1
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Xiang L, Hu T, Xue H, Pan W, Xie Y, Shen J. Synthesis and evaluation of NHC derivatives and 4'-fluorouridine prodrugs. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2754-2767. [PMID: 36917467 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00268c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
β-D-N4-Hydroxycytidine (NHC) derivatives with structural modifications at the C4', O4' or C6 position and 4'-fluorouridine prodrugs were synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral activities against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza virus (IFV) in vitro. The NHC derivatives were found inactive, but 4'-fluorouridine and its prodrugs had potent anti-RSV and anti-IFV activities. 4'-Fluorouridine was proved to be a nucleoside with poor stability, but the tri-ester prodrugs exhibited enhanced stability, especially tri-isobutyrate ester 1a. This prodrug also showed excellent oral pharmacokinetic properties in rats, with potential to be an oral antiviral candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Tianwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenfang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuanchao Xie
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China.
| | - Jingshan Shen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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2
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El-Barbary AA, Imam DR, El–Tahawy MM, El-Hallouty SM, Kheder NA, Khodair AI. Unexpected synthesis, characterization, biological evaluations, and computational details of novel nucleosides containing triazine-pyrrole hybrid. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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3
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Antiviral Drugs in Adenovirus-Induced Keratoconjunctivitis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102014. [PMID: 36296290 PMCID: PMC9609312 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) is one of the most common causes of conjunctivitis worldwide. Depending on specific serotypes and other factors, it can lead to several ocular manifestations, ranging from isolated, self-limited disease to epidemic and potentially sight-threatening keratoconjunctivitis. To date, no antiviral agent against ocular adenovirus has been licensed, and its management is still based on hygienic and supportive measures alone. In this review, a literature search up to August 2021 was performed to find peer-reviewed articles, with the primary aim to investigate drugs or other compounds with any antiviral activity against adenovirus. Finally, we included 70 articles, consisting of both in vitro, and in vivo studies on animal models and clinical trials of any phase, as well as a case-report, and analyzed each compound separately. Many antiviral agents proved to be effective on in vivo and in vitro studies on animal models, and in pre-clinical trials, but lacked reliability in large, controlled clinical investigations. The design of such studies, though, presented several hurdles, due to the nature and the specific characteristics of adenovirus-induced ocular diseases. Nevertheless, some promising compounds are currently under study, and further investigations are needed to prove their efficacy in the management of adenovirus conjunctivitis.
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4
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Heterogeneous graph attention networks for drug virus association prediction. Methods 2021; 198:11-18. [PMID: 34419588 PMCID: PMC8376526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) has lead global epidemics with high morbidity and mortality. However, there are currently no proven effective drugs targeting COVID-19. Identifying drug-virus associations can not only provide insights into the understanding of drug-virus interaction mechanism, but also guide and facilitate the screening of compound candidates for antiviral drug discovery. Since conventional experiment methods are time-consuming, laborious and expensive, computational methods to identify potential drug candidates for viruses (e.g., COVID-19) provide an alternative strategy. In this work, we propose a novel framework of Heterogeneous Graph Attention Networks for Drug-Virus Association predictions, named HGATDVA. First, we fully incorporate multiple sources of biomedical data, e.g., drug chemical information, virus genome sequences and viral protein sequences, to construct abundant features for drugs and viruses. Second, we construct two drug-virus heterogeneous graphs. For each graph, we design a self-enhanced graph attention network (SGAT) to explicitly model the dependency between a node and its local neighbors and derive the graph-specific representations for nodes. Third, we further develop a neural network architecture with tri-aggregator to aggregate the graph-specific representations to generate the final node representations. Extensive experiments were conducted on two datasets, i.e., DrugVirus and MDAD, and the results demonstrated that our model outperformed 7 state-of-the-art methods. Case study on SARS-CoV-2 validated the effectiveness of our model in identifying potential drugs for viruses.
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5
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Abou-Elkhair RAI, Wasfy AA, Mao S, Du J, Eladl S, Metwally K, Hassan AEA, Sheng J. 2-Hydroxyimino-6-aza-pyrimidine nucleosides: synthesis, DFT calculations, and antiviral evaluations. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04154h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, DFT calculations, and antiviral evaluation of a series of novel 2-hydroxyimino-6-aza-pyrimidine ribonucleosides is reported. The hydrogen bonding between the C2N–OH moiety and N3–H and/or N3 moieties shapes the pyrimidine nucleoside as purine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham A. I. Abou-Elkhair
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Zagazig University
- Zagazig
- Egypt
| | - Abdalla A. Wasfy
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Zagazig University
- Zagazig
- Egypt
| | - Song Mao
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute
- University at Albany
- State University of New York
- Albany
- USA
| | - Jinxi Du
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute
- University at Albany
- State University of New York
- Albany
- USA
| | - Sobhy Eladl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Zagazig University
- Zagazig
- Egypt
| | - Kamel Metwally
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Zagazig University
- Zagazig
- Egypt
| | - Abdalla E. A. Hassan
- Applied Nucleic Acids Research Center & Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Zagazig University
- Zagazig
- Egypt
| | - Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute
- University at Albany
- State University of New York
- Albany
- USA
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6
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Pastuch-Gawołek G, Gillner D, Król E, Walczak K, Wandzik I. Selected nucleos(t)ide-based prescribed drugs and their multi-target activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172747. [PMID: 31634460 PMCID: PMC7173238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleos(t)ide analogues play pivotal roles as antiviral, cytotoxic or immunosuppressive agents. Here, we review recent reports of nucleoside analogues that exhibit broad-spectrum activity towards multiple life-threatening RNA and DNA viruses. We also present a discussion about nucleoside antimetabolites-approved antineoplastic agents-that have recently been shown to have antiviral and/or antibacterial activity. The approved drugs and drug combinations, as well as recently identified candidates for investigation and/or experimentation, are discussed. Several examples of repurposed drugs that have already been approved for use are presented. This strategy can be crucial for the first-line treatment of acute infections or coinfections and for the management of drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pastuch-Gawołek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Danuta Gillner
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewelina Król
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Walczak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ilona Wandzik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
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7
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Bassetto M, Van Dycke J, Neyts J, Brancale A, Rocha-Pereira J. Targeting the Viral Polymerase of Diarrhea-Causing Viruses as a Strategy to Develop a Single Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Therapy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020173. [PMID: 30791582 PMCID: PMC6409847 DOI: 10.3390/v11020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, being particularly severe for children under the age of five. The most common viral agents of gastroenteritis are noroviruses, rotaviruses, sapoviruses, astroviruses and adenoviruses, however, no specific antiviral treatment exists today against any of these pathogens. We here discuss the feasibility of developing a broad-spectrum antiviral treatment against these diarrhea-causing viruses. This review focuses on the viral polymerase as an antiviral target, as this is the most conserved viral protein among the diverse viral families to which these viruses belong to. We describe the functional and structural similarities of the different viral polymerases, the antiviral effect of reported polymerase inhibitors and highlight common features that might be exploited in an attempt of designing such pan-polymerase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Bassetto
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB Cardiff, UK.
| | - Jana Van Dycke
- KU Leuven-Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven-Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB Cardiff, UK.
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven-Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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8
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Smirnov VS, Slita AV, Garshinina AV, Belyaevskaya SV, Anikin AV, Zarubaev VV. [The effect of combination of glycyrrhizic acid with alpha-glutamyl-tryptophan on the experimental adenoviral infection]. Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:125-131. [PMID: 36494946 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-2-125-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the activity of glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and dipeptide alpha-glutamyl-tryptophane (EW) as single preparations or in combination (GL+EW) against experimental adenoviral infection in the syrian hamsters was studied. Application of gl and GL+EW was shown to decrease the level of the adenovirus replication in liver tissue by 0.6 - 1.2 lgTCID50 depending on the composition and time point of the post infection. It was also demonstrated that normalization of the structure of the liver tissue was required, which was shown on the level of both optical and electron microscopy. The results obtained in this work suggest that gl and GL+EW may be considered as potential component of the complex therapy of adenoviral infection.
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9
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Alexeeva I, Nosach L, Palchykovska L, Usenko L, Povnitsa O. Synthesis and Comparative Study of Anti-Adenoviral Activity of 6-Azacytidine and Its Analogues. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 34:565-78. [PMID: 26167665 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2015.1034363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of synthesis and study of cytotoxicity and the anti-adenoviral activity of new N4-derivatives of 6-azacytidine and its α-L-glycopyranosyl analogues obtained by the simplified one-pot version of the silyl condensation method. The resulting acylated 4-methylmercapto-1,2,4-triazin-3(2Н)-one glycosides then underwent the amination and/or ammonolysis to provide 6-azacytidine glycoside analogues (2-6, 12, 15, 17) and compounds with modifications at both base and sugar fragments (11, 15). The evaluation of cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of new compounds against AdV5 showed high selectivity indexes for N4-methyl-6-azacytidine (2) and N,O-tetraacetyl-6-azacytidine (8). High anti-adenoviral activity of N4-methyl-6-azacytidine as well as very low cytotoxicity may suggest its further investigation as potential compound for the therapy of AdV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Alexeeva
- a Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences , Kyiv , Ukraine
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10
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Brovarets’ OO, Yurenko YP, Hovorun DM. The significant role of the intermolecular CH⋯O/N hydrogen bonds in governing the biologically important pairs of the DNA and RNA modified bases: a comprehensive theoretical investigation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:1624-52. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.968623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Rusinov VL, Egorov IN, Chupakhin ON, Belanov EF, Bormotov NI, Serova OA. Synthesis and antiviral activity of 1,2,4-triazine derivatives. Pharm Chem J 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-012-0698-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Yurenko YP, Zhurakivsky RO, Ghomi M, Samijlenko SP, Hovorun DM. Comprehensive Conformational Analysis of the Nucleoside Analogue 2‘-β-Deoxy-6-azacytidine by DFT and MP2 Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:6263-71. [PMID: 17503799 DOI: 10.1021/jp066742h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive conformational analysis of isolated 2'-beta-deoxy-6-azacytidine (d6AC), an analogue of therapeutically active 6-azacytidine (6AC), has been performed by means of ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-311++G(2df,pd)//DFT B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. Among the 81 conformers located within a 7.83 kcal/mol Gibbs energy range at T = 298.15 K, 38 contain syn-oriented bases with respect to 2'-deoxyribose; the other conformers include anti-oriented bases. Energetic analysis of these conformers shows that conformational equilibrium of isolated d6AC at T = 298.15 K is shifted to syn conformation with a syn/anti ratio estimated as 61.4%:38.6%. As far as the sugar conformation is concerned, 40 conformers contain north (N) (with 0.3 degrees < or = P < or = 40.1 degrees), and the rest possess south (S) (with 157.1 degrees < or = P < or = 207.0 degrees) puckers, where P is the pseudorotational angle of the furanose ring. The S/N occupancy ratio is estimated as 80.2%:19.8% (T = 298.15 K). The two most stable conformers are energetically quasidegenerate and correspond to both C2'-endo/syn conformers differing only by orientation of the O3'H hydroxyl group. They are both stabilized by means of similar intramolecular H-bonds, i.e., O5'H...O2, C2'H2...O2, and C2'H2...O5'. As examined by AIM criteria, from 1 to 3 H-bonds per conformer were identified among 13 possible interactions: O5'H...O2, O5'H...N6, O3'H...O5', O5'H...O3', C1'H...O2, C2'H2...O2, C2'H2...O5', C3'H...O2, C3'H...N6, C5'H1...O2, C5'H2...O2, C5'H1...N6, and C5'H2...N6. The biological effect of d6AC is conceived as an inhibition of replicative DNA polymerase caused by an unusual orientation of the sugar residue against the base in the only A form DNA-like conformer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen P Yurenko
- Department of Molecular and Quantum Biophysics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, vul. Zabolotnoho 150, 03143, Kyiv, Ukraine
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13
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Zarubalev VV, Slita AV, Sukhinin VP, Nosach LN, Dyachenko NS, Povnitsa OY, Zhovnovataya VL, Alexeeva IV, Palchikovskaya LI. Effect of 6-azacytidine on the course of experimental adenoviral infection in newborn Syrian hamsters. J Chemother 2007; 19:44-51. [PMID: 17309850 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2007.19.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral infection is a serious human pathology leading to respiratory, gastrointestinal and ocular disorders and epidemic outbreaks, especially in children's groups. Here we present the results from an investigation of anti- adenoviral effect of 6-azacytidine (6-AC) both in vitro and in vivo. The selectivity index of 6-AC for adenovirus type 5 in HEp-2 cells was 374, the 50% effective concentration was 0.5 mg/ml. For in vivo investigations we developed a model of disseminated adenoviral infection in newborn Syrian hamsters. The infectious virus was recovered from the liver, kidney, lungs and heart. Application of 6-AC led to a reduced period of the virus presence (7 days in the liver and 4 days in the kidney and heart) and lowered virus titers on day 3 post-inoculation (p.i.) (liver - 2.7 and 4.1, heart - 0 and 3.2, kidney - 0 and 2.4 log(10 )CPD(50)/mg tissue weight, in the presence and absence of 6-AC, respectively). Application of 6-AC to newborn Syrian hamsters led to partial destruction of their splenocytes. The results obtained suggest that 6-AC or 6-ACbased drugs with lower toxicity or applied topically may be suitable for therapy and prevention of adenoviral infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Zarubalev
- Influenza Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, Kiev, Ukraine.
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14
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Lenaerts L, Naesens L. Antiviral therapy for adenovirus infections. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:172-80. [PMID: 16698093 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of severe adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis and life-threatening adenovirus infections in immunocompromised patients is still unsatisfactory. We here review the mode of action and antiviral data for cidofovir and ribavirin, obtained in cell culture, animal models or patients. Several nucleoside or nucleotide analogues have been described that target the adenovirus polymerase, whereas other antiviral targets have been poorly investigated. Furthermore, optimal therapeutic response may be achieved by combining antiviral therapy with immunotherapeutic approaches, as currently being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lenaerts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Kinchington PR, Romanowski EG, Jerold Gordon Y. Prospects for adenovirus antivirals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55:424-9. [PMID: 15743895 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dki057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses cause a number of self-limiting but often highly infectious diseases that affect multiple organs, most commonly those associated with respiratory, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts and the ocular surface. Many factors have driven a search for effective topical and systemic antivirals to adenoviruses. These include patient morbidity, economic losses and chronic visual disturbances associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis; and the startling recent trend of high morbidity and rising mortality associated with systemic adenoviral infections in the immunosuppressed, particularly paediatric bone marrow transplant recipients. The development of effective antivirals has proven to be a complex task, owing to the fact that multiple and often genetically divergent adenovirus serotypes can cause similar diseases. Currently, there remains no licensed systemic or topical treatment in the USA or Europe. However, many compounds have been explored for activity against adenoviruses, and some have been evaluated clinically in either a topical setting for ocular disease or in the setting of systemic treatment in the face of life-threatening adenovirus infections. This article outlines such compounds, discusses the potential for their clinical development, and highlights some problems that may be faced in evaluating their efficacy clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Kinchington
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Research Centre, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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16
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Alexeeva IV, Palchikovskaya LI, Nosach LN, Usenko LS, Zhovnovataya VL, Dyachenko NS. The glycosilic analogues of 6-aza-cytidine: synthesis and antiviral activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.0006c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. V. Alexeeva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - L. I. Palchikovskaya
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - L. N. Nosach
- D. K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - L. S. Usenko
- D. K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - V. L. Zhovnovataya
- D. K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
| | - N. S. Dyachenko
- D. K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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