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Barakat A, Al Ghazal M, Fono Tamo RS, Phadatare A, Unser J, Hagan J, Vaidya U. Development of a Cure Model for Unsaturated Polyester Resin Systems Based on Processing Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2391. [PMID: 39274024 PMCID: PMC11397111 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) systems are extensively used in composite materials for applications in the transportation, marine, and infrastructure sectors. There are continually evolving formulations of UPRs that need to be evaluated and optimized for processing. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) provides valuable insight into the non-isothermal and isothermal behavior of UPRs within a prescribed temperature range. In the present work, non-isothermal DSC tests were carried out between temperatures of 0.0 °C and 250 °C, through different heating and cooling ramp rates. The isothermal DSC tests were carried out between 0.0 and 170 °C. The instantaneous rate of cure of the tested temperatures were measured. The application of an autocatalytic model in a calculator was used to simulate curing behaviors under different processing conditions. As the temperature increased from 10 °C up to 170 °C, the rate of cure reduced, and the heat of reaction increased. The simulated cure behavior from the DSC data showed that the degree of cure (α) maximum value of 71.25% was achieved at the highest heating temperature of 85 °C. For the low heating temperature, i.e., 5 °C, the maximum degree of cure (α) did not exceed 12% because there was not enough heat to activate the catalyst to crosslink further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Barakat
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Marc Al Ghazal
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Romeo Sephyrin Fono Tamo
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Akash Phadatare
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - John Unser
- Composite Applications Group (CAG), 3137 Waterfront Dr, Chattanooga, TN 37419, USA
| | - Joshua Hagan
- Research and Development Department, Wabash National Corporation, 3550 Veterans Memorial Pkwy S, Lafayette, IN 47909, USA
| | - Uday Vaidya
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
- Manufacturing Sciences Division (MSD), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 2350 Cherahala Blvd, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA
- The Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Innovation, 2370 Cherahala Blvd, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA
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Dou Y, Ju A, Zhong Z, Huo Y, Yao W. Flame-Retardant and Transparent Unsaturated Polyester Based on P/N Liquid Flame Retardants and Modified Halloysite Nanotubes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:761. [PMID: 38591628 PMCID: PMC10856195 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) with excellent flame retardant is mainly obtained by adding large amounts of flame retardants, usually at the expense of mechanical properties. In this work, a reactive flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen (DOPO-N) was successfully synthesized and incorporated in UPR as a crosslinker. The mechanical and flame-retardant properties of UPR composites were enhanced. UPR/30DOPO-N passed a UL-94 V-1 rating with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.8%. The tensile strength of UPR/30DOPO-N increased by 24.4%. On this basis, a small amount of modified HNTs (VHNTs) was added to further improve the flame-retardant properties of the composite. With the introduction of 3 wt% VHNTs, the composite passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. The peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of it decreased by 60.7% and 48.3%, respectively. Moreover, the detailed flame-retarding mechanism of DOPO-N and VHNTs was investigated by thermogravimetric infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR), Raman spectra, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that DOPO-N played a role in quenching the flame in the gas phase and cooperated with VHNTs to enhance the barrier effect in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Weiguo Yao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Automotive Material, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China; (Y.D.); (A.J.); (Z.Z.); (Y.H.)
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Nguyen SA, Dong TQ, Doan MQ, Nguyen NH, Nguyen TA, Ngo XD, Pham AT, Le AT. Boosting the ultraviolet shielding and thermal retardancy properties of unsaturated polyester resin by employing electrochemically exfoliated e-GO nanosheets. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25762-25777. [PMID: 37655359 PMCID: PMC10467759 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03762b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a series of unsaturated polyester resin (UPRs)/electrochemically exfoliated graphene oxide (e-GO) polymer nanocomposites with different ratios of e-GO (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 wt%) were prepared via an in situ polymerization method. The surface morphology and structural and chemical properties of the original UPR and UPR/e-GO nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The positive influence of e-GO nanosheets on the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and anti-UV aging performance of UPR/e-GO nanocomposites was demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The obtained results showed that the incorporation of e-GO nanosheets within the UPR matrix, despite the addition of e-GO at as low as 0.2 wt% comprehensively improves the advanced functional properties of UPR/e-GO nanocomposites as compared to the original UPR. In addition, artificial weathering testing of quartz-based artificial stone using UPR/e-GO 0.2 wt% showed excellent UV-resistant efficiency, supporting the use of e-GO nanosheets as an additive in manufacturing the industrial-scale UPRs-based artificial quartz stone samples for real outdoor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Anh Nguyen
- Vicostone Joint Stock Company, Phenikaa Group Hanoi 10000 Vietnam
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
| | - Thuc Quang Dong
- Vicostone Joint Stock Company, Phenikaa Group Hanoi 10000 Vietnam
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
| | - Mai Quan Doan
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Huyen Nguyen
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
| | - Tuan Anh Nguyen
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
| | - Xuan Dinh Ngo
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
| | - Anh-Tuan Pham
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
| | - Anh-Tuan Le
- Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Phenikaa University Hanoi 12116 Vietnam
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4
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Bhardwaj S, Gopalakrishnan DK, Garg D, Vaitla J. Bidirectional Iterative Approach to Sequence-Defined Unsaturated Oligoesters. JACS AU 2023; 3:252-260. [PMID: 36711094 PMCID: PMC9875252 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the development of a new strategy for the synthesis of unsaturated oligoesters via sequential metal- and reagent-free insertion of vinyl sulfoxonium ylides into the O-H bond of carboxylic acid. Like two directional coupling of amino acids (N- to C-terminal and C- to N-terminal) in peptide synthesis, the present approach offers a strategy in both directions to synthesize oligoesters. The sequential addition of the vinyl sulfoxonium ylide to the carboxylic acids (acid iteration sequence) in one direction and the sequential addition of the carboxylic acids to the vinyl sulfoxonium ylide (ylide iteration sequence) in another direction yield (Z)-configured unsaturated oligoesters. To perform this iteration, we have developed a highly regioselective insertion of vinyl sulfoxonium ylide into the X-H (X = O, N, C, S, halogen) bond of acids, thiols, phenols, amines, indoles, and halogen acids under metal-free reaction conditions. The insertion reaction is applied to a broad range of substrates (>50 examples, up to 99% yield) and eight iterative sequences. Mechanistic studies suggest that the rate-limiting step depends on the type of X-H insertion.
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Fallah D, Fareghi-Alamdari R, Tavangar S. Unsaturated oligoesters containing internal triple and double bonds based on DL-malic acid: synthesis, characterization and study of crosslinking via click reaction. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bandegi A, Amirkhosravi M, Meng H, Aghjeh MKR, Manas‐Zloczower I. Vitrimerization of Crosslinked Unsaturated Polyester Resins: A Mechanochemical Approach to Recycle and Reprocess Thermosets. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2200036. [PMID: 35860393 PMCID: PMC9284659 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs) are expansively used in different applications and recycling the significant amounts of UPR waste is still a universal problem. Vitrimerization is a feasible, environmental-friendly, cost effective, and operative method, which can be used for recycling the crosslinked UPRs. In this method, the thermoset permanent network is changed into a dynamic network similar to the vitrimer-type polymers. The results show that the existence of a transesterification catalyst in the system significantly enhances the efficiency of vitrimerization. The vitrimerized UPR thermosets can be reprocessed three times with mechanical properties comparable to the initial UPR. The results show that the excess of external hydroxyl groups in the system can prevent the formation of zinc ligand complexes in the network and consequently reduce the crosslinked density and mechanical properties of vitrimerized samples. The vitrimerized thermoset powder can be reprocessed through injection molding, extrusion, and compression molding which are conventional thermoplastic processing techniques. The unrecyclable UPR thermoset wastes can be recycled and reused through vitrimerization with the least loss in mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Bandegi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and EngineeringCase Western Reserve University2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith BldgClevelandOH44106USA
| | - Mehrad Amirkhosravi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and EngineeringCase Western Reserve University2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith BldgClevelandOH44106USA
| | - Haotian Meng
- Department of Macromolecular Science and EngineeringCase Western Reserve University2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith BldgClevelandOH44106USA
| | - Mir Karim Razavi Aghjeh
- Department of Macromolecular Science and EngineeringCase Western Reserve University2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith BldgClevelandOH44106USA
- Institute of Polymeric MaterialsFaculty of Polymer EngineeringSahand University of TechnologySahand New TownTabriz51335–1996Iran
| | - Ica Manas‐Zloczower
- Department of Macromolecular Science and EngineeringCase Western Reserve University2100 Adelbert Road, Kent Hale Smith BldgClevelandOH44106USA
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8
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White BT, Meenakshisundaram V, Feller KD, Williams CB, Long TE. Vat photopolymerization of unsaturated polyesters utilizing a polymerizable ionic liquid as a non-volatile reactive diluent. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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9
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Maniar D, Fodor C, Adi IK, Woortman AJJ, Dijken J, Loos K. Enzymatic synthesis and characterization of muconic acid‐based unsaturated polymer systems. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Maniar
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Csaba Fodor
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Indra Karno Adi
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Analytical Chemistry Research Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Bandung Institute of Technology Bandung Indonesia
- Current address: Dexa Development Centre Kawasan Industri Jababeka II Bekasi Indonesia
| | - Albert JJ Woortman
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jur Dijken
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
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10
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Molina J, Mahmoud Z, Hubert‐Roux M, Azaroual N, Afonso C, Schuller A, Rolando C. Deciphering the structure of itaconate‐based unsaturated polyester resins by high resolution mass spectrometry. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Molina
- Walter Mäder AG Killwangen Switzerland
- Mäder Group Villeneuve‐d'Ascq France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, USR 3290, MSAP, Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique Lille France
| | - Ziad Mahmoud
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, USR 3290, MSAP, Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique Lille France
| | - Marie Hubert‐Roux
- Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, UMR 6014, CNRS, COBRA, Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, Réactivité et Analyse Mont‐Saint‐Aignan Cedex France
| | - Nathalie Azaroual
- Univ. Lille, ULR 7365 – GRITA – Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées Lille France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Université, Université de Rouen, UMR 6014, CNRS, COBRA, Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, Réactivité et Analyse Mont‐Saint‐Aignan Cedex France
| | - Anne‐Sophie Schuller
- Laboratoire de Photochimie et d'Ingénierie Macromoléculaires Université de Haute Alsace Mulhouse Cedex France
| | - Christian Rolando
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, USR 3290, MSAP, Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique Lille France
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11
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Maleimide end- capped polyether telechelics as novel toughening agents for unsaturated polyester resin. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Qi XL, Zhou DD, Zhang J, Hu S, Haranczyk M, Wang DY. Simultaneous Improvement of Mechanical and Fire-Safety Properties of Polymer Composites with Phosphonate-Loaded MOF Additives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:20325-20332. [PMID: 31042349 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flame-retardant (FR) additives are commonly used to improve the fire safety of synthetic polymers, which are widely employed in manufactured consumer goods. Incorporation of an FR in a polymer typically leads to deterioration of its mechanical properties. It also manifests itself in non-negligible volatile organic compound (VOC) release, which in turn increases environmental risks carried by both the application and disposal of the corresponding consumer goods. Herein, we present a hierarchical strategy for the design of composite materials, which ensures simultaneous improvement of both mechanical and fire-safety properties of polymers while limiting the VOC release. Our strategy employs porous metal-organic framework (MOF) particles to provide a multifunctional interface between the FR molecules and the polymer. Specifically, we demonstrate that the particles of environmentally friendly HKUST-1 MOF can be infused by a modern FR-dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP)-and then embedded into widely used unsaturated polyesters. The DMMP-HKUST-1 additive endows the resulting composite material with improved processability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and computational modeling of the additive suggest the complete pore filling of HKUST-1 with DMMP molecules being bound to the open metal sites of the MOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Qi
- IMDEA Materials Institute , C/Eric Kandel, 2 , Getafe , Madrid 28906 , Spain
| | - Dong-Dong Zhou
- School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , 510275 Guagzhou , China
| | - Jing Zhang
- IMDEA Materials Institute , C/Eric Kandel, 2 , Getafe , Madrid 28906 , Spain
| | - Shuang Hu
- IMDEA Materials Institute , C/Eric Kandel, 2 , Getafe , Madrid 28906 , Spain
| | - Maciej Haranczyk
- IMDEA Materials Institute , C/Eric Kandel, 2 , Getafe , Madrid 28906 , Spain
| | - De-Yi Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute , C/Eric Kandel, 2 , Getafe , Madrid 28906 , Spain
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Naguib HM, Kandil UF, Hashem AI, Boghdadi YM. Effect of fiber loading on the mechanical and physical properties of “green” bagasse–polyester composite. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy M. Naguib
- Dept. of Petroleum Applications, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Usama F. Kandil
- Dept. of Petroleum Applications, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I. Hashem
- Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Xu Y, Hua G, Hakkarainen M, Odelius K. Isosorbide as Core Component for Tailoring Biobased Unsaturated Polyester Thermosets for a Wide Structure-Property Window. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3077-3085. [PMID: 29897737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Biobased unsaturated polyester thermosets as potential replacements for petroleum-based thermosets were designed. The target of incorporating rigid units, to yield thermosets with high thermal and mechanical performance, both in the biobased unsaturated polyester (UP) and reactive diluent (RD) while retaining miscibility was successfully achieved. The biobased unsaturated polyester thermosets were prepared by varying the content of isosorbide, 1,4-butanediol, maleic anhydride, and succinic anhydride in combination with the reactive diluent isosorbide-methacrylate (IM). Isosorbide was chosen as the main component in both the UP and the RD to enhance the rigidity of the formed thermosets, to overcome solubility issues commonly associated with biobased UPs and RDs and volatility and toxicity associated with styrene as RD. All UPs had good solubility in the RD and the viscosity of the mixtures was primarily tuned by the feed ratio of isosorbide but also by the amount of maleic anhydride. The flexural modulus and storage modulus were tailorable by altering the monomer composition The fabricated thermosets had superior thermal and mechanical properties compared to most biobased UP thermosets with thermal stability up to about 250 °C and a storage modulus at 25 °C varying between 0.5 and 3.0 GPa. These values are close to commercial petroleum-based UP thermosets. The designed tailorable biobased thermosets are, thus, promising candidates to replace their petroleum analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Xu
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56 , 100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Geng Hua
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56 , 100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56 , 100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Karin Odelius
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 56 , 100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
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15
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Patel JP, Parsania PH. Synthesis of Bisphthalamic Acids for the Preparation of Glass-Reinforced Composites of Multifunctional Epoxy Resin of Bisphenol-C and Their Physicochemical Properties. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh P. Patel
- Department of Chemistry; Saurashtra University; Rajkot 360 005 India
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16
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Schoon I, Kluge M, Eschig S, Robert T. Catalyst Influence on Undesired Side Reactions in the Polycondensation of Fully Bio-Based Polyester Itaconates. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9120693. [PMID: 30965993 PMCID: PMC6418628 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based unsaturated polyester resins derived from itaconic acid can be an alternative to established resins of this type in the field of radical-curing resins. However, one of the challenges of these polyester itaconates is the somewhat more elaborate synthetic process, especially under polycondensation conditions used on an industrial scale. The α,β-unsaturated double bond of the itaconic acid is prone to side reactions that can lead to the gelation of the polyester resin under standard conditions. This is especially true when bio-based diols such as 1,3-propanediol or 1,4-butanediol are used to obtain resins that are 100% derived from renewable resources. It was observed in earlier studies that high amounts of these aliphatic diols in the polyester lead to low conversion and gelation of the resins. In this work, a catalytic study using different diols was performed in order to elucidate the reasons for this behavior. It was shown that the choice of catalyst has a crucial influence on the side reactions occurring during the polycondensation reactions. In addition, the side reactions taking place were identified and suppressed. These results will allow for the synthesis of polyester itaconates on a larger scale, setting the stage for their industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Schoon
- Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research⁻Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Marcel Kluge
- Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research⁻Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Steven Eschig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research⁻Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Tobias Robert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Wood Research⁻Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut WKI, Bienroder Weg 54E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
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17
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Thermal and corrosion resistance properties of unsaturated polyester/clay nanocomposites and the effect of electron beam irradiation. Polym Bull (Berl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-016-1793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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De La Caba K, Eceiza A, Marieta C, Corcuera MA, Remiro P, Mondragon I. Properties of a Vinyl Ester Resin Modified with a Liquid Polymer. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008305053206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A vinyl ester (VE) resin was modified with different concentrations of a liquid polymer, polyoxypropylenetriamine (POPTA), in order to study the changes produced during curing and in its final properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements were made to obtain both the styrene and vinyl ester unsaturations conversions during the cure of the resin. The glass transition region was analysed by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), which showed the constancy of glass transition temperature with modifier content. The mechanical properties of the mixtures were also analysed and the results have been related to the flexural behaviour of the cured neat resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koro De La Caba
- Departamento Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Universitaria Politécnica, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Plaza Europa 1. 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain,
| | - Arantxa Eceiza
- Departamento Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Universitaria Politécnica, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Plaza Europa 1. 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
| | - Cristina Marieta
- Departamento Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Universitaria Politécnica, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Plaza Europa 1. 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Corcuera
- Departamento Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Universitaria Politécnica, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Plaza Europa 1. 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
| | - Pedro Remiro
- Departamento Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Universitaria Politécnica, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Plaza Europa 1. 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Mondragon
- Departamento Ingeniería Química y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Universitaria Politécnica, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Plaza Europa 1. 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
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19
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Tang T, Takasu A. Facile synthesis of unsaturated polyester-based double-network gels via chemoselective cross-linking using Michael addition and subsequent UV-initiated radical polymerization. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13020k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Michael addition and UV-initiated radical polymerization of vinyl monomers were used for a one-pot synthesis of polyester-based double-network (DN) gels by chemoselective cross-linking at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Tang
- Department of Frontier Materials
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Nagoya 466-8555
- Japan
| | - Akinori Takasu
- Department of Frontier Materials
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Nagoya 466-8555
- Japan
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20
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Patel JP, Bhatt RD, Parsania PH. Studies on Bismaleamic Acids Cured Tetrafunctional Epoxy Resin of Bisphenol-C and Glass-Epoxy Composites. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh P. Patel
- Polymer Chemistry Division; Department of Chemistry; Saurashtra University; Rajkot 360 005 India
| | - Ritesh D. Bhatt
- Polymer Chemistry Division; Department of Chemistry; Saurashtra University; Rajkot 360 005 India
| | - Parsotam H. Parsania
- Polymer Chemistry Division; Department of Chemistry; Saurashtra University; Rajkot 360 005 India
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21
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Patel JP, Parsania P. Spectral and thermal study of cured tetrafunctional epoxy-ester-amide polymeric framework. Des Monomers Polym 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2013.867582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh P. Patel
- Polymer Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry (UGC-SAP and DST-FIST sponsored), Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India
| | - P.H. Parsania
- Polymer Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry (UGC-SAP and DST-FIST sponsored), Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India
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22
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Tang T, Moyori T, Takasu A. Isomerization-Free Polycondensations of Cyclic Anhydrides with Diols and Preparation of Polyester Gels Containing Cis or Trans Carbon Double Bonds via Photo-Cross-Linking and Isomerization in the Gels. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400875x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tang Tang
- Department
of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of
Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Takaya Moyori
- Department
of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of
Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Akinori Takasu
- Department
of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of
Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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23
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Synthesis, properties, and applications of urethane-modified acrylated poly(ester-amide)s. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Asaad JN. Synthesis and characterization of unsaturated polyester/carborundum composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Ren X, Li C, Li K. Investigation of acrylamide-modified melamine-formaldehyde resins as a compatibilizer for kenaf-unsaturated polyester composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Singha AS, Rana AK. Improvement of Interfacial Adhesion inCannabis indica/Unsaturated Polyester Biocomposites through Esterification Reaction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2012.719114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Francucci G, Cardona F, Manthey NW. Cure kinetics of an acrylated epoxidized hemp oil-based bioresin system. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Fundamental thermo-mechanical property modeling of triglyceride-based thermosetting resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Preparation of a strong-cation exchange monolith by a novel method and its application in the separation of IgG on high performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 2011; 85:2666-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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Preparation of a novel hybrid organic–inorganic monolith for the separation of lysozyme by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:100-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Yang J, Yang G, Liu H, Bai L, Zhang Q. Preparation and characterization of porous poly(vinyl ester) resin monoliths as separation media. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Simitzis J, Triantou D, Soulis S, Triantou K, Simitzis C, Zoumpoulakis L. Correlation of hydrolytic degradation with structure for copolyesters produced from glycolic and adipic acids. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:1069-1079. [PMID: 20012773 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Copolyesters based on glycolic acid (G) combined with adipic acid (A) and ethylene glycol (E) were synthesized in different percentage of molar ratios (A: 100-50% and G: 100%) and their hydrolytic degradation was studied and correlated with their structures. According to the DSC, the production of polyesters leads to the formation of copolyesters and not to mixtures of homopolyesters. The crystallites in the copolyesters mainly consist of continuous sequences of ethylene adipate structural units. The hydrolytic degradation of the polyesters was followed by their weight loss during hydrolysis and by the FTIR spectra of the initial polyesters compared with that of the degraded polyesters at equilibrium. The region between 1142 and 800 cm(-1) can be utilized to evaluate the extent of degradation of polyesters after their hydrolysis. The absorption bands at 1142, 1077 and 850 cm(-1) due to the amorphous region decrease after hydrolysis, whereas those at 972, 901 and 806 cm(-1) due to the crystalline region increase. The experimental data of the hydrolytic degradation were fitted with exponential rise to maximum type functions using two-parameter model, which describes very well mainly the initial part of the degradation, and four-parameter model (containing two exponential terms), which is appropriate for fitting the hydrolytic degradation on the entire time period (including the equilibrium). Furthermore, the kinetics of the hydrolytic degradation of the polyesters for the initial time period based on both models results to similar values of the rate constant, k. The synthesized copolyesters of glycolic acid combined with adipic acid and ethylene glycol are soluble in many common organic solvents opposite to PGA, leading to modified biodegradable polyesters and therefore they can be easily processed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Simitzis
- School of Chemical Engineering, Department III Materials Science and Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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33
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Liu H, Li S, Yang G, Bai L. Novel Hydrophilic Poly(Vinyl Ester Resin-co-Ethylene Dimethacrylate) Monolith for Bioseparation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10236660903531461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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34
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Yashiro T, Kricheldorf HR, Huijser S. Polycondensations of Substituted Maleic Anhydrides and 1,6-Hexanediol Catalyzed by Metal Triflates. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320903526840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Liu H, Li S, Bai L, Yang G. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Poly(Vinyl Ester Resin-co-Ethylene Dimethacrylate) Monolithic Network Columns. Des Monomers Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1163/138577210x521288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- a College of Pharmacy, Hebei University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control, Baoding 071002, P. R. China;,
| | - Shenghui Li
- b College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Ligai Bai
- c College of Pharmacy, Hebei University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
| | - Gengliang Yang
- d College of Pharmacy, Hebei University, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control, Baoding 071002, P. R. China
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36
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Patel HS, Patel BK. Interacting Blends of Novel Acrylated Poly(Ester-Amide)s Based on Epoxy Resin of Bisphenol-F with Methyl Methacrylate Monomer. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030903192500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasmukh S. Patel
- a Department of Chemistry , Sardar Patel University , Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhavdeep K. Patel
- a Department of Chemistry , Sardar Patel University , Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
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37
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Patel HS, Patel BK. Interacting Blends of Novel Acrylated Poly(Ester Amide)s Based on DGEBC with Styrene Monomer. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030903146720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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38
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Kricheldorf HR, Yashiro T, Weidner S. Isomerization-Free Polycondensations of Maleic Anhydride with α,ω-Alkanediols. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9009356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans R. Kricheldorf
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Bundesstr. 45, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Takao Yashiro
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Bundesstr. 45, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
- JSR Corporation, Miyukigaoka 25, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0841 Japan
| | - Steffen Weidner
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung u. − prüfung (BAM), Fed. Inst. Material Research and Testing, 1.35 “Polymer Analysis”, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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39
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De Espinosa LM, Ronda JC, GaliÀ M, Cádiz V. A straightforward strategy for the efficient synthesis of acrylate and phosphine oxide-containing vegetable oils and their crosslinked materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Patel HS, Patel BK. Novel Flame-Retardant Acrylated Poly(Ester-Amide) Resins Based on Brominated Epoxy. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00914030902859257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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de Espinosa LM, Ronda JC, Galià M, Cádiz V. A new route to acrylate oils: Crosslinking and properties of acrylate triglycerides from high oleic sunflower oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Montero de Espinosa
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Marcellí Domingo s/n., 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - J. C. Ronda
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Marcellí Domingo s/n., 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - M. Galià
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Marcellí Domingo s/n., 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - V. Cádiz
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Marcellí Domingo s/n., 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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42
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Behera D, Banthia AK. Synthesis, characterization, and kinetics study of thermal decomposition of epoxidized soybean oil acrylate. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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43
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Bulliard X, Michaud V, Månson J. Low-profile mechanisms in a PVAc/polyester blend. POLYM ENG SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Zhou Y, Yang X, Jia D. Cure behavior of unsaturated polyester/modified montmorillonite nanocomposites. POLYM INT 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Can E, Wool RP, Küsefoğlu S. Soybean and castor oil based monomers: Synthesis and copolymerization with styrene. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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The use of bimodal blends of vinyl ester monomers to improve resin processing and toughen polymer properties. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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48
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La Scala JJ, Sands JM, Orlicki JA, Robinette EJ, Palmese GR. Fatty acid-based monomers as styrene replacements for liquid molding resins. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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49
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50
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Zetterlund PB, Gosden RG, Weaver W, Johnson AF. New aspects of unsaturated polyester resin synthesis. Part 2. Reactant sequence distribution and its effect on cure kinetics. POLYM INT 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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