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Packiaraj J, Thakur J. DNA satellite and chromatin organization at mouse centromeres and pericentromeres. Genome Biol 2024; 25:52. [PMID: 38378611 PMCID: PMC10880262 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Centromeres are essential for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. However, the organization of satellite DNA and chromatin at mouse centromeres and pericentromeres is poorly understood due to the challenges of assembling repetitive genomic regions. RESULTS Using recently available PacBio long-read sequencing data from the C57BL/6 strain, we find that contrary to the previous reports of their homogeneous nature, both centromeric minor satellites and pericentromeric major satellites exhibit a high degree of variation in sequence and organization within and between arrays. While most arrays are continuous, a significant fraction is interspersed with non-satellite sequences, including transposable elements. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), we find that the occupancy of CENP-A and H3K9me3 chromatin at centromeric and pericentric regions, respectively, is associated with increased sequence enrichment and homogeneity at these regions. The transposable elements at centromeric regions are not part of functional centromeres as they lack significant CENP-A enrichment. Furthermore, both CENP-A and H3K9me3 nucleosomes occupy minor and major satellites spanning centromeric-pericentric junctions and a low yet significant amount of CENP-A spreads locally at centromere junctions on both pericentric and telocentric sides. Finally, while H3K9me3 nucleosomes display a well-phased organization on major satellite arrays, CENP-A nucleosomes on minor satellite arrays are poorly phased. Interestingly, the homogeneous class of major satellites also phase CENP-A and H3K27me3 nucleosomes, indicating that the nucleosome phasing is an inherent property of homogeneous major satellites. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that mouse centromeres and pericentromeres display a high diversity in satellite sequence, organization, and chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenika Packiaraj
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jitendra Thakur
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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2
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KURUMIZAKA H. Structural studies of functional nucleosome complexes with transacting factors. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 98:1-14. [PMID: 35013027 PMCID: PMC8795532 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the genomic DNA is hierarchically organized into chromatin. Chromatin structures and dynamics influence all nuclear functions that are guided by DNA, and thus regulate gene expression. Chromatin structure aberrations cause various health issues, such as cancer, lifestyle-related diseases, mental disorders, infertility, congenital diseases, and infectious diseases. Many studies have unveiled the fundamental features and the heterogeneity of the nucleosome, which is the basic repeating unit of chromatin. The nucleosome is the highly conserved primary chromatin architecture in eukaryotes, but it also has structural versatility. Therefore, analyses of these primary chromatin structures will clarify the higher-order chromatin architecture. This review focuses on structural and functional studies of nucleosomes, based on our research accomplishments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi KURUMIZAKA
- Laboratory of Chromatin Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Abstract
The centromere performs a universally conserved function, to accurately partition genetic information upon cell division. Yet, centromeres are among the most rapidly evolving regions of the genome and are bound by a varying assortment of centromere-binding factors that are themselves highly divergent at the protein-sequence level. A common thread in most species is the dependence on the centromere-specific histone variant CENP-A for the specification of the centromere site. However, CENP-A is not universally required in all species or cell types, making the identification of a general mechanism for centromere specification challenging. In this review, we examine our current understanding of the mechanisms of centromere specification in CENP-A-dependent and independent systems, focusing primarily on recent work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Mellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Daniele Fachinetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005 Paris, France.
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4
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Hou H, Kyriacou E, Thadani R, Klutstein M, Chapman JH, Cooper JP. Centromeres are dismantled by foundational meiotic proteins Spo11 and Rec8. Nature 2021; 591:671-676. [PMID: 33658710 PMCID: PMC8843027 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic processes are potentially dangerous to genome stability and could be disastrous if activated in proliferative cells. Here we show that two key meiosis-defining proteins, the topoisomerase Spo11 (which forms double-strand breaks) and the meiotic cohesin Rec8, can dismantle centromeres. This dismantlement is normally observable only in mutant cells that lack the telomere bouquet, which provides a nuclear microdomain conducive to centromere reassembly1; however, overexpression of Spo11 or Rec8 leads to levels of centromere dismantlement that cannot be countered by the bouquet. Specific nucleosome remodelling factors mediate centromere dismantlement by Spo11 and Rec8. Ectopic expression of either protein in proliferating cells leads to the loss of mitotic kinetochores in both fission yeast and human cells. Hence, while centromeric chromatin has been characterized as extraordinarily stable, Spo11 and Rec8 challenge this stability and may jeopardize kinetochores in cancers that express meiotic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitong Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, Phone 303-724-3203,Former address: Telomere Biology Laboratory, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892,Co-corresponding authors: ;
| | - Eftychia Kyriacou
- Former address: Telomere Biology Laboratory, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892,Current address: Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rahul Thadani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, Phone 303-724-3203,Former address: Telomere Biology Laboratory, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael Klutstein
- Chromatin and Aging Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem PO 12272, Israel 91120
| | - Joseph H. Chapman
- Former address: Telomere Biology Laboratory, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892,Current address: Single Molecular Biophysics Laboratory, NHLBI, NIH
| | - Julia Promisel Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, Phone 303-724-3203,Former address: Telomere Biology Laboratory, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892,Co-corresponding authors: ;
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5
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Corless S, Höcker S, Erhardt S. Centromeric RNA and Its Function at and Beyond Centromeric Chromatin. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4257-4269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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6
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Kyriacou E, Heun P. High-resolution mapping of centromeric protein association using APEX-chromatin fibers. Epigenetics Chromatin 2018; 11:68. [PMID: 30445992 PMCID: PMC6238281 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-018-0237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The centromere is a specialized chromosomal locus that forms the basis for the assembly of a multi-protein complex, the kinetochore and ensures faithful chromosome segregation during every cell division. The repetitive nature of the underlying centromeric sequence represents a major obstacle for high-resolution mapping of protein binding using methods that rely on annotated genomes. Here, we present a novel microscopy-based approach called "APEX-chromatin fibers" for localizing protein binding over the repetitive centromeric sequences at kilobase resolution. RESULTS By fusing centromere factors of interest to ascorbate peroxidase, we were able to label their binding profiles on extended chromatin fibers with biotin marks. We applied APEX-chromatin fibers to at least one member of each CCAN complex, most of which show a localization pattern different from CENP-A but within the CENP-A delineated centromeric domain. Interestingly, we describe here a novel characteristic of CENP-I and CENP-B that display extended localization beyond the CENP-A boundaries. CONCLUSIONS Our approach was successfully applied for mapping protein association over centromeric chromatin, revealing previously undescribed localization patterns. In this study, we focused on centromeric factors, but we believe that this approach could be useful for mapping protein binding patterns in other repetitive regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Kyriacou
- Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Patrick Heun
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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7
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Kleiner RE, Hang LE, Molloy KR, Chait BT, Kapoor TM. A Chemical Proteomics Approach to Reveal Direct Protein-Protein Interactions in Living Cells. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:110-120.e3. [PMID: 29104064 PMCID: PMC5775914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions mediate essential cellular processes, however the detection of native interactions is challenging since they are often low affinity and context dependent. Here, we develop a chemical proteomics approach in vivo CLASPI [iCLASPI] (in vivo crosslinking-assisted and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture [SILAC]-based protein identification) relying upon photo-crosslinking, amber suppression, and SILAC-based quantitative proteomics to profile context-dependent protein-protein interactions in living cells. First, we use iCLASPI to profile in vivo binding partners of the N-terminal tails of soluble histone H3 or H4. We identify known histone chaperones and modifying proteins, thereby validating our approach, and find an interaction between soluble histone H3 and UBR7, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, mediated by UBR7's PHD domain. Furthermore, we apply iCLASPI to profile the context-dependent protein-protein interactions of chromatin-associated histone H3 at different cell-cycle stages, and identify ANP32A as a mitosis-specific interactor. Our results demonstrate that the iCLASPI approach can provide a general strategy for identifying native, context-dependent direct protein-protein interactions using photo-crosslinking and quantitative proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E Kleiner
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lisa E Hang
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kelly R Molloy
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tarun M Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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8
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Park I, Kwon MS, Paik S, Kim H, Lee HO, Choi E, Lee H. HDAC2/3 binding and deacetylation of BubR1 initiates spindle assembly checkpoint silencing. FEBS J 2017; 284:4035-4050. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inai Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Seoul National University; South Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Seoul National University; South Korea
| | - Sangjin Paik
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Seoul National University; South Korea
| | - Hyeonjong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Seoul National University; South Korea
| | - Hae-Ock Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Seoul National University; South Korea
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Seoul National University; South Korea
| | - Hyunsook Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Seoul National University; South Korea
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9
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Stepwise unfolding supports a subunit model for vertebrate kinetochores. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3133-3138. [PMID: 28265097 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614145114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During cell division, interactions between microtubules and chromosomes are mediated by the kinetochore, a proteinaceous structure located at the primary constriction of chromosomes. In addition to the centromere histone centromere protein A (CENP-A), 15 other members of the constitutive centromere associated network (CCAN) participate in the formation of a chromatin-associated scaffold that supports kinetochore structure. We performed a targeted screen analyzing unfolded centrochromatin from CENP-depleted chromosomes. Our results revealed that CENP-C and CENP-S are critical for the stable folding of mitotic kinetochore chromatin. Multipeak fitting algorithms revealed the presence of an organized pattern of centrochromatin packing consistent with arrangement of CENP-A-containing nucleosomes into up to five chromatin "subunits"-each containing roughly 20-30 nucleosomes. These subunits could be either layers of a boustrophedon or small loops of centromeric chromatin.
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10
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Dumont M, Fachinetti D. DNA Sequences in Centromere Formation and Function. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 56:305-336. [PMID: 28840243 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation during cell division depends on the centromere, a complex DNA/protein structure that links chromosomes to spindle microtubules. This chromosomal domain has to be marked throughout cell division and its chromosomal localization preserved across cell generations. From fission yeast to human, centromeres are established on a series of repetitive DNA sequences and on specialized centromeric chromatin. This chromatin is enriched with the histone H3 variant, named CENP-A, that was demonstrated to be the epigenetic mark that maintains centromere identity and function indefinitely. Although centromere identity is thought to be exclusively epigenetic, the presence of specific DNA sequences in the majority of eukaryotes and of the centromeric protein CENP-B that binds to these sequences, suggests the existence of a genetic component as well. In this review, we will highlight the importance of centromeric sequences for centromere formation and function, and discuss the centromere DNA sequence/CENP-B paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dumont
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - D Fachinetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
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11
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Discovering centromere proteins: from cold white hands to the A, B, C of CENPs. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:443-9. [PMID: 25991376 DOI: 10.1038/nrm4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore is a complex molecular machine that directs chromosome segregation during mitosis. It is one of the most elaborate subcellular protein structures in eukaryotes, comprising more than 100 different proteins. Inner kinetochore proteins associate with specialized centromeric chromatin containing the histone H3 variant centromere protein A (CENP-A) in place of H3. Outer kinetochore proteins bind to microtubules and signal to delay anaphase onset when microtubules are absent. Since the first kinetochore proteins were discovered and cloned 30 years ago using autoimmune sera from patients with scleroderma-spectrum disease, much has been learnt about the composition, functions and regulation of this remarkable structure.
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12
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Yamakawa N, Okuyama K, Ogata J, Kanai A, Helwak A, Takamatsu M, Imadome KI, Takakura K, Chanda B, Kurosaki N, Yamamoto H, Ando K, Matsui H, Inaba T, Kotani A. Novel functional small RNAs are selectively loaded onto mammalian Ago1. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:5289-301. [PMID: 24627180 PMCID: PMC4005649 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Argonaute (Ago) proteins function in RNA silencing as components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). In lower organisms, the small interfering RNA and miRNA pathways diverge due in part to sorting mechanisms that direct distinct small RNA (sRNA) duplexes onto specific Ago-RISCs. However, such sorting mechanisms appear to be lost in mammals. miRNAs appear not to distinguish among Ago1–4. To determine the effect of viral infection on the sorting system, we compared the content of deep-sequenced RNA extracted from immunoprecipitation experiments with the Ago1 and Ago2 proteins using Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-infected cells. Consistent with previous observations, sequence tags derived from miRNA loci in EBV and humans globally associate in approximately equivalent amounts with Ago1 and Ago2. Interestingly, additional sRNAs, which have not been registered as miRNAs, were associated with Ago1. Among them, some unique sequence tags derived from tandem loci in the human genome associate exclusively with Ago1 but not, or rarely, with Ago2. This is supported by the observation that the expression of the unique sRNAs in the cells is highly dependent on Ago1 proteins. When we knocked down Ago1, the expression of the Ago1-specific sRNAs decreased dramatically. Most importantly, the Ago1-specific sRNAs bound to mRNAs and regulated target genes and were dramatically upregulated, depending on the EBV life cycle. Therefore, even in mammals, the sorting mechanism in the Ago1–4 family is functional. Moreover, the existence of Ago1-specific sRNAs implies vital roles in some aspects of mammalian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Yamakawa
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Division of Basic Clinical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan, Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-0074, Japan, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan, Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan and Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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13
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Khan WA, Chisholm R, Tadayyon S, Subasinghe A, Norton P, Samarabandu J, Johnston LJ, Knoll JH, Rogan PK. Relating centromeric topography in fixed human chromosomes to α-satellite DNA and CENP-B distribution. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 139:234-42. [PMID: 23548580 DOI: 10.1159/000348744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive analyses on the centromere and its associated proteins, detailed studies of centromeric DNA structure have provided limited information about its topography in condensed chromatin. We have developed a method with correlative fluorescence light microscopy and atomic force microscopy that investigates the physical and structural organization of α-satellite DNA sequences in the context of its associated protein, CENP-B, on human metaphase chromosome topography. Comparison of centromeric DNA and protein distribution patterns in fixed homologous chromosomes indicates that CENP-B and α-satellite DNA are distributed distinctly from one another and relative to observed centromeric ridge topography. Our approach facilitates correlated studies of multiple chromatin components comprising higher-order structures of human metaphase chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Khan
- Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ont, Canada
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14
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Petsalaki E, Zachos G. Chk1 and Mps1 jointly regulate correction of merotelic kinetochore attachments. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1235-46. [PMID: 23321637 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.119677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
If uncorrected, merotelic kinetochore attachments can induce mis-segregated chromosomes in anaphase. We show that checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) protects vertebrate cells against merotelic attachments and lagging chromosomes and is required for correction of merotelic attachments during a prolonged metaphase. Decreased Chk1 activity leads to hyper-stable kinetochore microtubules, unstable binding of MCAK, Kif2b and Mps1 to centromeres or kinetochores and reduced phosphorylation of Hec1 by Aurora-B. Phosphorylation of Aurora-B at serine 331 (Ser331) by Chk1 is high in prometaphase and decreases significantly in metaphase cells. We propose that Ser331 phosphorylation is required for optimal localization of MCAK, Kif2b and Mps1 to centromeres or kinetochores and for Hec1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, inhibition of Mps1 activity diminishes initial recruitment of MCAK and Kif2b to centromeres or kinetochores, impairs Hec1 phosphorylation and exacerbates merotelic attachments in Chk1-deficient cells. We propose that Chk1 and Mps1 jointly regulate Aurora-B, MCAK, Kif2b and Hec1 to correct merotelic attachments. These results suggest a role for Chk1 and Mps1 in error correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petsalaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion 70013, Greece
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15
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Suto Y, Hirai M, Akiyama M, Suzuki T, Sugiura N. Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Centromeric Alphoid DNA in Human Metaphase Chromosomes by PNA Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization and Its Application to Biological Radiation Dosimetry. CYTOLOGIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.77.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Suto
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Research Center for Radiation Emergency Medicine, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
| | - Momoki Hirai
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Research Center for Radiation Emergency Medicine, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
| | - Miho Akiyama
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Research Center for Radiation Emergency Medicine, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
| | - Toshikazu Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Research Center for Radiation Emergency Medicine, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
| | - Nobuyuki Sugiura
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Research Center for Radiation Emergency Medicine, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
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Petsalaki E, Akoumianaki T, Black EJ, Gillespie DAF, Zachos G. Phosphorylation at serine 331 is required for Aurora B activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 195:449-66. [PMID: 22024163 PMCID: PMC3206340 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aurora B kinase activity is required for successful cell division. In this paper, we show that Aurora B is phosphorylated at serine 331 (Ser331) during mitosis and that phosphorylated Aurora B localizes to kinetochores in prometaphase cells. Chk1 kinase is essential for Ser331 phosphorylation during unperturbed prometaphase or during spindle disruption by taxol but not nocodazole. Phosphorylation at Ser331 is required for optimal phosphorylation of INCENP at TSS residues, for Survivin association with the chromosomal passenger complex, and for complete Aurora B activation, but it is dispensable for Aurora B localization to centromeres, for autophosphorylation at threonine 232, and for association with INCENP. Overexpression of Aurora B(S331A), in which Ser331 is mutated to alanine, results in spontaneous chromosome missegregation, cell multinucleation, unstable binding of BubR1 to kinetochores, and impaired mitotic delay in the presence of taxol. We propose that Chk1 phosphorylates Aurora B at Ser331 to fully induce Aurora B kinase activity. These results indicate that phosphorylation at Ser331 is an essential mechanism for Aurora B activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Petsalaki
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71409, Greece
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17
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Perpelescu M, Fukagawa T. The ABCs of CENPs. Chromosoma 2011; 120:425-46. [PMID: 21751032 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-011-0330-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Equal distribution of DNA in mitosis requires the assembly of a large proteinaceous ensemble onto the centromeric DNA, called the kinetochore. With few exceptions, kinetochore specification is independent of the DNA sequence and is determined epigenetically by deposition at the centromeric chromatin of special nucleosomes containing an H3-related histone, CENP-A. Onto centromeric CENP-A chromatin is assembled the so-called constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) of 16 proteins distributed in several functional groups as follows: CENP-C, CENP-H/CENP-I/CENP-K/, CENP-L/CENP-M/CENP-N, CENP-O/CENP-P/CENP-Q/CENP-R/CENP-U(50), CENP-T/CENP-W, and CENP-S/CENP-X. One role of the CCAN is to recruit outer kinetochore components further, such as KNL1, the Mis12 complex, and the Ndc80 complex (KMN network) to which attach the spindle microtubules with their structural and regulatory proteins. Among the CENPs in CCAN, CENP-C and CENP-T are required in parallel for operational kinetochore specification and spindle attachment. This review presents discussion of the latest structural and functional data on CENP-A and CENPs from the CCAN as well as their interaction with the KMN network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Perpelescu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics and the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
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Ewers E, Yoda K, Hamid AB, Weise A, Manvelyan M, Liehr T. Centromere activity in dicentric small supernumerary marker chromosomes. Chromosome Res 2010; 18:555-62. [PMID: 20568005 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-010-9138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five dicentric small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) derived from #13/21, #14, #15, #18, and #22 were studied by immunohistochemistry for their centromeric activity. Centromere protein (CENP)-B was applied as marker for all centromeres and CENP-C to label the active ones. Three different 'predominant' activation patterns could be observed, i.e., centric fusion or either only one or all two centromeres were active. In one inherited case, the same activation pattern was found in mother and son. In acrocentric-derived sSMC, all three activation patterns could be present. In contrary, in chromosome 18-derived sSMC, only the fusion type was observed. In concordance with previous studies a certain centromeric plasticity was observed in up to 13% of the cells of an individual case. Surprisingly, the obtained data suggests a possible influence of the sSMC carrier's gender on the implementation of the predominant activation pattern; especially, only one active centromere was found more frequently in female than in male carriers. Also, it might be suggested that dicentric sSMC with one active centromere could be less stable than such with two active ones-centromeric plasticity might have an influence here, as well. Also, centromere activity in acrocentric-derived dicentrics could be influenced by heteromorphisms of the corresponding short arms. Finally, evidence is provided that the closer the centromeres of a dicentric are and if they are not fused, the more likely it was that both of them became active. In concordance and refinement with previous studies, a distance of 1.4 Mb up to about 13 Mb the two active centromere state was favored, while centromeric distance of over approximately 15 Mb lead to inactivation of one centromere. Overall, here, the first and largest ever undertaken study in dicentric sSMC is presented, providing evidence that the centromeric activation pattern is, and parental origin may be of interest for their biology. Influence of mechanisms similar or identical to meiotic imprinting in the centromeric regions of human chromosomes might be present. Furthermore, centromeric activation pattern could be at least in parts meaningful for the clinical outcome of dicentric sSMC, as sSMC stability and mosaicism can make the difference between clinically normal and abnormal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Ewers
- Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Jena University Hospital, Kollegiengasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Kiyomitsu T, Iwasaki O, Obuse C, Yanagida M. Inner centromere formation requires hMis14, a trident kinetochore protein that specifically recruits HP1 to human chromosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 188:791-807. [PMID: 20231385 PMCID: PMC2845078 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200908096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
hMis14 and HP1 depend on each other to localize to the kinetochore and inner centromere, respectively. Centromeric DNA forms two structures on the mitotic chromosome: the kinetochore, which interacts with kinetochore microtubules, and the inner centromere, which connects sister kinetochores. The assembly of the inner centromere is poorly understood. In this study, we show that the human Mis14 (hMis14; also called hNsl1 and DC8) subunit of the heterotetrameric hMis12 complex is involved in inner centromere architecture through a direct interaction with HP1 (heterochromatin protein 1), mediated via a PXVXL motif and a chromoshadow domain. We present evidence that the mitotic function of hMis14 and HP1 requires their functional association at interphase. Alterations in the hMis14 interaction with HP1 disrupt the inner centromere, characterized by the absence of hSgo1 (Shugoshin-like 1) and aurora B. The assembly of HP1 in the inner centromere and the localization of hMis14 at the kinetochore are mutually dependent in human chromosomes. hMis14, which contains a tripartite-binding domain for HP1 and two other kinetochore proteins, hMis13 and blinkin, is a cornerstone for the assembly of the inner centromere and kinetochore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kiyomitsu
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Research Program, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Department of Gene Mechanisms, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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20
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Acceptor-photobleaching FRET analysis of core kinetochore and NAC proteins in living human cells. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2009; 38:781-91. [PMID: 19533115 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-009-0498-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Faithful chromatin segregation is mediated and controlled by the kinetochore protein network which assembles at centromeres. In this study, the neighbourhood relations of inner kinetochore and nucleosome-associated complex (NAC) proteins were analysed in living human interphase cells by acceptor photobleaching FRET. The data indicate that CENP-U is in close vicinity to CENP-I as well as to CENP-B and that CENP-M is close to CENP-T.
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21
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Trazzi S, Perini G, Bernardoni R, Zoli M, Reese JC, Musacchio A, Valle GD. The C-terminal domain of CENP-C displays multiple and critical functions for mammalian centromere formation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5832. [PMID: 19503796 PMCID: PMC2688085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
CENP-C is a fundamental component of functional centromeres. The elucidation of its structure-function relationship with centromeric DNA and other kinetochore proteins is critical to the understanding of centromere assembly. CENP-C carries two regions, the central and the C-terminal domains, both of which are important for the ability of CENP-C to associate with the centromeric DNA. However, while the central region is largely divergent in CENP-C homologues, the C-terminal moiety contains two regions that are highly conserved from yeast to humans, named Mif2p homology domains (blocks II and III). The activity of these two domains in human CENP-C is not well defined. In this study we performed a functional dissection of C-terminal CENP-C region analyzing the role of single Mif2p homology domains through in vivo and in vitro assays. By immunofluorescence and Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) we were able to elucidate the ability of the Mif2p homology domain II to target centromere and contact alpha satellite DNA. We also investigate the interactions with other conserved inner kinetochore proteins by means of coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation on cell nuclei. We found that the C-terminal region of CENP-C (Mif2p homology domain III) displays multiple activities ranging from the ability to form higher order structures like homo-dimers and homo-oligomers, to mediate interaction with CENP-A and histone H3. Overall, our findings support a model in which the Mif2p homology domains of CENP-C, by virtue of their ability to establish multiple contacts with DNA and centromere proteins, play a critical role in the structuring of kinethocore chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Trazzi
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Perini
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Monica Zoli
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Joseph C. Reese
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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22
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Orthaus S, Klement K, Happel N, Hoischen C, Diekmann S. Linker histone H1 is present in centromeric chromatin of living human cells next to inner kinetochore proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:3391-406. [PMID: 19336418 PMCID: PMC2691837 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate kinetochore complex assembles at the centromere on alpha-satellite DNA. In humans, alpha-satellite DNA has a repeat length of 171 bp slightly longer than the DNA in the chromatosome containing the linker histone H1. The centromere-binding protein CENP-B binds specifically to alpha-satellite DNA with properties of a centromeric-linker histone. Here, we analysed if linker histone H1 is present at or excluded from centromeric chromatin by CENP-B. By immunostaining we detected the presence, but no enrichment or depletion of five different H1 subtypes at centromeric chromatin. The binding dynamics of H1 at centromeric sites were similar to that at other locations in the genome. These dynamics did not change in CENP-B depleted cells, suggesting that CENP-B and H1 co-exist in centromeric chromatin with no or little functional overlap. By bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), we revealed that the linker histone H1 subtypes H1 degrees and H1.2 bind to centromeric chromatin in interphase nuclei in direct neighbourhood to inner kinetochore proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Orthaus
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena and Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Goettingen, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - K. Klement
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena and Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Goettingen, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - N. Happel
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena and Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Goettingen, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - C. Hoischen
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena and Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Goettingen, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - S. Diekmann
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena and Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Goettingen, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany
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23
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Marshall OJ, Marshall AT, Choo KHA. Three-dimensional localization of CENP-A suggests a complex higher order structure of centromeric chromatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 183:1193-202. [PMID: 19114591 PMCID: PMC2606971 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200804078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The histone H3 variant centromere protein A (CENP-A) is central to centromere formation throughout eukaryotes. A long-standing question in centromere biology has been the organization of CENP-A at the centromere and its implications for the structure of centromeric chromatin. In this study, we describe the three-dimensional localization of CENP-A at the inner kinetochore plate through serial-section transmission electron microscopy of human mitotic chromosomes. At the kinetochores of normal centromeres and at a neocentromere, CENP-A occupies a compact domain at the inner kinetochore plate, stretching across two thirds of the length of the constriction but encompassing only one third of the constriction width and height. Within this domain, evidence of substructure is apparent. Combined with previous chromatin immunoprecipitation results (Saffery, R., H. Sumer, S. Hassan, L.H. Wong, J.M. Craig, K. Todokoro, M. Anderson, A. Stafford, and K.H.A. Choo. 2003. Mol. Cell. 12:509–516; Chueh, A.C., L.H. Wong, N. Wong, and K.H.A. Choo. 2005. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14:85–93), our data suggest that centromeric chromatin is arranged in a coiled 30-nm fiber that is itself coiled or folded to form a higher order structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen J Marshall
- Chromosome and Chromatin Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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24
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SUMO-2/3 modification and binding regulate the association of CENP-E with kinetochores and progression through mitosis. Mol Cell 2008; 29:729-41. [PMID: 18374647 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation is essential for cell-cycle regulation in invertebrates; however, its functions during the mammalian cell cycle are largely uncharacterized. Mammals express three SUMO paralogs: SUMO-1, SUMO-2, and SUMO-3 (SUMO-2 and SUMO-3 are 96% identical and referred to as SUMO-2/3). We found that SUMO-2/3 localize to centromeres and condensed chromosomes, whereas SUMO-1 localizes to the mitotic spindle and spindle midzone, indicating that SUMO paralogs regulate distinct mitotic processes in mammalian cells. Consistent with this, global inhibition of SUMOylation caused a prometaphase arrest due to defects in targeting the microtubule motor protein CENP-E to kinetochores. CENP-E was found to be modified specifically by SUMO-2/3 and to possess SUMO-2/3 polymeric chain-binding activity essential for kinetochore localization. Our findings indicate that SUMOylation is a key regulator of the mammalian cell cycle, with SUMO-1 and SUMO-2/3 modification of different proteins regulating distinct processes.
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25
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Orthaus S, Biskup C, Hoffmann B, Hoischen C, Ohndorf S, Benndorf K, Diekmann S. Assembly of the Inner Kinetochore Proteins CENP-A and CENP-B in Living Human Cells. Chembiochem 2008; 9:77-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Spence JM, Phua HH, Mills W, Carpenter AJ, Porter ACG, Farr CJ. Depletion of topoisomerase IIalpha leads to shortening of the metaphase interkinetochore distance and abnormal persistence of PICH-coated anaphase threads. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:3952-64. [PMID: 17956945 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.013730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (topo II) is a major component of mitotic chromosomes, and its unique decatenating activity has been implicated in many aspects of chromosome dynamics, of which chromosome segregation is the most seriously affected by loss of topo II activity in living cells. There is considerable evidence that topo II plays a role at the centromere including: the centromere-specific accumulation of topo II protein; cytogenetic/molecular mapping of the catalytic activity of topo II to active centromeres; the influence of sumoylated topo II on sister centromere cohesion; and its involvement in the activation of a Mad2-dependent spindle checkpoint. By using a human cell line with a conditional-lethal mutation in the gene encoding DNA topoisomerase IIalpha, we find that depletion of topo IIalpha, while leading to a disorganised metaphase plate, does not have any overt effect on general assembly of kinetochores. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation suggested that centromeres segregate normally, most segregation errors being chromatin bridges involving longer chromosome arms. Strikingly, a linear human X centromere-based minichromosome also displayed a significantly increased rate of missegregation. This sensitivity to depletion of topo IIalpha might be linked to structural alterations within the centromere domain, as indicated by a significant shortening of the distance across metaphase sister centromeres and the abnormal persistence of PICH-coated connections between segregating chromatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Spence
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
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27
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Faragher AJ, Sun XM, Butterworth M, Harper N, Mulheran M, Ruchaud S, Earnshaw WC, Cohen GM. Death receptor-induced apoptosis reveals a novel interplay between the chromosomal passenger complex and CENP-C during interphase. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:1337-47. [PMID: 17287400 PMCID: PMC1838999 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-05-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that the chromosomal passenger complex is well known to regulate kinetochore behavior in mitosis, no functional link has yet been established between the complex and kinetochore structure. In addition, remarkably little is known about how the complex targets to centromeres. Here, in a study of caspase-8 activation during death receptor-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, we have found that cleaved caspase-8 rapidly translocates to the nucleus and that this translocation is correlated with loss of the centromere protein (CENP)-C, resulting in extensive disruption of centromeres. Caspase-8 activates cytoplasmic caspase-7, which is likely to be the primary caspase responsible for cleavage of CENP-C and INCENP, a key chromosomal passenger protein. Caspase-mediated cleavage of CENP-C and INCENP results in their mislocalization and the subsequent mislocalization of Aurora B kinase. Our results demonstrate that the chromosomal passenger complex is displaced from centromeres as a result of caspase activation. Furthermore, mutation of the primary caspase cleavage sites of INCENP and CENP-C and expression of noncleavable CENP-C or INCENP prevent the mislocalization of the passenger complex after caspase activation. Our studies provide the first evidence for a functional interplay between the passenger complex and CENP-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Faragher
- *MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Xiao-Ming Sun
- *MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michael Butterworth
- *MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nick Harper
- *MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mike Mulheran
- *MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sandrine Ruchaud
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JR Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - William C. Earnshaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JR Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gerald M. Cohen
- *MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom; and
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28
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Lomonte P, Morency E. Centromeric protein CENP-B proteasomal degradation induced by the viral protein ICP0. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:658-62. [PMID: 17258208 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ICP0 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a nuclear protein that possesses a well-characterized E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. This activity is responsible for the proteasomal-dependent degradation of several cellular proteins. This study shows that ICP0 induces the proteasomal-dependent degradation of the centromeric protein CENP-B in infected as well as ICP0-expressing cells. It is also shown that the ICP0-induced CENP-B degradation occurs as efficiently in human and mouse cells. CENP-B is one of the major proteins of centromeres and its degradation is likely to contribute to the severe damage induced to centromeres by ICP0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lomonte
- Viral Silencing and Centromeric Instability team, Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, France.
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29
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McEwen BF, Dong Y, VandenBeldt KJ. Using Electron Microscopy to Understand Functional Mechanisms of Chromosome Alignment on the Mitotic Spindle. Methods Cell Biol 2007; 79:259-93. [PMID: 17327161 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(06)79011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce F McEwen
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, USA
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30
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Orthaus S, Ohndorf S, Diekmann S. RNAi knockdown of human kinetochore protein CENP-H. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:36-46. [PMID: 16875666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.06.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The inner kinetochore protein complex binds to centromeres during the whole cell cycle. It serves as the basis for the binding of further kinetochore proteins during mitosis. CENP-H is one of the inner kinetochore proteins which is conserved amongst many eukaryotes. By specific RNAi knockdown, we reduced the CENP-H protein level in human HEp-2 cells down to less than 5% of its normal value. In these CENP-H knocked-down cells, we observed severe mitotic phenotypes like misaligned chromosomes and multipolar spindles, however, no mitotic arrest. Strong reduction of CENP-H resulted in a slightly reduced CENP-C level at the kinetochores and normal localisation of hBubR1, indicating a functional mitotic checkpoint at the hBubR1 protein level. In CENP-H knocked-down human cells, the misaligned chromosomes contained only reduced levels of CENP-E. Our data clearly indicate that CENP-H has an important impact on the architecture and function of the human kinetochore complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Orthaus
- Department of Molecular Biology, FLI e.V., Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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31
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Bulazel K, Metcalfe C, Ferreri GC, Yu J, Eldridge MDB, O'Neill RJ. Cytogenetic and molecular evaluation of centromere-associated DNA sequences from a marsupial (Macropodidae: Macropus rufogriseus) X chromosome. Genetics 2005; 172:1129-37. [PMID: 16387881 PMCID: PMC1456211 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.047654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitution of the centromeric portions of the sex chromosomes of the red-necked wallaby, Macropus rufogriseus (family Macropodidae, subfamily Macropodinae), was investigated to develop an overview of the sequence composition of centromeres in a marsupial genome that harbors large amounts of centric and pericentric heterochromatin. The large, C-band-positive centromeric region of the X chromosome was microdissected and the isolated DNA was microcloned. Further sequence and cytogenetic analyses of three representative clones show that all chromosomes in this species carry a 178-bp satellite sequence containing a CENP-B DNA binding domain (CENP-B box) shown herein to selectively bind marsupial CENP-B protein. Two other repeats isolated in this study localize specifically to the sex chromosomes yet differ in copy number and intrachromosomal distribution. Immunocytohistochemistry assays with anti-CENP-E, anti-CREST, anti-CENP-B, and anti-trimethyl-H3K9 antibodies defined a restricted point localization of the outer kinetochore at the functional centromere within an enlarged pericentric and heterochromatic region. The distribution of these repeated sequences within the karyotype of this species, coupled with the apparent high copy number of these sequences, indicates a capacity for retention of large amounts of centromere-associated DNA in the genome of M. rufogriseus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Bulazel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA
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32
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Schueler MG, Dunn JM, Bird CP, Ross MT, Viggiano L, Rocchi M, Willard HF, Green ED. Progressive proximal expansion of the primate X chromosome centromere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:10563-8. [PMID: 16030148 PMCID: PMC1180780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503346102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of the pericentromeric region of the human X chromosome short arm (Xp) revealed an age gradient from ancient DNA that contains expressed genes to recent human-specific DNA at the functional centromere. We analyzed the finished sequence of this human genomic region to investigate its evolutionary history. Phylogenetic analysis of >1,500 alpha-satellite monomers from the region revealed the presence of five physical domains, each containing monomers from a distinct phylogenetic clade. The most distal domain contains long interspersed nucleotide element repeats that were active >35 million years ago, whereas the four proximal domains contain more recently active long interspersed nucleotide element repeats. An out-of-register, unequal recombination (i.e., crossover) detected at the edge of the X chromosome-specific alpha-satellite array (DXZ1) may reflect the most recent of a series of punctuating events during evolution that resulted in a proximal physical expansion of the X centromere. The first 18 kb of this array has 97-99% pairwise identity among all 2-kb repeat units. To perform more detailed evolutionary comparisons, we sequenced the junction between the ancient DNA of Xp and the primate-specific alpha satellite in chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, vervet, macaque, and baboon. The striking conservation found in all cases supports the ancestral nature of the alpha satellite at this location. These studies demonstrate that the primate X centromere appears to have evolved through repeated expansion events occurring within the central, active region of centromeric DNA, with the newly added sequences then conferring centromere function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary G Schueler
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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33
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Pryde F, Khalili S, Robertson K, Selfridge J, Ritchie AM, Melton DW, Jullien D, Adachi Y. 53BP1 exchanges slowly at the sites of DNA damage and appears to require RNA for its association with chromatin. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:2043-55. [PMID: 15840649 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
53BP1 protein is re-localized to the sites of DNA damage after ionizing radiation (IR) and is involved in DNA-damage-checkpoint signal transduction. We examined the dynamics of GFP-53BP1 in living cells. The protein starts to accumulate at the sites of DNA damage 2-3 minutes after damage induction. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments showed that GFP-53BP1 is highly mobile in non-irradiated cells. Upon binding to the IR-induced nuclear foci, the mobility of 53BP1 reduces greatly. The minimum (M) domain of 53BP1 essential for targeting to IR induced foci consists of residues 1220-1703. GFP-M protein forms foci in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells lacking functional endogenous 53BP1. The M domain contains a tandem repeat of Tudor motifs and an arginine- and glycine-rich domain (RG stretch), which are often found in proteins involved in RNA metabolism, the former being essential for targeting. RNase A treatment dissociates 53BP1 from IR-induced foci. In HeLa cells, dissociation of the M domain without the RG stretch by RNase A treatment can be restored by re-addition of nuclear RNA in the early stages of post-irradiation. 53BP1 immunoprecipitates contain some RNA molecules. Our results suggest a possible involvement of RNA in the binding of 53BP1 to chromatin damaged by IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Pryde
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, The Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
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34
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Basu J, Stromberg G, Compitello G, Willard HF, Van Bokkelen G. Rapid creation of BAC-based human artificial chromosome vectors by transposition with synthetic alpha-satellite arrays. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:587-96. [PMID: 15673719 PMCID: PMC548352 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient construction of BAC-based human artificial chromosomes (HACs) requires optimization of each key functional unit as well as development of techniques for the rapid and reliable manipulation of high-molecular weight BAC vectors. Here, we have created synthetic chromosome 17-derived alpha-satellite arrays, based on the 16-monomer repeat length typical of natural D17Z1 arrays, in which the consensus CENP-B box elements are either completely absent (0/16 monomers) or increased in density (16/16 monomers) compared to D17Z1 alpha-satellite (5/16 monomers). Using these vectors, we show that the presence of CENP-B box elements is a requirement for efficient de novo centromere formation and that increasing the density of CENP-B box elements may enhance the efficiency of de novo centromere formation. Furthermore, we have developed a novel, high-throughput methodology that permits the rapid conversion of any genomic BAC target into a HAC vector by transposon-mediated modification with synthetic alpha-satellite arrays and other key functional units. Taken together, these approaches offer the potential to significantly advance the utility of BAC-based HACs for functional annotation of the genome and for applications in gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Basu
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University CIEMAS Room 2379, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Kinetochores are the major point of contact between spindle microtubules and chromosomes. They are assemblies of more than 50 different proteins and take part in regulating and controlling their own interaction with the spindle. We review recent advance in understanding how kinetochores are properly placed onto the chromosome, and how their interaction with the microtubules of the spindle is regulated. Kinetochore orientation in meiosis I shows some particular features, and we also discuss similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Hauf
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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36
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Wieland G, Orthaus S, Ohndorf S, Diekmann S, Hemmerich P. Functional complementation of human centromere protein A (CENP-A) by Cse4p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:6620-30. [PMID: 15254229 PMCID: PMC444843 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.15.6620-6630.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have employed a novel in vivo approach to study the structure and function of the eukaryotic kinetochore multiprotein complex. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to block the synthesis of centromere protein A (CENP-A) and Clip-170 in human cells. By coexpression, homologous kinetochore proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were then tested for the ability to complement the RNAi-induced phenotypes. Cse4p, the budding yeast CENP-A homolog, was specifically incorporated into kinetochore nucleosomes and was able to complement RNAi-induced cell cycle arrest in CENP-A-depleted human cells. Thus, Cse4p can structurally and functionally substitute for CENP-A, strongly suggesting that the basic features of centromeric chromatin are conserved between yeast and mammals. Bik1p, the budding yeast homolog of human CLIP-170, also specifically localized to kinetochores during mitosis, but Bik1p did not rescue CLIP-170 depletion-induced cell cycle arrest. Generally, the newly developed in vivo complementation assay provides a powerful new tool for studying the function and evolutionary conservation of multiprotein complexes from yeast to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wieland
- Department for Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Beutenbergstrasse 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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37
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Zeng K, de las Heras JI, Ross A, Yang J, Cooke H, Shen MH. Localisation of centromeric proteins to a fraction of mouse minor satellite DNA on a mini-chromosome in human, mouse and chicken cells. Chromosoma 2004; 113:84-91. [PMID: 15300445 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-004-0299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Centromeres are required for faithful segregation of chromosomes in cell division. It is not clear how centromere sites are specified on chromosomes in vertebrates. We have previously introduced a mini-chromosome, named ST1, into a variety of cell lines including human HT1080, mouse LA9 and chicken DT40. This mini-chromosome, segregating faithfully in these cells, contains mouse minor and major, and human Y alpha-satellite DNA repeats. In this study, after determining the organisation of the satellite repeats, we investigated the location of the centromere on the mini-chromosome by combined immunocytochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis. Centromeric proteins were consistently co-localised with the minor satellite repeats in all three cell lines. When chromatin fibres were highly stretched, centromeric proteins were only seen on a small portion of the minor satellite repeats. These results indicate that a fraction of the minor satellite repeats is competent in centromere function not only in mouse but also in human and chicken cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zeng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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38
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Amor DJ, Kalitsis P, Sumer H, Choo KHA. Building the centromere: from foundation proteins to 3D organization. Trends Cell Biol 2004; 14:359-68. [PMID: 15246429 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2004.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
At each mitosis, accurate segregation of every chromosome is ensured by the assembly of a kinetochore at each centromeric locus. Six foundation kinetochore proteins that assemble hierarchically and co-dependently have been identified in vertebrates. CENP-A, Mis12, CENP-C, CENP-H and CENP-I localize to a core domain of centromeric chromatin. The sixth protein, CENP-B, although not essential in higher eukaryotes, has homologues in fission yeast that bind pericentric DNA and are essential for heterochromatin formation. Foundation kinetochore proteins have various roles and mutual interactions, and their associations with centromeric DNA and heterochromatin create structural domains that support the different functions of the centromere. Advances in molecular and microscopic techniques, coupled with rare centromere variants, have enabled us to gain fresh insights into the linear and 3D organization of centromeric chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Amor
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
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39
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Fowler KJ, Wong LH, Griffiths BK, Sibson MC, Reed S, Choo KHA. Centromere protein b-null mice display decreasing reproductive performance through successive generations of breeding due to diminishing endometrial glands. Reproduction 2004; 127:367-77. [PMID: 15016956 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Centromere protein B is a highly conserved constitutive protein found at centromeres. Gene knockout studies in mice have unexpectedly identified Cenpb as a candidate gene involved in uterine function. The present study further explores the role of Cenpb in mice by intermating Cenpb-null mice over several generations. Breeding studies and analysis of uterine tissue indicate that Cenpb-null mice lose reproductive fitness over a number of generations due to a significant reduction in endometrial glands. These results suggest that Cenpb may play an important function in the short- and long-term maintenance of uterine integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fowler
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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40
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Harris ML, Rosen A. Autoimmunity in scleroderma: the origin, pathogenetic role, and clinical significance of autoantibodies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004; 15:778-84. [PMID: 14569210 DOI: 10.1097/00002281-200311000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic sclerosis, or scleroderma, is a systemic autoimmune disease manifest by vascular damage and fibrosis within the skin and visceral organs. Whereas scleroderma is a heterogenous disorder in terms of disease symptoms and clinical course, scleroderma-specific autoantibody profiles associate strongly with distinct clinical phenotypes, making serologic testing of great diagnostic aid. This review will focus on the clinical significance and the potential pathogenic role of autoantibodies in scleroderma. RECENT FINDINGS Novel autoantibody and phenotype associations discovered within the past year underscore the clinical utility of systemic sclerosis-associated autoantibodies. Whereas autoantibodies are generally believed to indicate the presence of ongoing tissue damage, some research suggests that the humoral immune response may play a role in generating such damage. SUMMARY Improvements in multiplex autoantibody assays will aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of the complications associated with systemic sclerosis. Continued research into autoantibody/phenotype associations could also yield critical insights into the pathogenesis of, and suggest novel therapeutic targets for, this chronic, debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Harris
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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41
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Brinkley BR, Ouspenski I, Zinkowski RP. Structure and molecular organization of the centromere-kinetochore complex. Trends Cell Biol 2004; 2:15-21. [PMID: 14731633 DOI: 10.1016/0962-8924(92)90139-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For over a century, the terms centromere and kinetochore have been used interchangeably to describe a complex locus on eukaryotic chromosomes that attaches chromosomes to spindle fibres and facilitates chromosome movement in mitosis and meiosis. This region has become the focus of research aimed at defining the mechanism of chromosome segregation. A variety of new molecular probes and vastly improved optical-imaging technology have provided much new information on the structure of this locus and raised new hopes that an understanding of its function may soon be at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Brinkley
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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42
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Eilbracht J, Reichenzeller M, Hergt M, Schnölzer M, Heid H, Stöhr M, Franke WW, Schmidt-Zachmann MS. NO66, a highly conserved dual location protein in the nucleolus and in a special type of synchronously replicating chromatin. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:1816-32. [PMID: 14742713 PMCID: PMC379278 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-08-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently become clear that the nucleolus, the most prominent nuclear subcompartment, harbors diverse functions beyond its classic role in ribosome biogenesis. To gain insight into nucleolar functions, we have purified amplified nucleoli from Xenopus laevis oocytes using a novel approach involving fluorescence-activated cell sorting techniques. The resulting protein fraction was analyzed by mass spectrometry and used for the generation of monoclonal antibodies directed against nucleolar components. Here, we report the identification and molecular characterization of a novel, ubiquitous protein, which in most cell types appears to be a constitutive nucleolar component. Immunolocalization studies have revealed that this protein, termed NO66, is highly conserved during evolution and shows in most cells analyzed a dual localization pattern, i.e., a strong enrichment in the granular part of nucleoli and in distinct nucleoplasmic entities. Colocalizations with proteins Ki-67, HP1alpha, and PCNA, respectively, have further shown that the staining pattern of NO66 overlaps with certain clusters of late replicating chromatin. Biochemical experiments have revealed that protein NO66 cofractionates with large preribosomal particles but is absent from cytoplasmic ribosomes. We propose that in addition to its role in ribosome biogenesis protein NO66 has functions in the replication or remodeling of certain heterochromatic regions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleolus/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Separation
- Cells, Cultured
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Chromatin/chemistry
- Chromatin/metabolism
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromobox Protein Homolog 5
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/biosynthesis
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/physiology
- Conserved Sequence
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dioxygenases
- Flow Cytometry
- HeLa Cells
- Heterochromatin/chemistry
- Histone Demethylases
- Humans
- Ki-67 Antigen/biosynthesis
- Microscopy, Electron
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptides/chemistry
- Precipitin Tests
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/biosynthesis
- Protein Biosynthesis
- RNA/metabolism
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sucrose/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Xenopus Proteins/biosynthesis
- Xenopus Proteins/physiology
- Xenopus laevis/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Eilbracht
- Division of Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Dou Z, Sawagechi A, Zhang J, Luo H, Brako L, Yao XB. Dynamic distribution of TTK in HeLa cells: insights from an ultrastructural study. Cell Res 2003; 13:443-9. [PMID: 14728800 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Entry into mitosis is driven by signaling cascades of mitotic kinases. Our recent studies show that TTK, a kinetochore-associated protein kinase, interacts with CENP-E, a mitotic kinesin located to corona fiber of kinetochore. Using immunoelectron microscopy, here we show that TTK is present at the nuclear pore adjacent complex of interphase HeLa cells. Upon nuclear envelope fragmentation, TTK targets to the outermost region of the developing kinetochores of monoorient chromosome as well as to spindle poles. After stable attachment, throughout chromosome congression, TTK is a constituent of the corona fibers, extending up to 90 nm away from the kinetochore outer plate. Upon metaphase alignment, TTK departs from the kinetochore and migrates toward the centrosomes. Taken together, this evidence strongly supports a model in which TTK functions in spindle checkpoint signaling cascades at both kinetochore and centrosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dou
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
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44
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Nakano M, Okamoto Y, Ohzeki JI, Masumoto H. Epigenetic assembly of centromeric chromatin at ectopic alpha-satellite sites on human chromosomes. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:4021-34. [PMID: 12953060 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of chromatin assembly at human centromeres, we isolated cultured human cell lines in which a transfected alpha-satellite (alphoid) YAC was integrated ectopically into the terminal region of host chromosome 16, where it was stably maintained. Centromere activity of the alphoid YAC was suppressed at ectopic locations on the host chromosome, as indicated by the absent or reduced assembly of CENP-A and -C. However, long-term culture in selective medium, or short-term treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA), promoted the re-assembly of CENPA, -B and -C at the YAC site and the release of minichromosomes containing the YAC integration site. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses of the re-formed minichromosome and the alphoid YAC-based stable human artificial chromosome both indicated that CENP-A and CENP-B assembled only on the inserted alphoid array but not on the YAC arms. On the YAC arms at the alphoid YAC integration sites, TSA treatment increased both the acetylation level of histone H3 and the transcriptional level of a marker gene. An increase in the level of transcription was also observed after long-term culture in selective medium. These activities, which are associated with changes in chromatin structure, might reverse the suppressed chromatin state of the YAC at ectopic loci, and thus might be involved in the epigenetic change of silent centromeres on ectopic alphoid loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Nakano
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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45
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Podgornaya OI, Voronin AP, Enukashvily NI, Matveev IV, Lobov IB. Structure-specific DNA-binding proteins as the foundation for three-dimensional chromatin organization. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 224:227-96. [PMID: 12722952 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)24006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Any functions of tandem repetitive sequences need proteins that specifically bind to them. Telomere-binding TRF2/MTBP attaches telomeres to the nuclear envelope in interphase due to its rod-domain-like motif. Interphase nuclei organized as a number of sponge-like ruffly round chromosome territories that could be rotated from outside. SAF-A/hnRNP-U and p68-helicase are proteins suitable to do that. Their location in the interchromosome territory space, ATPase domains, and the ability to be bound by satellite DNAs (satDNA) make them part of the wires used to help chromosome territory rotates. In case of active transcription p68-helicase can be involved in the formation of local "gene expression matrices" and due to its satDNA-binding specificity cause the rearrangement of the local chromosome territory. The marks of chromatin rearrangement, which have to be heritable, could be provided by SAF-A/hnRNP-U. During telophase unfolding the proper chromatin arrangement is restored according to these marks. The structural specificity of both proteins to the satDNAs provides a regulative but relatively stable mode of binding. The structural specificity of protein binding could help to find the "magic" centromeric sequence. With future investigations of proteins with the structural specificity of binding during early embryogenesis, when heterochromatin formation goes on, the molecular mechanisms of the "gene gating" hypothesis (Blobel, 1985) will be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Podgornaya
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
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46
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Iwabuchi K, Basu BP, Kysela B, Kurihara T, Shibata M, Guan D, Cao Y, Hamada T, Imamura K, Jeggo PA, Date T, Doherty AJ. Potential role for 53BP1 in DNA end-joining repair through direct interaction with DNA. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:36487-95. [PMID: 12824158 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304066200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon DNA damage, p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) relocalizes to sites of DNA double-strand breaks and forms discrete nuclear foci, suggesting its role in DNA damage responses. We show that 53BP1 changed its localization from the detergent soluble to insoluble fraction after treatment of cells with x-ray, but not with ultraviolet or hydroxyurea. Either DNase or phosphatase treatment of the insoluble fraction released 53BP1 into the soluble fraction, showing that 53BP1 binds to chromatin in a phosphorylation-dependent manner after X-irradiation of cells. 53BP1 was retained at discrete nuclear foci in X-irradiated cells even after detergent extraction of cells, showing that the chromatin binding of 53BP1 occurs at sites of DNA double-strand breaks. The minimal domain for focus formation was identified by immunofluorescence staining of cells ectopically expressed with 53BP1 deletion mutants. This domain consisted of conserved Tudor and Myb motifs. The Tudor plus Myb domain possessed chromatin binding activity in vivo and bound directly to both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA in vitro. This domain also stimulated end-joining by DNA ligase IV/Xrcc4, but not by T4 DNA ligase in vitro. We conclude that 53BP1 has the potential to participate directly in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyoshi Iwabuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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47
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Balczon R, Wilson M, Bhatnagar YM. Analysis of detached human kinetochores. Chromosoma 2003; 112:96-102. [PMID: 12883946 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-003-0248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2002] [Revised: 06/23/2003] [Accepted: 06/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A method has recently been established for inducing the physical detachment of kinetochores from chromosomes in human HeLa cells, and was used in the studies reported here to investigate the organization and function of dissociated HeLa kinetochores. Immunofluorescence labeling demonstrated that the detached HeLa kinetochores were relatively intact, with the number of detached kinetochores being only moderately more than the diploid number of chromosomes in HeLa cells. In addition, the detached kinetochores could be labeled with antibodies specific for the inner kinetochore plate, outer kinetochore, and subjacent centromeric heterochromatin. A functional assay demonstrated that detached kinetochores retained the capacity to activate the spindle checkpoint, leading to metaphase arrest. Analysis of kinetochore DNA indicated that it consisted primarily of DNA fragments of 130-160 kb in size, while the remainder of the chromosomes were sheared into much smaller fragments during the kinetochore detachment event. Further analysis of kinetochore DNA indicated that it was first cleaved into high molecular weight DNA (>200 kb) fragments during the initial stages of the kinetochore detachment process, and then underwent further maturation following nuclear envelope breakdown to give rise to the 130-160 kb fragment in detached kinetochores. Collectively, these data indicate that detached human kinetochores will be a useful system for investigating the organization, assembly, and function of human kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Balczon
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, The University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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48
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Maiato H, Fairley EAL, Rieder CL, Swedlow JR, Sunkel CE, Earnshaw WC. Human CLASP1 is an outer kinetochore component that regulates spindle microtubule dynamics. Cell 2003; 113:891-904. [PMID: 12837247 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00465-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most intriguing aspects of mitosis is the ability of kinetochores to hold onto plus ends of microtubules that are actively gaining or losing tubulin subunits. Here, we show that CLASP1, a microtubule-associated protein, localizes preferentially near the plus ends of growing spindle microtubules and is also a component of a kinetochore region that we term the outer corona. A truncated form of CLASP1 lacking the kinetochore binding domain behaves as a dominant negative, leading to the formation of radial arrays of microtubule bundles that are highly resistant to depolymerization. Microinjection of CLASP1-specific antibodies suppresses microtubule dynamics at kinetochores and throughout the spindle, resulting in the formation of monopolar asters with chromosomes buried in the interior. Incubation with microtubule-stabilizing drugs rescues the kinetochore association with microtubule plus ends at the periphery of the asters. Our data suggest that CLASP1 is required at kinetochores for attached microtubules to exhibit normal dynamic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Structure Group, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JR, Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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49
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Canapa A, Cerioni PN, Barucca M, Olmo E, Caputo V. A centromeric satellite DNA may be involved in heterochromatin compactness in gobiid fishes. Chromosome Res 2003; 10:297-304. [PMID: 12199143 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016519708187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Centromere and telomere composition and organization were studied in various gobiid species exhibiting and not exhibiting chromosome polymorphisms involving Robertsonian rearrangements. In Gobius cobitis, we isolated an AT-rich centromeric DNA satellite, designated pCOB, and found that several sequences contain adenine stretches, various CA/TG dinucleotide steps, and a sequence 76% homologous to the yeast CDE III centromeric sequence. All of these traits are generally considered important for centromeric function, and the hypothesis has been advanced that some are involved in the control of DNA curvature and thus in the degree of centromeric chromatin compactness. Based on these features, and on the fact that they are found only in the species not exhibiting Robertsonian biarmed chromosomes, a role for pCOB in preventing centric fusions has been hypothesized. Our data also suggest that, as in other species, the formation of Robertsonian biarmed chromosomes is accompanied by the loss of telomeric sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Canapa
- Institute of Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ancona, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
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50
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Parra MT, Viera A, Gómez R, Page J, Carmena M, Earnshaw WC, Rufas JS, Suja JA. Dynamic relocalization of the chromosomal passenger complex proteins inner centromere protein (INCENP) and aurora-B kinase during male mouse meiosis. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:961-74. [PMID: 12584241 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INCENP and aurora-B kinase are two chromosomal passenger proteins that are thought to play key roles in coordinating chromosome segregation with cytokinesis in somatic cells. Here we have analyzed their subcellular distribution, and that of phosphorylated histone H3, and the timing of their relative appearance in mouse spermatocytes during both meiotic divisions. Our results show that in mitotic spermatogonial cells, INCENP and aurora-B show the same pattern of distribution as they do in cultured somatic cells. INCENP labels the synaptonemal complex central element from zygotene up to late pachytene when it begins to relocalize to heterochromatic chromocentres. Aurora-B first appears at chromocentres in late diplotene before the initial phosphorylation of histone H3. INCENP and aurora-B concentrate at centromeres during diakinesis and appear during metaphase I as T-shaped signals at their inner domains, just below associated sister kinetochores. During late anaphase I both proteins relocalize to the spindle midzone. Both proteins colocalize at a connecting strand traversing the centromere region and joining sister kinetochores, in metaphase II centromeres. This strand disappears at the metaphase II/anaphase II transition and relocalizes to the spindle midzone. We discuss the complex dynamic relocalization of the chromosomal passenger complex during prophase I. Additionally, we suggest that this complex may regulate sister-chromatid centromere cohesion during both meiotic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Parra
- Departamento de Biología, Edificio de Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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