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Monoclonal antibodies: Principles and applications of immmunodiagnosis and immunotherapy for hepatitis C virus. World J Hepatol 2015. [PMID: 26464752 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i22.2369.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major health problem worldwide. Early detection of the infection will help better management of the infected cases. The monoclonal antibodies (mAb) of mice are predominantly used for the immunodiagnosis of several viral, bacterial, and parasitic antigens. Serological detection of HCV antigens and antibodies provide simple and rapid methods of detection but lack sensitivity specially in the window phase between the infection and antibody development. Human mAb are used in the immunotherapy of several blood malignancies, such as lymphoma and leukemia, as well as for autoimmune diseases. In this review article, we will discuss methods of mouse and human monoclonal antibody production. We will demonstrate the role of mouse mAb in the detection of HCV antigens as rapid and sensitive immunodiagnostic assays for the detection of HCV, which is a major health problem throughout the world, particularly in Egypt. We will discuss the value of HCV-neutralizing antibodies and their roles in the immunotherapy of HCV infections and in HCV vaccine development. We will also discuss the different mechanisms by which the virus escape the effect of neutralizing mAb. Finally, we will discuss available and new trends to produce antibodies, such as egg yolk-based antibodies (IgY), production in transgenic plants, and the synthetic antibody mimics approach.
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Tabll A, Abbas AT, El-Kafrawy S, Wahid A. Monoclonal antibodies: Principles and applications of immmunodiagnosis and immunotherapy for hepatitis C virus. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2369-2383. [PMID: 26464752 PMCID: PMC4598607 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i22.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major health problem worldwide. Early detection of the infection will help better management of the infected cases. The monoclonal antibodies (mAb) of mice are predominantly used for the immunodiagnosis of several viral, bacterial, and parasitic antigens. Serological detection of HCV antigens and antibodies provide simple and rapid methods of detection but lack sensitivity specially in the window phase between the infection and antibody development. Human mAb are used in the immunotherapy of several blood malignancies, such as lymphoma and leukemia, as well as for autoimmune diseases. In this review article, we will discuss methods of mouse and human monoclonal antibody production. We will demonstrate the role of mouse mAb in the detection of HCV antigens as rapid and sensitive immunodiagnostic assays for the detection of HCV, which is a major health problem throughout the world, particularly in Egypt. We will discuss the value of HCV-neutralizing antibodies and their roles in the immunotherapy of HCV infections and in HCV vaccine development. We will also discuss the different mechanisms by which the virus escape the effect of neutralizing mAb. Finally, we will discuss available and new trends to produce antibodies, such as egg yolk-based antibodies (IgY), production in transgenic plants, and the synthetic antibody mimics approach.
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Hagen RM, Wulff B, Loderstaedt U, Fengler I, Frickmann H, Schwarz NG, Polywka S. Is rapid hepatitis C virus testing from corpses a screening option for index persons who have died after mass-casualty incidents in high-prevalence settings in the field? J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2013; 160:226-31. [PMID: 24113204 DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2013-000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We tested a commercially available rapid hepatitis C virus (HCV) test assay for its potential use for analyses of corpses as a screening option for index persons who have died after mass-casualty incidents in high-prevalence settings in the field. MATERIALS AND METHODS 50 blood samples were drawn from 16 recently deceased confirmed HCV-positive patients whose corpses were stored at 4°C in the mortuary and were analysed at admission and up to 48 h post mortem by rapid serological testing using the ImmunoFlow HCV test (Core Diagnostics, Birmingham, UK) in comparison with automated serological assays and PCR. Samples from 50 HCV-negative corpses were also analysed. RESULTS The blood of only four of the 16 HCV-positive corpses reacted clearly with the ImmunoFlow HCV test, while in five cases the result was only weakly reactive and three cases showed very weak reactivity. Four of the infected corpses showed initially negative results, three of which became very weakly reactive 48 h post mortem. 49 out of 50 samples (98%) from HCV-negative corpses tested negative. DISCUSSION The rapid test system we investigated showed insufficient sensitivity regarding the identification of HCV positivity. Automated serological testing or PCR should be preferred if it is realistically available in the deployed military setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf M Hagen
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard, Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Wulff
- Institue for Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - U Loderstaedt
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - I Fengler
- Laboratory Department 1, Central Institute of the German Armed Forces Medical Services, Koblenz, Germany
| | - H Frickmann
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard, Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - N G Schwarz
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Polywka
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Hospital Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Attallah AM, Omran MM, Nasif WA, Ghaly MF, El-Shanshoury AERR, Abdalla MS, Sharada HM, Farid K, El-Shony W, Moussa ESM, El-Domany EB, Nour E, Eldosoky I. Diagnostic Performances of Hepatitis C Virus-NS4 Antigen in Patients with Different Liver Pathologies. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:555-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Saravanan P, Balamurugan V, Sen A, Sahay B, Singh RK. Development of Dot-ELISA for Diagnosis ofPeste des petits ruminants(PPR) in Small Ruminants. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2006.9706600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Attallah AM, Shiha GE, Ismail H, Mansy SE, El-Sherbiny R, El-Dosoky I. Expression of p53 protein in liver and sera of patients with liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic HCV infection. Clin Biochem 2008; 42:455-61. [PMID: 19063876 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major aetiological agent of chronic hepatitis and it leads to the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The significances of p53 protein and anti-p53 antibodies levels in HCV genotype IV infected patients with different liver pathology were evaluated. DESIGN AND METHODS Immunostaining and western blot based on monospecific anti-p53 antibody were used for the identification of p53 protein in liver tissues and serum samples. The serum levels of p53 protein and anti-p53 IgG antibodies were evaluated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Mild and diffuse p53 cytoplasmic immunostaining was found in liver tissues of patients with liver fibrosis [F1-F3] and liver cirrhosis [F4] in comparison with strong and diffuse p53 cytoplasmic immunostaining in patients with HCC. The target p53 protein was identified in sera of patients with liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis and HCC at 53-kDa. The detection rate of serum p53 protein increases significantly (p<0.05) with the progression of the liver pathology. However, a significant difference (p<0.05) was only shown between serum p53 protein level of HCC patients and those of other liver pathology. In contrast, anti-p53 IgG antibodies positive rates showed only a significant decrease (p<0.05) in HCC in comparison with liver cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS The serum and cytoplasmic p53 protein expressions were more pronounced in patients with HCC more than liver cirrhosis, and in liver cirrhosis more than liver fibrosis. These results suggest that HCV genotype IV and p53 protein levels may have a role in the development of HCC among Egyptian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah M Attallah
- R & D Department, Biotechnology Research Center, 23 July Street, New Damietta City, Egypt.
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Attallah AM, Ismail H, Shiha GE, Abou-Dobara MI, El-Sherbiny RE, El-Dosoky I. Immunochemical identification and partial characterization of a native hepatitis C viral non-structural 4 antigen in sera of HCV infected patients. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 388:115-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tabll AA, Khalil SB, El-Shenawy RM, Esmat G, Helmy A, Attallah AF, El-Awady MK. Establishment of hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies to a synthetic peptide from the E1 region of the hepatitis C virus. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2008; 29:91-104. [PMID: 18080883 DOI: 10.1080/15321810701735161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We aimed at establishing hybridoma cells secreting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against E1 synthetic peptide of HCV. BALB/c mice were immunized with HCV E1-synthetic peptide (GHRMAWDMM) and its spleenocytes were fused with the P3NS1 myeloma cell line. Two highly reactive and specific mAbs (10C7 IgG2b mAb, and 10B2 IgG1 mAb) were generated. The target HCV E1 antigen was identified at approximately 38 kDa in serum of infected individuals. A newly developed ELISA detected the target antigen in 90% of sera from HCV RNA infected individuals with a specificity of 84%. So, the generated mAbs may provide promising probes for serodiagnosis of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A Tabll
- Department of Biomedical Technology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
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Attallah AM, Mosa TE, Omran MM, Abo-Zeid MM, El-Dosoky I, Shaker YM. Immunodetection of collagen types I, II, III, and IV for differentiation of liver fibrosis stages in patients with chronic HCV. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2007; 28:155-68. [PMID: 17424834 DOI: 10.1080/15321810701212088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study is aimed at evaluating serum collagens and other serum biochemical markers as useful, non-invasive markers of hepatic fibrosis associated with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). Collagen types I, II, III, and IV were detected in serum using ELISA and Western blot techniques. The ELISA levels of collagen I, II, III, and IV increased significantly with the progression of fibrosis staging. Based on receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the collagen type III (70 kDa) and type IV (200 kDa) were more useful than other serum bio-markers for differentiating severe fibrosis from mild fibrosis. Multivariate discriminant analysis (MDA) selected a fibrosis discriminant score (FDS) = [2.345 + Collagen III (microg/mL) x 1.923 + Collagen IV (microg/mL) x 1.544 + ALT (U/mL) x 0.005] - [albumin(g/L) x 0.046]. The FDS correctly classified 87% of the severe fibrosis patients at a cut-off score = 2.2 (i.e., more than 2.2 indicated severe fibrotic liver and less than 2.2 indicated mild fibrotic liver) with specificity of 97%. In a validation study, the FDS was applied to the second cohort of patients and the results were reproduced without significant difference. In conclusion, the developed four-parameter based FDS is useful for identifying severe liver fibrosis in patients with chronic HCV infection.
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El Awady MK, El Abd YS, Shoeb HA, Tabll AA, Hosny AEDMS, El Shenawy RM, Atef K, Bader El Din NG, Bahgat MM. Circulating viral core and E1 antigen levels as supplemental markers for HCV chronic hepatitis. Virol J 2006; 3:67. [PMID: 16948845 PMCID: PMC1586018 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of polyclonal monospecific rabbit anti-sera raised against synthetic peptides derived from conserved HCV sequences of genotype 4 was evaluated for efficient detection of viral core and E1 antigens in circulating immune complexes (ICs) precipitated from 65 serum samples of HCV patients. The infection was established in those patients by the presence of HCV RNA in their sera. A novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of HCV core and E1 antigen in serum samples. Western blot analyses were used to demonstrate the presence of the core and E1 target antigen in serum samples. The mean OD readings of both core and E1 antigens were significantly higher (P < 0.05) among the viremic patients when compared to controls. Also a significant positive correlation (P < 0.05, r = 0.98) between the values of both core and E1 was recorded. Western blot analysis based on monospecific antibodies against core and E1 recognized the 38-kDa and 88 -kDa bands respectively in the sera of all infected patients. No specific reaction was observed with the sera from uninfected individuals. Interestingly the results of core and E1 antigen levels displayed no positive correlation with the HCV copy number as measured by bDNA. Liver enzymes (ALT and AST) showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.44 and 0.47 respectively) with the viral core antigens level. The same trend holds true for E1 (r = 0.43 and 0.64 for ALT and AST respectively). HCV load in infected patients revealed extremely poor correlation with serum ALT and AST levels (r = 0.022 and 0.002 respectively). In conclusion we present a new combination of serological tools correlating with liver enzyme levels that could be utilized as supplemental tests to viral load testing. Also, a sensitive and specific immunoassay was developed for the detection of HCV core and E1 in human serum. This test can be applied for laboratory diagnosis of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa K El Awady
- Department of Biomedical Technology, the National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Yasmine S El Abd
- Department of Biomedical Technology, the National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Hussein A Shoeb
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A Tabll
- Department of Biomedical Technology, the National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | | | - Reem M El Shenawy
- Department of Biomedical Technology, the National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Khaled Atef
- Department of Biomedical Technology, the National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Noha G Bader El Din
- Department of Biomedical Technology, the National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Bahgat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, the National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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El Awady MK, El Abd YS, Shoeb HA, Tabll AA, Hosny AEDMS, El Shenawy RM, Atef K, Bader El Din NG, Bahgat MM. Circulating viral core and E1 antigen levels as supplemental markers for HCV chronic hepatitis. Virol J 2006. [PMID: 16948845 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-67.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of polyclonal monospecific rabbit anti-sera raised against synthetic peptides derived from conserved HCV sequences of genotype 4 was evaluated for efficient detection of viral core and E1 antigens in circulating immune complexes (ICs) precipitated from 65 serum samples of HCV patients. The infection was established in those patients by the presence of HCV RNA in their sera. A novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of HCV core and E1 antigen in serum samples. Western blot analyses were used to demonstrate the presence of the core and E1 target antigen in serum samples. The mean OD readings of both core and E1 antigens were significantly higher (P < 0.05) among the viremic patients when compared to controls. Also a significant positive correlation (P < 0.05, r = 0.98) between the values of both core and E1 was recorded. Western blot analysis based on monospecific antibodies against core and E1 recognized the 38-kDa and 88 -kDa bands respectively in the sera of all infected patients. No specific reaction was observed with the sera from uninfected individuals. Interestingly the results of core and E1 antigen levels displayed no positive correlation with the HCV copy number as measured by bDNA. Liver enzymes (ALT and AST) showed a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.44 and 0.47 respectively) with the viral core antigens level. The same trend holds true for E1 (r = 0.43 and 0.64 for ALT and AST respectively). HCV load in infected patients revealed extremely poor correlation with serum ALT and AST levels (r = 0.022 and 0.002 respectively). In conclusion we present a new combination of serological tools correlating with liver enzyme levels that could be utilized as supplemental tests to viral load testing. Also, a sensitive and specific immunoassay was developed for the detection of HCV core and E1 in human serum. This test can be applied for laboratory diagnosis of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa K El Awady
- Department of Biomedical Technology, the National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt.
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Attallah AM, Ibrahim GG. Immunodetection of a hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen and Thl/Th2 cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid of meningitis patients. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2005; 25:313-20. [PMID: 15552586 DOI: 10.1081/ias-200033824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) has become the most important public health problem in Egypt. HCV infection has been implicated in diseases of the central nervous system. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from 91 patients with meningitis (62 males and 29 females, mean age of 37 years) were investigated. Anti-HCV antibodies and HCV antigen were evaluated in patients CSF and serum using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The levels (mean +/- SD pg/ml) of Th1 cytokines (IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha) and Th2 interleukines (IL-10 and IL-4) were also determined. The anti-HCV antibodies were detected in high percentages both in CSF samples (71%) and in sera (90%). Also, the HCV antigen was detected in about 60% of tested CSF and serum samples. The levels of IFN-gamma and IL-10 cytokines were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in both serum and CSF of patients positive for HCV antigen than those negative. HCV antigen was detected in the CSF of meningitis patients with a significant upregulation of Th1 and Th2 responses. The high incidence of HCV infection may draw light on the etiological role of HCV in the pathogensis of meningitis diseases in our study group.
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