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Kopf S, Root A, Heinmaa I, Aristéia de Lima J, Åkesson D, Skrifvars M. Production and Characterization of Melt-Spun Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-4-hydroxybutyrate) Blend Monofilaments. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:27415-27427. [PMID: 38947777 PMCID: PMC11209910 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the melt-spinning potential of a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) blend using a piston spinning machine with two different spinneret diameters (0.2 and 0.5 mm). Results from the differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and tensile testing showed distinct filament properties depending on the monofilaments' cross-sectional area. Finer filaments possessed different melting behaviors compared to the coarser filaments and the neat polymer, indicating the formation of a different type of polymer crystal. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the finer filament (tensile strength: 21.5 MPa and elongation at break: 341%) differed markedly from the coarser filament (tensile strength: 11.7 MPa, elongation at break: 12.3%). The hydrolytic stability of the filaments was evaluated for 7 weeks in a phosphate-buffered saline solution and showed a considerably reduced elongation at break of the thinner filaments. Overall, the results indicate considerable potential for further filament improvements to facilitate textile processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Kopf
- Swedish
Centre for Resource Recovery, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and
Business, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden
| | - Andrew Root
- MagSol, Tuhkanummenkuja 2, 00970 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivo Heinmaa
- National
Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Juliana Aristéia de Lima
- Swedish
Centre for Resource Recovery, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and
Business, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden
- Department
of Polymer, Fibre and Composite, RISE Research
Institutes of Sweden, 504
62 Borås, Sweden
| | - Dan Åkesson
- Swedish
Centre for Resource Recovery, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and
Business, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden
| | - Mikael Skrifvars
- Swedish
Centre for Resource Recovery, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and
Business, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden
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Karpova SG, Olkhov AA, Varyan IA, Shilkina NG, Berlin AA, Popov AA, Iordanskii AL. Biocomposites Based on Electrospun Fibers of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Nanoplatelets of Graphene Oxide: Thermal Characteristics and Segmental Dynamics at Hydrothermal and Ozonation Impact. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4171. [PMID: 37896415 PMCID: PMC10610569 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to create new biodegradable nanocomposites for biomedicine, packaging, and environmentally effective adsorbents, ultra-thin composite fibers consisting of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and graphene oxide (GO) were obtained by electrospinning. Comprehensive studies of ultrathin fibers combining thermal characteristics, dynamic electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR) probe measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were carried out. It is shown that at the addition of 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 1% OG, the morphology and geometry of the fibers and their thermal and dynamic characteristics depend on the composite content. The features of the crystalline and amorphous structure of the PHB fibers were investigated by the ESR and DSC methods. For all compositions of PHB/GO, a nonlinear dependence of the correlation time of molecular mobility TEMPO probe (τ) and enthalpy of biopolyether melting (ΔH) is observed. The influence of external factors on the structural-dynamic properties of the composite fiber, such as hydrothermal exposure of samples in aqueous medium at 70 °C and ozonolysis, leads to extreme dependencies of τ and ΔH, which reflect two processes affecting the structure in opposite ways. The plasticizing effect of water leads to thermal destruction of the orientation of the pass-through chains in the amorphous regions of PHB and a subsequent decrease in the crystalline phase, and the aggregation of GO nanoplates into associates, reducing the number of GO-macromolecule contacts, thus increasing segmental mobility, as confirmed by decreasing τ values. The obtained PHB/GO fibrillar composites should find application in the future for the creation of new therapeutic and packaging systems with improved biocompatibility and high-barrier properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana G. Karpova
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.O.); (A.A.P.)
| | - Anatoly A. Olkhov
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.O.); (A.A.P.)
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivetta A. Varyan
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.O.); (A.A.P.)
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia G. Shilkina
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Alexander A. Berlin
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.S.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Anatoly A. Popov
- Department of Biological and Chemical Physics of Polymers, Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygina Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (S.G.K.); (A.A.O.); (A.A.P.)
- Academic Department of Innovational Materials and Technologies Chemistry, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Lane, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey L. Iordanskii
- N. N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics Academy of Science, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.S.); (A.A.B.)
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Morphology and crystallization behaviour of polyhydroxyalkanoates-based blends and composites: A review. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Di Lorenzo ML, Longo A, Androsch R. Polyamide 11/Poly(butylene succinate) Bio-Based Polymer Blends. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12172833. [PMID: 31484372 PMCID: PMC6747972 DOI: 10.3390/ma12172833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The manuscript details the preparation and characterization of binary blends of polyamide 11 (PA 11) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), with PA 11 as the major component. The blends are fully bio-based, since both components are produced from renewable resources. In addition, PBS is also biodegradable and compostable, contrarily to PA 11. In the analyzed composition range (up to 40 m% PBS), the two polymers are not miscible, and the blends display two separate glass transitions. The PA 11/PBS blends exhibit a droplet-matrix morphology, with uniform dispersion within the matrix, and some interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the dispersed droplets. Infrared spectroscopy indicates the possible interaction between the hydrogens of the amide groups of PA 11 chains and the carbonyl groups of PBS, which provides the compatibilization of the components. The analyzed blends show mechanical properties that are comparable to neat PA 11, with the benefit of reduced material costs attained by addition of biodegradable PBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy.
| | - Alessandra Longo
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (CNR), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Effects of isothermal crystallization on the mechanical properties of a elastomeric medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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7
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Biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/thermoplastic polyurethane blends with improved mechanical and barrier performance. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Towards understanding polyhydroxyalkanoates and their use. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-016-0988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Scarfato P, Di Maio L, Incarnato L. Recent advances and migration issues in biodegradable polymers from renewable sources for food packaging. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Scarfato
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Luciano Di Maio
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Loredana Incarnato
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Salerno; Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 Fisciano Salerno Italy
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Larrañaga A, Fernández J, Vega A, Etxeberria A, Ronchel C, Adrio J, Sarasua J. Crystallization and its effect on the mechanical properties of a medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 39:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Synthesis, properties and applications of biodegradable polymers derived from diols and dicarboxylic acids: from polyesters to poly(ester amide)s. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7064-123. [PMID: 24776758 PMCID: PMC4057662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(alkylene dicarboxylate)s constitute a family of biodegradable polymers with increasing interest for both commodity and speciality applications. Most of these polymers can be prepared from biobased diols and dicarboxylic acids such as 1,4-butanediol, succinic acid and carbohydrates. This review provides a current status report concerning synthesis, biodegradation and applications of a series of polymers that cover a wide range of properties, namely, materials from elastomeric to rigid characteristics that are suitable for applications such as hydrogels, soft tissue engineering, drug delivery systems and liquid crystals. Finally, the incorporation of aromatic units and α-amino acids is considered since stiffness of molecular chains and intermolecular interactions can be drastically changed. In fact, poly(ester amide)s derived from naturally occurring amino acids offer great possibilities as biodegradable materials for biomedical applications which are also extensively discussed.
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Di Lorenzo ML, Righetti MC. Effect of thermal history on the evolution of crystal and amorphous fractions of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] upon storage at ambient temperature. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Di Lorenzo ML, Gazzano M, Righetti MC. The Role of the Rigid Amorphous Fraction on Cold Crystallization of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma3010907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia dei Polimeri, c/o
Comprensorio Olivetti, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA),
Italy
| | - Massimo Gazzano
- Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Area della
Ricerca, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Righetti MC, Lorenzo MLD. Nonlinear determination of the equilibrium melting temperature from initial nonreorganized crystals of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Karpova SG, Iordanskii AL, Popov AA, Shilkina NG, Lomakin SM, Shcherbin MA, Chvalun SN, Berlin AA. Effect of external influences on the structural and dynamic parameters of polyhydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate-based biocomposites. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793112010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Xu C, Qiu Z. Crystallization behavior and thermal property of biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Xu C, Qiu Z. Nonisothermal melt crystallization and subsequent melting behavior of biodegradable poly(hydroxybutyrate)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Xu C, Qiu Z. Isothermal Melt Crystallization Kinetics Study of Biodegradable Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites. Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.pj2009114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cai H, Qiu Z. Effect of comonomer content on the crystallization kinetics and morphology of biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:9569-77. [DOI: 10.1039/b907677h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hu Y, Sato H, Zhang J, Noda I, Ozaki Y. Crystallization behavior of poly(l-lactic acid) affected by the addition of a small amount of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Scaffolds from electrospun polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymers: Fabrication, characterization, bioabsorption and tissue response. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1307-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fully biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate)/poly(ethylene succinate) blends: Phase behavior, crystallization and mechanical properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Maiti P, Batt CA, Giannelis EP. New biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate/layered silicate nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3393-400. [PMID: 17958439 DOI: 10.1021/bm700500t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/layered silicate nanocomposites were prepared via melt extrusion. The nanostructure, as observed from wide-angle X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, indicates intercalated hybrids. The extent of intercalation depends on the amount of silicate and the nature of organic modifier present in the layered silicate. The nanohybrids show significant improvement in thermal and mechanical properties of the matrix as compared to the neat polymer. The silicate particles act as a strong nucleating agent for the crystallization of PHB. The biodegradability of pure PHB and its nanocomposites was studied at two different temperatures under controlled conditions in compost media. The rate of biodegradation of PHB is enhanced dramatically in the nanohybrids. The change in biodegradation is rationalized in terms of the crystallization behavior of the nanohybrids as compared to that of the neat polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pralay Maiti
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Di Lorenzo ML, Sajkiewicz P, La Pietra P, Gradys A. Irregularly shaped DSC exotherms in the analysis of polymer crystallization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-006-0621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Di Lorenzo ML. Calorimetric analysis of the multiple melting behavior of poly(L-lactic acid). J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Qiu Z, Yang W, Ikehara T, Nishi T. Miscibility and crystallization behavior of biodegradable blends of two aliphatic polyesters. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) and poly(ε-caprolactone). POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li J, Lai MF, Liu JJ. Control and development of crystallinity and morphology in poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate)/poly(propylene carbonate) blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Miscibility and crystallization behaviour of biodegradable blends of two aliphatic polyesters. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) and poly(butylene succinate) blends. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Na YH, He Y, Nishiwaki T, Inagawa Y, Osanai Y, Matsumura S, Saito T, Doi Y, Inoue Y. Phase-separation enhanced enzymatic degradation of atactic poly(R,S-3-hydroxybutyrate) in the blends with poly(methyl methacrylate). Polym Degrad Stab 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(02)00371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Di Lorenzo ML, Pyda M, Wunderlich B. Reversible melting in nanophase-separated poly(oligoamide-alt-oligoether)s and its dependence on sequence length, crystal perfection, and molecular mobility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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