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Keller M, Winker M, Zimmermann-Klemd AM, Sperisen N, Gupta MP, Solis PN, Hamburger M, Potterat O, Gründemann C. Aryltetralin lignans from Hyptis brachiata inhibiting T lymphocyte proliferation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114328. [PMID: 36739759 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes plays an essential role in the development of chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Currently used immunosuppressive drugs often do not provide long-lasting relief of symptoms and show a gradual loss of efficacy over time, and are accompanied by various side effects. Therefore, novel immunosuppressive lead substances are needed. For this purpose, an in-house library consisting of 600 extracts of plants from Panama was screened for inhibition of human T lymphocyte proliferation. As one of the hits, an ethyl acetate extract from the aerial parts of Hyptis brachiata (Lamiaceae) exhibited strong inhibitory effects. Subsequent investigation resulted in the isolation of seven aryltetralin lignans, five arylnaphthalene lignans, two flavonoids, three triterpenes, and cinnamyl cinnamate. Aryltetralin lignans inhibited T lymphocyte proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner without induction of apoptosis. No relevant inhibition was observed for the arylnaphthalene lignans, flavonoids, and triterpenes. Additional cell cycle arrest investigations revealed that isolated aryltetralin lignans potently inhibited cell division in G2/M phase similarly to podophyllotoxin. Multifluorescence panel analyses of the extract also showed weak suppressive effects on the production of IL-2 and TNF-α. Therefore, preparations made out of H. brachiata could be further explored as an interesting herbal alternative in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Keller
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Winker
- Translational Complementary Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Campus Rosental - Mattenstrasse 22, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amy Marisa Zimmermann-Klemd
- Translational Complementary Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Campus Rosental - Mattenstrasse 22, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nino Sperisen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mahabir P Gupta
- Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognosticas de la Flora Panamena (CIFLORPAN), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panama, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Pablo N Solis
- Centro de Investigaciones Farmacognosticas de la Flora Panamena (CIFLORPAN), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Panama, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Potterat
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Carsten Gründemann
- Translational Complementary Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Campus Rosental - Mattenstrasse 22, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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Podophyllotoxin and its derivatives: Potential anticancer agents of natural origin in cancer chemotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114145. [PMID: 36586242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of plant secondary metabolites has gained considerable attention among clinicians in the prevention and treatment of cancer. A secondary metabolite isolated mainly from the roots and rhizomes of Podophyllum species (Berberidaceae) is aryltetralin lignan - podophyllotoxin (PTOX). The purpose of this review is to discuss the therapeutic properties of PTOX as an important anticancer compound of natural origin. The relevant information regarding the antitumor mechanisms of podophyllotoxin and its derivatives were collected and analyzed from scientific databases. The results of the analysis showed PTOX exhibits potent cytotoxic activity; however, it cannot be used in its pure form due to its toxicity and generation of many side effects. Therefore, it practically remains clinically unusable. Currently, high effort is focused on attempts to synthesize analogs of PTOX that have better properties for therapeutic use e.g. etoposide (VP-16), teniposide, etopophos. PTOX derivatives are used as anticancer drugs which are showing additional immunosuppressive, antiviral, antioxidant, hypolipemic, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, attention is paid to the high potential of the usefulness of in vitro cultures of P. peltatum which can be a valuable source of lignans, including PTOX. In conclusion, the preclinical pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo confirm the anticancer and chemotherapeutic potential of PTOX and its derivatives. In the future, clinical studies on human subjects are needed to certify the antitumor effects and the anticancer mechanisms to be certified and analyzed in more detail and to validate the experimental pharmacological preclinical studies.
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Rocha MP, Campana PRV, Scoaris DDO, Almeida VLD, Lopes JCD, Shaw JMH, Silva CG. Combined In Vitro Studies and in Silico Target Fishing for the Evaluation of the Biological Activities of Diphylleia cymosa and Podophyllum hexandrum. Molecules 2018; 23:E3303. [PMID: 30551576 PMCID: PMC6321136 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the in silico prediction of biological activities of lignans from Diphylleia cymosa and Podophyllum hexandrum combined with an in vitro bioassays. The extracts from the leaves, roots and rhizomes of both species were evaluated for their antibacterial, anticholinesterasic, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. A group of 27 lignans was selected for biological activities prediction using the Active-IT system with 1987 ligand-based bioactivity models. The in silico approach was properly validated and several ethnopharmacological uses and known biological activities were confirmed, whilst others should be investigated for new drugs with potential clinical use. The extracts from roots of D. cymosa and from rhizomes and roots of P. hexandrum were very effective against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, while podophyllotoxin inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. D. cymosa leaves and roots showed anticholinesterasic and antioxidant activities, respectively. The evaluated extracts showed to be moderately toxic to THP-1 cells. The chromatographic characterization indicated that podophyllotoxin was the major constituent of P. hexandrum extract while kaempferol and its hexoside were the main constituents of D. cymosa leaves and roots, respectively. These results suggest that the podophyllotoxin could be the major antibacterial lignan, while flavonoids could be responsible for the antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pereira Rocha
- Servico de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Fundacao Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil.
- Departamento de Produtos Farmaceuticos FAFAR-UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
| | - Priscilla Rodrigues Valadares Campana
- Departamento de Produtos Farmaceuticos FAFAR-UFMG, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
- Servico de Fitoquimica e Prospeccao Farmaceutica, Fundacao Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil.
| | - Denise de Oliveira Scoaris
- Servico de Fitoquimica e Prospeccao Farmaceutica, Fundacao Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil.
| | - Vera Lucia de Almeida
- Servico de Fitoquimica e Prospeccao Farmaceutica, Fundacao Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil.
| | - Julio Cesar Dias Lopes
- Chemoinformatics Group (NEQUIM), Departamento de Quimica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
| | - Julian Mark Hugh Shaw
- Science and Collections, Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley, Working, Surrey GU23 6QB, UK.
| | - Claudia Gontijo Silva
- Servico de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Fundacao Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil.
- Servico de Fitoquimica e Prospeccao Farmaceutica, Fundacao Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil.
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Colantonio S, Rivers JK. Botanicals With Dermatologic Properties Derived From First Nations Healing: Part 2-Plants and Algae. J Cutan Med Surg 2017; 21:299-307. [PMID: 28300437 DOI: 10.1177/1203475416683390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plants and algae have played a central role in the treatment of skin conditions in both traditional First Nations healing and in modern dermatology. The objective of this study was to examine the evidence supporting the dermatological use of seaweed, witch hazel, bearberry, and mayapple. METHODS Four plants and algae used in traditional First Nations treatments of skin disease were selected based on expert recommendations. Several databases were searched to identify relevant citations without language restrictions. RESULTS Seaweed has potential clinical use in the treatment of acne and wrinkles and may be incorporated into biofunctional textiles. Witch hazel is an effective and well-tolerated treatment of inflammation and diaper dermatitis. Bearberry leaves contain arbutin, a skin-lightening agent that is an alternative for the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Mayapple contains podophyllotoxin, a treatment for condyloma accuminata, molluscum contagiosum, and recalcitrant palmoplantar warts. DISCUSSION Common plants and algae are replete with bioactive agents that may have beneficial effects on the skin. Further research will open the door to new and innovative products in the future. Limitations of this study include that the scope of our study is limited to 4 plants and algae, a small sample of the breadth of plants used by First Nations for dermatological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Colantonio
- 1 The Division of Dermatology, The Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason K Rivers
- 2 The Department of Dermatology & Skin Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Liu YQ, Tian J, Qian K, Zhao XB, Morris-Natschke SL, Yang L, Nan X, Tian X, Lee KH. Recent progress on C-4-modified podophyllotoxin analogs as potent antitumor agents. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:1-62. [PMID: 24827545 PMCID: PMC4337794 DOI: 10.1002/med.21319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (PPT), as well as its congeners and derivatives, exhibits pronounced biological activities, especially antineoplastic effects. Its strong inhibitory effect on tumor cell growth led to the development of three of the most highly prescribed anticancer drugs in the world, etoposide, teniposide, and the water-soluble prodrug etoposide phosphate. Their clinical success as well as intriguing mechanism of action stimulated great interest in further modification of PPT for better antitumor activity. The C-4 position has been a major target for structural derivatization aimed at either producing more potent compounds or overcoming drug resistance. Accordingly, numerous PPT derivatives have been prepared via hemisynthesis and important structure-activity relationship (SAR) correlations have been identified. Several resulting compounds, including GL-331, TOP-53, and NK611, reached clinical trials. Some excellent reviews on the distribution, sources, applications, synthesis, and SAR of PPT have been published. This review focuses on a second generation of new etoposide-related drugs and provides detailed coverage of the current status and recent development of C-4-modified PPT analogs as anticancer clinical trial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Keduo Qian
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Susan L. Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Liu Yang
- Environmental and Municipal Engineering School, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Nan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Gupta DK, Verma MK, Lal S, Anand R, Khajuria RK, Kitchlu S, Koul S. EXTRACTION STUDIES OF PODOPHYLLUM HEXANDRUM USING CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL METHODS BY HPLC–UV–DAD. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.745134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devinder K. Gupta
- a Bio-Organic Chemistry Division , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu Tawi , India
| | - Mahendra K. Verma
- b Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Instrumentation Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu Tawi , India
| | - Shankar Lal
- a Bio-Organic Chemistry Division , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu Tawi , India
| | - Rajneesh Anand
- b Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Instrumentation Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu Tawi , India
| | - Ravi K. Khajuria
- b Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Instrumentation Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu Tawi , India
| | - Surinder Kitchlu
- c Botany Division , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu Tawi , India
| | - Surrinder Koul
- a Bio-Organic Chemistry Division , Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR) , Jammu Tawi , India
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8
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Inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 by podophyllotoxin: Implication for clinical drug–drug interactions. J Biosci 2011; 36:879-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-011-9143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Avula B, Wang YH, Moraes RM, Khan IA. Rapid analysis of lignans from leaves of Podophyllum peltatum L. samples using UPLC-UV-MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:1230-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi, University; MS 38677; USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi, University; MS 38677; USA
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Jung DH, Park HJ, Byun HE, Park YM, Kim TW, Kim BO, Um SH, Pyo S. Diosgenin inhibits macrophage-derived inflammatory mediators through downregulation of CK2, JNK, NF-κB and AP-1 activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1047-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yousefzadi M, Sharifi M, Behmanesh M, Moyano E, Bonfill M, Cusido RM, Palazon J. Podophyllotoxin: Current approaches to its biotechnological production and future challenges. Eng Life Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Sultan P, Shawl A, Rehman S, Ahmed SF, Ramteke P. Molecular characterization and marker based chemotaxonomic studies of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:243-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Arora R, Chawla R, Dhaker AS, Adhikari M, Sharma J, Singh S, Gupta D, Kumar R, Sharma A, Sharma RK, Tripathi RP. Podophyllum hexandrumas a Potential Botanical Supplement for the Medical Management of Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies (NREs) and Free Radical-Mediated Ailments: Leads From In Vitro/In Vivo Radioprotective Efficacy Evaluation. J Diet Suppl 2010; 7:31-50. [DOI: 10.3109/19390210903534996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lata H, Mizuno CS, Moraes RM. The role of biotechnology in the production of the anticancer compound podophyllotoxin. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 547:387-402. [PMID: 19521861 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-287-2_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin is a plant-derived compound found in Podophyllum sp. that is used to produce semi-synthetic anticancer pharmaceuticals such as etoposide, teniposide, and etoposide phosphate. This chapter describes the role of biotechnology to produce podophyllotoxin and our attempts to domesticate Podophyllum peltatum L., also known as the American mayapple. The domestication research on mayapple included surveys of the natural population, identification of high yielding genotypes, propagation, cultivation, sustainable harvest procedures and the development of protocols for in vitro germplasm bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Lata
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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Kushwaha R, Pandey S, Chanda S, Bhattacharya A, Ahuja PS. Temperature-dependent growth and emergence of functional leaves: an adaptive mechanism in the seedlings of the western Himalayan plant Podophyllum hexandrum. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2008; 121:299-309. [PMID: 18338104 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-008-0149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As an adaptive mechanism, hypocotyl dormancy delays emergence of functional leaf until favorable season of growth in Podophyllum hexandrum, an endangered medicinal plant of the western Himalayas. However, upon exposure of the freshly germinated seedlings to favorable temperature (25 degrees C), functional leaves emerged within 20 days. Therefore, we examined regulation mechanisms of growth and development of this alpine plant by temperature under laboratory conditions. The seedlings were exposed to (1) 25 degrees C (temperature prevailing at the time of maximum vegetative growth), (2) 4 degrees C (mean temperature at the onset of winter in its natural habitat), and (3) 10 degrees C (an intermediate temperature). Slackened growth at 4 degrees C was followed by senescence of aerial parts and quiescence of roots and predetermined leaf primordia. Rapid development of leaf primordia at 25 degrees C was associated with increased starch hydrolysis. This was evident from higher alpha-amylase activity and reducing sugars. These parameters decreased on sudden exposure to 4 degrees C. In contrast, the roots (perennating organs) showed a slight increase (1.36-fold) in alpha-amylase activity. Growth and development in seedlings growing at 10 degrees C (temperature less adverse than 4 degrees C) were comparatively faster. The content of reducing sugars and alpha-amylase activity were also higher in all the seedling parts at 10 degrees C as compared to 4 degrees C. This indicated larger requirements for sugar by the seedlings at 10 degrees C. Irrespective of temperature, maximum changes in nitrate and nitrate reductase occurred during the initial 10 days, i.e., when the readily available form of sugars (reducing sugar) was highest. This indicated that a temperature-dependent availability of carbon, but not temperature itself, was an important regulator of uptake and reduction of nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Kushwaha
- Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176 061, HP, India.
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Kharkwal AC, Kushwaha R, Prakash O, Ogra RK, Bhattacharya A, Nagar PK, Ahuja PS. An efficient method of propagation of Podophyllum hexandrum: an endangered medicinal plant of the Western Himalayas under ex situ conditions. J Nat Med 2008; 62:211-6. [PMID: 18404326 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-007-0217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study shows an effective but simple method of conserving characterized populations and elite clones through vegetative propagation and genetic diversity through seeds in Podophyllum hexandrum (family Berberidaceae). Seed dormancy has been considered to be a major constraint in these seeds and most of the earlier reports recommended dormancy-breaking pretreatments such as chilling, gibberellic acid (GA(3)), etc. However, seeds of the 14 accessions that we tested exhibited no dormancy and hence did not require any pretreatments. Besides accession, collection of seeds with high moisture content could be one of the reasons for lack of dormancy. Thus, we propose germination of seeds (while they still retained moisture) in sand at 25 degrees C for high and reproducible results within a shorter period of time compared with earlier reports. Hypocotyl dormancy is known to considerably delay plant establishment and hence en masse propagation by preventing the emergence of functional leaves for up to 11-12 months. Manual removal of cotyledonary leaves, being labor and time intensive, is not a feasible method for large-scale seedling establishment. However, in this study, we showed that GA(3) at 200 ppm can alleviate hypocotyl dormancy besides reducing the time taken for true or functional leaf emergence. Treatment of cotyledonary leaves of 1 week-old-seedlings with 200 ppm GA(3 )resulted in true or functional leaf emergence within 7 days, and the resultant plants were also more vigorous than the ones obtained from manual removal of cotyledonary leaves. The study helped advance the establishment of seedlings by one growing season (almost 1 year).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit C Kharkwal
- Division of Biotechnology, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
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Abstract
Throughout history, natural products have afforded a rich source of compounds that have found many applications in the fields of medicine, pharmacy and biology. Within the sphere of cancer, a number of important new commercialised drugs have been obtained from natural sources, by structural modification of natural compounds, or by the synthesis of new compounds, designed following a natural compound as model. The search for improved cytotoxic agents continues to be an important line in the discovery of modern anticancer drugs. The huge structural diversity of natural compounds and their bioactivity potential have meant that several products isolated from plants, marine flora and microorganisms can serve as "lead" compounds for improvement of their therapeutic potential by molecular modification. Additionally, semisynthesis processes of new compounds, obtained by molecular modification of the functional groups of lead compounds, are able to generate structural analogues with greater pharmacological activity and with fewer side effects. These processes, complemented with high-throughput screening protocols, combinatorial chemistry, computational chemistry and bioinformatics are able to afford compounds that are far more efficient than those currently used in clinical practice. Combinatorial biosynthesis is also applied for the modification of natural microbial products. Likewise, advances in genomics and the advent of biotechnology have improved both the discovery and production of new natural compounds.
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Chawla R, Arora R, Singh S, Sagar R, Sharma RK, Kumar R, Sharma A, Tripathi RP, Puri SC, Khan HA, Shawl AS, Sultan P, Krishan T, Qazi GN. Podophyllum hexandrum Offers Radioprotection by Modulating Free Radical Flux: Role of Aryl-Tetralin Lignans. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2006; 3:503-11. [PMID: 17173115 PMCID: PMC1697744 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nel037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated the effect of variation in aryl-tetralin lignans on the radioprotective properties of Podophyllum hexandrum. Two fractionated fractions of P. hexandrum [methanolic (S1) and chloroform fractions (S2)], with varying aryl-tetralin lignan content were utilized for the present study. The peroxyl ion scavenging potentials of S1 and S2 were found to be comparable [i.e. 45.88% (S1) and 41% (S2)] after a 48 h interval in a time-dependent study, whereas in a 2 h study, S2 exhibited significant (P < 0.05) antioxidant activity in different metal ion + flux states. In the aqueous phase, S2 exhibited non-site-specific reactive oxygen species scavenging activity, i.e. 73.12% inhibition at 500 μg ml−1. S1 exhibited 58.40 ± 0.8% inhibition (at 0.025 μg ml−1) of the formation of reactive nitrite radicals, comparable to S2 (52.45 ± 0.825%), and also showed 45.01% site-specific activity (1000 μg ml−1), along with significant (P < 0.05) electron donation potential (50–2000 μg ml−1) compared to S2. Such activities of S1 could be attributed to the significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of podophyllotoxin β-d-glucopyranoside (16.5 times) and demethyl podophyllotoxin glucoside (2.9 times) compared with S2. Together, these findings clearly prove that aryl-tetralin lignan content influences the radiation protective potential of the Podophyllum fractions to a great extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Chawla
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied SciencesBrigadier SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi 110054
| | - Rajesh Arora
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied SciencesBrigadier SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi 110054
| | - Shikha Singh
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied SciencesBrigadier SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi 110054
| | - R.K. Sagar
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied SciencesBrigadier SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi 110054
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied SciencesBrigadier SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi 110054
- Defence Research Laboratory (DRDO)Tejpur, Assam
| | - R. Kumar
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied SciencesBrigadier SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi 110054
| | - A. Sharma
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied SciencesBrigadier SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi 110054
| | - R. P. Tripathi
- Division of Radiation Biology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied SciencesBrigadier SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi 110054
| | - S. C. Puri
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR)Jammu Tawi 180001
| | - H. A. Khan
- Department of Medical Elementology and ToxicologyJamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, Delhi 110062
| | - A. S. Shawl
- Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Field StationBonera, Srinagar, India
| | - P. Sultan
- Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Field StationBonera, Srinagar, India
| | - Tej Krishan
- Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Field StationBonera, Srinagar, India
| | - G. N. Qazi
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR)Jammu Tawi 180001
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Puri SC, Nazir A, Chawla R, Arora R, Riyaz-Ul-Hasan S, Amna T, Ahmed B, Verma V, Singh S, Sagar R, Sharma A, Kumar R, Sharma RK, Qazi GN. The endophytic fungus Trametes hirsuta as a novel alternative source of podophyllotoxin and related aryl tetralin lignans. J Biotechnol 2005; 122:494-510. [PMID: 16375985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 10/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aryl tetralin lignans are synthesized by Podophyllum sps. and are in great demand worldwide due to their use in synthesis of topoisomerase inhibitors. However, the sustained production of these aryl tetralin lignans requires large-scale harvesting from the natural environments, which has resulted in the plant-endangered status. In view of the difficulties in their total chemical synthesis, cultivation and failure of metabolic engineering approaches, there is a need to search for alternative sources of production of aryl tetralin lignans. We unequivocally established the methodology for isolation, identification, and characterization of a novel fungal endophyte (Trametes hirsuta) that produces aryl tetralin lignans consistently as shown by HPLC, LC-MS, LC/MS-MS and (1)H NMR. The lignans produced by the microorganism are biologically active, and exhibit potent antioxidant, anticancer and radioprotective properties. This strategy promises to improve the production of these therapeutically important compounds at lower costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Chandra Puri
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Jammu 180001, India.
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Gordaliza M, García PA, del Corral JMM, Castro MA, Gómez-Zurita MA. Podophyllotoxin: distribution, sources, applications and new cytotoxic derivatives. Toxicon 2004; 44:441-59. [PMID: 15302526 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several podophyllotoxin derivatives modified in the A, B, C, D and E rings were prepared from podophyllotoxin and methyl isoxazopodophyllic acid and evaluated for their cytotoxicity on several neoplastic cell lines. Chemical transformations performed on these compounds have yielded derivatives more potent and more selective that the parent compound. Most of the compounds maintained their cytotoxicity at the microM level. Distribution, biosynthesis, production, biotechnology, applications and synthesis have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gordaliza
- Departamento de Química Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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