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Farrell KC, Wang JT, Stearns T. Spindle assembly checkpoint-dependent mitotic delay is required for cell division in absence of centrosomes. eLife 2024; 12:RP84875. [PMID: 39092485 PMCID: PMC11296703 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) temporally regulates mitosis by preventing progression from metaphase to anaphase until all chromosomes are correctly attached to the mitotic spindle. Centrosomes refine the spatial organization of the mitotic spindle at the spindle poles. However, centrosome loss leads to elongated mitosis, suggesting that centrosomes also inform the temporal organization of mitosis in mammalian cells. Here, we find that the mitotic delay in acentrosomal cells is enforced by the SAC in a MPS1-dependent manner, and that a SAC-dependent mitotic delay is required for bipolar cell division to occur in acentrosomal cells. Although acentrosomal cells become polyploid, polyploidy is not sufficient to cause dependency on a SAC-mediated delay to complete cell division. Rather, the division failure in absence of MPS1 activity results from mitotic exit occurring before acentrosomal spindles can become bipolar. Furthermore, prevention of centrosome separation suffices to make cell division reliant on a SAC-dependent mitotic delay. Thus, centrosomes and their definition of two spindle poles early in mitosis provide a 'timely two-ness' that allows cell division to occur in absence of a SAC-dependent mitotic delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- KC Farrell
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Jennifer T Wang
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of MedicineStanfordUnited States
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2
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Pleuger R, Cozma C, Hohoff S, Denkhaus C, Dudziak A, Kaschani F, Kaiser M, Musacchio A, Vetter IR, Westermann S. Microtubule end-on attachment maturation regulates Mps1 association with its kinetochore receptor. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2279-2293.e6. [PMID: 38776902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation requires that sister chromatids establish bi-oriented kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) prevents premature anaphase onset with incomplete attachments. However, how microtubule attachment and checkpoint signaling are coordinated remains unclear. The conserved kinase Mps1 initiates SAC signaling by localizing transiently to kinetochores in prometaphase and is released upon bi-orientation. Using biochemistry, structure predictions, and cellular assays, we shed light on this dynamic behavior in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A conserved N-terminal segment of Mps1 binds the neck region of Ndc80:Nuf2, the main microtubule receptor of kinetochores. Mutational disruption of this interface, located at the backside of the paired CH domains and opposite the microtubule-binding site, prevents Mps1 localization, eliminates SAC signaling, and impairs growth. The same interface of Ndc80:Nuf2 binds the microtubule-associated Dam1 complex. We demonstrate that the error correction kinase Ipl1/Aurora B controls the competition between Dam1 and Mps1 for the same binding site. Thus, binding of the Dam1 complex to Ndc80:Nuf2 may release Mps1 from the kinetochore to promote anaphase onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Pleuger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Cozma
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Simone Hohoff
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Denkhaus
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Alexander Dudziak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- Department of Chemical Biology and ACE Analytical Core Facility Essen, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Department of Chemical Biology and ACE Analytical Core Facility Essen, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Westermann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany; Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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3
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Aktar K, Davies T, Leontiou I, Clark I, Spanos C, Wallace E, Tuck L, Jeyaprakash AA, Hardwick KG. Conserved signalling functions for Mps1, Mad1 and Mad2 in the Cryptococcus neoformans spindle checkpoint. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011302. [PMID: 38829899 PMCID: PMC11175454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic, human fungal pathogen which undergoes fascinating switches in cell cycle control and ploidy when it encounters stressful environments such as the human lung. Here we carry out a mechanistic analysis of the spindle checkpoint which regulates the metaphase to anaphase transition, focusing on Mps1 kinase and the downstream checkpoint components Mad1 and Mad2. We demonstrate that Cryptococcus mad1Δ or mad2Δ strains are unable to respond to microtubule perturbations, continuing to re-bud and divide, and die as a consequence. Fluorescent tagging of Chromosome 3, using a lacO array and mNeonGreen-lacI fusion protein, demonstrates that mad mutants are unable to maintain sister-chromatid cohesion in the absence of microtubule polymers. Thus, the classic checkpoint functions of the SAC are conserved in Cryptococcus. In interphase, GFP-Mad1 is enriched at the nuclear periphery, and it is recruited to unattached kinetochores in mitosis. Purification of GFP-Mad1 followed by mass spectrometric analysis of associated proteins show that it forms a complex with Mad2 and that it interacts with other checkpoint signalling components (Bub1) and effectors (Cdc20 and APC/C sub-units) in mitosis. We also demonstrate that overexpression of Mps1 kinase is sufficient to arrest Cryptococcus cells in mitosis, and show that this arrest is dependent on both Mad1 and Mad2. We find that a C-terminal fragment of Mad1 is an effective in vitro substrate for Mps1 kinase and map several Mad1 phosphorylation sites. Some sites are highly conserved within the C-terminal Mad1 structure and we demonstrate that mutation of threonine 667 (T667A) leads to loss of checkpoint signalling and abrogation of the GAL-MPS1 arrest. Thus Mps1-dependent phosphorylation of C-terminal Mad1 residues is a critical step in Cryptococcus spindle checkpoint signalling. We conclude that CnMps1 protein kinase, Mad1 and Mad2 proteins have all conserved their important, spindle checkpoint signalling roles helping ensure high fidelity chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koly Aktar
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Davies
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ioanna Leontiou
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Clark
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Spanos
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Wallace
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Tuck
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - A. Arockia Jeyaprakash
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Gene Center, Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians Universitat, Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin G. Hardwick
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Loss of RanGAP1 drives chromosome instability and rapid tumorigenesis of osteosarcoma. Dev Cell 2023; 58:192-210.e11. [PMID: 36696903 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chromothripsis is a catastrophic event of chromosomal instability that involves intensive fragmentation and rearrangements within localized chromosomal regions. However, its cause remains unclear. Here, we show that reduction and inactivation of Ran GTPase-activating protein 1 (RanGAP1) commonly occur in human osteosarcoma, which is associated with a high rate of chromothripsis. In rapidly expanding mouse osteoprogenitors, RanGAP1 deficiency causes chromothripsis in chr1q, instant inactivation of Rb1 and degradation of p53, consequent failure in DNA damage repair, and ultrafast osteosarcoma tumorigenesis. During mitosis, RanGAP1 anchors to the kinetochore, where it recruits PP1-γ to counteract the activity of the spindle-assembly checkpoint (SAC) and prevents TOP2A degradation, thus safeguarding chromatid decatenation. Loss of RanGAP1 causes SAC hyperactivation and chromatid decatenation failure. These findings demonstrate that RanGAP1 maintains mitotic chromosome integrity and that RanGAP1 loss drives tumorigenesis through its direct effects on SAC and decatenation and secondary effects on DNA damage surveillance.
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Meyer RE, Sartin A, Gish M, Harsha J, Wilkie E, Haworth D, LaVictoire R, Alberola I, Chuong HH, Gorbsky GJ, Dawson DS. Polyploid yeast are dependent on elevated levels of Mps1 for successful chromosome segregation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.09.523325. [PMID: 36712123 PMCID: PMC9882063 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.09.523325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell lines with elevated chromosome numbers frequently have correlated elevations of Mps1 expression and these tumors are more dependent on Mps1 activity for their survival than control cell lines. Mps1 is a conserved kinase involved in controlling aspects of chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. The mechanistic explanation for the Mps1-addiction of aneuploid cells is unknown. To address this question, we explored Mps1-dependence in yeast cells with increased sets of chromosomes. These experiments revealed that in yeast, increasing ploidy leads to delays and failures in orienting chromosomes on the mitotic spindle. Yeast cells with elevated numbers of chromosomes proved vulnerable to reductions of Mps1 activity. Cells with reduced Mps1 activity exhibit an extended prometaphase with longer spindles and delays in orienting the chromosomes. One known role of Mps1 is in recruiting Bub1 to the kinetochore in meiosis. We found that the Mps1-addiction of polyploid yeast cells is due in part to its role in Bub1 recruitment. Together, the experiments presented here demonstrate that increased ploidy renders cells more dependent on Mps1 for orienting chromosomes on the spindle. The phenomenon described here may be relevant in understanding why hyper-diploid cancer cells exhibit elevated reliance on Mps1 expression for successful chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis E Meyer
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Ashlea Sartin
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Madeline Gish
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Jillian Harsha
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Emily Wilkie
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Dawson Haworth
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Rebecca LaVictoire
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Isabel Alberola
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Hoa H Chuong
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Gary J Gorbsky
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Dean S Dawson
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, United States of America
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6
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Clarke MN, Marsoner T, Adell MAY, Ravichandran MC, Campbell CS. Adaptation to high rates of chromosomal instability and aneuploidy through multiple pathways in budding yeast. EMBO J 2022; 42:e111500. [PMID: 36530167 PMCID: PMC10106982 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both an increased frequency of chromosome missegregation (chromosomal instability, CIN) and the presence of an abnormal complement of chromosomes (aneuploidy) are hallmarks of cancer. To better understand how cells are able to adapt to high levels of chromosomal instability, we previously examined yeast cells that were deleted of the gene BIR1, a member of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC). We found bir1Δ cells quickly adapted by acquiring specific combinations of beneficial aneuploidies. In this study, we monitored these yeast strains for longer periods of time to determine how cells adapt to high levels of both CIN and aneuploidy in the long term. We identify suppressor mutations that mitigate the chromosome missegregation phenotype. The mutated proteins fall into four main categories: outer kinetochore subunits, the SCFCdc4 ubiquitin ligase complex, the mitotic kinase Mps1, and the CPC itself. The identified suppressor mutations functioned by reducing chromosomal instability rather than alleviating the negative effects of aneuploidy. Following the accumulation of suppressor point mutations, the number of beneficial aneuploidies decreased. These experiments demonstrate a time line of adaptation to high rates of CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Clarke
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter (VBC) University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Theodor Marsoner
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter (VBC) University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Manuel Alonso Y Adell
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter (VBC) University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Madhwesh C Ravichandran
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter (VBC) University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Christopher S Campbell
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter (VBC) University of Vienna Vienna Austria
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7
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Fischer ES. Kinetochore‐catalyzed MCC
formation: A structural perspective. IUBMB Life 2022; 75:289-310. [PMID: 36518060 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a cellular surveillance mechanism that functions to ensure accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis. Macromolecular complexes known as kinetochores, act as the interface of sister chromatid attachment to spindle microtubules. In response to unattached kinetochores, the SAC activates its effector, the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), which delays mitotic exit until all sister chromatid pairs have achieved successful attachment to the bipolar mitotic spindle. Formation of the MCC (composed of Mad2, BubR1, Bub3 and Cdc20) is regulated by an Mps1 kinase-dependent phosphorylation signaling cascade which assembles and repositions components of the MCC onto a catalytic scaffold. This scaffold functions to catalyze the conversion of the HORMA-domain protein Mad2 from an "inactive" open-state (O-Mad2) into an "active" closed-Mad2 (C-Mad2), and simultaneous Cdc20 binding. Here, our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the kinetic barrier to C-Mad2:Cdc20 formation will be reviewed. Recent progress in elucidating the precise molecular choreography orchestrated by the catalytic scaffold to rapidly assemble the MCC will be examined, and unresolved questions will be highlighted. Ultimately, understanding how the SAC rapidly activates the checkpoint not only provides insights into how cells maintain genomic integrity during mitosis, but also provides a paradigm for how cells can utilize molecular switches, including other HORMA domain-containing proteins, to make rapid changes to a cell's physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse S. Fischer
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Cambridge UK
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8
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Lin YF, Hu Q, Guyer A, Fachinetti D, Ly P. Induction of chromosome-specific micronuclei and chromothripsis by centromere inactivation. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 182:1-20. [PMID: 38359973 PMCID: PMC11008423 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chromothripsis describes the catastrophic fragmentation of individual chromosomes followed by its haphazard reassembly into a derivative chromosome harboring complex rearrangements. This process can be initiated by mitotic cell division errors when one or more chromosomes aberrantly mis-segregate into micronuclei and acquire extensive DNA damage. Approaches to induce the formation of micronuclei encapsulating random chromosomes have been used; however, the eventual reincorporation of the micronucleated chromosome into daughter cell nuclei poses a challenge in tracking the chromosome for multiple cell cycles. Here we outline an approach to genetically engineer stable human cell lines capable of efficient chromosome-specific micronuclei induction. This strategy, which targets the CENP-B-deficient Y chromosome centromere for inactivation, allows the stepwise process of chromothripsis to be experimentally recapitulated, including the mechanisms and timing of chromosome fragmentation. Lastly, we describe the integration of a selection marker onto the micronucleated Y chromosome that enables the diverse genomic rearrangement landscape arising from micronuclei formation to be interrogated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Lin
- Department of Pathology, Department of Cell Biology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Qing Hu
- Department of Pathology, Department of Cell Biology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Alison Guyer
- Department of Pathology, Department of Cell Biology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | | | - Peter Ly
- Department of Pathology, Department of Cell Biology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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9
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Silva PMA, Bousbaa H. BUB3, beyond the Simple Role of Partner. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051084. [PMID: 35631670 PMCID: PMC9147866 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The BUB3 protein plays a key role in the activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), a ubiquitous surveillance mechanism that ensures the fidelity of chromosome segregation in mitosis and, consequently, prevents chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy. Besides its role in SAC signaling, BUB3 regulates chromosome attachment to the spindle microtubules. It is also involved in telomere replication and maintenance. Deficiency of the BUB3 gene has been closely linked to premature aging. Upregulation of the BUB3 gene has been found in a variety of human cancers and is associated with poor prognoses. Here, we review the structure and functions of BUB3 in mitosis, its expression in cancer and association with survival prognoses, and its potential as an anticancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M. A. Silva
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), University Polytechnic Higher Education Cooperative (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal;
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), University Polytechnic Higher Education Cooperative (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Hassan Bousbaa
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), University Polytechnic Higher Education Cooperative (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal;
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Schöffski P, Awada A, de la Bigne AM, Felloussi Z, Burbridge M, Cantero F, Colombo R, Maruzzelli S, Ammattatelli K, de Jonge M, Aftimos P, Dumez H, Sleijfer S. First-in-man, first-in-class phase I study with the monopolar spindle 1 kinase inhibitor S81694 administered intravenously in adult patients with advanced, metastatic solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 2022; 169:135-145. [PMID: 35567919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND S81694 is an inhibitor of monopolar spindle 1 kinase, a target expressed in proliferating cells. CL1-81694-001 was the first-in-human study aiming at identifying a safe dosing schedule in solid tumour patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS This trial was based on inter-individual dose-escalation of single agent S81694 in cohorts of ≥3 patients to assess the safety and tolerability and determine dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs), maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase II dose (RP2D), with S81694 given on days 1,8,15 of a 28-day cycle as 1-h infusion. RESULTS 38 patients were treated at doses ranging from 4 to 135 mg/m2/week; 144 cycles were administered (median 2/patient; range 1-32 cycles). Patients discontinued treatment for disease progression (78.9%), adverse events (AE; 18.4%) or withdrawal of consent (2.6%). Treatment modifications occurred in 22 patients (57.9%; 49 cycles). Common treatment-emergent AEs were fatigue (22 patients;57.9%), anaemia (17;44.7%) and nausea (12;31.6%). Haematological toxicity was mild, with Grade 3 anaemia observed in three patients and neutropenia mainly seen at the 135 mg/m2 dose level. Three first cycle DLTs included G3 anaemia (4 mg/m2 dose), G4 hypertension (20 mg/m2), G3 fatigue (135 mg/m2). MTD was not reached due to premature discontinuation of enrolment based on a sponsor decision. Among 35 patients evaluable for response, one (renal cell carcinoma) had a complete response, one (hepatocellular carcinoma) had a transient decrease of target lesions and 13 had stable disease. Seven patients remained on study for ≥6 cycles, two at the 135 mg/m2 dose. CONCLUSIONS S81694 can be administered safely as a single agent in adults with solid tumours on days 1,8,15 of a 28-day cycle up to a dose of 135 mg/m2/week without reaching MTD. The RP2D was not defined due to the prioritization of the use of S81694 in combination with cytotoxic agents, based on emerging preclinical data. TRIAL REGISTRATION EudraCT number: 2014-002023-10; ISRCTN registry ISRCTN35641359.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schöffski
- Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Clinical Trials Conduct Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Zakia Felloussi
- TA Oncology, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Mike Burbridge
- TA Oncology, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Frederique Cantero
- TA Oncology, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | | | | | | | - Maja de Jonge
- Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philippe Aftimos
- Clinical Trials Conduct Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herlinde Dumez
- Department of General Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven Cancer Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sleijfer
- Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Habib EB, Mathavarajah S, Dellaire G. Tinker, Tailor, Tumour Suppressor: The Many Functions of PRP4K. Front Genet 2022; 13:839963. [PMID: 35281802 PMCID: PMC8912934 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.839963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-mRNA processing factor 4 kinase (PRP4K, also known as PRPF4B) is an essential kinase first identified in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe that is evolutionarily conserved from amoebae to animals. During spliceosomal assembly, PRP4K interacts with and phosphorylates PRPF6 and PRPF31 to facilitate the formation of the spliceosome B complex. However, over the past decade additional evidence has emerged that PRP4K has many diverse cellular roles beyond splicing that contribute to tumour suppression and chemotherapeutic responses in mammals. For example, PRP4K appears to play roles in regulating transcription and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), a key pathway in maintaining chromosomes stability and the response of cancer cells to taxane-based chemotherapy. In addition, PRP4K has been revealed to be a haploinsufficient tumour suppressor that promotes aggressive cancer phenotypes when partially depleted. PRP4K is regulated by both the HER2 and estrogen receptor, and its partial loss increases resistance to the taxanes in multiple malignancies including cervical, breast and ovarian cancer. Moreover, ovarian and triple negative breast cancer patients harboring tumours with low PRP4K expression exhibit worse overall survival. The depletion of PRP4K also enhances both Yap and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, the latter promoting anoikis resistance in breast and ovarian cancer. Finally, PRP4K is negatively regulated during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that promotes increased cell motility, drug resistance and cancer metastasis. Thus, as we discuss in this review, PRP4K likely plays evolutionarily conserved roles not only in splicing but in a number of cellular pathways that together contribute to tumour suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias B. Habib
- Dalhousie University, Department of Pathology, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Graham Dellaire
- Dalhousie University, Department of Pathology, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Graham Dellaire,
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12
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Bolanos-Garcia VM. On the Regulation of Mitosis by the Kinetochore, a Macromolecular Complex and Organising Hub of Eukaryotic Organisms. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:235-267. [PMID: 36151378 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is the multiprotein complex of eukaryotic organisms that is assembled on mitotic or meiotic centromeres to connect centromeric DNA with microtubules. Its function involves the coordinated action of more than 100 different proteins. The kinetochore acts as an organiser hub that establishes physical connections with microtubules and centromere-associated proteins and recruits central protein components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), an evolutionarily conserved surveillance mechanism of eukaryotic organisms that detects unattached kinetochores and destabilises incorrect kinetochore-microtubule attachments. The molecular communication between the kinetochore and the SAC is highly dynamic and tightly regulated to ensure that cells can progress towards anaphase until each chromosome is properly bi-oriented on the mitotic spindle. This is achieved through an interplay of highly cooperative interactions and concerted phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events that are organised in time and space.This contribution discusses our current understanding of the function, structure and regulation of the kinetochore, in particular, how its communication with the SAC results in the amplification of specific signals to exquisitely control the eukaryotic cell cycle. This contribution also addresses recent advances in machine learning approaches, cell imaging and proteomics techniques that have enhanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that ensure the high fidelity and timely segregation of the genetic material every time a cell divides as well as the current challenges in the study of this fascinating molecular machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Bolanos-Garcia
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.
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13
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Qi G, Ma H, Li Y, Peng J, Chen J, Kong B. TTK inhibition increases cisplatin sensitivity in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma through the mTOR/autophagy pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1135. [PMID: 34876569 PMCID: PMC8651821 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HGSOC development, progression, chemotherapy insensitivity and resistance remain unclear. Two independent GEO datasets, including the gene expression profile of primary ovarian carcinoma and normal controls, were analyzed to identify genes related to HGSOC development and progression. A KEGG pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that the cell cycle pathway was the most enriched pathway, among which TTK protein kinase (TTK) was the only gene with a clinical-grade inhibitor that has been investigated in a clinical trial but had not been studied in HGSOC. TTK was also upregulated in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells from two other datasets. TTK is a regulator of spindle assembly checkpoint signaling, playing an important role in cell cycle control and tumorigenesis in various cancers. However, the function and regulatory mechanism of TTK in HGSOC remain to be determined. In this study, we observed TTK upregulation in patients with HGSOC. High TTK expression was related to a poor prognosis. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of TTK impeded the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells by disturbing cell cycle progression and increasing apoptosis. TTK silencing increased cisplatin sensitivity by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex to further suppress cisplatin-induced autophagy in vitro. In addition, the enhanced sensitivity was partially diminished by rapamycin-mediated inhibition of mTOR in TTK knockdown cells. Furthermore, TTK knockdown increased the toxicity of cisplatin in vivo by decreasing autophagy. These findings suggest that the administration of TTK inhibitors in combination with cisplatin may lead to improved response rates to cisplatin in patients with HGSOC presenting high TTK expression. In summary, our study may provide a theoretical foundation for using the combination therapy of cisplatin and TTK inhibitors as a treatment for HGSOC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonghua Qi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
- Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Hanlin Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
- Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Yingwei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
- Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Jiali Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
- Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Jingying Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
- Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Beihua Kong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China.
- Gynecologic Oncology Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250012, Jinan, China.
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14
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Meyer RE, Tipton AR, LaVictoire R, Gorbsky GJ, Dawson DS. Mps1 promotes poleward chromosome movements in meiotic prometaphase. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1020-1032. [PMID: 33788584 PMCID: PMC8101486 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-08-0525-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In prophase of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and become connected by cross-overs. Chiasmata, the connections formed by cross-overs, enable the chromosome pair, called a bivalent, to attach as a single unit to the spindle. When the meiotic spindle forms in prometaphase, most bivalents are associated with one spindle pole and then go through a series of oscillations on the spindle, attaching to and detaching from microtubules until the partners of the bivalent become bioriented—attached to microtubules from opposite sides of the spindle. The conserved kinase, Mps1, is essential for the bivalents to be pulled by microtubules across the spindle in prometaphase. Here we show that MPS1 is needed for efficient triggering of the migration of microtubule-attached kinetochores toward the poles and promotes microtubule depolymerization. Our data support the model Mps1 acts at the kinetochore to coordinate the successful attachment of a microtubule and the triggering of microtubule depolymerization to then move the chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis E Meyer
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Aaron R Tipton
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Rebecca LaVictoire
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Gary J Gorbsky
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Dean S Dawson
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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15
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Colón-Marrero S, Jusino S, Rivera-Rivera Y, Saavedra HI. Mitotic kinases as drivers of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and as therapeutic targets against breast cancers. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1036-1044. [PMID: 33601912 DOI: 10.1177/1535370221991094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological therapies against breast cancer patients with tumors positive for the estrogen and progesterone hormone receptors and Her2 amplification have greatly improved their survival. However, to date, there are no effective biological therapies against breast cancers that lack these three receptors or triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). TNBC correlates with poor survival, in part because they relapse following chemo- and radio-therapies. TNBC is intrinsically aggressive since they have high mitotic indexes and tend to metastasize to the central nervous system. TNBCs are more likely to display centrosome amplification, an abnormal phenotype that results in defective mitotic spindles and abnormal cytokinesis, which culminate in aneuploidy and chromosome instability (known causes of tumor initiation and chemo-resistance). Besides their known role in cell cycle control, mitotic kinases have been also studied in different types of cancer including breast, especially in the context of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a cellular process characterized by the loss of cell polarity, reorganization of the cytoskeleton, and signaling reprogramming (upregulation of mesenchymal genes and downregulation of epithelial genes). Previously, we and others have shown the effects of mitotic kinases like Nek2 and Mps1 (TTK) on EMT. In this review, we focus on Aurora A, Aurora B, Bub1, and highly expressed in cancer (Hec1) as novel targets for therapeutic interventions in breast cancer and their effects on EMT. We highlight the established relationships and interactions of these and other mitotic kinases, clinical trial studies involving mitotic kinases, and the importance that represents to develop drugs against these proteins as potential targets in the primary care therapy for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Colón-Marrero
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, 6650Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00732, USA
| | - Shirley Jusino
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, 6650Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00732, USA
| | - Yainyrette Rivera-Rivera
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, 6650Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00732, USA
| | - Harold I Saavedra
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, 6650Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, PR 00732, USA
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16
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Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation is required for cell survival and organismal development. During mitosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint acts as a safeguard to maintain the high fidelity of mitotic chromosome segregation by monitoring the attachment of kinetochores to the mitotic spindle. Bub1 is a conserved kinase critical for the spindle assembly checkpoint. Bub1 also facilitates chromosome alignment and contributes to the regulation of mitotic duration. Here, focusing on the spindle assembly checkpoint and on chromosome alignment, we summarize the primary literature on Bub1, discussing its structure and functional domains, as well its regulation and roles in mitosis. In addition, we discuss recent evidence for roles of Bub1 beyond mitosis regulation in TGFβ signaling and telomere replication. Finally, we discuss the involvement of Bub1 in human diseases, especially in cancer, and the potential of using Bub1 as a drug target for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyung Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Anton Gartner
- IBS Center for Genomic Integrity, Ulsan, Korea.,School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
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17
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Maan M, Agrawal NJ, Padmanabhan J, Leitzinger CC, Rivera-Rivera Y, Saavedra HI, Chellappan SP. Tank Binding Kinase 1 modulates spindle assembly checkpoint components to regulate mitosis in breast and lung cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118929. [PMID: 33310066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Error-free progression through mitosis is critical for proper cell division and accurate distribution of the genetic material. The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase regulates the progression from metaphase to anaphase and its activation is controlled by the cofactors Cdc20 and Cdh1. Additionally, genome stability is maintained by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), which monitors proper attachment of chromosomes to spindle microtubules prior to cell division. We had shown a role for Tank Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) in microtubule dynamics and mitosis and here we describe a novel role of TBK1 in regulating SAC in breast and lung cancer cells. TBK1 interacts with and phosphorylates Cdc20 and Cdh1 and depletion of TBK1 elevates SAC components. TBK1 inhibition increases the association of Cdc20 with APC/C and BubR1 indicating inactivation of APC/C; similarly, interaction of Cdh1 with APC/C is also enhanced. TBK1 and TTK inhibition reduces cell viability and enhances centrosome amplification and micronucleation. These results indicate that alterations in TBK1 will impede mitotic progression and combining TBK1 inhibitors with other regulators of mitosis might be effective in eliminating cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Maan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H, Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States of America
| | - Neha Jaiswal Agrawal
- Department of Tumor Biology, H, Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States of America
| | - Jaya Padmanabhan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H, Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States of America
| | - Christelle Colin Leitzinger
- Department of Tumor Biology, H, Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States of America
| | - Yainyrette Rivera-Rivera
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce 00716-2348, Puerto Rico
| | - Harold I Saavedra
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce 00716-2348, Puerto Rico
| | - Srikumar P Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H, Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States of America.
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18
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Abstract
Enzymatic reactions and noncovalent (i.e., supramolecular) interactions are two fundamental nongenetic attributes of life. Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis (ENS) refers to a process where enzymatic reactions control intermolecular noncovalent interactions for spatial organization of higher-order molecular assemblies that exhibit emergent properties and functions. Like enzymatic covalent synthesis (ECS), in which an enzyme catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds to generate individual molecules, ENS is a unifying theme for understanding the functions, morphologies, and locations of molecular ensembles in cellular environments. This review intends to provide a summary of the works of ENS within the past decade and emphasize ENS for functions. After comparing ECS and ENS, we describe a few representative examples where nature uses ENS, as a rule of life, to create the ensembles of biomacromolecules for emergent properties/functions in a myriad of cellular processes. Then, we focus on ENS of man-made (synthetic) molecules in cell-free conditions, classified by the types of enzymes. After that, we introduce the exploration of ENS of man-made molecules in the context of cells by discussing intercellular, peri/intracellular, and subcellular ENS for cell morphogenesis, molecular imaging, cancer therapy, and other applications. Finally, we provide a perspective on the promises of ENS for developing molecular assemblies/processes for functions. This review aims to be an updated introduction for researchers who are interested in exploring noncovalent synthesis for developing molecular science and technologies to address societal needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian He
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Weiyi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Meihui Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Adrianna N Shy
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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19
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Benzi G, Piatti S. Killing two birds with one stone: how budding yeast Mps1 controls chromosome segregation and spindle assembly checkpoint through phosphorylation of a single kinetochore protein. Curr Genet 2020; 66:1037-1044. [PMID: 32632756 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis, the identical sister chromatids of each chromosome must attach through their kinetochores to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles. This process, referred to as chromosome biorientation, is essential for equal partitioning of the genetic information to the two daughter cells. Defects in chromosome biorientation can give rise to aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer and genetic diseases. A conserved surveillance mechanism called spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) prevents the onset of anaphase until biorientation is attained. Key to chromosome biorientation is an error correction mechanism that allows kinetochores to establish proper bipolar attachments by disengaging faulty kinetochore-microtubule connections. Error correction relies on the Aurora B and Mps1 kinases that also promote SAC signaling, raising the possibility that they are part of a single sensory device responding to improper attachments and concomitantly controlling both their disengagement and a temporary mitotic arrest. In budding yeast, Aurora B and Mps1 promote error correction independently from one another, but while the substrates of Aurora B in this process are at least partially known, the mechanism underlying the involvement of Mps1 in the error correction pathway is unknown. Through the characterization of a novel mps1 mutant and an unbiased genetic screen for extragenic suppressors, we recently gained evidence that a common mechanism based on Mps1-dependent phosphorylation of the Knl1/Spc105 kinetochore scaffold and subsequent recruitment of the Bub1 kinase is critical for the function of Mps1 in chromosome biorientation as well as for SAC activation (Benzi et al. EMBO Rep, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Benzi
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Simonetta Piatti
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, France.
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20
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Benzi G, Camasses A, Atsunori Y, Katou Y, Shirahige K, Piatti S. A common molecular mechanism underlies the role of Mps1 in chromosome biorientation and the spindle assembly checkpoint. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50257. [PMID: 32307893 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mps1 kinase corrects improper kinetochore-microtubule attachments, thereby ensuring chromosome biorientation. Yet, its critical phosphorylation targets in this process remain largely elusive. Mps1 also controls the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), which halts chromosome segregation until biorientation is attained. Its role in SAC activation is antagonised by the PP1 phosphatase and involves phosphorylation of the kinetochore scaffold Knl1/Spc105, which in turn recruits the Bub1 kinase to promote assembly of SAC effector complexes. A crucial question is whether error correction and SAC activation are part of a single or separable pathways. Here, we isolate and characterise a new yeast mutant, mps1-3, that is severely defective in chromosome biorientation and SAC signalling. Through an unbiased screen for extragenic suppressors, we found that mutations lowering PP1 levels at Spc105 or forced association of Bub1 with Spc105 reinstate both chromosome biorientation and SAC signalling in mps1-3 cells. Our data argue that a common mechanism based on Knl1/Spc105 phosphorylation is critical for Mps1 function in error correction and SAC signalling, thus supporting the idea that a single sensory apparatus simultaneously elicits both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Benzi
- CRBM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Alain Camasses
- IGMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Yoshimura Atsunori
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Katou
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Campbell IW, Zhou X, Amon A. Spindle pole bodies function as signal amplifiers in the Mitotic Exit Network. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:906-916. [PMID: 32074005 PMCID: PMC7185974 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-10-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mitotic Exit Network (MEN), a budding yeast Ras-like signal transduction cascade, translates nuclear position into a signal to exit from mitosis. Here we describe how scaffolding the MEN onto spindle pole bodies (SPB—centrosome equivalent) allows the MEN to couple the final stages of mitosis to spindle position. Through the quantitative analysis of the localization of MEN components, we determined the relative importance of MEN signaling from the SPB that is delivered into the daughter cell (dSPB) during anaphase and the SPB that remains in the mother cell. Movement of half of the nucleus into the bud during anaphase causes the active form of the MEN GTPase Tem1 to accumulate at the dSPB. In response to Tem1’s activity at the dSPB, the MEN kinase cascade, which functions downstream of Tem1, accumulates at both SPBs. This localization to both SPBs serves an important role in promoting efficient exit from mitosis. Cells that harbor only one SPB delay exit from mitosis. We propose that MEN signaling is initiated by Tem1 at the dSPB and that association of the downstream MEN kinases with both SPBs serves to amplify MEN signaling, enabling the timely exit from mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Campbell
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Xiaoxue Zhou
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Angelika Amon
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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22
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Hayward D, Alfonso-Pérez T, Gruneberg U. Orchestration of the spindle assembly checkpoint by CDK1-cyclin B1. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2889-2907. [PMID: 31469407 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In mitosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors the formation of microtubule-kinetochore attachments during capture of chromosomes by the mitotic spindle. Spindle assembly is complete once there are no longer any unattached kinetochores. Here, we will discuss the mechanism and key components of spindle checkpoint signalling. Unattached kinetochores bind the principal spindle checkpoint kinase monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1). MPS1 triggers the recruitment of other spindle checkpoint proteins and the formation of a soluble inhibitor of anaphase, thus preventing exit from mitosis. On microtubule attachment, kinetochores become checkpoint silent due to the actions of PP2A-B56 and PP1. This SAC responsive period has to be coordinated with mitotic spindle formation to ensure timely mitotic exit and accurate chromosome segregation. We focus on the molecular mechanisms by which the SAC permissive state is created, describing a central role for CDK1-cyclin B1 and its counteracting phosphatase PP2A-B55. Furthermore, we discuss how CDK1-cyclin B1, through its interaction with MAD1, acts as an integral component of the SAC, and actively orchestrates checkpoint signalling and thus contributes to the faithful execution of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hayward
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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23
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Vallardi G, Cordeiro MH, Saurin AT. A Kinase-Phosphatase Network that Regulates Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments and the SAC. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 56:457-484. [PMID: 28840249 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The KMN network (for KNL1, MIS12 and NDC80 complexes) is a hub for signalling at the outer kinetochore. It integrates the activities of two kinases (MPS1 and Aurora B) and two phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A-B56) to regulate kinetochore-microtubule attachments and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). We will first discuss each of these enzymes separately, to describe how they are regulated at kinetochores and why this is important for their primary function in controlling either microtubule attachments or the SAC. We will then discuss why inhibiting any one of them individually produces secondary effects on all the others. This cross-talk may help to explain why all enzymes have been linked to both processes, even though the direct evidence suggests they each control only one. This chapter therefore describes how a network of kinases and phosphatases work together to regulate two key mitotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vallardi
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Marilia Henriques Cordeiro
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Adrian Thomas Saurin
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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24
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Recent Progress on the Localization of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Machinery to Kinetochores. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030278. [PMID: 30909555 PMCID: PMC6468716 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis is crucial for maintaining genome stability. The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a surveillance mechanism that ensures accurate mitotic progression. Defective SAC signaling leads to premature sister chromatid separation and aneuploid daughter cells. Mechanistically, the SAC couples the kinetochore microtubule attachment status to the cell cycle progression machinery. In the presence of abnormal kinetochore microtubule attachments, the SAC prevents the metaphase-to-anaphase transition through a complex kinase-phosphatase signaling cascade which results in the correct balance of SAC components recruited to the kinetochore. The correct kinetochore localization of SAC proteins is a prerequisite for robust SAC signaling and, hence, accurate chromosome segregation. Here, we review recent progresses on the kinetochore recruitment of core SAC factors.
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25
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Pachis ST, Kops GJPL. Leader of the SAC: molecular mechanisms of Mps1/TTK regulation in mitosis. Open Biol 2019; 8:rsob.180109. [PMID: 30111590 PMCID: PMC6119859 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered in 1991 in a screen for genes involved in spindle pole body duplication, the monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) kinase has since claimed a central role in processes that ensure error-free chromosome segregation. As a result, Mps1 kinase activity has become an attractive candidate for pharmaceutical companies in the search for compounds that target essential cellular processes to eliminate, for example, tumour cells or pathogens. Research in recent decades has offered many insights into the molecular function of Mps1 and its regulation. In this review, we integrate the latest knowledge regarding the regulation of Mps1 activity and its spatio-temporal distribution, highlight gaps in our understanding of these processes and propose future research avenues to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon T Pachis
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute - KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Osswald M, Santos AF, Morais-de-Sá E. Light-Induced Protein Clustering for Optogenetic Interference and Protein Interaction Analysis in Drosophila S2 Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9020061. [PMID: 30759894 PMCID: PMC6406598 DOI: 10.3390/biom9020061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells are a simple and powerful system commonly used in cell biology because they are well suited for high resolution microscopy and RNAi-mediated depletion. However, understanding dynamic processes, such as cell division, also requires methodology to interfere with protein function with high spatiotemporal control. In this research study, we report the adaptation of an optogenetic tool to Drosophila S2 cells. Light-activated reversible inhibition by assembled trap (LARIAT) relies on the rapid light-dependent heterodimerization between cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) and cryptochrome-interacting bHLH 1 (CIB1) to form large protein clusters. An anti-green fluorescent protein (GFP) nanobody fused with CRY2 allows this method to quickly trap any GFP-tagged protein in these light-induced protein clusters. We evaluated clustering kinetics in response to light for different LARIAT modules, and showed the ability of GFP-LARIAT to inactivate the mitotic protein Mps1 and to disrupt the membrane localization of the polarity regulator Lethal Giant Larvae (Lgl). Moreover, we validated light-induced co-clustering assays to assess protein-protein interactions in S2 cells. In conclusion, GFP-based LARIAT is a versatile tool to answer different biological questions, since it enables probing of dynamic processes and protein-protein interactions with high spatiotemporal resolution in Drosophila S2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Osswald
- Epithelial Polarity and Cell Division, i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - A Filipa Santos
- Epithelial Polarity and Cell Division, i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eurico Morais-de-Sá
- Epithelial Polarity and Cell Division, i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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Fisk HA, Thomas JL, Nguyen TB. Breaking Bad: Uncoupling of Modularity in Centriole Biogenesis and the Generation of Excess Centrioles in Cancer. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 67:391-411. [PMID: 31435805 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes are tiny yet complex cytoplasmic structures that perform a variety of roles related to their ability to act as microtubule-organizing centers. Like the genome, centrosomes are single copy structures that undergo a precise semi-conservative replication once each cell cycle. Precise replication of the centrosome is essential for genome integrity, because the duplicated centrosomes will serve as the poles of a bipolar mitotic spindle, and any number of centrosomes other than two will lead to an aberrant spindle that mis-segregates chromosomes. Indeed, excess centrosomes are observed in a variety of human tumors where they generate abnormal spindles in situ that are thought to participate in tumorigenesis by driving genomic instability. At the heart of the centrosome is a pair of centrioles, and at the heart of centrosome duplication is the replication of this centriole pair. Centriole replication proceeds through a complex macromolecular assembly process. However, while centrosomes may contain as many as 500 proteins, only a handful of proteins have been shown to be essential for centriole replication. Our observations suggest that centriole replication is a modular, bottom-up process that we envision akin to building a house; the proper site of assembly is identified, a foundation is assembled at that site, and subsequent modules are added on top of the foundation. Here, we discuss the data underlying our view of modularity in the centriole assembly process, and suggest that non-essential centriole assembly factors take on greater importance in cancer cells due to their function in coordination between centriole modules, using the Monopolar spindles 1 protein kinase and its substrate Centrin 2 to illustrate our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Fisk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Thomas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tan B Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is crucial to maintain genomic stability since it prevents premature separation of sister chromatids in mitosis and ensures the fidelity of chromosome segregation. The SAC arrests cells in mitosis and is not satisfied until all kinetochores are stably attached to the mitotic spindle. Improperly attached kinetochores activate the SAC and catalyze the formation of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), containing Mad2, Cdc20, BubR1, and Bub3 proteins. The MCC binds and thereby inhibits the APC/C E3 ubiquitin ligase until the last kinetochore has attached to microtubules. Once the SAC is satisfied, the APC/C promptly activates and targets cyclin B1 and securin for degradation, thus allowing sister chromatids to separate and the cell to exit mitosis. Our understanding of SAC signaling has increased thanks to the development of new genetic, biochemical, molecular, and structural biology techniques. Here, we describe how live-cell imaging microscopy in combination with gene-targeting strategies and biochemical assays can be exploited to investigate the intrinsic properties of the SAC in mammalian cultured cells.
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Duplication and Nuclear Envelope Insertion of the Yeast Microtubule Organizing Centre, the Spindle Pole Body. Cells 2018; 7:cells7050042. [PMID: 29748517 PMCID: PMC5981266 DOI: 10.3390/cells7050042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main microtubule organizing centre in the unicellular model organisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pompe is the spindle pole body (SPB). The SPB is a multilayer structure, which duplicates exactly once per cell cycle. Unlike higher eukaryotic cells, both yeast model organisms undergo mitosis without breakdown of the nuclear envelope (NE), a so-called closed mitosis. Therefore, in order to simultaneously nucleate nuclear and cytoplasmic MTs, it is vital to embed the SPB into the NE at least during mitosis, similarly to the nuclear pore complex (NPC). This review aims to embrace the current knowledge of the SPB duplication cycle with special emphasis on the critical step of the insertion of the new SPB into the NE.
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Kolenda C, Ortiz J, Pelzl M, Norell S, Schmeiser V, Lechner J. Unattached kinetochores drive their own capturing by sequestering a CLASP. Nat Commun 2018; 9:886. [PMID: 29491436 PMCID: PMC5830412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores that are not attached to microtubules prevent chromosome missegregation via the spindle assembly checkpoint. We show that they also promote their own capturing. Similar to what governs the localization of spindle assembly checkpoint proteins, the phosphorylation of Spc105 by Mps1 allows unattached kinetochores to sequester Stu1 in cooperation with Slk19. The withdrawal of Stu1, a CLASP essential for spindle integrity, from microtubules and attached kinetochores disrupts the organization of the spindle and thus allows the enhanced formation of dynamic random microtubules that span the nucleus and are ideal to capture unattached kinetochores. The enhanced formation of nuclear random microtubules does not occur if Stu1 sequestering to unattached kinetochores fails and the spindle remains uncompromised. Consequently, these cells exhibit a severely decreased capturing efficiency. After the capturing event, Stu1 is relocated to the capturing microtubule and prevents precocious microtubule depolymerization as long as kinetochores are laterally or incompletely end-on attached. Kinetochores (KT) that are not attached to microtubules prevent chromosome missegregation via the spindle assembly checkpoint. Here the authors show that Mps1 localizes Stu1 at unattached KTs together with Slk19, causing a reorganization of the nuclear MT network that favors the capturing of unattached KT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kolenda
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, INF 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Ortiz
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, INF 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Pelzl
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, INF 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarina Norell
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, INF 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Schmeiser
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, INF 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Lechner
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, INF 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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31
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Meyer RE, Brown J, Beck L, Dawson DS. Mps1 promotes chromosome meiotic chromosome biorientation through Dam1. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:479-489. [PMID: 29237818 PMCID: PMC6014172 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During meiosis, chromosomes attach to microtubules at their kinetochores and are moved by microtubule depolymerization. The Mps1 kinase is essential for this process. Phosphorylation of Dam1 by Mps1 allows kinetochores to move processively poleward along microtubules during the biorientation process. In budding yeast meiosis, homologous chromosomes become linked by chiasmata and then move back and forth on the spindle until they are bioriented, with the kinetochores of the partners attached to microtubules from opposite spindle poles. Certain mutations in the conserved kinase, Mps1, result in catastrophic meiotic segregation errors but mild mitotic defects. We tested whether Dam1, a known substrate of Mps1, was necessary for its critical meiotic role. We found that kinetochore–microtubule attachments are established even when Dam1 is not phosphorylated by Mps1, but that Mps1 phosphorylation of Dam1 sustains those connections. But the meiotic defects when Dam1 is not phosphorylated are not nearly as catastrophic as when Mps1 is inactivated. The results demonstrate that one meiotic role of Mps1 is to stabilize connections that have been established between kinetochores and microtubles by phosphorylating Dam1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis E Meyer
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Jamin Brown
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Lindsay Beck
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Dean S Dawson
- Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Marston AL, Wassmann K. Multiple Duties for Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Kinases in Meiosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:109. [PMID: 29322045 PMCID: PMC5733479 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division in mitosis and meiosis is governed by evolutionary highly conserved protein kinases and phosphatases, controlling the timely execution of key events such as nuclear envelope breakdown, spindle assembly, chromosome attachment to the spindle and chromosome segregation, and cell cycle exit. In mitosis, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) controls the proper attachment to and alignment of chromosomes on the spindle. The SAC detects errors and induces a cell cycle arrest in metaphase, preventing chromatid separation. Once all chromosomes are properly attached, the SAC-dependent arrest is relieved and chromatids separate evenly into daughter cells. The signaling cascade leading to checkpoint arrest depends on several protein kinases that are conserved from yeast to man. In meiosis, haploid cells containing new genetic combinations are generated from a diploid cell through two specialized cell divisions. Though apparently less robust, SAC control also exists in meiosis. Recently, it has emerged that SAC kinases have additional roles in executing accurate chromosome segregation during the meiotic divisions. Here, we summarize the main differences between mitotic and meiotic cell divisions, and explain why meiotic divisions pose special challenges for correct chromosome segregation. The less-known meiotic roles of the SAC kinases are described, with a focus on two model systems: yeast and mouse oocytes. The meiotic roles of the canonical checkpoint kinases Bub1, Mps1, the pseudokinase BubR1 (Mad3), and Aurora B and C (Ipl1) will be discussed. Insights into the molecular signaling pathways that bring about the special chromosome segregation pattern during meiosis will help us understand why human oocytes are so frequently aneuploid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele L Marston
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Wassmann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, UMR7622, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, UMR7622 Developmental Biology Lab, Paris, France
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Combes G, Alharbi I, Braga LG, Elowe S. Playing polo during mitosis: PLK1 takes the lead. Oncogene 2017; 36:4819-4827. [PMID: 28436952 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), the prototypical member of the polo-like family of serine/threonine kinases, is a pivotal regulator of mitosis and cytokinesis in eukaryotes. Many layers of regulation have evolved to target PLK1 to different subcellular structures and to its various mitotic substrates in line with its numerous functions during mitosis. Collective work is starting to illuminate an important set of substrates for PLK1: the mitotic kinases that together ensure the fidelity of the cell division process. Amongst these, recent developments argue that PLK1 regulates the activity of the histone kinases Aurora B and Haspin to define centromere identity, of MPS1 to initiate spindle checkpoint signaling, and of BUB1 and its pseudokinase paralog BUBR1 to coordinate spindle checkpoint activation and inactivation. Here, we review the recent work describing the regulation of these kinases by PLK1. We highlight common themes throughout and argue that a major mitotic function of PLK1 is as a master regulator of these key kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Combes
- Program in Molecular and Cellular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - I Alharbi
- Program in Molecular and Cellular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - L G Braga
- Program in Molecular and Cellular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Elowe
- Program in Molecular and Cellular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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34
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Abstract
The mitotic checkpoint is a specialized signal transduction pathway that contributes to the fidelity of chromosome segregation. The signaling of the checkpoint originates from defective kinetochore-microtubule interactions and leads to formation of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), a highly potent inhibitor of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C)—the E3 ubiquitin ligase essential for anaphase onset. Many important questions concerning the MCC and its interaction with APC/C have been intensively investigated and debated in the past 15 years, such as the exact composition of the MCC, how it is assembled during a cell cycle, how it inhibits APC/C, and how the MCC is disassembled to allow APC/C activation. These efforts have culminated in recently reported structure models for human MCC:APC/C supra-complexes at near-atomic resolution that shed light on multiple aspects of the mitotic checkpoint mechanisms. However, confusing statements regarding the MCC are still scattered in the literature, making it difficult for students and scientists alike to obtain a clear picture of MCC composition, structure, function and dynamics. This review will comb through some of the most popular concepts or misconceptions about the MCC, discuss our current understandings, present a synthesized model on regulation of CDC20 ubiquitination, and suggest a few future endeavors and cautions for next phase of MCC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Tao Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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Manic G, Corradi F, Sistigu A, Siteni S, Vitale I. Molecular Regulation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint by Kinases and Phosphatases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 328:105-161. [PMID: 28069132 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a surveillance mechanism contributing to the preservation of genomic stability by monitoring the microtubule attachment to, and/or the tension status of, each kinetochore during mitosis. The SAC halts metaphase to anaphase transition in the presence of unattached and/or untensed kinetochore(s) by releasing the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) from these improperly-oriented kinetochores to inhibit the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). The reversible phosphorylation of a variety of substrates at the kinetochore by antagonistic kinases and phosphatases is one major signaling mechanism for promptly turning on or turning off the SAC. In such a complex network, some kinases act at the apex of the SAC cascade by either generating (monopolar spindle 1, MPS1/TTK and likely polo-like kinase 1, PLK1), or contributing to generate (Aurora kinase B) kinetochore phospho-docking sites for the hierarchical recruitment of the SAC proteins. Aurora kinase B, MPS1 and budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 (BUB1) also promote sister chromatid biorientation by modulating kinetochore microtubule stability. Moreover, MPS1, BUB1, and PLK1 seem to play key roles in APC/C inhibition by mechanisms dependent and/or independent on MCC assembly. The protein phosphatase 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) are recruited to kinetochores to oppose kinase activity. These phosphatases reverse the phosphorylation of kinetochore targets promoting the microtubule attachment stabilization, sister kinetochore biorientation and SAC silencing. The kinase-phosphatase network is crucial as it renders the SAC a dynamic, graded-signaling, high responsive, and robust process thereby ensuring timely anaphase onset and preventing the generation of proneoplastic aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Manic
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | - F Corradi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - A Sistigu
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - S Siteni
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
| | - I Vitale
- Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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Systematic functional analysis of kinases in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12766. [PMID: 27677328 PMCID: PMC5052723 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of death by fungal meningoencephalitis; however, treatment options remain limited. Here we report the construction of 264 signature-tagged gene-deletion strains for 129 putative kinases, and examine their phenotypic traits under 30 distinct in vitro growth conditions and in two different hosts (insect larvae and mice). Clustering analysis of in vitro phenotypic traits indicates that several of these kinases have roles in known signalling pathways, and identifies hitherto uncharacterized signalling cascades. Virulence assays in the insect and mouse models provide evidence of pathogenicity-related roles for 63 kinases involved in the following biological categories: growth and cell cycle, nutrient metabolism, stress response and adaptation, cell signalling, cell polarity and morphology, vacuole trafficking, transfer RNA (tRNA) modification and other functions. Our study provides insights into the pathobiological signalling circuitry of C. neoformans and identifies potential anticryptococcal or antifungal drug targets. Cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of death by fungal meningoencephalitis. Here, the authors study the roles played by 129 putative kinases in the growth and virulence of C. neoformans, identifying potential targets for development of anticryptococcal drugs.
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Singh GK, Karade SS, Ranjan R, Ahamad N, Ahmed S. C-terminal region of Mad2 plays an important role during mitotic spindle checkpoint in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 44:89-96. [PMID: 27664031 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic arrest deficiency 2 (Mad2) protein is an essential component of the spindle assembly checkpoint that interacts with Cdc20/Slp1 and inhibit its ability to activate anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). In bladder cancer cell line the C-terminal residue of the mad2 gene has been found to be deleted. In this study we tried to understand the role of the C-terminal region of mad2 on the spindle checkpoint function. To envisage the role of C-terminal region of Mad2, we truncated 25 residues of Mad2 C-terminal region in fission yeast S.pombe and characterized its effect on spindle assembly checkpoint function. The cells containing C-terminal truncation of Mad2 exhibit sensitivity towards microtubule destabilizing agent suggesting perturbation of spindle assembly checkpoint. Further, the C-terminal truncation of Mad2 exhibit reduced viability in the nda3-KM311 mutant background at non-permissive temperature. Truncation in mad2 gene also affects its foci forming ability at unattached kinetochore suggesting that the mad2-∆CT mutant is unable to maintain spindle checkpoint activation. However, in response to the defective microtubule, only brief delay of mitotic progression was observed in Mad2 C-terminal truncation mutant. In addition we have shown that the deletion of two β strands of Mad2 protein abolishes its ability to interact with APC activator protein Slp1/Cdc20. We purpose that the truncation of two β strands (β7 and β8) of Mad2 destabilize the safety belt and affect the Cdc20-Mad2 interaction leading to defects in the spindle checkpoint activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar Singh
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sharanbasappa Shrimant Karade
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Nafees Ahamad
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Shakil Ahmed
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
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38
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Analysis of transcriptional profiles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to bisphenol A. Curr Genet 2016; 63:253-274. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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39
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Abstract
The yeast spindle pole body (SPB) is the functional equivalent of the mammalian centrosome. Centrosomes and SPBs duplicate exactly once per cell cycle by mechanisms that use the mother structure as a platform for the assembly of the daughter. The conserved Sfi1 and centrin proteins are essential components of the SPB duplication process. Sfi1 is an elongated molecule that has, in its center, 20 to 23 binding sites for the Ca(2+)-binding protein centrin. In the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, all Sfi1 N termini are in contact with the mother SPB whereas the free C termini are distal to it. During S phase and early mitosis, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) phosphorylation of mainly serine residues in the Sfi1 C termini blocks the initiation of SPB duplication ("off" state). Upon anaphase onset, the phosphatase Cdc14 dephosphorylates Sfi1 ("on" state) to promote antiparallel and shifted incorporation of cytoplasmic Sfi1 molecules into the half-bridge layer, which thereby elongates into the bridge. The Sfi1 C termini of the two Sfi1 layers localize in the bridge center, whereas the N termini of the newly assembled Sfi1 molecules are distal to the mother SPB. These free Sfi1 N termini then assemble the new SPB in G1phase. Recruitment of Sfi1 molecules into the anaphase SPB and bridge formation were also observed inSchizosaccharomyces pombe, suggesting that the Sfi1 bridge cycle is conserved between the two organisms. Thus, restricting SPB duplication to one event per cell cycle requires only an oscillation between Cdk1 kinase and Cdc14 phosphatase activities. This clockwork regulates the "on"/"off" state of the Sfi1-centrin receiver.
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40
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Isokane M, Walter T, Mahen R, Nijmeijer B, Hériché JK, Miura K, Maffini S, Ivanov MP, Kitajima TS, Peters JM, Ellenberg J. ARHGEF17 is an essential spindle assembly checkpoint factor that targets Mps1 to kinetochores. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:647-59. [PMID: 26953350 PMCID: PMC4792069 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201408089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures genome stability during cell division. Here, a new essential SAC factor, ARHGEF17, is characterized by quantitative imaging, biochemical, and biophysical experiments, which show that it targets the checkpoint kinase Mps1 to kinetochores. To prevent genome instability, mitotic exit is delayed until all chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). In this study, we characterized the function of ARHGEF17, identified in a genome-wide RNA interference screen for human mitosis genes. Through a series of quantitative imaging, biochemical, and biophysical experiments, we showed that ARHGEF17 is essential for SAC activity, because it is the major targeting factor that controls localization of the checkpoint kinase Mps1 to the kinetochore. This mitotic function is mediated by direct interaction of the central domain of ARHGEF17 with Mps1, which is autoregulated by the activity of Mps1 kinase, for which ARHGEF17 is a substrate. This mitosis-specific role is independent of ARHGEF17’s RhoGEF activity in interphase. Our study thus assigns a new mitotic function to ARHGEF17 and reveals the molecular mechanism for a key step in SAC establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Isokane
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Walter
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Mahen
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bianca Nijmeijer
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Karim Hériché
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kota Miura
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Miroslav Penchev Ivanov
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomoya S Kitajima
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Michael Peters
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Ellenberg
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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van Vuuren RJ, Visagie MH, Theron AE, Joubert AM. Antimitotic drugs in the treatment of cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 76:1101-12. [PMID: 26563258 PMCID: PMC4648954 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2903-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease since it is adaptive in such a way that it can promote proliferation and invasion by means of an overactive cell cycle and in turn cellular division which is targeted by antimitotic drugs that are highly validated chemotherapy agents. However, antimitotic drug cytotoxicity to non-tumorigenic cells and multiple cancer resistance developed in response to drugs such as taxanes and vinca alkaloids are obstacles faced in both the clinical and basic research field to date. In this review, the classes of antimitotic compounds, their mechanisms of action and cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy and other limitations of current antimitotic compounds are highlighted, as well as the potential of novel 17-β estradiol analogs as cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle H Visagie
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x 323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa.
| | - Anne E Theron
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x 323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
| | - Annie M Joubert
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x 323, Arcadia, 0007, South Africa
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42
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Srinivas V, Kitagawa M, Wong J, Liao PJ, Lee SH. The Tumor Suppressor Cdkn3 Is Required for Maintaining the Proper Number of Centrosomes by Regulating the Centrosomal Stability of Mps1. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1569-77. [PMID: 26586430 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Supernumerary centrosomes promote the assembly of abnormal spindles in many human cancers. The observation that modest changes in the centrosomal levels of Mps1 kinase can cause centrosome overduplication in human cells suggests the existence of a regulatory system that may tightly control its centrosomal stability. Here, we show that Cdkn3, a Cdk-associated phosphatase, prevents Mps1-mediated centrosome overduplication. We identify Cdkn3 as a direct binding partner of Mps1. The interaction between Mps1 and Cdkn3 is required for Mps1 to recruit Cdkn3 to centrosomes. Subsequently, Mps1-bound Cdkn3 forms a regulatory system that controls the centrosomal levels of Mps1 through proteasome-mediated degradation and thereby prevents Mps1-mediated centrosome overduplication. Conversely, knockdown of Cdkn3 stabilizes Mps1 at centrosomes, which promotes centrosome overduplication. We suggest that Mps1 and Cdkn3 form a self-regulated feedback loop at centrosomes to tightly control the centrosomal levels of Mps1, which prevents centrosome overduplication in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayaka Srinivas
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Mayumi Kitagawa
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jasmine Wong
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Pei-Ju Liao
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
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43
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Yu ZC, Huang YF, Shieh SY. Requirement for human Mps1/TTK in oxidative DNA damage repair and cell survival through MDM2 phosphorylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:1133-50. [PMID: 26531827 PMCID: PMC4756815 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Mps1 (hMps1) is a protein kinase essential for mitotic checkpoints and the DNA damage response. Here, we present new evidence that hMps1 also participates in the repair of oxidative DNA lesions and cell survival through the MDM2-H2B axis. In response to oxidative stress, hMps1 phosphorylates MDM2, which in turn promotes histone H2B ubiquitination and chromatin decompaction. These events facilitate oxidative DNA damage repair and ATR-CHK1, but not ATM-CHK2 signaling. Depletion of hMps1 or MDM2 compromised H2B ubiquitination, DNA repair and cell survival. The impairment could be rescued by re-expression of WT but not the phospho-deficient MDM2 mutant, supporting the involvement of hMps1-dependent MDM2 phosphorylation in the oxidative stress response. In line with these findings, localization of RPA and base excision repair proteins to damage foci also requires MDM2 and hMps1. Significantly, like MDM2, hMps1 is upregulated in human sarcoma, suggesting high hMps1 and MDM2 expression may be beneficial for tumors constantly challenged by an oxidative micro-environment. Our study therefore identified an hMps1-MDM2-H2B signaling axis that likely plays a relevant role in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Cheng Yu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fu Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sheau-Yann Shieh
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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44
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Luo G, Kim J, Song K. The C-terminal domains of human neurofibromin and its budding yeast homologs Ira1 and Ira2 regulate the metaphase to anaphase transition. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2780-9. [PMID: 25486365 PMCID: PMC4615033 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2015.945870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human tumor suppressor neurofibromin contains a cysteine and serine-rich domain/Ras-GTPase activating protein domain (CSRD/RasGAP) and a C-terminal domain (CTD). Domain studies of neurofibromin suggest it has other functions in addition to being a RasGAP, but the mechanisms underlying its tumor suppressor activity are not well understood. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a good model system for studying neurofibromin function because it possesses Ira1 and Ira2, which are homologous to human neurofibromin in both sequence and function. We found that overexpression of CTD or a neurofibromin CTD-homologous domain (CHD) of Ira1/2 in budding yeast delayed degradation of the securin protein Pds1, whereas overexpression of CSRD/RasGAP did not affect Pds1 degradation. We also found that when CTD or CHD was overexpressed, the number of cells in metaphase was higher than in the control. These results demonstrate that CTD and CHD function in the metaphase to anaphase transition. In addition, Δira1Δira2 cells bypassed mitotic arrest in response to spindle damage, indicating that Ira1 and Ira2 may be involved in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). However, Δira1Δira2Δmad2 cells are more sensitive to spindle damage than Δmad2 or Δira1Δira2 cells are, suggesting that Ira1/2 and Mad2 function in different pathways. Overexpression of CTD but not CSRD/RasGAP partially rescued the hypersensitivity of Δira1Δira2Δmad2 cells to microtubule-destabilizing drugs, indicating a role for CTD in the SAC pathway. Taken together, independently of RasGAP activity, the C-terminal domains of neurofibromin, Ira1, and Ira2 regulate the metaphase to anaphase transition in a Mad2-independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Luo
- a Department of Biochemistry; College of Life Science and Biotechnology ; Yonsei University ; Seoul , Korea
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45
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Lermontova I, Sandmann M, Mascher M, Schmit AC, Chabouté ME. Centromeric chromatin and its dynamics in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:4-17. [PMID: 25976696 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Centromeres are chromatin structures that are required for proper separation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. The centromere is composed of centromeric DNA, often enriched in satellite repeats, and kinetochore complex proteins. To date, over 100 kinetochore components have been identified in various eukaryotes. Kinetochore assembly begins with incorporation of centromeric histone H3 variant CENH3 into centromeric nucleosomes. Protein components of the kinetochore are either present at centromeres throughout the cell cycle or localize to centromeres transiently, prior to attachment of microtubules to each kinetochore in prometaphase of mitotic cells. This is the case for the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) proteins in animal cells. The SAC complex ensures equal separation of chromosomes between daughter nuclei by preventing anaphase onset before metaphase is complete, i.e. the sister kinetochores of all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers from opposite poles. In this review, we focus on the organization of centromeric DNA and the kinetochore assembly in plants. We summarize recent advances regarding loading of CENH3 into the centromere, and the subcellular localization and protein-protein interactions of Arabidopsis thaliana proteins involved in kinetochore assembly and function. We describe the transcriptional activity of corresponding genes based on in silico analysis of their promoters and cell cycle-dependent expression. Additionally, barley homologs of all selected A. thaliana proteins have been identified in silico, and their sequences and domain structures are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Lermontova
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Michael Sandmann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Anne-Catherine Schmit
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-UPR 2357, associée à l'Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie-Edith Chabouté
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-UPR 2357, associée à l'Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
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46
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Moudgil DK, Westcott N, Famulski JK, Patel K, Macdonald D, Hang H, Chan GKT. A novel role of farnesylation in targeting a mitotic checkpoint protein, human Spindly, to kinetochores. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 208:881-96. [PMID: 25825516 PMCID: PMC4384735 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic checkpoint protein Spindly is farnesylated in vivo and this modification is required for its interaction with the RZZ complex and its localization to kinetochores. Kinetochore (KT) localization of mitotic checkpoint proteins is essential for their function during mitosis. hSpindly KT localization is dependent on the RZZ complex and hSpindly recruits the dynein–dynactin complex to KTs during mitosis, but the mechanism of hSpindly KT recruitment is unknown. Through domain-mapping studies we characterized the KT localization domain of hSpindly and discovered it undergoes farnesylation at the C-terminal cysteine residue. The N-terminal 293 residues of hSpindly are dispensable for its KT localization. Inhibition of farnesylation using a farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI) abrogated hSpindly KT localization without affecting RZZ complex, CENP-E, and CENP-F KT localization. We showed that hSpindly is farnesylated in vivo and farnesylation is essential for its interaction with the RZZ complex and hence KT localization. FTI treatment and hSpindly knockdown displayed the same mitotic phenotypes, indicating that hSpindly is a key FTI target in mitosis. Our data show a novel role of lipidation in targeting a checkpoint protein to KTs through protein–protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Westcott
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jakub K Famulski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2
| | - Kinjal Patel
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2
| | - Dawn Macdonald
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2
| | - Howard Hang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Gordon K T Chan
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2
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47
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Connecting the microtubule attachment status of each kinetochore to cell cycle arrest through the spindle assembly checkpoint. Chromosoma 2015; 124:463-80. [PMID: 25917595 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-015-0515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores generate a signal that inhibits anaphase progression until every kinetochore makes proper attachments to spindle microtubules. This spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) increases the fidelity of chromosome segregation. We will review the molecular mechanisms by which kinetochores generate the SAC and extinguish the signal after making proper attachments, with the goal of identifying unanswered questions and new research directions. We will emphasize recent breakthroughs in how phosphorylation changes drive the activation and inhibition of the signal. We will also emphasize the dramatic changes in kinetochore structure that occur after attaching to microtubules and how these coordinate SAC function with microtubule attachment status. Finally, we will review the emerging cross talk between the DNA damage response and the SAC.
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48
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Bouhlel IB, Ohta M, Mayeux A, Bordes N, Dingli F, Boulanger J, Velve Casquillas G, Loew D, Tran PT, Sato M, Paoletti A. Cell cycle control of spindle pole body duplication and splitting by Sfi1 and Cdc31 in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1481-93. [PMID: 25736294 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.159657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spindle pole biogenesis and segregation are tightly coordinated to produce a bipolar mitotic spindle. In yeasts, the spindle pole body (SPB) half-bridge composed of Sfi1 and Cdc31 duplicates to promote the biogenesis of a second SPB. Sfi1 accumulates at the half-bridge in two phases in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, from anaphase to early septation and throughout G2 phase. We found that the function of Sfi1-Cdc31 in SPB duplication is accomplished before septation ends and G2 accumulation starts. Thus, Sfi1 early accumulation at mitotic exit might correspond to half-bridge duplication. We further show that Cdc31 phosphorylation on serine 15 in a Cdk1 (encoded by cdc2) consensus site is required for the dissociation of a significant pool of Sfi1 from the bridge and timely segregation of SPBs at mitotic onset. This suggests that the Cdc31 N-terminus modulates the stability of Sfi1-Cdc31 arrays in fission yeast, and impacts on the timing of establishment of spindle bipolarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imène B Bouhlel
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France CNRS UMR144 F-75248 Paris, France
| | | | - Adeline Mayeux
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France CNRS UMR144 F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Nicole Bordes
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France CNRS UMR144 F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Florent Dingli
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Boulanger
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France CNRS UMR144 F-75248 Paris, France
| | | | - Damarys Loew
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France
| | - Phong T Tran
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France CNRS UMR144 F-75248 Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Paoletti
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche F-75248 Paris, France CNRS UMR144 F-75248 Paris, France
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49
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The Mps1 kinase modulates the recruitment and activity of Cnn1(CENP-T) at Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinetochores. Genetics 2015; 200:79-90. [PMID: 25716979 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.175786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetochores are conserved protein complexes that bind the replicated chromosomes to the mitotic spindle and then direct their segregation. To better comprehend Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinetochore function, we dissected the phospho-regulated dynamic interaction between conserved kinetochore protein Cnn1(CENP-T), the centromere region, and the Ndc80 complex through the cell cycle. Cnn1 localizes to kinetochores at basal levels from G1 through metaphase but accumulates abruptly at anaphase onset. How Cnn1 is recruited and which activities regulate its dynamic localization are unclear. We show that Cnn1 harbors two kinetochore-localization activities: a C-terminal histone-fold domain (HFD) that associates with the centromere region and a N-terminal Spc24/Spc25 interaction sequence that mediates linkage to the microtubule-binding Ndc80 complex. We demonstrate that the established Ndc80 binding site in the N terminus of Cnn1, Cnn1(60-84), should be extended with flanking residues, Cnn1(25-91), to allow near maximal binding affinity to Ndc80. Cnn1 localization was proposed to depend on Mps1 kinase activity at Cnn1-S74, based on in vitro experiments demonstrating the Cnn1-Ndc80 complex interaction. We demonstrate that from G1 through metaphase, Cnn1 localizes via both its HFD and N-terminal Spc24/Spc25 interaction sequence, and deletion or mutation of either region results in anomalous Cnn1 kinetochore levels. At anaphase onset (when Mps1 activity decreases) Cnn1 becomes enriched mainly via the N-terminal Spc24/Spc25 interaction sequence. In sum, we provide the first in vivo evidence of Cnn1 preanaphase linkages with the kinetochore and enrichment of the linkages during anaphase.
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50
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Abstract
The centromere-the primary constriction of monocentric chromosomes-is essential for correct segregation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis. Centromeric DNA varies between different organisms in sequence composition and extension. The main components of centromeric and pericentromeric DNA of Brassicaceae species are centromeric satellite repeats. Centromeric DNA initiates assembly of the kinetochore, the large protein complex where the spindle fibers attach during nuclear division to pull sister chromatids apart. Kinetochore assembly is initiated by incorporation of the centromeric histone H3 cenH3 into centromeric nucleosomes. The spindle assembly checkpoint acts during mitosis and meiosis at centromeres and maintains genome stability by preventing chromosome segregation before all kinetochores are correctly attached to microtubules. The function of the spindle assembly checkpoint in plants is still poorly understood. Here, we review recent advances of studies on structure and functional importance of centromeric DNA of Brassicaceae, assembly and function of cenH3 in Arabidopsis thaliana and characterization of core SAC proteins of A. thaliana in comparison with non-plant homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Lermontova
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany,
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