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Li Z, Wang S, Han J, Shi C, Xi L, Cui Y, Zhang H. Expression of cytokine and Apoptosis-Associated genes in mice bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages stimulated with Brucella recombinant type IV secretion effectors. Cytokine 2024; 182:156711. [PMID: 39094437 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is an economically important infectious caused by most commonly by Brucella. Detection of infected animals at the early stage is important for controlling the disease. The diagnostic antigens, usually protein antigens, have attracted much interest. However, the accurate mechanism of immune response is still unknown. The secretory effectors (BPE005, BPE275, and BPE123) of the type IV secretion system (T4SS) were involved in the intracellular circulation process of Brucella and the immune responses of the host. METHODS Genes encoding three B. abortus effector proteins (BPE005, BPE275, and BPE123) of T4SS were cloned and the recombinant proteins were expressed and purified. The purified recombinant proteins were named rBPE005, rBPE275 and rBPE123. Then, the expressions of Th1- and Th2-related cytokine genes were analyzed in mice bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) after stimulation with rBPE005, rBPE275, and rBPE123. Furthermore, four apoptosis-associated genes (Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Bax, and Bcl-2) were also detected to explore the damage of the proteins to the cells. RESULTS Expressions of all Th1- and Th2-related cytokine genes were induced with three proteins, and different cytokine expression patterns induced by each protein depend on the stimulation time and dose of protein. However, expressions of apoptosis-related genes did not change. CONCLUSION These results showed that the secreted antigens of Brucella induced an immune reaction via the production of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in BMDMs without exerting any damage on the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan Provence, China; College of Smart Animal Husbandry, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan Provence, China
| | - Shuli Wang
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan Provence, China; College of Smart Animal Husbandry, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan Provence, China
| | - Jincheng Han
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan Provence, China; College of Smart Animal Husbandry, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan Provence, China
| | - Chuanxin Shi
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan Provence, China; College of Smart Animal Husbandry, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan Provence, China
| | - Li Xi
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan Provence, China; College of Smart Animal Husbandry, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan Provence, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan Provence, China; College of Smart Animal Husbandry, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, Henan Provence, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang Province, China.
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Rouchidane Eyitayo A, Daury L, Priault M, Manon S. The membrane insertion of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax is a Tom22-dependent multi-step process: a study in nanodiscs. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:335. [PMID: 39043635 PMCID: PMC11266675 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Membrane insertion of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax was investigated by setting up cell-free synthesis of full-length Bax in the presence of pre-formed nanodiscs. While Bax was spontaneously poorly inserted in nanodiscs, co-synthesis with the mitochondrial receptor Tom22 stimulated Bax membrane insertion. The initial interaction of Bax with the lipid bilayer exposed the hydrophobic GALLL motif in Hα1 leading to Bax precipitation through hydrophobic interactions. The same motif was recognized by Tom22, triggering conformational changes leading to the extrusion and the ensuing membrane insertion of the C-terminal hydrophobic Hα9. Tom22 was also required for Bax-membrane insertion after Bax was activated either by BH3-activators or by its release from Bcl-xL by WEHI-539. The effect of Tom22 was impaired by D154Y substitution in Bax-Hα7 and T174P substitution in Bax-Hα9, which are found in several tumors. Conversely, a R9E substitution promoted a spontaneous insertion of Bax in nanodiscs, in the absence of Tom22. Both Tom22-activated Bax and BaxR9E alone permeabilized liposomes to dextran-10kDa and formed ~5-nm-diameter pores in nanodiscs. The concerted regulation of Bax membrane insertion by Tom22 and BH3-activators is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laetitia Daury
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5248, CBMN, Pessac, France
| | - Muriel Priault
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5095, IBGC, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphen Manon
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5095, IBGC, Bordeaux, France.
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3
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Nguyen D, Osterlund E, Kale J, Andrews DW. The C-terminal sequences of Bcl-2 family proteins mediate interactions that regulate cell death. Biochem J 2024; 481:903-922. [PMID: 38985308 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Programmed cell death via the both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways is regulated by interactions of the Bcl-2 family protein members that determine whether the cell commits to apoptosis via mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Recently the conserved C-terminal sequences (CTSs) that mediate localization of Bcl-2 family proteins to intracellular membranes, have been shown to have additional protein-protein binding functions that contribute to the functions of these proteins in regulating MOMP. Here we review the pivotal role of CTSs in Bcl-2 family interactions including: (1) homotypic interactions between the pro-apoptotic executioner proteins that cause MOMP, (2) heterotypic interactions between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins that prevent MOMP, and (3) heterotypic interactions between the pro-apoptotic executioner proteins and the pro-apoptotic direct activator proteins that promote MOMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Nguyen
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Biological Sciences Platform, Odette Cancer Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Osterlund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Justin Kale
- Biological Sciences Platform, Odette Cancer Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - David W Andrews
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Biological Sciences Platform, Odette Cancer Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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4
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Cauwelier C, de Ridder I, Bultynck G. Recent advances in canonical versus non-canonical Ca 2+-signaling-related anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 functions and prospects for cancer treatment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119713. [PMID: 38521468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Cell fate is tightly controlled by a continuous balance between cell survival and cell death inducing mechanisms. B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-family members, composed of effectors and regulators, not only control apoptosis at the level of the mitochondria but also by impacting the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and dynamics. On the one hand, anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, prevents mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) by scaffolding and neutralizing proapoptotic Bcl-2-family members via its hydrophobic cleft (region composed of BH-domain 1-3). On the other hand, Bcl-2 suppress pro-apoptotic Ca2+ signals by binding and inhibiting IP3 receptors via its BH4 domain, which is structurally exiled from the hydrophobic cleft by a flexible loop region (FLR). As such, Bcl-2 prevents excessive Ca2+ transfer from ER to mitochondria. Whereas regulation of both pathways requires different functional regions of Bcl-2, both seem to be connected in cancers that overexpress Bcl-2 in a life-promoting dependent manner. Here we discuss the anti-apoptotic canonical and non-canonical role, via calcium signaling, of Bcl-2 in health and cancer and evolving from this the proposed anti-cancer therapies with their shortcomings. We also argue how some cancers, with the major focus on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are difficult to treat, although theoretically prime marked for Bcl-2-targeting therapeutics. Further work is needed to understand the non-canonical functions of Bcl-2 also at organelles beyond the mitochondria, the interaction partners outside the Bcl-2 family as well as their ability to target or exploit these functions as therapeutic strategies in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Cauwelier
- KU Leuven, Lab. Molecular & Cellular Signaling, Dep. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ian de Ridder
- KU Leuven, Lab. Molecular & Cellular Signaling, Dep. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- KU Leuven, Lab. Molecular & Cellular Signaling, Dep. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N-I bus 802, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Saka N, Nishio M, Ohta K. Human parainfluenza virus type 2 V protein inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis pathway through two ways. Virology 2024; 594:110053. [PMID: 38492518 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are reported to block apoptosis for their replication, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Furthermore, regulation of mitochondrial apoptosis by paramyxoviruses has been hardly reported. We investigated whether and how human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hPIV-2) counteracts apoptosis. Infection of recombinant hPIV-2 carrying mutated V protein showed higher caspase 3/7 activity and higher cytochrome c release from mitochondria than wild type hPIV-2 infection. This indicates that V protein controls mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. hPIV-2 V protein interacted with Bad, an apoptotic promoting protein, and this interaction inhibited the binding of Bad to Bcl-XL. V protein also bound to 14-3-3ε, which was essential for inhibition of 14-3-3ε cleavage. Our data collectively suggest that hPIV-2 V protein has two means of preventing mitochondrial apoptosis pathway: the inhibition of Bad-Bcl-XL interaction and the suppression of 14-3-3ε cleavage. This is the first report of the mechanisms behind how paramyxoviruses modulate mitochondrial apoptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Saka
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Machiko Nishio
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Ohta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
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Shi R, Wang F, Fu Q, Zeng P, Chen G, Chen Z. Molecular mechanism analysis of apoptosis induced by silk fibroin peptides. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130687. [PMID: 38462112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Silk fibroin derived from silkworm cocoons exhibits excellent mechanical properties, good biocompatibility, and low immunogenicity. Previous studies showed that silk fibroin had an inhibitory effect on cells, suppressing proliferation and inducing apoptosis. However, the source of the toxicity and the mechanism of apoptosis induction are still unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that the toxicity of silk fibroin might originate from the crystalline region of the heavy chain of silk fibroin. We then verified the hypothesis and the specific induction mechanism. A target peptide segment was obtained from α-chymotrypsin. The potentially toxic mixture of silk fibroin peptides (SFPs) was separated by ion exchange, and the toxicity was tested by an MTT assay. The results showed that SFPs obtained after 4 h of enzymatic hydrolysis had significant cytotoxicity, and SFPs with isoelectric points of 4.0-6.8 (SFPα II) had a significant inhibitory effect on cell growth. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that SFPα II contained a large number of glycine-rich and alanine-rich repetitive sequence polypeptides from the heavy-chain crystallization region. A series of experiments showed that SFPα II mediated cell death through the apoptotic pathway by decreasing the expression of Bcl-2 protein and increasing the expression of Bax protein. SFPα II mainly affected the p53 pathway and the AMPK signaling pathway in HepG2 cells. SFPα II may indirectly increase the expression of Cers2 by inhibiting the phosphorylation of EGFR, which activated apoptotic signaling in the cellular mitochondrial pathway and inhibited the Akt/NF-κB pathway by increasing the expression of PPP2R2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Shi
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Fuping Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Peng Zeng
- The Seventh People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Guobao Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Zhongmin Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China.
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Rostampour S, Eslami F, Babaei E, Mostafavi H, Mahdavi M. An Active Compound from the Pyrazine Family Induces Apoptosis by Targeting the Bax/Bcl2 and Survivin Expression in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia K562 Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:203-212. [PMID: 38038011 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206272359231121105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been established that pyrazine derivatives, which have widespread bioactivities, can effectively treat cancer. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the effects of 2-methoxy-5-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl) phenyl pyrazine-2- carboxylate (2-mOPP), a new pyrazine derivative, on proliferation, viability, and apoptosis induction in human leukemia K562 cells. METHODS For this purpose, the K562 cells were treated with various concentrations (20-120 μM) of the 2-mOPP for 24-72 hours. Cell viability was determined by MTT growth inhibition assay. Apoptotic activity of 2-mOPP was investigated morphologically by Hoechst staining, cell surface expression assay of phosphatidylserine by Annexin-V/PI technique, as well as DNA fragmentation assay. The effect of 2-mOPP on the K562 cell cycle was studied by flow cytometry. To determine the impact of 2-mOPP on the expression of intrinsic apoptosis-related genes, Bcl2 (anti-apoptotic), Bax (pro-apoptotic), and Survivin genes expression levels were evaluated before and after treatment with 2-mOPP through Real-Time PCR analysis. RESULTS The results revealed that 2-mOPP inhibited viability with IC50 of 25μM in 72 h. Morphological changes assessment by fluorescence microscopy, Annexin V/PI double staining by flow cytometry, and DNA ladders formation upon cell treatment with the 2-mOPP showed that this compound induces apoptosis at IC50 value. Cell cycle arrest was observed in the G0/G1 phase, and the sub-G1 cell population (the sign of apoptosis) increased in a time-dependent manner. Low expression levels of Bcl2 and Survivin in K562 cells were observed 24-72 h after treatment. Along with the down-regulation of Survivin and Bcl2, the expression of Bax was increased after treatment with 2-mOPP. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the new pyrazine derivative plays a crucial role in blocking the proliferation of the leukemic cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Rostampour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Eslami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Babaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Mostafavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Mahdavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Gitego N, Agianian B, Mak OW, Kumar Mv V, Cheng EH, Gavathiotis E. Chemical modulation of cytosolic BAX homodimer potentiates BAX activation and apoptosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8381. [PMID: 38104127 PMCID: PMC10725471 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The BCL-2 family protein BAX is a major regulator of physiological and pathological cell death. BAX predominantly resides in the cytosol in a quiescent state and upon stress, it undergoes conformational activation and mitochondrial translocation leading to mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, a critical event in apoptosis execution. Previous studies reported two inactive conformations of cytosolic BAX, a monomer and a dimer, however, it remains unclear how they regulate BAX. Here we show that, surprisingly, cancer cell lines express cytosolic inactive BAX dimers and/or monomers. Expression of inactive dimers, results in reduced BAX activation, translocation and apoptosis upon pro-apoptotic drug treatments. Using the inactive BAX dimer structure and a pharmacophore-based drug screen, we identify a small-molecule modulator, BDM19 that binds and activates cytosolic BAX dimers and prompts cells to apoptosis either alone or in combination with BCL-2/BCL-XL inhibitor Navitoclax. Our findings underscore the role of the cytosolic inactive BAX dimer in resistance to apoptosis and demonstrate a strategy to potentiate BAX-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Gitego
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Bogos Agianian
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Oi Wei Mak
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Vasantha Kumar Mv
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Liu Z, Li C, Mu L, Hu H, Qin X. Menthol induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation and migration of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma in vitro and in vivo through Akt pathway. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2023; 17:1265-1275. [PMID: 38012058 PMCID: PMC10730467 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 40% of nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) have already progressed in an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. Development of effective prevention and therapy approaches against NSCLC is critical for reducing mortality. As a fundamental ingredient of peppermint oil, menthol has been demonstrated to possess an antitumor activity in several types of carcinomas. However, the potential role of menthol on NSCLC has not been reported. The present study aims to investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of menthol on proliferation, apoptosis, and mobility of human lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS Cell apoptosis was examined by MTT and flow cytometry. The motility of cells was determined by Transwell assay. Western blot analysis was performed to determine expression level of proteins. In vivo model of nude mice was established for evaluating the influence of menthol on tumorigenicity of A549 cells. The expression lentiviral vector of Akt was established in NSCLC cells for further verifying the inhibiting effect of menthol on survival and mobility of NSCLC cells via Akt pathway. RESULTS The results showed that menthol promoted A549 cell apoptosis, suppressed cell proliferation, and motility by altering the phosphorylated protein level of Akt. Menthol enhanced the expression level of Bax while decreasing expression of Bcl-2, Caspase-3, and MMPs proteins. In vivo experiments suggested that menthol exhibited an inhibitory effect in tumor growth on xenografts. These results were further validated in Akt over-expressed A549 and H1299 cells. CONCLUSIONS Menthol could display an inhibitory effect on NSCLC cells through Akt signaling pathway, making it a potential target for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Chunlin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University Centre for Orthopaedics, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinnanChina
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ling Mu
- Department of Vascular SurgeryShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Haiyang Hu
- Department of Vascular SurgeryShanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiong Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary HospitalSchool of Medicine, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
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10
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Zhao R, He T, Xing Y, Luo J. COG1410 regulates microglial states and protects retinal ganglion cells in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Eye Res 2023; 237:109678. [PMID: 37839665 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) caused by retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury can lead to irreversible vision impairment, with neuroinflammatory responses playing an important role in this process. COG1410, a mimetic peptide of apolipoprotein E, has demonstrated protective potential in the central nervous system, but its effects on retinal IR injury remain unexplored. In this study, we established a mouse model of retinal IR injury to investigate the effects of COG1410 on retinal microglia and RGCs. We observed CD16/32-marked and CD206-marked microglia and RGCs using immunofluorescence staining, detected the expression of inflammatory factors by PCR, and evaluated retinal apoptosis with TUNEL staining. We further investigated the potential mechanism by detecting the expression of key proteins via Western blot. The results reveal that COG1410 decreased the number of CD16/32-marked microglia and increased the number of CD206-marked microglia, alleviated the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α, and reduced the loss of RGCs by inhibiting the mitochondrial-related apoptotic pathway. COG1410 was found to increase the expression of ERK1/2 and Nr4a1 but decrease the expression of NF-κB. The expression of TREM2 showed an increasing trend after COG1410 administration, but it was not statistically significant. In conclusion, COG1410 regulates microglial states and protects RGCs in retinal IR injury, showing promising potential for the treatment of eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Tao He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jinyuan Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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11
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Leśniak M, Lipniarska J, Majka P, Lejman M, Zawitkowska J. Recent Updates in Venetoclax Combination Therapies in Pediatric Hematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16708. [PMID: 38069030 PMCID: PMC10706781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Venetoclax is a strongly effective B-cell lymphoma-2 inhibitor (BCL-2) with an ability to selectively restore the apoptotic potential of cancerous cells. It has been proven that in combination with immunotherapy, targeted therapies, and lower-intensity therapies such as hypomethylating agents (HMAs) or low-dose cytarabine (LDAC), the drug can improve overall outcomes for adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and multiple myeloma (MM), amongst other hematological malignancies, but its benefit in pediatric hematology remains unclear. With a number of preclinical and clinical trials emerging, the newest findings suggest that in many cases of younger patients, venetoclax combination treatment can be well-tolerated, with a safety profile similar to that in adults, despite often leading to severe infections. Studies aim to determine the activity of BCL-2 inhibitor in the treatment of both primary and refractory acute leukemias in combination with standard and high-dose chemotherapy. Although more research is required to identify the optimal venetoclax-based regimen for the pediatric population and its long-term effects on patients' outcomes, it can become a potential therapeutic agent for pediatric oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Leśniak
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.L.); (J.L.); (P.M.)
| | - Justyna Lipniarska
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.L.); (J.L.); (P.M.)
| | - Patrycja Majka
- Student Scientific Society of Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.L.); (J.L.); (P.M.)
| | - Monika Lejman
- Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Joanna Zawitkowska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Shayea AMF, Renno WM, Qabazard B, Masocha W. Neuroprotective Effects of a Hydrogen Sulfide Donor in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16650. [PMID: 38068971 PMCID: PMC10706751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is an important long-term complication of diabetes. This study explored the hypothesis that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) ameliorates neuropathic pain by controlling antiapoptotic and pro-apoptotic processes. The effects of a slow-releasing H2S donor, GYY4137, on the expression of antiapoptotic and pro-apoptotic genes and proteins, such as B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) and Bcl-2-like protein 4 (Bax), as well as caspases, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2, monocytes/macrophages, and endothelial cells, in the spinal cord of male Sprague-Dawley rats with streptozotocin-induced peripheral diabetic neuropathy, were investigated using reverse transcription-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. The antihypoalgesic activities of GYY4137 on diabetic rats were evaluated using the tail flick test. Treatment of diabetic rats with GYY4137 attenuated thermal hypoalgesia and prevented both the diabetes-induced increase in Bax mRNA expression (p = 0.0032) and the diabetes-induced decrease in Bcl2 mRNA expression (p = 0.028). The GYY4137-treated diabetic group had increased COX-1 (p = 0.015), decreased COX-2 (p = 0.002), reduced caspase-7 and caspase-9 protein expression (p < 0.05), and lower numbers of endothelial and monocyte/macrophage cells (p < 0.05) compared to the non-treated diabetic group. In summary, the current study demonstrated the protective properties of H2S, which prevented the development of neuropathy related behavior, and suppressed apoptosis activation pathways and inflammation in the spinal cord. H2S-releasing drugs could be considered as possible treatment options of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz M. F. Shayea
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Allied Health Science, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait;
- Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Waleed M. Renno
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait;
| | - Bedoor Qabazard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait;
| | - Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait;
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13
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Tian Q, Zhang P, Wang Y, Si Y, Yin D, Weber CR, Fishel ML, Pollok KE, Qiu B, Xiao F, Chong AS. A novel triptolide analog downregulates NF-κB and induces mitochondrial apoptosis pathways in human pancreatic cancer. eLife 2023; 12:e85862. [PMID: 37877568 PMCID: PMC10861173 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and despite advancements in disease management, the 5 -year survival rate stands at only 12%. Triptolides have potent anti-tumor activity against different types of cancers, including pancreatic cancer, however poor solubility and toxicity limit their translation into clinical use. We synthesized a novel pro-drug of triptolide, (E)-19-[(1'-benzoyloxy-1'-phenyl)-methylidene]-Triptolide (CK21), which was formulated into an emulsion for in vitro and in vivo testing in rats and mice, and used human pancreatic cancer cell lines and patient-derived pancreatic tumor organoids. A time-course transcriptomic profiling of tumor organoids treated with CK21 in vitro was conducted to define its mechanism of action, as well as transcriptomic profiling at a single time point post-CK21 administration in vivo. Intravenous administration of emulsified CK21 resulted in the stable release of triptolide, and potent anti-proliferative effects on human pancreatic cancer cell lines and patient-derived pancreatic tumor organoids in vitro, and with minimal toxicity in vivo. Time course transcriptomic profiling of tumor organoids treated with CK21 in vitro revealed <10 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 3 hr and ~8,000 DEGs at 12 hr. Overall inhibition of general RNA transcription was observed, and Ingenuity pathway analysis together with functional cellular assays confirmed inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, increased oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading ultimately to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reduced B-cell-lymphoma protein 2 (BCL2) expression, and mitochondrial-mediated tumor cell apoptosis. Thus, CK21 is a novel pro-drug of triptolide that exerts potent anti-proliferative effects on human pancreatic tumors by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, leading ultimately to mitochondrial-mediated tumor cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomu Tian
- Department of Surgery, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Cinkate Pharmaceutical Corp, ZhangJiang DistrictShanghaiChina
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Surgery, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Youhui Si
- Department of Surgery, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Dengping Yin
- Department of Surgery, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | | | - Melissa L Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisUnited States
| | - Karen E Pollok
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana UniversityIndianapolisUnited States
| | - Bo Qiu
- Cinkate Pharmaceutical Corp, ZhangJiang DistrictShanghaiChina
| | - Fei Xiao
- Cinkate Pharmaceutical Corp, ZhangJiang DistrictShanghaiChina
| | - Anita S Chong
- Department of Surgery, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
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14
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Maes ME, Donahue RJ, Schlamp CL, Marola OJ, Libby RT, Nickells RW. BAX activation in mouse retinal ganglion cells occurs in two temporally and mechanistically distinct steps. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:67. [PMID: 37752598 PMCID: PMC10521527 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pro-apoptotic BAX is a central mediator of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death after optic nerve damage. BAX activation occurs in two stages including translocation of latent BAX to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) and then permeabilization of the MOM to facilitate the release of apoptotic signaling molecules. As a critical component of RGC death, BAX is an attractive target for neuroprotective therapies and an understanding of the kinetics of BAX activation and the mechanisms controlling the two stages of this process in RGCs is potentially valuable in informing the development of a neuroprotective strategy. METHODS The kinetics of BAX translocation were assessed by both static and live-cell imaging of a GFP-BAX fusion protein introduced into RGCs using AAV2-mediated gene transfer in mice. Activation of BAX was achieved using an acute optic nerve crush (ONC) protocol. Live-cell imaging of GFP-BAX was achieved using explants of mouse retina harvested 7 days after ONC. Kinetics of translocation in RGCs were compared to GFP-BAX translocation in 661W tissue culture cells. Permeabilization of GFP-BAX was assessed by staining with the 6A7 monoclonal antibody, which recognizes a conformational change in this protein after MOM insertion. Assessment of individual kinases associated with both stages of activation was made using small molecule inhibitors injected into the vitreous either independently or in concert with ONC surgery. The contribution of the Dual Leucine Zipper-JUN-N-Terminal Kinase cascade was evaluated using mice with a double conditional knock-out of both Mkk4 and Mkk7. RESULTS ONC induces the translocation of GFP-BAX in RGCs at a slower rate and with less intracellular synchronicity than 661W cells, but exhibits less variability among mitochondrial foci within a single cell. GFP-BAX was also found to translocate in all compartments of an RGC including the dendritic arbor and axon. Approximately 6% of translocating RGCs exhibited retrotranslocation of BAX immediately following translocation. Unlike tissue culture cells, which exhibit simultaneous translocation and permeabilization, RGCs exhibited a significant delay between these two stages, similar to detached cells undergoing anoikis. Translocation, with minimal permeabilization could be induced in a subset of RGCs using an inhibitor of Focal Adhesion Kinase (PF573228). Permeabilization after ONC, in a majority of RGCs, could be inhibited with a broad spectrum kinase inhibitor (sunitinib) or a selective inhibitor for p38/MAPK14 (SB203580). Intervention of DLK-JNK axis signaling abrogated GFP-BAX translocation after ONC. CONCLUSIONS A comparison between BAX activation kinetics in tissue culture cells and in cells of a complex tissue environment shows distinct differences indicating that caution should be used when translating findings from one condition to the other. RGCs exhibit both a delay between translocation and permeabilization and the ability for translocated BAX to be retrotranslocated, suggesting several stages at which intervention of the activation process could be exploited in the design of a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Maes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ryan J Donahue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cassandra L Schlamp
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Olivia J Marola
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Richard T Libby
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Robert W Nickells
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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15
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Cheng S, Shao H, Yin D, Zhou J, Jian L, Xie J, Zhang Y, Wang D, Peng F. Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Action of a Celastrol-Loaded Layered Double Hydroxide-Coated Magnesium Alloy in Osteosarcoma Inhibition and Bone Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:4940-4952. [PMID: 37530388 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumor that threatens human health. Surgical removal of the tumor and followed by implantation with a graft is the golden standard for its clinical treatment. However, avoiding recurrence by enhancing the antitumor properties of the implants and improving osteogenesis around the implants remain a challenge. Here, we developed a layered double hydroxide (LDH)-coated magnesium (Mg) alloy and loaded it with celastrol. The celastrol-loaded Mg alloy exhibited enhanced corrosion resistance and sustained release of celastrol. In vitro cell culture suggested that the modified Mg alloy loaded with an appropriate amount of celastrol significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of bone tumor cells while having little influence on normal cells. A mechanistic study revealed that the celastrol-loaded Mg alloy upregulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in bone tumor cells, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction due to reduced membrane potential, thereby inducing bone tumor cell apoptosis. Furthermore, it was found that celastrol-induced autophagy in tumor cells inhibited cell apoptosis in the initial 6 h. After ≥12 h of culture, inhibition of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway was noted, resulting in excessive autophagy in tumor cells, finally causing cell apoptosis. The celatsrol-loaded Mg alloy also exhibited effective antitumor properties in a subcutaneous tumor model. In vitro tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and gene expression results revealed that the modified Mg alloy reduced the viability of osteoclasts, inducing a potential pathway for the increased bone regeneration around the modified Mg alloy seen in vivo. Together, the results of our study show that the celatsrol-loaded Mg alloy might be a promising implant for treating OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Cheng
- Medical Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hongwei Shao
- Medical Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dong Yin
- Medical Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jielong Zhou
- Medical Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Linjia Jian
- School of Health Science and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Juning Xie
- Medical Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Medical Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- School of Health Science and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Medical Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou 510080, China
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16
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Dodangeh F, Sadeghi Z, Maleki P, Raheb J. Long non-coding RNA SOX2-OT enhances cancer biological traits via sponging to tumor suppressor miR-122-3p and miR-194-5p in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12371. [PMID: 37524903 PMCID: PMC10390639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic role of long non-coding RNA SOX2 overlapping transcript (SOX2-OT) has been demonstrated as a miRNA decay system that sponges tumor suppressor miRNA, including miR-122-3p in glioblastoma and miR-194-5p in glioblastoma, gastric, and colorectal cancers. However, the molecular function of SOX2-OT remains unknown in most cancers, including lung cancer. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the downstream regulatory function of SOX2-OT in A549 and Calu-3 lung cancer cell lines. We knocked down SOX2-OT expression using an RNA interference system, which significantly decreased expression in A549 and Calu-3 cells. The expression of down-regulating miRNAs (miR-122-3p and miR-194-5p) was evaluated, revealing increased expression of miR-122-3p and miR-194-5p. Additionally, the expression of miRNAs downstream mRNA, including FOXO1 (Forkhead Box O1) and FOXA1 (Forkhead Box O1), changed. Recently, critical roles of FOXO1 and FOXA1 proteins in pathways involved in proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis have been demonstrated. Downstream changes in cellular traits were assessed using MTT, flow cytometry, metastasis and apoptosis assays. These assessments confirmed that the biological behaviors of lung cancer cells were influenced after SOX2-OT knockdown. In summary, the present study highlights the oncogenic role of SOX2-OT through the regulation of miR-122-3p/FOXO1 and miR-194-5p/FOXA1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dodangeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadeghi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehr Maleki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Raheb
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Li R, Kato H, Nakata T, Yamawaki I, Yamauchi N, Imai K, Taguchi Y, Umeda M. Essential amino acid starvation induces cell cycle arrest, autophagy, and inhibits osteogenic differentiation in murine osteoblast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 672:168-176. [PMID: 37354610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of essential amino acid (EAA) starvation on murine osteoblasts cells and the underlying mechanisms. We performed and observed the cell proliferation, autophagy, and osteogenic differentiation under deprivation of EAA in vitro. The results showed that EAA starvation resulted in cell cycle arrest via phosphorylation of the MAPK signaling pathway, leading to inhibition of cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Additionally, the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway was also found to be phosphorylated, inducing autophagy. These findings highlight the significant role of EAA in regulating cellular processes. Furthermore, this study contributes to our understanding of the effects of nutrient deprivation on cellular physiology and may aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for diseases associated with amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runbo Li
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, Japan
| | - Hirohito Kato
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, Japan
| | - Takaya Nakata
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, Japan
| | - Isao Yamawaki
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, Japan
| | | | - Kazutaka Imai
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Umeda
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka Dental University, Japan
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18
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Maes ME, Donahue RJ, Schlamp CL, Marola OJ, Libby RT, Nickells R. BAX activation in mouse retinal ganglion cells occurs in two temporally and mechanistically distinct steps. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2846437. [PMID: 37292963 PMCID: PMC10246290 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2846437/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Pro-apoptotic BAX is a central mediator of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death after optic nerve damage. BAX activation occurs in two stages including translocation of latent BAX to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) and then permeabilization of the MOM to facilitate the release of apoptotic signaling molecules. As a critical component of RGC death, BAX is an attractive target for neuroprotective therapies and an understanding of the kinetics of BAX activation and the mechanisms controlling the two stages of this process in RGCs is potentially valuable in informing the development of a neuroprotective strategy. Methods The kinetics of BAX translocation were assessed by both static and live-cell imaging of a GFP-BAX fusion protein introduced into RGCs using AAV2-mediated gene transfer in mice. Activation of BAX was achieved using an acute optic nerve crush (ONC) protocol. Live-cell imaging of GFP-BAX was achieved using explants of mouse retina harvested 7 days after ONC. Kinetics of translocation in RGCs were compared to GFP-BAX translocation in 661W tissue culture cells. Permeabilization of GFP-BAX was assessed by staining with the 6A7 monoclonal antibody, which recognizes a conformational change in this protein after MOM insertion. Assessment of individual kinases associated with both stages of activation was made using small molecule inhibitors injected into the vitreous either independently or in concert with ONC surgery. The contribution of the Dual Leucine Zipper-JUN-N-Terminal Kinase cascade was evaluated using mice with a double conditional knock-out of both Mkk4 and Mkk7 . Results ONC induces the translocation of GFP-BAX in RGCs at a slower rate and with less intracellular synchronicity than 661W cells, but exhibits less variability among mitochondrial foci within a single cell. GFP-BAX was also found to translocate in all compartments of an RGC including the dendritic arbor and axon. Approximately 6% of translocating RGCs exhibited retrotranslocation of BAX immediately following translocation. Unlike tissue culture cells, which exhibit simultaneous translocation and permeabilization, RGCs exhibited a significant delay between these two stages, similar to detached cells undergoing anoikis. Translocation, with minimal permeabilization could be induced in a subset of RGCs using an inhibitor of Focal Adhesion Kinase (PF573228). Permeabilization after ONC, in a majority of RGCs, could be inhibited with a broad spectrum kinase inhibitor (sunitinib) or a selective inhibitor for p38/MAPK14 (SB203580). Intervention of DLK-JNK axis signaling abrogated GFP-BAX translocation after ONC. Conclusions A comparison between BAX activation kinetics in tissue culture cells and in cells of a complex tissue environment shows distinct differences indicating that caution should be used when translating findings from one condition to the other. RGCs exhibit both a delay between translocation and permeabilization and the ability for translocated BAX to be retrotranslocated, suggesting several stages at which intervention of the activation process could be exploited in the design of a therapeutic strategy.
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19
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Cai YJ, He JY, Yang XY, Huang W, Fu XM, Guo SQ, Yang JJ, Dong JD, Zeng HT, Wu YJ, Qin Z, Qin QW, Sun HY. Molecular characterization, expression and function analysis of Epinephelus coioides PKC-ɑ response to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:104646. [PMID: 36702214 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) constitutes the main signal transduction pathway, and participates in the signal pathway of cell proliferation and movement in mammals. In this study, PKC-ɑ was obtained from Epinephelus coioides, an important marine fish cultivated in the coastal areas of southern China and Southeast Asia. The full length cDNA of PKC-ɑ was 3362 bp in length containing a 23 bp 5'UTR, a 1719 bp 3'UTR, and a 1620 bp open reading frame encoding 539 amino acids. It contains three conservative domains including protein kinase C conserved region 2 (C2), Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain (S_TKc) and ser/thr-type protein kinases (S_TK_X). Its mRNA can be detected in all 11 tissues examined of E. coioides, and the expression was significantly upregulated response to Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection, one of the important pathogens of marine fish. Upregulated E. coioides PKC-ɑ significantly inhibited the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), and SGIV-induced cell apoptosis. The results indicated that the PKC-ɑ may play an important role in pathogenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Cai
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jia-Yang He
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xin-Yue Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Mei Fu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shi-Qing Guo
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jie-Jia Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jun-De Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, 510301, PR China
| | - Hai-Tian Zeng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Jun Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhou Qin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Qi-Wei Qin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, PR China.
| | - Hong-Yan Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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20
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Role of mitochondria in regulating immune response during bacterial infection. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 374:159-200. [PMID: 36858655 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles of eukaryotes involved in energy production and fatty acid oxidation. Besides maintaining ATP production, calcium signaling, cellular apoptosis, and fatty acid synthesis, mitochondria are also known as the central hub of the immune system as it regulates the innate immune pathway during infection. Mitochondria mediated immune functions mainly involve regulation of reactive oxygen species production, inflammasome activation, cytokine secretion, and apoptosis of infected cells. Recent findings indicate that cellular mitochondria undergo constant biogenesis, fission, fusion and degradation, and these dynamics regulate cellular immuno-metabolism. Several intracellular pathogens target and modulate these normal functions of mitochondria to facilitate their own survival and growth. De-regulation of mitochondrial functions and dynamics favors bacterial infection and pathogens are able to protect themselves from mitochondria mediated immune responses. Here, we will discuss how mitochondria mediated anti-bacterial immune pathways help the host to evade pathogenic insult. In addition, examples of bacterial pathogens modulating mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics will also be elaborated. Study of these interactions between the mitochondria and bacterial pathogens during infection will lead to a better understanding of the mitochondrial metabolism pathways and dynamics important for the establishment of bacterial diseases. In conclusion, detailed studies on how mitochondria regulate the immune response during bacterial infection can open up new avenues to develop mitochondria centric anti-bacterial therapeutics.
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High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Decreases Subcutaneous Fat Tissue Thickness by Increasing Apoptosis and Autophagy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020392. [PMID: 36830763 PMCID: PMC9953651 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) leads to decreased subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) thickness via heat-induced adipocyte necrosis. Heat can induce adipocyte apoptosis and autophagy, and it is known that nuclear or mitochondrial p53 is involved in apoptosis and autophagy. However, whether HIFU leads to apoptosis or autophagy is unclear. We evaluated whether HIFU decreases SAT thickness via p53-related apoptosis or autophagy in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed animals. The expression of nuclear and mitochondrial p53 was increased by HIFU. HIFU also led to decreased expression of BCL2/BCL-xL (an antiapoptotic signal), increased expression of BAX/BAK (an apoptotic signal), increased levels of cleaved caspase 3/9, and increased numbers of apoptotic cells as evaluated by TUNEL assay. Furthermore, HIFU led to increased levels of ATG5, BECN1, and LC3II/LC3I, and decreased levels of p62, a marker of increased autophagy. The thickness of SAT was decreased by HIFU. In conclusion, HIFU led to nuclear and mitochondrial p53 expression, which led to apoptosis and autophagy, and eventually decreased SAT thickness in HFD-fed animals.
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22
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Yang CS, Guo XS, Yue YY, Wang Y, Jin XL. Astaxanthin Promotes the Survival of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells by Alleviating Oxidative Stress via Activating the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043850. [PMID: 36835263 PMCID: PMC9959672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival of free fat grafts is dependent primarily on adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs); however, ADSCs are susceptible to oxidative stress in the recipient area. Astaxanthin (Axt) is a natural xanthophyll carotenoid with potent antioxidant properties and numerous clinical applications. To date, the therapeutic potential of Axt in fat grafting has not been explored. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Axt on oxidatively stressed ADSCs. An oxidative model of ADSCs was developed to simulate the host's microenvironment. Oxidative insult decreased the protein levels of Cyclin D1, type I collagen alpha 1 (COL1A1), and type II collagen alpha 1 (COL2A1), while increasing the expression of cleaved Caspase 3 and secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in ADSCs. Axt pre-treatment significantly reduced oxidative stress, increased the synthesis of an adipose extracellular matrix, alleviated inflammation, and restored the impaired adipogenic potential in the present model. Furthermore, Axt immensely activated the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, and ML385, an inhibitor of Nrf2, could negate Axt's protective effects. Additionally, Axt alleviated apoptosis by inhibiting bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX)/Caspase 3 signaling and improving the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which could also be abolished by ML385. Our results suggest that Axt may exert its cytoprotective effect on ADSCs through the Nrf2 signaling pathway and could be therapeutic in fat grafting.
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23
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Diepstraten ST, Young S, La Marca JE, Wang Z, Kluck RM, Strasser A, Kelly GL. Lymphoma cells lacking pro-apoptotic BAX are highly resistant to BH3-mimetics targeting pro-survival MCL-1 but retain sensitivity to conventional DNA-damaging drugs. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1005-1017. [PMID: 36755070 PMCID: PMC10070326 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BH3-mimetic drugs are an anti-cancer therapy that can induce apoptosis in malignant cells by directly binding and inhibiting pro-survival proteins of the BCL-2 family. The BH3-mimetic drug venetoclax, which targets BCL-2, has been approved for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and acute myeloid leukaemia by regulatory authorities worldwide. However, while most patients initially respond well, resistance and relapse while on this drug is an emerging and critical issue in the clinic. Though some studies have begun uncovering the factors involved in resistance to BCL-2-targeting BH3-mimetic drugs, little focus has been applied to pre-emptively tackle resistance for the next generation of BH3-mimetic drugs targeting MCL-1, which are now in clinical trials for diverse blood cancers. Therefore, using pre-clinical mouse and human models of aggressive lymphoma, we sought to predict factors likely to contribute to the development of resistance in patients receiving MCL-1-targeting BH3-mimetic drugs. First, we performed multiple whole genome CRISPR/Cas9 KO screens and identified that loss of the pro-apoptotic effector protein BAX, but not its close relative BAK, could confer resistance to MCL-1-targeting BH3-mimetic drugs in both short-term and long-term treatment regimens, even in lymphoma cells lacking the tumour suppressor TRP53. Furthermore, we found that mouse Eµ-Myc lymphoma cells selected for loss of BAX, as well as upregulation of the untargeted pro-survival BCL-2 family proteins BCL-XL and A1, when made naturally resistant to MCL-1 inhibitors by culturing them in increasing doses of drug over time, a situation mimicking the clinical application of these drugs. Finally, we identified therapeutic approaches which could overcome these two methods of resistance: the use of chemotherapeutic drugs or combined BH3-mimetic treatment, respectively. Collectively, these results uncover some key factors likely to cause resistance to MCL-1 inhibition in the clinic and suggest rational therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance that should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Diepstraten
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Savannah Young
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John E La Marca
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zilu Wang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruth M Kluck
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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24
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Mai Z, Sun H, Yang F, Du M, Cheng X, Chen H, Sun B, Wen J, Wang X, Chen T. Bad is essential for Bcl-xL-enhanced Bax shuttling between mitochondria and cytosol. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 155:106359. [PMID: 36586532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although Bcl-xL has been shown to retrotranslocate Bax from mitochondria to cytosol, other studies have found that Bcl-xL also stabilizes the mitochondrial localization of Bax. It is still unclear what causes the difference in Bcl-xL-regulated Bax localization. Bad, a BH3-only protein with a high affinity for Bcl-xL, may play an important role in Bcl-xL-regulated Bax shuttling. Here, we found that Bcl-xL enhanced both translocalization and retrotranslocation of mitochondrial Bax, as evidenced by quantitative co-localization, western blots and fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP) analyses. Notably, Bad knockdown prevented Bcl-xL-mediated Bax retrotranslocation, indicating Bad was essential for this process. Quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging in living cells and co-immunoprecipitation analyses showed that the interaction of Bcl-xL with Bad was stronger than that with Bax. The Bad mimetic ABT-737 dissociated Bax from Bcl-xL on isolated mitochondria, suggesting that mitochondrial Bax was directly liberated to cytosol due to Bad binding to Bcl-xL. In addition, MK-2206, an Akt inhibitor, decreased Bad phosphorylation while increasing cytosolic Bax proportion. Our data firmly demonstrate a notion that Bad binds to mitochondrial Bcl-xL to release Bax, resulting in retrotranslocation of Bax to cytosol, and that the amount of Bad involved is regulated by Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Mai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Han Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Fangfang Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Mengyan Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xuecheng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Hongce Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Beini Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Junlin Wen
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Pain Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Tongsheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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25
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BH3 mimetics and TKI combined therapy for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Biochem J 2023; 480:161-176. [PMID: 36719792 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) was considered for a long time one of the most hostile leukemia that was incurable for most of the patients, predominantly due to the extreme resistance to chemotherapy. Part of the resistance to cell death (apoptosis) is the result of increased levels of anti-apoptotic and decreased levels of pro-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 family induced by the BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein. BCR-ABL1 is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase responsible for initiating multiple and oncogenic signaling pathways. With the development of specific BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) CML became a much more tractable disease. Nevertheless, TKIs do not cure CML patients and a substantial number of them develop intolerance or become resistant to the treatment. Therefore, novel anti-cancer strategies must be developed to treat CML patients independently or in combination with TKIs. Here, we will discuss the mechanisms of BCR-ABL1-dependent and -independent resistance to TKIs and the use of BH3-mimetics as a potential tool to fight CML.
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26
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Kaloni D, Diepstraten ST, Strasser A, Kelly GL. BCL-2 protein family: attractive targets for cancer therapy. Apoptosis 2023; 28:20-38. [PMID: 36342579 PMCID: PMC9950219 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to cell death is a hallmark of cancer. The BCL-2 protein family members play important roles in controlling apoptotic cell death. Abnormal over-expression of pro-survival BCL-2 family members or abnormal reduction of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, both resulting in the inhibition of apoptosis, are frequently detected in diverse malignancies. The critical role of the pro-survival and pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins in the regulation of apoptosis makes them attractive targets for the development of agents for the treatment of cancer. This review describes the roles of the various pro-survival and pro-apoptotic members of the BCL-2 protein family in normal development and organismal function and how defects in the control of apoptosis promote the development and therapy resistance of cancer. Finally, we discuss the development of inhibitors of pro-survival BCL-2 proteins, termed BH3-mimetic drugs, as novel agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Kaloni
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Sarah T Diepstraten
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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27
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Aini W, Xie L, Hu W, Tang Y, Peng H, Zhang G, Deng T. Exploration and identification of anoikis-related genes in polycythemia vera. Front Genet 2023; 14:1139351. [PMID: 36873934 PMCID: PMC9981965 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1139351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Polycythemia Vera (PV) is a type of typical Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs) characterized with excessive erythropoiesis and thrombosis. Anoikis is a special programmed cell death mode induced by the adhesion disorder between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) or adjacent cells facilitating cancer metastasis. However, few studies have focused on the role of anoikis in PV, especially on the development of PV. Methods: The microarray and RNA-seq results were screened from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the anoikis-related genes (ARGs) were downloaded from Genecards. The functional enrichment analysis of intersecting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed to discover hub genes. The hub genes expression was tested in the training (GSE136335) and validation cohort (GSE145802), and RT-qPCR was performed to verify the gene expression in PV mice. Results: In the training GSE136335, a total of 1,195 DEGs was obtained from Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPN) patients compared with controls, among which 58 were anoikis-related DEGs. The significant enrichment of the apoptosis and cell adhesion pathways (i.e., cadherin binding) were shown in functional enrichment analysis. The PPI network was conducted to identify top five hub genes (CASP3, CYCS, HIF1A, IL1B, MCL1). The expression of CASP3 and IL1B were significantly upregulated both in validation cohort and PV mice and downregulated after treatment, suggesting that CASP3 and IL1B could be important indicators for disease surveillance. Conclusion: Our research revealed a relationship between anoikis and PV for the first time by combined analysis of gene level, protein interaction and functional enrichment, allowing novel insights into mechanisms of PV. Moreover, CASP3 and IL1B may become promising indicators of PV development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wufuer Aini
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Limin Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wanyu Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongling Peng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Institute of Molecular Hematopathy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guangsen Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Hematopathy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tuo Deng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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28
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Wolf P, Schoeniger A, Edlich F. Pro-apoptotic complexes of BAX and BAK on the outer mitochondrial membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119317. [PMID: 35752202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms the regulated cell death apoptosis is critically important for both ontogeny and homeostasis. Mitochondria are indispensable for stress-induced apoptosis. The BCL-2 protein family controls mitochondrial apoptosis and initiates cell death through the pro-apoptotic activities of BAX and BAK at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Cellular survival is ensured by the retrotranslocation of mitochondrial BAX and BAK into the cytosol by anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins. BAX/BAK-dependent OMM permeabilization releases the mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyt c), which initiates activation of caspase-9. The caspase cascade leads to cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, and apoptotic body formation. Although it is clear that ultimately complexes of active BAX and BAK commit the cell to apoptosis, the nature of these complexes is still enigmatic. Excessive research has described a range of complexes, varying from a few molecules to several 10,000, in different systems. BAX/BAK complexes potentially form ring-like structures that could expose the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has been suggested that these pores allow the efflux of small proteins and even mitochondrial DNA. Here we summarize the current state of knowledge for mitochondrial BAX/BAK complexes and the interactions between these proteins and the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wolf
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Schoeniger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Edlich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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29
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Marwarha G, Røsand Ø, Slagsvold KH, Høydal MA. GSK3β Inhibition Is the Molecular Pivot That Underlies the Mir-210-Induced Attenuation of Intrinsic Apoptosis Cascade during Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169375. [PMID: 36012628 PMCID: PMC9409400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is a deleterious consequence of hypoxia-induced cellular stress. The master hypoxamiR, microRNA-210 (miR-210), is considered the primary driver of the cellular response to hypoxia stress. We have recently demonstrated that miR-210 attenuates hypoxia-induced apoptotic cell death. In this paper, we unveil that the miR-210-induced inhibition of the serine/threonine kinase Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) in AC-16 cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia stress underlies the salutary protective response of miR-210 in mitigating the hypoxia-induced apoptotic cell death. Using transient overexpression vectors to augment miR-210 expression concomitant with the ectopic expression of the constitutive active GSK3β S9A mutant (ca-GSK3β S9A), we exhaustively performed biochemical and molecular assays to determine the status of the hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptosis cascade. Caspase-3 activity analysis coupled with DNA fragmentation assays cogently demonstrate that the inhibition of GSK3β kinase activity underlies the miR-210-induced attenuation in the hypoxia-driven apoptotic cell death. Further elucidation and delineation of the upstream cellular events unveiled an indispensable role of the inhibition of GSK3β kinase activity in mediating the miR-210-induced mitigation of the hypoxia-driven BAX and BAK insertion into the outer mitochondria membrane (OMM) and the ensuing Cytochrome C release into the cytosol. Our study is the first to unveil that the inhibition of GSK3β kinase activity is indispensable in mediating the miR-210-orchestrated protective cellular response to hypoxia-induced apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurdeep Marwarha
- Group of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein Røsand
- Group of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Katrine Hordnes Slagsvold
- Group of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7034 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St. Olavs University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Morten Andre Høydal
- Group of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7034 Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-48134843
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30
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Kulyar MFEA, Yao W, Mo Q, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Gao J, Li K, Pan H, Nawaz S, Shahzad M, Mehmood K, Iqbal M, Akhtar M, Bhutta ZA, Waqas M, Li J, Qi D. Regulatory Role of Apoptotic and Inflammasome Related Proteins and Their Possible Functional Aspect in Thiram Associated Tibial Dyschondroplasia of Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162028. [PMID: 36009620 PMCID: PMC9404426 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibial dyschondroplasia debilities apoptotic and inflammasomal conditions that can further destroy chondrocytes. Inflammasomes are specialized protein complexes that process pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Moreover, there is mounting evidence that many of the signaling molecules that govern programmed cell death also affect inflammasome activation in a cell-intrinsic way. During the last decade, apoptotic functions have been described for signaling molecules involving inflammatory responses and cell death pathways. Considering these exceptional developments in the knowledge of processes, this review gives a glimpse of the significance of these two pathways and their connected proteins in tibial dyschondroplasia. The current review deeply elaborates on the elevated level of signaling mediators of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and the inflammasome. Although investigating these pathways’ mechanisms has made significant progress, this review identifies areas where more study is especially required. It might lead to developing innovative therapeutics for tibial dyschondroplasia and other associated bone disorders, e.g., osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, where apoptosis and inflammasome are the significant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wangyuan Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Quan Mo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanmei Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jindong Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kewei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huachun Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shah Nawaz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mudassar Iqbal
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akhtar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot 12350, Pakistan
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (D.Q.)
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31
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Cai YJ, Li PH, Wang XA, Xu YM, Yang S, Tang YN, Zhu Z, Yang XY, He JY, Luo H, Zhang T, Qi H, Chen X, Qin QW, Sun HY. Epinephelus coioides PCSK9 affect the infection of SGIV by regulating the innate immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:113-121. [PMID: 35609761 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) in mammals is a multifunctional protein. In this study, PCSK9 of marine fish Epinephelus coioides was characterized. The full-length cDNA of E. coioides PCSK9 was 2458 bp in length containing 185 bp 5' UTR, 263 bp 3' UTR and 2010 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 669 amino acids with the predicted molecular weight of 71 kDa and the theoretical PI of 6.6. Similar to other members of PCSK9 family, E. coioides PCSK9 has three conserved domains: Inhibitor_ I9 super family, Peptidases_ S8_ PCSK9_ Proteinase K_ like, and PCSK9_ C-CRD super family. E. coioides PCSK9 mRNA could be detected in all the tissues examined by real-time quantitative PCR, with the highest expression in the brain, followed by skin, trunk kidney, head kidney, intestine, blood, liver, spleen, gill, muscle and heart. E. coioides PCSK9 was distributed in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. The expression of E. coioides PCSK9 was significantly upregulated during Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection. Upregulated PCSK9 could significantly affect the activities of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) promoter, SGIV-induced apoptosis, and the expressions of the key SGIV genes (ICP18, LITAT, MCP, and VP19) and the E. coioides proinflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α). The results illustrated that E. coioides PCSK9 might be involved in the pathogen infection by regulating the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Cai
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Pin-Hong Li
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ai Wang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yu-Min Xu
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shan Yang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Na Tang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xin-Yue Yang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jia-Yang He
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Hao Luo
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Tong Zhang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Hong Qi
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Qi-Wei Qin
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
| | - Hong-Yan Sun
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
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USP53 plays an antitumor role in hepatocellular carcinoma through deubiquitination of cytochrome c. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:31. [PMID: 35654790 PMCID: PMC9163188 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite of advances in treatment options, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains nearly incurable and has been recognized as the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. As a deubiquitinating enzyme, the antitumor effect of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 53 (USP53) has been demonstrated on few malignancies. In this study, we investigated the potential antitumor role of USP53 in HCC. The results showed that USP53 was downregulated in HCC tissues as well as in HCC cell lines using both in silico data as well as patient samples. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of USP53 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced the apoptosis of HCC cells. Co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) assay and mass spectrometry (MS) combined with the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identified cytochrome c (CYCS) as an interacting partner of USP53. USP53 overexpression increased the stability of CYCS in HCC cells following cycloheximide treatment. Finally, the overexpression of CYCS compensated for the decreased apoptotic rates in cells with USP53 knocked down, suggesting that USP53 induced the apoptosis in HCC cells through the deubiquitination of CYCS. To summarize, we identified USP53 as a tumor suppressor as well as a therapeutic target in HCC, providing novel insights into its pivotal role in cell apoptosis.
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Xu Y, Ye H. Progress in understanding the mechanisms of resistance to BCL-2 inhibitors. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:31. [PMID: 35598030 PMCID: PMC9124382 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Venetoclax is a new type of BH3 mimetic compound that can target the binding site in the BCL-2 protein and induce apoptosis in cancer cells by stimulating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Venetoclax is especially used to treat haematological malignancies. However, with the recent expansion in the applications of venetoclax, some cases of venetoclax resistance have appeared, posing a major problem in clinical treatment. In this article, we explored several common mechanisms of venetoclax resistance. Increased expression of the antiapoptotic proteins MCL-1 and BCL-XL plays a key role in conferring cellular resistance to venetoclax. These proteins can bind to the released BIM in the context of venetoclax binding to BCL-2 and thus continue to inhibit mitochondrial apoptosis. Structural mutations in BCL-2 family proteins caused by genetic instability lead to decreased affinity for venetoclax and inhibit the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Mutation or deletion of the BAX gene renders the BAX protein unable to anchor to the outer mitochondrial membrane to form pores. In addition to changes in BCL-2 family genes, mutations in other oncogenes can also confer resistance to apoptosis induced by venetoclax. TP53 mutations and the expansion of FLT3-ITD promote the expression of antiapoptotic proteins MCL-1 and BCL-XL through multiple signalling pathways, and interfere with venetoclax-mediated apoptosis processes depending on their affinity for BH3-only proteins. Finally, the level of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in venetoclax-resistant leukaemia stem cells is highly abnormal. Not only the metabolic pathways but also the levels of important metabolic components are changed, and all of these alterations antagonize the venetoclax-mediated inhibition of energy metabolism and promote the survival and proliferation of leukaemia stem cells. In addition, venetoclax can change mitochondrial morphology independent of the BCL-2 protein family, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. However, mitochondria resistant to venetoclax antagonize this effect, forming tighter mitochondrial cristae, which provide more energy for cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University-Zhejiang, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haige Ye
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University-Zhejiang, Wenzhou, China.
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Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein (TXNIP) Knockdown Protects against Sepsis-Induced Brain Injury and Cognitive Decline in Mice by Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8645714. [PMID: 35571246 PMCID: PMC9098358 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8645714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is linked to increased morbidity and mortality rates in patients with sepsis. Increased cytokine production and neuronal apoptosis are implicated in the pathogenesis of the SAE. Neuroinflammation plays a major role in sepsis-induced brain injury. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), an inhibitor of thioredoxin, is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. However, whether the TXNIP is involved in the sepsis-induced brain injury and the underlying mechanism is yet to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study was aimed at elucidating the effects of TXNIP knockdown on sepsis-induced brain injury and cognitive decline in mice. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected intraperitoneally to induce sepsis brain injury in mice. The virus-carrying control or TXNIP shRNA was injected into the lateral ventricle of the brain 4 weeks before the LPS treatment. The histological changes in the hippocampal tissues, encephaledema, and cognitive function were detected, respectively. Also, the 7-day survival rate was recorded. Furthermore, the alterations in microglial activity, oxidative response, proinflammatory factors, apoptosis, protein levels (TXNIP and NLRP3 inflammasome), and apoptosis were examined in the hippocampal tissues. The results demonstrated that the TXNIP and NLRP3 inflammasome expression levels were increased at 6, 12, and 24 h post-LPS injection. TXNIP knockdown dramatically ameliorated the 7-day survival rate, cognitive decline, brain damage, neuronal apoptosis, and the brain water content, inhibited the activation of microglia, downregulated the NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway, and reduced the oxidative stress and the neuroinflammatory cytokine levels at 24 h post-LPS injection. These results suggested a crucial effect of TXNIP knockdown on the mechanism of brain injury and cognitive decline in sepsis mice via suppressing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Thus, TXNIP might be a potential therapeutic target for SAE patients.
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Alam M, Alam S, Shamsi A, Adnan M, Elasbali AM, Al-Soud WA, Alreshidi M, Hawsawi YM, Tippana A, Pasupuleti VR, Hassan MI. Bax/Bcl-2 Cascade Is Regulated by the EGFR Pathway: Therapeutic Targeting of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:869672. [PMID: 35402265 PMCID: PMC8990771 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.869672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) comprises 80%-85% of lung cancer cases. EGFR is involved in several cancer developments, including NSCLC. The EGFR pathway regulates the Bax/Bcl-2 cascade in NSCLC. Increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms of fundamental tumor progression has guided the development of numerous antitumor drugs. The development and improvement of rationally planned inhibitors and agents targeting particular cellular and biological pathways in cancer have been signified as a most important paradigm shift in the strategy to treat and manage lung cancer. Newer approaches and novel chemotherapeutic agents are required to accompany present cancer therapies for improving efficiency. Using natural products as a drug with an effective delivery system may benefit therapeutics. Naturally originated compounds such as phytochemicals provide crucial sources for novel agents/drugs and resources for tumor therapy. Applying the small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs)/phytochemicals has led to potent preclinical discoveries in various human tumor preclinical models, including lung cancer. In this review, we summarize recent information on the molecular mechanisms of the Bax/Bcl-2 cascade and EGFR pathway in NSCLC and target them for therapeutic implications. We further described the therapeutic potential of Bax/Bcl-2/EGFR SMIs, mainly those with more potent and selectivity, including gefitinib, EGCG, ABT-737, thymoquinone, quercetin, and venetoclax. In addition, we explained the targeting EGFR pathway and ongoing in vitro and in vivo and clinical investigations in NSCLC. Exploration of such inhibitors facilitates the future treatment and management of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, India
| | - Shoaib Alam
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, India
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, India
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Sciences-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Abu Al-Soud
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.,Health Sciences Research Unit, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mousa Alreshidi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.,Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anitha Tippana
- Regional Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Tirupati, India
| | - Visweswara Rao Pasupuleti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abdurrab University, Pekanbaru, Indonesia.,Centre for International Collaboration and Research, Reva University, Rukmini Knowledge Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, India
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Soliman MM, Aldhahrani A, Ghamry HI, Albogami S, Youssef GBA, Kesba H, Shukry M. Chrysin abrogates gibberellic acid-induced testicular oxidative stress and dysfunction via the regulation of antioxidants and steroidogenesis- and apoptosis-associated genes. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14165. [PMID: 35383962 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
GA3 is widely used as a growth stimulant in agricultural regions. The long-term use of GA3 can cause organs damage. Chrysin is a flavonoid found in nature that is commonly used to treat organ toxicity. In this study, we examined the effect of chrysin on the testes function of GA3-affected rats. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. Saline was given to the control group. The chrysin group was given orally 50 mg/kg/BW of chrysin in saline. The GA3 group received a daily oral gavage of GA3 (55 mg/kg/BW). The protective group (chrysin + GA3) was given chrysin and GA3 as those described in chrysin and GA3 groups. There were an increase in MDA levels in the serum and testicular tissue of GA3-treated group. Catalase, GSH, and SOD levels were all lowered in the GA3-treated rats. Chrysin dramatically reduced the harmful effects of GA3 by restoring reproductive hormone levels, altered sperm parameters, and antioxidant capabilities. Furthermore, GA3 reduced the quantitative expression of steroidogenesis genes StAR and 3-HSD, as well as Bcl2 genes, while it increased the apoptotic marker BAX; all were alleviated by the pre-administration of chrysin. The pre-administration of chrysin protected the GA3 group from spermatogenic vacuolation, interstitial edema, necrosis, and depletion. Chrysin inhibited oxidative stress and modulated antioxidant activity, as well as apoptosis-/anti-apoptosis-related mediators in the testes. Chrysin has the potential to repair GA3-induced testicular dysfunctions. This suggests that chrysin is preferable as a medication to mitigate GA3-induced oxidative damage in the testes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Chrysin has the potential to repair GA3-induced testicular dysfunctions. This suggests that chrysin is preferable as a medication to mitigate GA3-induced oxidative damage in the testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Aldhahrani
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba I Ghamry
- Department of Home Economics, College of Home Economics, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gehan B A Youssef
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Hosny Kesba
- Zoology and Agricultural Nematology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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37
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Guedes JP, Baptista V, Santos-Pereira C, Sousa MJ, Manon S, Chaves SR, Côrte-Real M. Acetic acid triggers cytochrome c release in yeast heterologously expressing human Bax. Apoptosis 2022; 27:368-381. [PMID: 35362903 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the Bcl-2 protein family, including pro-apoptotic Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL, are critical for mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis regulation. Since yeast lacks obvious orthologs of Bcl-2 family members, heterologous expression of these proteins has been used to investigate their molecular and functional aspects. Active Bax is involved in the formation of mitochondrial outer membrane pores, through which cytochrome c (cyt c) is released, triggering a cascade of downstream apoptotic events. However, when in its inactive form, Bax is largely cytosolic or weakly bound to mitochondria. Given the central role of Bax in apoptosis, studies aiming to understand its regulation are of paramount importance towards its exploitation as a therapeutic target. So far, studies taking advantage of heterologous expression of human Bax in yeast to unveil regulation of Bax activation have relied on the use of artificial mutated or mitochondrial tagged Bax for its activation, rather than the wild type Bax (Bax α). Here, we found that cell death could be triggered in yeast cells heterologoulsy expressing Bax α with concentrations of acetic acid that are not lethal to wild type cells. This was associated with Bax mitochondrial translocation and cyt c release, closely resembling the natural Bax function in the cellular context. This regulated cell death process was reverted by co-expression with Bcl-xL, but not with Bcl-xLΔC, and in the absence of Rim11p, the yeast ortholog of mammalian GSK3β. This novel system mimics human Bax α regulation by GSK3β and can therefore be used as a platform to uncover novel Bax regulators and explore its therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P Guedes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Centro de Investigacíon Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vitória Baptista
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Microelectromechanical Systems Research Unit (CMEMS-UMinho), School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cátia Santos-Pereira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Stéphen Manon
- UMR 5095, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Campus Carreire, 1 Rue Camille Saint-Saëns, 33077, Bordeaux, France
| | - Susana R Chaves
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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The protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on antimycin A-induced respiratory chain deficiency in mesenchymal stem cells. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 360:109937. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Soliman MM, Aldhahrani A, Gaber A, Alsanie WF, Mohamed WA, Metwally MMM, Elbadawy M, Shukry M. Ameliorative impacts of chrysin against gibberellic acid-induced liver and kidney damage through the regulation of antioxidants, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis biomarkers. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:235-244. [PMID: 35237428 PMCID: PMC8882807 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA3), a widely known plant growth regulator, has been mostly used in agriculture. Little is known regarding its toxicity or the impact of its metabolic mechanism on human health. The current study examined the protective impact of chrysin against GA3-induced liver and kidney dysfunctions at biochemical, molecular, and histopathological levels. Forty male albino rats were allocated into 4 groups. The control group received saline; the chrysin group received 50 mg/kg/BW orally daily for 4 weeks; the GA3 group received 55 mg/kg/BW GA3 via daily oral gavage for 4 weeks, and the protective group (chrysin + GA3) was administered both chrysin and GA3 at the same dosage given in chrysin and GA3 groups. Chrysin was administered 1 h earlier than GA3. The GA3 induced liver and kidney injuries as proven by the elevation of hepatic and renal markers with a significant increase in malondialdehyde levels. Furthermore, a decrease of catalase and glutathione was reported in the GA3-administered rats. Pre-administration of chrysin significantly protected the hepatorenal tissue against the deleterious effects of GA3. Chrysin restored the hepatorenal functions and their antioxidant ability to normal levels. Moreover, chrysin modulated the hepatorenal toxic effects of GA3 at the molecular level via the upregulation of the antiapoptotic genes, interleukin-10 (IL-10), hemoxygenase-1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expressions; the downregulation of the kidney injury molecule-1 and caspase-3 mRNA expressions; and a decrease in IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α secretions. Additionally, the pre-administration of chrysin effectively attenuated the GA3-induced hepatorenal histopathological changes by regulating the immunoexpression of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and pregnane X receptor, resulting in normal values at the cellular level. In conclusion, chrysin attenuated GA3-induced oxidative hepatorenal injury by inhibiting free-radical production and cytokine expression as well as by modulating the antioxidant, apoptotic, and antiapoptotic activities. Chrysin is a potent hepatorenal protective agent to antagonize oxidative stress induced by GA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995 Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author: Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, P.O. Box 21995 Saudi Arabia.
| | - Adil Aldhahrani
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif 21995 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Gaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia,Center of Biomedical Sciences Research, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa F Alsanie
- Center of Biomedical Sciences Research, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa Abdou Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M Metwally
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elbadawy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Qalioubiya 13736, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, P.O.Box 33516, Egypt
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40
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Simon SE, Lim HS, Jayakumar FA, Tan EW, Tan KO. Alpha-Mangostin Activates MOAP-1 Tumor Suppressor and Mitochondrial Signaling in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:7548191. [PMID: 35082905 PMCID: PMC8786502 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7548191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
α-Mangostin, one of the major constituents of Garcinia mangostana, has been reported to possess several biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities associated with the inhibition of cell proliferation and activation of apoptosis. However, the cellular signaling pathway mediated by α-mangostin has not been firmly established. To investigate the cellular activities of α-mangostin, human cancer cells, MCF-7 and MCF-7-CR cells, were treated with α-mangostin to measure the cellular responses, including cytotoxicity, protein-protein interaction, and protein expression. Cancer cells stably expressed Myc-BCL-XL and HA-MOAP-1 were also included in the studies to delineate the cell signaling events mediated by α-mangostin. Our results showed that the apoptosis signaling mediated by α-mangostin involves the upregulation of endogenous MOAP-1, which interacts with α-mangostin activated BAX (act-BAX) while downregulating the expression of BCL-XL. Moreover, α-mangostin was found to induce BAX oligomerization, the release of mitochondrial cytochrome C, and activation of caspase in MCF-7 cells. In overexpression studies, MCF-7 cells and spheroids stably expressed HA-MOAP-1 and Myc-BCL-XL exhibited differential chemosensitivity toward α-mangostin in which the stable clones expressing HA-MOAP-1 and MYC-BCL-XL were chemosensitive and chemoresistant to the apoptosis signaling events mediated by α-mangostin, respectively, when compared to untreated cells. Together, the data suggest that the cytotoxicity of α-mangostin involves the activation of MOAP-1 tumor suppressor and its interaction with act-BAX, leading to mitochondria dysfunction and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Eugin Simon
- Cancer Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hui Sin Lim
- Cancer Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Fairen Angelin Jayakumar
- Cancer Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ee Wern Tan
- Cancer Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Onn Tan
- Cancer Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, No. 5 Jalan Universiti, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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41
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Zhang L, Han P. Neural stem cell-derived exosomes suppress neuronal cell apoptosis by activating autophagy via miR-374-5p/STK-4 axis in spinal cord injury. JOURNAL OF MUSCULOSKELETAL & NEURONAL INTERACTIONS 2022; 22:411-421. [PMID: 36046998 PMCID: PMC9438516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the roles of MicroRNAs (miRNAs) enclosed in the neuron-derived exosomes in the recovery of the spinal cord injury (SCI) and the mechanism. METHODS The exosomes were isolated from neural stem cells (NSCs) and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and NanoSight system (NTA). For in vivo experiments, Basso Mouse Scale, beam walking, and inclined plane tests were used to determine the behavioral symptoms of the SCI mice. For in vitro experiments, H2O2 treated HT22 cells were used to simulate SCI cells and cocultured with exosomes to analyze the cell apoptosis using TUNEL assays and flow cytometry. Apoptosis- and autophagy-related protein expression was detected by western blot and the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3 assay was used to detect the level of autophagy. In addition, luciferase assay was performed to assess the relationship between miR-374-5p and SKT-4. RESULTS Exosomes from NSCs alleviated spinal cord injury by triggering autophagy flux and suppressing apoptosis. Besides, miR-374-5p was highly expressed in these exosomes and was responsible for the decent in injured neural cell apoptosis by activating autophagy flux. The SKT-4 was the target gene regulated by miR-374-5p in this exosomal protective function to SCI cells. CONCLUSION The elevated level of miR-374-5p in neuronal exosomes could enhance spinal cord injury recovery by activating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, China
| | - Pengbo Han
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, China,Corresponding author: Pengbo Han, Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Medical University, 167 Fangdong Street, Textile City, Baqiao District, Xi’an 710038, China E-mail:
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Mohammadi Z, Hosseinianvari S, Ghazalian N, Fani M, Mahmudian AS, Brazvan B, Shokoohi M, Abtahi-Eivary SH, Moghimian M. The Impact of Chrysin on The Folliculogenesis and Ovarian Apoptosis in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in The Rat Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2022; 16:299-305. [PMID: 36273317 PMCID: PMC9627014 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2021.540364.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ovarian Ischemia/reperfusion is one of the gynecological emergency concerns that may lead to the ovary damage and folliculogenesis. The present research aimed to evaluate the impact of the Chrysin (CH) on the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in the rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental research, 48 adult female rats, 8 weeks age and 180-200 g weight, have been categorized into 6 equal groups (n=8) including one sham and 5 ovarian torsion groups (OT+CH groups) that received different treatments. Each group has been treated 30 min before detorsion with gavage of CH or normal saline for 1 week and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) has been injected on the day 5 for initiating folliculogenesis. Finally, bio-chemical, molecular, histopathological, apoptotic and hormonal evaluations were performed. RESULTS The anti-oxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, ameliorated in the ovarian tissues of the OT+CH groups in comparison with the OT group (P<0.001). Moreover, the level of serum Luteinizing hormone considerably declined and estradiol level (P<0.001), partly enhanced in the rats treated with CH in comparison with the ones in the OT group (P<0.05). In addition, histopathological scores of the OT+CH groups ameliorated in comparison with the OT group scores (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression Caspase-3 and Bax genes were significantly increased while the expression of Bcl-2 was notably decreased in the OT group in comparison with the sham group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Here, it seems that CH is possibly beneficial for the protection of ovaries against reperfusion injury and ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | | | - Negin Ghazalian
- Deartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Fani
- Deartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Azam Sadat Mahmudian
- Deartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Balal Brazvan
- Deartment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Majid Shokoohi
- Clnical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Moghimian
- Deartment of Physiology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran,Nusing Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran,P.O.Box: 397Department of PhysiologySchool of
MedicineGonabad University of Medical SciencesGonabadIran
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Killing by Degradation: Regulation of Apoptosis by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome-System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123465. [PMID: 34943974 PMCID: PMC8700063 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a cell suicide process that is essential for development, tissue homeostasis and human health. Impaired apoptosis is associated with a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmunity and cancer. As the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins can determine the life or death of cells, tight regulation of these proteins is critical. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is essential for maintaining protein turnover, which can either trigger or inhibit apoptosis. In this review, we will describe the E3 ligases that regulate the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and assisting proteins that regulate the levels of these E3 ligases. We will provide examples of apoptotic cell death modulations using the UPS, determined by positive and negative feedback loop reactions. Specifically, we will review how the stability of p53, Bcl-2 family members and IAPs (Inhibitor of Apoptosis proteins) are regulated upon initiation of apoptosis. As increased levels of oncogenes and decreased levels of tumor suppressor proteins can promote tumorigenesis, targeting these pathways offers opportunities to develop novel anti-cancer therapies, which act by recruiting the UPS for the effective and selective killing of cancer cells.
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Chen X, Xie Q, Zhu Y, Xu J, Lin G, Liu S, Su Z, Lai X, Li Q, Xie J, Yang X. Cardio-protective effect of tetrahydrocurcumin, the primary hydrogenated metabolite of curcumin in vivo and in vitro: Induction of apoptosis and autophagy via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 911:174495. [PMID: 34555398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is an essential metabolite of curcumin, a major active component of the Curcuma species, which have been used traditionally for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways serve a vital role during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cardioprotective potential and mechanism of THC. In the in vivo study, an animal model of MI/R was induced by coronary occlusion. Results indicated that THC (50 mg/kg/day) protected the rat hearts from MI/R-induced heart failure by increasing ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) and decreasing left ventricular end systolic diameter (LVESD) and left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV). THC also reduced myocardial infarct size and apoptosis. Furthermore, H9c2 cells were incubated with THC (20 μM) to explore its potential effect following exposure to hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R). THC post-treatment significantly augmented cell viability and prevented lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release after H/R exposure. THC effectively improved antioxidant activity by increasing SOD and CAT activities and decreasing MDA level. THC also enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibited apoptotic cell death, diminished the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cleaved caspase-3 level relative to the H/R model. In addition, THC effectively decreased Beclin1 expression and LC3 II/LC3 I ratio, but increased p62 expression, compared with the H/R model group, and decreased the formation of H/R-induced autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Furthermore, THC promoted the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and induced the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) after H/R. However, these effects on H9c2 cells were notably abolished by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. In conclusion, THC effectively inhibited H/R-induced autophagy and apoptosis via, at least partially, activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways. THC might have the potential to be further developed into a potential candidate for the treatment of MI/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qingfeng Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Zhu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Jiamin Xu
- The Second School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Guoshu Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shujun Liu
- The Second School of Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ziren Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Dongguan Institute of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Dongguan Institute of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, PR China.
| | - Qian Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianhui Xie
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Zheng B, Meng J, Zhu Y, Ding M, Zhang Y, Zhou J. Melatonin enhances SIRT1 to ameliorate mitochondrial membrane damage by activating PDK1/Akt in granulosa cells of PCOS. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:152. [PMID: 34758863 PMCID: PMC8582167 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial injury in granulosa cells (GCs) is associated with the pathophysiological mechanism of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Melatonin reduces the mitochondrial injury by enhancing SIRT1 (NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1), while the mechanism remains unclear. Mitochondrial membrane potential is a universal selective indicator of mitochondrial function. In this study, mitochondrial swelling and membrane defect mitochondria in granulosa cells were observed from PCOS patients and DHT-induced PCOS-like mice, and the cytochrome C level in the cytoplasm and the expression of BAX (BCL2-associated X protein) in mitochondria were significantly increased in GCs, with p-Akt decreased, showing mitochondrial membrane was damaged in GCs of PCOS. Melatonin treatment decreased mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and increased the JC-1 (5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro1,1′,3,3′-tetramethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide) aggregate/monomer ratio in the live KGN cells treated with DHT, indicating melatonin mediates mPTP to increase mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, we found melatonin decreased the levels of cytochrome C and BAX in DHT-induced PCOS mice. PDK1/Akt played an essential role in improving the mitochondrial membrane function, and melatonin treatment increased p-PDK 1 and p-Akt in vivo and in vitro. The SIRT1 was also increased with melatonin treatment, while knocking down SIRT1 mRNA inhibiting the protective effect of melatonin to activate PDK1/Akt. In conclusion, melatonin enhances SIRT1 to ameliorate mitochondrial membrane damage by activating PDK1/Akt in granulosa cells of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zheng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 32, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Junan Meng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 32, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 32, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Min Ding
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 32, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 32, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jianjun Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Zhongshan Road 32, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Multi-Target Effects of Novel Synthetic Coumarin Derivatives Protecting Aβ-GFP SH-SY5Y Cells against Aβ Toxicity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113095. [PMID: 34831318 PMCID: PMC8619673 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease presenting with progressive memory and cognitive impairments. One of the pathogenic mechanisms of AD is attributed to the aggregation of misfolded amyloid β (Aβ), which induces neurotoxicity by reducing the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high-affinity receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TRKB) and increasing oxidative stress, caspase-1, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. Here, we have found the potential of two novel synthetic coumarin derivatives, ZN014 and ZN015, for the inhibition of Aβ and neuroprotection in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell models for AD. In SH-SY5Y cells expressing the GFP-tagged Aβ-folding reporter, both ZN compounds reduced Aβ aggregation, oxidative stress, activities of caspase-1 and AChE, as well as increased neurite outgrowth. By activating TRKB-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT) signaling, these two ZN compounds also upregulated the cAMP-response-element binding protein (CREB) and its downstream BDNF and anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2). Knockdown of TRKB attenuated the neuroprotective effects of ZN014 and ZN015. A parallel artificial membrane permeability assay showed that ZN014 and ZN015 could be characterized as blood-brain barrier permeable. Our results suggest ZN014 and ZN015 as novel therapeutic candidates for AD and demonstrate that ZN014 and ZN015 reduce Aβ neurotoxicity via pleiotropic mechanisms.
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Townsend PA, Kozhevnikova MV, Cexus ONF, Zamyatnin AA, Soond SM. BH3-mimetics: recent developments in cancer therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:355. [PMID: 34753495 PMCID: PMC8576916 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The hopeful outcomes from 30 years of research in BH3-mimetics have indeed served a number of solid paradigms for targeting intermediates from the apoptosis pathway in a variety of diseased states. Not only have such rational approaches in drug design yielded several key therapeutics, such outputs have also offered insights into the integrated mechanistic aspects of basic and clinical research at the genetics level for the future. In no other area of medical research have the effects of such work been felt, than in cancer research, through targeting the BAX-Bcl-2 protein-protein interactions. With these promising outputs in mind, several mimetics, and their potential therapeutic applications, have also been developed for several other pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and tissue fibrosis, thus highlighting the universal importance of the intrinsic arm of the apoptosis pathway and its input to general tissue homeostasis. Considering such recent developments, and in a field that has generated so much scientific interest, we take stock of how the broadening area of BH3-mimetics has developed and diversified, with a focus on their uses in single and combined cancer treatment regimens and recently explored therapeutic delivery methods that may aid the development of future therapeutics of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Townsend
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Maria V Kozhevnikova
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation
| | - Surinder M Soond
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Gui Y, Tian D, Ong KH, Teo JCY, Yin Z. TAL effector-dependent Bax gene expression in transgenic rice confers disease resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Transgenic Res 2021; 31:119-130. [PMID: 34748132 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a form of programmed cell death of plant cells occurring in the local region surrounding pathogen infection site to prevent the spread of infection by pathogens. Bax, a mammalian pro-apoptotic member of Bcl-2 family, triggers HR-like cell death when expressed in plants. However, constitutive expression of the Bax gene negatively affects plant growth and development. The Xa10 gene in rice (Oryza sativa) is an executor resistance (R) gene that confers race-specific disease resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strains harboring TAL effector gene AvrXa10. In this study, the Xa10 promoter was used to regulate heterologous expression of the Bax gene from mouse (Mus musculus) in Nicotiana benthamiana and rice. Cell death was induced in N. benthamiana after co-infiltration with the PXa10:Bax:TXa10 gene and the PPR1:AvrXa10:TNos gene. Transgenic rice plants carrying the PXa10:Bax:TXa10 gene conferred specific disease resistance to Xa10-incompatible X. oryzae pv. oryzae strain PXO99A(pHM1AvrXa10), but not to the Xa10-compatible strain PXO99A(pHM1). The resistance specificity was confirmed by the AvrXa10-dependent induction of the PXa10:Bax:TXa10 gene in transgenic rice. Our results demonstrated that the inducible expression of the Bax gene in transgenic rice was achieved through the control of the executor R gene promoter and the heterologous expression of the pro-apoptosis regulator gene in rice conferred disease resistance to X. oryzae pv. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejing Gui
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dongsheng Tian
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kar Hui Ong
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Joanne Chin Yi Teo
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zhongchao Yin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543, Republic of Singapore.
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Imbalance of Autophagy and Apoptosis Induced by Oxidative Stress May Be Involved in Thyroid Damage Caused by Sleep Deprivation in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5645090. [PMID: 34545297 PMCID: PMC8449739 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5645090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that sleep deprivation can affect a wide range of tissues and organs, and most of these effects are related to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can cause functional and morphological changes in cells, which are closely related to autophagy and apoptosis. In this study, we examined changes in thyroid morphology and function, oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in rats after sleep deprivation. Thyroid hormones, thyroid-stimulating hormone, functional substances required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, and thyroid morphological observations were used to evaluate the changes and impairment of thyroid function. Methane dicarboxylic aldehyde and total antioxidant capacity were measured to assess oxidative stress in the thyroid. To evaluate the balance of autophagy and apoptosis, the expression of autophagy- and apoptosis-related proteins was examined by western blotting, and apoptotic cells were labeled with TUNEL staining. The body weight of rats in the sleep deprivation group decreased, but the relative weight of the thyroid gland increased. Sleep deprivation led to morphological changes in the thyroid. The levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone increased after sleep deprivation. Total antioxidant capacity decreased, and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde levels increased in the thyroid in the sleep deprivation group. Analysis of autophagy- and apoptosis-related proteins indicated that the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta- (LC3B-) and LC3A-II/I ratio and Beclin 1 levels significantly decreased in the sleep deprivation group and P62 levels significantly increased. The number of apoptotic cells in the thyroid gland of sleep-deprived rats increased significantly. Taken together, these results indicate that sleep deprivation can lead to oxidative stress in the thyroid and ultimately cause thyroid damage, which may be related to the imbalance of autophagy and apoptosis.
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Mice Treated Subcutaneously with Mouse LPS-Converted PrP res or LPS Alone Showed Brain Gene Expression Profiles Characteristic of Prion Disease. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8090200. [PMID: 34564594 PMCID: PMC8473295 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8090200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) converts mouse PrPC protein to a beta-rich isoform (moPrPres) resistant to proteinase K. In this study, we aimed to test if the LPS-converted PrPres is infectious and alters the expression of genes related to prion pathology in brains of terminally sick mice. Ninety female FVB/N mice at 5 weeks of age were randomly assigned to 6 groups treated subcutaneously (sc) for 6 weeks either with: (1) Saline (CTR); (2) LPS from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (LPS), (3) one-time sc administration of de novo generated mouse recombinant prion protein (moPrP; 29-232) rich in beta-sheet by incubation with LPS (moPrPres), (4) LPS plus one-time sc injection of moPrPres, (5) one-time sc injection of brain homogenate from Rocky Mountain Lab (RLM) scrapie strain, and (6) LPS plus one-time sc injection of RML. Results showed that all treatments altered the expression of various genes related to prion disease and neuroinflammation starting at 11 weeks post-infection and more profoundly at the terminal stage. In conclusion, sc administration of de novo generated moPrPres, LPS, and a combination of moPrPres with LPS were able to alter the expression of multiple genes typical of prion pathology and inflammation.
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