJ, Clement B. The mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component-from prodrug-activation mechanism to drug-metabolizing enzyme and onward to drug target. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105306. [PMID: 37778733 PMCID: PMC10637980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC) is one of five known molybdenum enzymes in eukaryotes. mARC belongs to the MOSC domain superfamily, a large group of so far poorly studied molybdoenzymes. mARC was initially discovered as the enzyme activating N-hydroxylated prodrugs of basic amidines but has since been shown to also reduce a variety of other N-oxygenated compounds, for example, toxic nucleobase analogs. Under certain circumstances, mARC might also be involved in reductive nitric oxide synthesis through reduction of nitrite. Recently, mARC enzymes have received a lot of attention due to their apparent involvement in lipid metabolism and, in particular, because many genome-wide association studies have shown a common variant of human mARC1 to have a protective effect against liver disease. The mechanism linking mARC enzymes with lipid metabolism remains unknown. Here, we give a comprehensive overview of what is currently known about mARC enzymes, their substrates, structure, and apparent involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel A Struwe
- Zoologisches Institut - Strukturbiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Axel J Scheidig
- Zoologisches Institut - Strukturbiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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2
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Clement B, Struwe MA. The History of mARC. Molecules 2023; 28:4713. [PMID: 37375270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC) is the most recently discovered molybdoenzyme in humans after sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase. Here, the timeline of mARC's discovery is briefly described. The story begins with investigations into N-oxidation of pharmaceutical drugs and model compounds. Many compounds are N-oxidized extensively in vitro, but it turned out that a previously unknown enzyme catalyzes the retroreduction of the N-oxygenated products in vivo. After many years, the molybdoenzyme mARC could finally be isolated and identified in 2006. mARC is an important drug-metabolizing enzyme and N-reduction by mARC has been exploited very successfully for prodrug strategies, that allow oral administration of otherwise poorly bioavailable therapeutic drugs. Recently, it was demonstrated that mARC is a key factor in lipid metabolism and likely involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The exact link between mARC and lipid metabolism is not yet fully understood. Regardless, many now consider mARC a potential drug target for the prevention or treatment of liver diseases. This article focusses on discoveries related to mammalian mARC enzymes. mARC homologues have been studied in algae, plants and bacteria. These will not be discussed extensively here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Clement
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michel A Struwe
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Zoologisches Institut-Strukturbiologie, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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3
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N-sulfonyl peptide-hybrids as a new class of dengue virus protease inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115227. [PMID: 36893626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) from the Flaviviridae family causes an epidemic disease that seriously threatens human life. The viral serine protease NS2B-NS3 is a promising target for drug development against DENV and other flaviviruses. We here report the design, synthesis, and in-vitro characterization of potent peptidic inhibitors of DENV protease with a sulfonyl moiety as N-terminal cap, thereby creating sulfonamide-peptide hybrids. The in-vitro target affinities of some synthesized compounds were in the nanomolar range, with the most promising derivative reaching a Ki value of 78 nM against DENV-2 protease. The synthesized compounds did not have relevant off-target activity nor cytotoxicity. The metabolic stability of compounds against rat liver microsomes and pancreatic enzymes was remarkable. In general, the integration of sulfonamide moieties at the N-terminus of peptidic inhibitors proved to be a promising and attractive strategy for further drug development against DENV infections.
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4
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Yu LJ, Cullen DA, Morshedi M, Coote ML, White NG. Room Temperature Hydrolysis of Benzamidines and Benzamidiniums in Weakly Basic Water. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13762-13767. [PMID: 34549965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Benzamidinium compounds have found widespread use in both medicinal and supramolecular chemistry. In this work, we show that benzamidiniums hydrolyze at room temperature in aqueous base to give the corresponding primary amide. This reaction has a half-life of 300 days for unsubstituted benzamidinium at pH 9, but is relatively rapid at higher pH's (e.g., t1/2 = 6 days at pH 11 and 15 h at pH 13). Quantum chemistry combined with first-principles kinetic modeling can reproduce these trends and explain them in terms of the dominant pathway being initiated by attack of HO- on benzamidine. Incorporation of the amidinium motif into a hydrogen bonded framework offers a substantial protective effect against hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Yu
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Duncan A Cullen
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Mahbod Morshedi
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Michelle L Coote
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Nicholas G White
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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5
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A facile approach towards amidinophenylalanine derivatives as building blocks for the synthesis of non-natural peptides and peptidomimetics. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Amidoxime prodrugs convert to potent cell-active multimodal inhibitors of the dengue virus protease. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113695. [PMID: 34298282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family comprises Dengue, Zika and West-Nile viruses which constitute unmet medical needs as neither appropriate antivirals nor safe vaccines are available. The dengue NS2BNS3 protease is one of the most promising validated targets for developing a dengue treatment however reported protease inhibitors suffer from toxicity and cellular inefficacy. Here we report SAR on our previously reported Zika-active carbazole scaffold, culminating prodrug compound SP-471P (EC50 1.10 μM, CC50 > 100 μM) that generates SP-471; one of the most potent, non-cytotoxic and cell-active protease inhibitors described in the dengue literature. In cell-based assays, SP-471P leads to inhibition of viral RNA replication and complete abolishment of infective viral particle production even when administered 6 h post-infection. Mechanistically, SP-471 appears to inhibit both normal intermolecular protease processes and intramolecular cleavage events at the NS2BNS3 junction, as well as at NS3 internal sites, all critical for virus replication. These render SP-471 a unique to date multimodal inhibitor of the dengue protease.
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7
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Jebli N, Arfaoui Y, Van Hecke K, Cavalier JF, Touil S. Experimental and computational investigation of Z/E isomerism, X-ray crystal structure and molecular docking study of (2-(hydroxyimino)cyclohexyl)diphenylphosphine sulfide, a potential antibacterial agent. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Mekhemer IA, Gaber AAM, Aly MMM. Production of Amidinyl Radicals via UV-Vis-Light Promoted Reduction of N-Arylthiophene-2-carboxamidoximes and Application to the Preparation of Some New N-Arylthiophene-2-carboxamidines. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:28712-28721. [PMID: 33195924 PMCID: PMC7659145 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A modern method for the preparation of some new N-arylthiophene-2-carboxamidines via amidinyl radicals generated using UV-vis-light promoting the reduction of N-arylthiophene-2-carboxamidoximes without any catalyst in a short amount of time, highly straight forward, and in an efficient manner is described. This method defeats the flaws of the conventional methods for the reduction of amidoxime derivatives to amidine derivatives, which require harsh conditions such as using a strong acid, high temperature, and expensive catalysts. Benzo[d]imidazoles, benzo[d]oxazoles, and amides can also be synthesized by applying this method. The photoproducts were analyzed by various spectroscopic and analytical techniques, including thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS. Notably, the chromatographic analyses proved that the best time for the production of N-arylthiophene-2-carboxamidines is 20 min. The reaction mechanism comprising pathways and intermediates was also suggested via the homolysis of N-O and C-N bonds.
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Jebli N, Hamimed S, Van Hecke K, Cavalier J, Touil S. Synthesis, Antimicrobial Activity and Molecular Docking Study of Novelα‐(Diphenylphosphoryl)‐ andα‐(Diphenylphosphorothioyl)cycloalkanone Oximes. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000217. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nejib Jebli
- University of CarthageFaculty of Sciences of BizerteLaboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11) CP 7021- Jarzouna Tunisia
| | - Selma Hamimed
- University of CarthageFaculty of Sciences of BizerteLaboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 7021 Jarzouna Tunisia
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- XStructDepartment of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Krijgslaan 281-S3 CP 9000-Ghent Belgium
| | | | - Soufiane Touil
- University of CarthageFaculty of Sciences of BizerteLaboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11) CP 7021- Jarzouna Tunisia
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10
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Tkachuk VA, Hordiyenko OV, Omelchenko IV, Medviediev VV, Arrault A. Methyl esters of 2-(N-hydroxycarbamimidoyl)benzoyl-substituted α-amino acids as promising building blocks in peptidomimetic synthesis: a comparative study. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Fuchigami T, Fujimoto N, Haradahira T, Nojiri Y, Okauchi T, Maeda J, Suhara T, Yamamoto F, Nakayama M, Maeda M, Mukai T. Synthesis and characterization of 11 C-labeled benzyl amidine derivatives as PET radioligands for GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptors. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:1095-1105. [PMID: 30375667 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play fundamental roles in learning and memory, although they are also associated with various brain disorders. In this study, we synthesized and evaluated three 11 C-labeled N-benzyl amidine derivatives 2-[11 C]methoxybenzyl) cinnamamidine ([11 C]CBA), N-(2-[11 C]methoxybenzyl)-2-naphthamidine ([11 C]NBA), and N-(2-[11 C]methoxybenzyl)quinoline-3-carboxamidine ([11 C]QBA) as PET radioligands for these receptors. The 11 C-benzyl amidines were synthesized via conventional methylation of corresponding des-methyl precursors with [11 C]CH3 I. In vitro binding characteristics were examined in brain sagittal sections using various GluN2B modulators and off-target ligands. Further, in vivo brain distribution studies were performed in normal mice. The 11 C-labeled benzyl amidines showed high-specific binding to the GluN2B subunit at in vitro. In particular, the quinoline derivative [11 C]QBA had the best binding properties in terms of high-brain localization to GluN2B-rich regions and specificity to the GluN2B subunit. Conversely, these 11 C-radioligands showed the brain distributions were inconsistent with GluN2B expression in biodistribution experiments. The majority of the radiolabeled compounds were identified as metabolized forms of which amido derivatives seemed to be the major species. Although these 11 C-ligands had high-specific binding to the GluN2B subunit, significant improvement in metabolic stability is necessary for successful positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the GluN2B subunit of NMDARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fuchigami
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriko Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Terushi Haradahira
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nojiri
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Okauchi
- Laboratory for Biofunction Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jun Maeda
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Morio Nakayama
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Mukai
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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12
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Dalal DS, Patil DR, Tayade YA. β‐Cyclodextrin: A Green and Efficient Supramolecular Catalyst for Organic Transformations. CHEM REC 2018; 18:1560-1582. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipak S. Dalal
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical SciencesNorth Maharashtra University Jalgaon – 425 001 (M. S.) India
| | - Dipak R. Patil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical SciencesNorth Maharashtra University Jalgaon – 425 001 (M. S.) India
| | - Yogesh A. Tayade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical SciencesNorth Maharashtra University Jalgaon – 425 001 (M. S.) India
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13
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Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Garten W, Klenk HD. The Antiviral Potential of Host Protease Inhibitors. ACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY HOST PROTEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122247 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75474-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The replication of numerous pathogenic viruses depends on host proteases, which therefore emerged as potential antiviral drug targets. In some cases, e.g., for influenza viruses, their function during the viral propagation cycle is relatively well understood, where they cleave and activate viral surface glycoproteins. For other viruses, e.g., Ebola virus, the function of host proteases during replication is still not clear. Host proteases may also contribute to the pathogenicity of virus infection by activating proinflammatory cytokines. For some coronaviruses, human proteases can also serve in a nonproteolytical fashion simply as receptors for virus entry. However, blocking of such protein-protein contacts is challenging, because receptor surfaces are often flat and difficult to address with small molecules. In contrast, many proteases possess well-defined binding pockets. Therefore, they can be considered as well-druggable targets, especially, if they are extracellularly active. The number of their experimental crystal structures is steadily increasing, which is an important prerequisite for a rational structure-based inhibitor design using computational chemistry tools in combination with classical medicinal chemistry approaches. Moreover, host proteases can be considered as stable targets, and their inhibition should prevent rapid resistance developments, which is often observed when addressing viral proteins. Otherwise, the inhibition of host proteases can also affect normal physiological processes leading to a higher probability of side effects and a narrow therapeutic window. Therefore, they should be preferably used in combination therapies with additional antiviral drugs. This strategy should provide a stronger antiviral efficacy, allow to use lower drug doses, and minimize side effects. Despite numerous experimental findings on their antiviral activity, no small-molecule inhibitors of host proteases have been approved for the treatment of virus infections, so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Garten
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps Universität, Marburg, Germany
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14
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Parker BF, Hohloch S, Pankhurst JR, Zhang Z, Love JB, Arnold J, Rao L. Interactions of vanadium(iv) with amidoxime ligands: redox reactivity. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:5695-5702. [PMID: 29632905 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04069e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of amidoxime-functionalized polymer fibers as a sorbent for uranium has attracted recent interest for the extraction of uranium from seawater. Vanadium is one of the main competing ions for uranium sorption as V(v) species, however, vanadium is also present as V(iv) in seawater. In the present study, the interactions of V(iv) with amidoxime and similar ligands were explored. Attempts were made to synthesize V(iv) complexes of glutaroimide-dioxime, a molecular analogue of polymer sorbents. However, V(iv) was found to react irreversibly with glutaroimide-dioxime and other oxime groups, oxidizing to the V(v) oxidation state. We have explored the reactions and propose mechanisms, as well as characterized the redox behavior of the vanadium-glutaroimide-dioxime complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Parker
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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15
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16
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Weng T, Qiu X, Wang J, Li Z, Bian J. Recent discovery of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors targeting cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:656-669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Ivanova T, Hardes K, Kallis S, Dahms SO, Than ME, Künzel S, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Lindberg I, Jiao GS, Bartenschlager R, Steinmetzer T. Optimization of Substrate-Analogue Furin Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1953-1968. [PMID: 29059503 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The proprotein convertase furin is a potential target for drug design, especially for the inhibition of furin-dependent virus replication. All effective synthetic furin inhibitors identified thus far are multibasic compounds; the highest potency was found for our previously developed inhibitor 4-(guanidinomethyl)phenylacetyl-Arg-Tle-Arg-4-amidinobenzylamide (MI-1148). An initial study in mice revealed a narrow therapeutic range for this tetrabasic compound, while significantly reduced toxicity was observed for some tribasic analogues. This suggests that the toxicity depends at least to some extent on the overall multibasic character of this inhibitor. Therefore, in a first approach, the C-terminal benzamidine of MI-1148 was replaced by less basic P1 residues. Despite decreased potency, a few compounds still inhibit furin in the low nanomolar range, but display negligible efficacy in cells. In a second approach, the P2 arginine was replaced by lysine; compared to MI-1148, this furin inhibitor has slightly decreased potency, but exhibits similar antiviral activity against West Nile and Dengue virus in cell culture and decreased toxicity in mice. These results provide a promising starting point for the development of efficacious and well-tolerated furin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Ivanova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kornelia Hardes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kallis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven O Dahms
- Protein Crystallography Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Manuel E Than
- Protein Crystallography Group, Leibniz Institute on Aging-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Künzel
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Hochschule Ansbach, Residenzstraße 8, 91522, Ansbach, Germany
| | | | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Guan-Sheng Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Hawaii Biotech, Inc., Honolulu, HI, USA.,MedChem ShortCut LLC, Pearl City, HI, USA
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Torsten Steinmetzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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18
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Bolotin DS, Bikbaeva ZM, Novikov AS, Suslonov VV, Bokach NA. A Dimetallic Aminonitrone Nickel(II) Complex: Further Insights into Metal-Mediated Nucleophilic Activation of Amidoximes. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii S. Bolotin
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State University; Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Zarina M. Bikbaeva
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State University; Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S. Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State University; Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Vitalii V. Suslonov
- Centre for X-ray Diffraction Studies; Saint Petersburg State University; Universitetskii Pr., 26 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda A. Bokach
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State University; Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9 Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State University; Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii S. Bolotin
- Institute of Chemistry; Saint Petersburg State University; Saint Petersburg Russian Federation
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20
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Nasresfahani Z, Kassaee MZ, Eidi E. Ionic liquid‐functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles ([pmim]FeCl
4
/MSNs): Efficient nanocatalyst for solvent‐free synthesis of
N
,
N
′‐diaryl‐substituted formamidines. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nasresfahani
- Department of ChemistryTarbiat Modares University PO Box 14155‐175 Tehran Iran
| | | | - Esmaiel Eidi
- Department of ChemistryTarbiat Modares University PO Box 14155‐175 Tehran Iran
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21
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Conformational studies of new pseudotripeptide with pyrazine amidoxime motif and simplified analogs using IR, NMR spectroscopy, and molecular dynamic simulations. Struct Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-016-0870-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Boer J, Young-Sciame R, Lee F, Bowman KJ, Yang X, Shi JG, Nedza FM, Frietze W, Galya L, Combs AP, Yeleswaram S, Diamond S. Roles of UGT, P450, and Gut Microbiota in the Metabolism of Epacadostat in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1668-74. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Paul S, Roy A, Deka SJ, Panda S, Trivedi V, Manna D. Nitrobenzofurazan derivatives of N'-hydroxyamidines as potent inhibitors of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:364-375. [PMID: 27267006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan metabolism through the kynurenine pathway is considered as a crucial mechanism in immune tolerance. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) plays a key role in tryptophan catabolism in the immune system and it is also considered as an important therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer and other diseases that are linked with kynurenine pathway. In this study, a series of nitrobenzofurazan derivatives of N'-hydroxybenzimidamides (1) and N'-hydroxy-2-phenylacetimidamides (2) were synthesized and their inhibitory activities against human IDO1 enzyme were tested using in-vitro and cellular enzyme activity assay. The optimization leads to the identification of potent compounds, 1d, 2i and 2k (IC50 = 39-80 nM), which are either competitive or uncompetitive inhibitors of IDO1 enzyme. These compounds also showed IDO1 inhibition potencies in the nanomolar range (IC50 = 50-71 nM) in MDA-MB-231 cells with no/negligible amount of cytotoxicity. The stronger selectivity of the potent compounds for IDO1 enzyme over tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) enzyme (312-1593-fold) also makes them very attractive for further immunotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Ashalata Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Suman Jyoti Deka
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Subhankar Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Vishal Trivedi
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Debasis Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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Bolotin DS, Bokach NA, Kukushkin VY. Coordination chemistry and metal-involving reactions of amidoximes: Relevance to the chemistry of oximes and oxime ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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Pramanik S, Roy S, Ghorui T, Ganguly S, Pramanik K. Iridium(III) Mediated Reductive Transformation of Closed-Shell Azo-Oxime to Open-Shell Azo-Imine Radical Anion: Molecular and Electronic Structure, Electron Transfer, and Optoelectronic Properties. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1461-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuvam Pramanik
- Department
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sima Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tapas Ghorui
- Department
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sanjib Ganguly
- Department
of Chemistry, St. Xavier’s College, Kolkata 700016, India
| | - Kausikisankar Pramanik
- Department
of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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26
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Weigel LF, Nitsche C, Graf D, Bartenschlager R, Klein CD. Phenylalanine and Phenylglycine Analogues as Arginine Mimetics in Dengue Protease Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7719-33. [PMID: 26367391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus is an increasingly global pathogen. One of the promising targets for antiviral drug discovery against dengue and related flaviviruses such as West Nile virus is the viral serine protease NS2B-NS3. We here report the synthesis and in vitro characterization of potent peptidic inhibitors of dengue virus protease that incorporate phenylalanine and phenylglycine derivatives as arginine-mimicking groups with modulated basicity. The most promising compounds were (4-amidino)-L-phenylalanine-containing inhibitors, which reached nanomolar affinities against dengue virus protease. The type and position of the substituents on the phenylglycine and phenylalanine side chains has a significant effect on the inhibitory activity against dengue virus protease and selectivity against other proteases. In addition, the non-natural, basic amino acids described here may have relevance for the development of other peptidic and peptidomimetic drugs such as inhibitors of the blood clotting cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena F Weigel
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Graf
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Heidelberg University , D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian D Klein
- Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Kara YS. (13)C NMR substituent-induced chemical shifts in 4-(substituted phenyl)-3-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-ones (thiones). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 149:920-927. [PMID: 26004102 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present, study mostly novel ten 4-(substituted phenyl)-3-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-ones and ten 4-(substituted phenyl)-3-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-thiones were synthesized. These oxadiazole derivatives were characterized by IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and elemental analyses. Their (13)C NMR spectra were measured in Deuterochloroform (CDCl3). The correlation analysis for the substituent-induced chemical shift (SCS) with Hammett substituent constants (σ), Brown Okamoto substituent constants (σ(+), σ(-)), inductive substituent constants (σI) and different of resonance substituent constants (σR, σR(o)) were performed using SSP (single substituent parameter), DSP (dual substituent parameter) and DSP-NLR (dual substituent parameter-non-linear resonance) methods, as well as single and multiple regression analysis. Negative ρ values were found for all correlations (reverse substituent effect). The results of all statistical analyses, (13)C NMR chemical shift of CN, CO and CS carbon of oxadiazole rings have shown satisfactory correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Saniye Kara
- Kocaeli University, Science and Art Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Umuttepe Campus, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey
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28
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Bolotin DS, Demakova MY, Novikov AS, Avdontceva MS, Kuznetsov ML, Bokach NA, Kukushkin VY. Bifunctional reactivity of amidoximes observed upon nucleophilic addition to metal-activated nitriles. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:4039-46. [PMID: 25822628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of the aromatic nitrile complexes trans-[PtCl2(RC6H4CN)2] (R = p-CF3 NC1, H NC2, o-Cl NC3) with the aryl amidoximes p-R'C6H4C(NH2)=NOH (R' = Me AO1, H AO2, Br AO3, CF3 AO4, NO2 AO5) in all combinations, followed by addition of 1 equiv of AgOTf and then 5 equiv of Et3N, leads to the chelates [PtCl{HN=C(RC6H4)ON=C(C6H4R'-p)NC(RC6H4)═NH}] (1-15; 15 examples; yields 71-88% after column chromatography) derived from the platinum(II)-mediated coupling between metal-activated nitriles and amidoximes. The mechanism of this reaction was studied experimentally by trapping and identification of the reaction intermediates, and it was also investigated theoretically at the DFT level of theory. The combined experimental and theoretical results indicate that the coupling with the nitrile ligands involves both the HON and monodeprotonated NH2 groups of the amidoximes, whereas in the absence of the base, the NH2 functionality is inactive toward the coupling. The observed reaction represents the first example of bifunctional nucleophilic behavior of amidoximes. The complexes 1-16 were characterized by elemental analyses (C, H, N), high-resolution ESI(+)-MS, FTIR, and (1)H NMR techniques, whereas unstable 17 was characterized by HRESI(+)-MS and FTIR. In addition, 8·C4H8O2, 12, and 16·CHCl3 were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii S Bolotin
- †Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Pr. 26, 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Ya Demakova
- †Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Pr. 26, 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Novikov
- †Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Pr. 26, 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation
| | - Margarita S Avdontceva
- ‡Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, University Emb. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim L Kuznetsov
- §Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nadezhda A Bokach
- †Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Pr. 26, 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Yu Kukushkin
- †Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Pr. 26, 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation.,∥Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O. Bolshoii Pr. 31, 199004 Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
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29
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Cohrs B, Zhao Y, Lützen U, Culman J, Clement B, Zuhayra M. In vivo SPECT imaging of [123I]-labeled pentamidine pro-drugs for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability studies in rats. Int J Pharm 2014; 477:167-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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The mammalian molybdenum enzymes of mARC. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 20:265-75. [PMID: 25425164 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The "mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component" (mARC) is the most recently discovered molybdenum-containing enzyme in mammals. All mammalian genomes studied to date contain two mARC genes: MARC1 and MARC2. The proteins encoded by these genes are mARC-1 and mARC-2 and represent the simplest form of eukaryotic molybdenum enzymes, only binding the molybdenum cofactor. In the presence of NADH, mARC proteins exert N-reductive activity together with the two electron transport proteins cytochrome b5 type B and NADH cytochrome b5 reductase. This enzyme system is capable of reducing a great variety of N-hydroxylated substrates. It plays a decisive role in the activation of prodrugs containing an amidoxime structure, and in detoxification pathways, e.g., of N-hydroxylated purine and pyrimidine bases. It belongs to a group of drug metabolism enzymes, in particular as a counterpart of P450 formed N-oxygenated metabolites. Its physiological relevance, on the other hand, is largely unknown. The aim of this article is to summarize our current knowledge of these proteins with a special focus on the mammalian enzymes and their N-reductive activity.
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31
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Ott G, Plitzko B, Krischkowski C, Reichmann D, Bittner F, Mendel RR, Kunze T, Clement B, Havemeyer A. Reduction of Sulfamethoxazole Hydroxylamine (SMX-HA) by the Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component (mARC). Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1687-95. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500174u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Ott
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Birte Plitzko
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Carmen Krischkowski
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Debora Reichmann
- Department
of Plant Biology, Braunschweig University of Technology, Humboldtstrasse
1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian Bittner
- Department
of Plant Biology, Braunschweig University of Technology, Humboldtstrasse
1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf R. Mendel
- Department
of Plant Biology, Braunschweig University of Technology, Humboldtstrasse
1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Kunze
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Antje Havemeyer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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32
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Ilyinsky NS, Shchyolkina AK, Borisova OF, Mamaeva OK, Zvereva MI, Azhibek DM, Livshits MA, Mitkevich VA, Balzarini J, Sinkevich YB, Luzikov YN, Dezhenkova LG, Kolotova ES, Shtil AA, Shchekotikhin AE, Kaluzhny DN. Novel multi-targeting anthra[2,3-b]thiophene-5,10-diones with guanidine-containing side chains: interaction with telomeric G-quadruplex, inhibition of telomerase and topoisomerase I and cytotoxic properties. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:605-14. [PMID: 25127152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel generations of antitumor anthraquinones are expected to be advantageous over the conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Previous structure-activity relationship studies demonstrated an importance of the positively charged side chains conjugated to anthra[2,3-b]thiophene-5,10-dione scaffolds. Exploring a role of individual side chain moieties in binding to the duplex and G-quadruplex DNA, modulation of telomerase and topoisomerase I activities, intracellular accumulation and cytostatic potency, we herein analyzed a series of reported and newly synthesized guanidine-containing derivatives of anthra[2,3-b]thiophene-5,10-dione. We found that the number of cationic side chains (namely, two) is critical for a tight interaction with human telomeric G-quadruplex (TelQ). Along with a larger drug-TelQ association constant, the telomerase attenuation by anthrathiophenediones with two basic groups in the side chains was more pronounced than by the analogs bearing one basic group. For mono-guanidinated compounds the substituent with the amino group in the side chain provided better TelQ affinity than the methylamine residue. The intracellular uptake of the mono-guanidino derivative with two side chains was >2-fold higher than the respective value for the bis(guanidino) derivative. This difference can explain a lower antiproliferative potency of bis(guanidine) containing compounds. Thus, the modifications of side chains of anthra[2,3-b]thiophene-5,10-dione differently modulated drug-target interactions and cellular effects. Nevertheless, the selected compound 11-(3-aminopropylamino)-4-(2-guanidinoethylamino)anthra[2,3-b]thiophene-5,10-dione 13 demonstrated a high affinity to TelQ and the ability to stabilize the quadruplex structure. These properties were paralleled by reasonable potency of 13 as a telomerase/topoisomerase I inhibitor and an antiproliferative agent. These results indicate that the structural elements of anthra[2,3-b]thiophene-5,10-dione derivatives can be balanced to yield a candidate for further preclinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay S Ilyinsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia; Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Per., Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia.
| | - Anna K Shchyolkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga F Borisova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Olga K Mamaeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Maria I Zvereva
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dulat M Azhibek
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 100 Novaya Street, Skolkovo 143025, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Livshits
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia; Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Per., Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuri B Sinkevich
- Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125190, Russia
| | - Yuri N Luzikov
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119021, Russia
| | - Lybov G Dezhenkova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119021, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Kolotova
- Blokhin Cancer Center, 24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia; Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute, 31 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Alexander A Shtil
- Blokhin Cancer Center, 24 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115478, Russia; Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute, 31 Kashirskoye Shosse, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Andrey E Shchekotikhin
- Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125190, Russia; Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 11 B. Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow 119021, Russia
| | - Dmitry N Kaluzhny
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Schwarz L, Girreser U, Clement B. Synthesis and Characterization ofpara-SubstitutedN,N′-Dihydroxybenzamidines and Their Derivatives as Model Compounds for a Class of Prodrugs. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ott G, Reichmann D, Boerger C, Cascorbi I, Bittner F, Mendel RR, Kunze T, Clement B, Havemeyer A. Functional characterization of protein variants encoded by nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in MARC1 and MARC2 in healthy Caucasians. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:718-25. [PMID: 24423752 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human molybdenum-containing enzyme mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC), cytochrome b5 type B, and NADH cytochrome b5 reductase form an N-reductive enzyme system that is capable of reducing N-hydroxylated compounds. Genetic variations are known, but their functional relevance is unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the incidence of nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mARC genes in healthy Caucasian volunteers, to determine saturation of the protein variants with molybdenum cofactor (Moco), and to characterize the kinetic behavior of the protein variants by in vitro biotransformation studies. Genotype frequencies of six SNPs in the mARC genes (c.493A>G, c.560T>A, c.736T>A, and c.739G>C in MARC1; c.730G>A and c.735T>G in MARC2) were determined by pyrosequencing in a cohort of 340 healthy Caucasians. Protein variants were expressed in Escherichia coli. Saturation with Moco was determined by measurement of molybdenum by inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Steady state assays were performed with benzamidoxime. The six variants were of low frequency in this Caucasian population. Only one homozygous variant (c.493A; MARC1) was detected. All protein variants were able to bind Moco. Steady state assays showed statistically significant decreases of catalytic efficiency values for the mARC-2 wild type compared with the mARC-1 wild type (P < 0.05) and for two mARC-2 variants compared with the mARC-2 wild type (G244S, P < 0.05; C245W, P < 0.05). After simultaneous substitution of more than two amino acids in the mARC-1 protein, N-reductive activity was decreased 5-fold. One homozygous variant of MARC1 was detected in our sample. The encoded protein variant (A165T) showed no different kinetic parameters in the N-reduction of benzamidoxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Ott
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany (G.O., T.K., B.C., A.H.); Department of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany (D.R., F.B., R.-R.M.); and Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany (C.B., I.C.)
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Degardin M, Wein S, Duckert JF, Maynadier M, Guy A, Durand T, Escale R, Vial H, Vo-Hoang Y. Development of the first oral bioprecursors of bis-alkylguanidine antimalarial drugs. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:300-4. [PMID: 24403182 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is responsible of the most severe form of malaria, and new targets and novel chemotherapeutic scaffolds are needed to fight emerging multidrug-resistant strains of this parasite. Bis-alkylguanidines have been designed to mimic choline, resulting in the inhibition of plasmodial de novo phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Despite potent in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activities, a major drawback of these compounds for further clinical development is their low oral bioavailability. To solve this issue, various modulations were performed on bis-alkylguanidines. The introduction of N-disubstituents on the guanidino motif improved both in vitro and in vivo activities. On the other hand, in vivo pharmacological evaluation in a mouse model showed that the N-hydroxylated derivatives constitute the first oral bioprecursors in bis-alkylguanidine series. This study paves the way for bis-alkylguanidine-based oral antimalarial agents targeting plasmodial phospholipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Degardin
- UMR 5247 CNRS-UMI-UMII-ENSCM, Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Montpellier I/II, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier (France)
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Oxo-Centered Trinuclear Chromium(III) Complexes with Both Carboxylate and Amidoximate Ligands. J CLUST SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-013-0669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Dar BA, Ahmad SN, Wagay MA, Hussain A, Ahmad N, Bhat KA, Khuroo MA, Sharma M, Singh B. Ultrasound promoted expeditious, catalyst-free and solvent-free approach for the synthesis of N,N′-diarylsubstituted formamidines at room temperature. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.06.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Froriep D, Clement B, Bittner F, Mendel RR, Reichmann D, Schmalix W, Havemeyer A. Activation of the anti-cancer agent upamostat by the mARC enzyme system. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:780-4. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.767481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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39
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Active site mapping of trypsin, thrombin and matriptase-2 by sulfamoyl benzamidines. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6489-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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40
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Biomimetic approach for the synthesis of N,N′-diarylsubstituted formamidines catalyzed by β-cyclodextrin in water. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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41
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Okano A, James RC, Pierce JG, Xie J, Boger DL. Silver(I)-promoted conversion of thioamides to amidines: divergent synthesis of a key series of vancomycin aglycon residue 4 amidines that clarify binding behavior to model ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8790-3. [PMID: 22568755 DOI: 10.1021/ja302808p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of a general Ag(I)-promoted reaction for the conversion of thioamides to amidines is disclosed. This reaction was employed to prepare a key series of vancomycin aglycon residue 4 substituted amidines that were used to clarify their interaction with model ligands of peptidoglycan precursors and explore their resulting impact on antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Okano
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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42
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Degardin M, Wein S, Gouni S, Tran Van Ba C, Duckert JF, Durand T, Escale R, Vial H, Vo-Hoang Y. Evaluation of bis-alkylamidoxime O-alkylsulfonates as orally available antimalarials. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:991-1001. [PMID: 22544438 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The main threat to controlling malaria is the emerging multidrug resistance of Plasmodium sp. parasites. Bis-alkylamidines were developed as a potential new chemotherapy that targets plasmodial phospholipid metabolism. Unfortunately, these compounds are not orally available. To solve this absorption issue, we investigated a prodrug strategy based on sulfonate derivatives of alkylamidoximes. A total of 25 sulfonates were synthesized as prodrug candidates of one bis-N-alkylamidine and of six N-substituted bis-C-alkylamidines. Their antimalarial activities were evaluated in vitro against P. falciparum and in vivo against P. vinckei in mice to define structure-activity relationships. Small alkyl substituents on the sulfonate group of both C-alkyl- and N-alkylamidines led to the best oral antimalarial activities; alkylsulfonate derivatives are chemically transformed into the corresponding alkylamidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Degardin
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS-UMI-UMII, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Montpellier I, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
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43
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Katritzky AR, Huang L, Chahar M, Sakhuja R, Hall CD. The Chemistry of N-Hydroxyamidoximes, N-Aminoamidoximes, and Hydrazidines. Chem Rev 2012; 112:1633-49. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200076q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Katritzky
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Longchuan Huang
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Mamta Chahar
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Rajeev Sakhuja
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - C. Dennis Hall
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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44
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Kotthaus J, Kotthaus J, Schade D, Schwering U, Hungeling H, Müller-Fielitz H, Raasch W, Clement B. New prodrugs of the antiprotozoal drug pentamidine. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:2233-42. [PMID: 21984033 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pentamidine is an effective antimicrobial agent that is approved for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis but suffers from poor oral bioavailability and central nervous system (CNS) penetration. This work deals with the development and systematic characterisation of new prodrugs of pentamidine. For this reason, numerous prodrugs that use different prodrug principles were synthesised and examined in vitro and in vivo. Another objective of the study was the determination of permeability of the different pentamidine prodrugs. While some of the prodrug principles applied in this study are known, such as the conversion of the amidine functions into amidoximes or the O-alkylation of amidoximes with a carboxymethyl residue, others were developed more recently and are described here for the first time. These newly developed methods aim to increase the affinity of the prodrug for the transporters and mediate an active uptake via carrier systems by conjugation of amidoximes with compounds that improve the overall solubility of the prodrug. The different principles chosen resulted in several pentamidine prodrugs with various advantages. The objective of this investigation was the systematic characterisation and evaluation of eight pentamidine prodrugs in order to identify the most appropriate strategy to improve the properties of the parent drug. For this reason, all prodrugs were examined with respect to their solubility, stability, enzymatic activation, distribution, CNS delivery, and oral bioavailability. The results of this work have allowed reliable conclusions to be drawn regarding the best prodrug principle for the antiprotozoal drug pentamidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Kotthaus
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76-78, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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45
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Havemeyer A, Lang J, Clement B. The fourth mammalian molybdenum enzyme mARC: current state of research. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:524-39. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.608682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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46
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Lountos GT, Jobson AG, Tropea JE, Self CR, Zhang G, Pommier Y, Shoemaker RH, Waugh DS. Structural characterization of inhibitor complexes with checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), a drug target for cancer therapy. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:292-301. [PMID: 21963792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chk2 (checkpoint kinase 2) is a serine/threonine kinase that participates in a series of signaling networks responsible for maintaining genomic integrity and responding to DNA damage. The development of selective Chk2 inhibitors has recently attracted much interest as a means of sensitizing cancer cells to current DNA-damaging agents used in the treatment of cancer. Additionally, selective Chk2 inhibitors may reduce p53-mediated apoptosis in normal tissues, thereby helping to mitigate adverse side effects from chemotherapy and radiation. Thus far, relatively few selective inhibitors of Chk2 have been described and none have yet progressed into clinical trials. Here, we report crystal structures of the catalytic domain of Chk2 in complex with a novel series of potent and selective small molecule inhibitors. These compounds exhibit nanomolar potencies and are selective for Chk2 over Chk1. The structures reported here elucidate the binding modes of these inhibitors to Chk2 and provide information that can be exploited for the structure-assisted design of novel chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Lountos
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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47
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Kotthaus J, Hungeling H, Reeh C, Kotthaus J, Schade D, Wein S, Wolffram S, Clement B. Synthesis and biological evaluation of l-valine-amidoximeesters as double prodrugs of amidines. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1907-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Non-oxime inhibitors of B-RafV600E kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1243-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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Sun J, Miller JM, Beig A, Rozen L, Amidon GL, Dahan A. Mechanistic enhancement of the intestinal absorption of drugs containing the polar guanidino functionality. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:313-23. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.550875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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50
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Nieto L, Mascaraque A, Miller F, Glacial F, Ríos Martínez C, Kaiser M, Brun R, Dardonville C. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of N-alkoxy analogues of the trypanocidal lead compound 4,4'-bis(imidazolinylamino)diphenylamine with improved human blood-brain barrier permeability. J Med Chem 2010; 54:485-94. [PMID: 21175162 DOI: 10.1021/jm101335q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To improve the blood-brain barrier permeability of the trypanocidal lead compound 4,4'-bis(imidazolinylamino)diphenylamine (1), five N-alkoxy analogues were synthesized from bis(4-isothiocyanatophenyl)amine and N-alkoxy-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-nitrobenzenesulfonamides following successive chemical reactions in just one reactor ("one-pot procedure"). This involved: (a) formation of a thiourea intermediate, (b) removal of the amine protecting groups, and (c) intramolecular cyclization. The blood-brain barrier permeability of the compounds determined in vitro by transport assays through the hCMEC/D3 human cell line, a well-known and characterized human cellular blood-brain barrier model, showed that the N-hydroxy analogue 16 had enhanced blood-brain barrier permeability compared with the unsubstituted lead compound. Moreover, this compound displayed low micromolar IC(50) against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Plasmodium falciparum and moderate activity by intraperitoneal administration in the STIB900 murine model of acute sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Nieto
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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