1
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Koch D, Nandan A, Ramesan G, Koseska A. Biological computations: Limitations of attractor-based formalisms and the need for transients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 720:150069. [PMID: 38754165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Living systems, from single cells to higher vertebrates, receive a continuous stream of non-stationary inputs that they sense, for e.g. via cell surface receptors or sensory organs. By integrating these time-varying, multi-sensory, and often noisy information with memory using complex molecular or neuronal networks, they generate a variety of responses beyond simple stimulus-response association, including avoidance behavior, life-long-learning or social interactions. In a broad sense, these processes can be understood as a type of biological computation. Taking as a basis generic features of biological computations, such as real-time responsiveness or robustness and flexibility of the computation, we highlight the limitations of the current attractor-based framework for understanding computations in biological systems. We argue that frameworks based on transient dynamics away from attractors are better suited for the description of computations performed by neuronal and signaling networks. In particular, we discuss how quasi-stable transient dynamics from ghost states that emerge at criticality have a promising potential for developing an integrated framework of computations, that can help us understand how living system actively process information and learn from their continuously changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Koch
- Lise Meitner Group Cellular Computations and Learning, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behaviour - Caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Akhilesh Nandan
- Lise Meitner Group Cellular Computations and Learning, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behaviour - Caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gayathri Ramesan
- Lise Meitner Group Cellular Computations and Learning, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behaviour - Caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aneta Koseska
- Lise Meitner Group Cellular Computations and Learning, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behaviour - Caesar, Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Tetrick MG, Murphy CJ. Leveraging Tunable Nanoparticle Surface Functionalization to Alter Cellular Migration. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2024; 4:205-215. [PMID: 38912285 PMCID: PMC11192187 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a promising platform for biomedical applications including therapeutics, imaging, and drug delivery. While much of the literature surrounding the introduction of AuNPs into cellular systems focuses on uptake and cytotoxicity, less is understood about how AuNPs can indirectly affect cells via interactions with the extracellular environment. Previous work has shown that the monocytic cell line THP-1's ability to undergo chemotaxis in response to a gradient of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) was compromised by extracellular polysulfonated AuNPs, presumably by binding to MCP-1 with some preference over other proteins in the media. The hypothesis to be explored in this work is that the degree of sulfonation of the surface would therefore be correlated with the ability of AuNPs to interrupt chemotaxis. Highly sulfonated poly(styrenesulfonate)-coated AuNPs caused strong inhibition of THP-1 chemotaxis; by reducing the degree of sulfonation on the AuNP surface with copolymers [poly(styrenesulfonate-co-maleate) of different compositions], it was found that medium and low sulfonation levels caused weak to no inhibition, respectively. Small, rigid molecular sulfonate surfaces were relatively ineffective at chemotaxis inhibition. Unusually, free poly(styrenesulfonate) caused a dose-dependent reversal of THP-1 cell migration: at low concentrations, free poly(styrenesulfonate) significantly inhibited MCP-1-induced chemotaxis. However, at high concentrations, free poly(styrenesulfonate) acted as a chemorepellent, causing a reversal in the cell migration direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell G. Tetrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
United States
| | - Catherine J. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
United States
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3
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Yang F, Chen P, Jiang H, Xie T, Shao Y, Kim DH, Li B, Sun Y. Directional Cell Migration Guided by a Strain Gradient. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2302404. [PMID: 37735983 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Strain gradients widely exist in development and physiological activities. The directional movement of cells is essential for proper cell localization, and directional cell migration in responses to gradients of chemicals, rigidity, density, and topography of extracellular matrices have been well-established. However; it is unclear whether strain gradients imposed on cells are sufficient to drive directional cell migration. In this work, a programmable uniaxial cell stretch device is developed that creates controllable strain gradients without changing substrate stiffness or ligand distributions. It is demonstrated that over 60% of the single rat embryonic fibroblasts migrate toward the lower strain side in static and the 0.1 Hz cyclic stretch conditions at ≈4% per mm strain gradients. It is confirmed that such responses are distinct from durotaxis or haptotaxis. Focal adhesion analysis confirms higher rates of contact area and protrusion formation on the lower strain side of the cell. A 2D extended motor-clutch model is developed to demonstrate that the strain-introduced traction force determines integrin fibronectin pairs' catch-release dynamics, which drives such directional migration. Together, these results establish strain gradient as a novel cue to regulate directional cell migration and may provide new insights in development and tissue repairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Han Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Tianfa Xie
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yue Shao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yubing Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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4
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Sanchez-de-Diego C, Virumbrales-Muñoz M, Hermes B, Juang TD, Juang DS, Riendeau J, Guzman EC, Reed-McBain CA, Abizanda-Campo S, Patel J, Hess NJ, Skala MC, Beebe DJ, Ayuso JM. Griddient: a microfluidic array to generate reconfigurable gradients on-demand for spatial biology applications. Commun Biol 2023; 6:925. [PMID: 37689746 PMCID: PMC10492845 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological tissues are highly organized structures where spatial-temporal gradients (e.g., nutrients, hypoxia, cytokines) modulate multiple physiological and pathological processes including inflammation, tissue regeneration, embryogenesis, and cancer progression. Current in vitro technologies struggle to capture the complexity of these transient microenvironmental gradients, do not provide dynamic control over the gradient profile, are complex and poorly suited for high throughput applications. Therefore, we have designed Griddent, a user-friendly platform with the capability of generating controllable and reversible gradients in a 3D microenvironment. Our platform consists of an array of 32 microfluidic chambers connected to a 384 well-array through a diffusion port at the bottom of each reservoir well. The diffusion ports are optimized to ensure gradient stability and facilitate manual micropipette loading. This platform is compatible with molecular and functional spatial biology as well as optical and fluorescence microscopy. In this work, we have used this platform to study cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sanchez-de-Diego
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - María Virumbrales-Muñoz
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Brock Hermes
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Terry D Juang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Duane S Juang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jeremiah Riendeau
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N, Orchard street, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Catherine A Reed-McBain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sara Abizanda-Campo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Janmesh Patel
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nicholas J Hess
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melissa C Skala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 N, Orchard street, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jose M Ayuso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- The University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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5
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Hu Y, Becker ML, Willits RK. Quantification of cell migration: metrics selection to model application. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1155882. [PMID: 37255596 PMCID: PMC10225508 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1155882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration plays an essential role in physiological and pathological states, such as immune response, tissue generation and tumor development. This phenomenon can occur spontaneously or it can be triggered by an external stimuli, including biochemical, mechanical, or electrical cues that induce or direct cells to migrate. The migratory response to these cues is foundational to several fields including neuroscience, cancer and regenerative medicine. Various platforms are available to qualitatively and quantitatively measure cell migration, making the measurements of cell motility straight-forward. Migratory behavior must be analyzed by multiple metrics and then models to connect the measurements to physiological meaning. This review will focus on describing and quantifying cell movement for individual cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Departments of Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering and Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rebecca Kuntz Willits
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Parween F, Singh SP, Zhang HH, Kathuria N, Otaizo-Carrasquero FA, Shamsaddini A, Gardina PJ, Ganesan S, Kabat J, Lorenzi HA, Myers TG, Farber JM. Chemokine positioning determines mutually exclusive roles for their receptors in extravasation of pathogenic human T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.25.525561. [PMID: 36789428 PMCID: PMC9928044 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.25.525561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory T cells co-express multiple chemokine receptors, but the distinct functions of individual receptors on these cells are largely unknown. Human Th17 cells uniformly express the chemokine receptor CCR6, and we discovered that the subgroup of CD4+CCR6+ cells that co-express CCR2 possess a pathogenic Th17 signature, can produce inflammatory cytokines independent of TCR activation, and are unusually efficient at transendothelial migration (TEM). The ligand for CCR6, CCL20, was capable of binding to activated endothelial cells (ECs) and inducing firm arrest of CCR6+CCR2+ cells under conditions of flow - but CCR6 could not mediate TEM. By contrast, CCL2 and other ligands for CCR2, despite being secreted from both luminal and basal sides of ECs, failed to bind to the EC surfaces - and CCR2 could not mediate arrest. Nonetheless, CCR2 was required for TEM. To understand if CCR2's inability to mediate arrest was due solely to an absence of EC-bound ligands, we generated a CCL2-CXCL9 chimeric chemokine that could bind to the EC surface. Although display of CCL2 on the ECs did indeed lead to CCR2-mediated arrest of CCR6+CCR2+ cells, activating CCR2 with surface-bound CCL2 blocked TEM. We conclude that mediating arrest and TEM are mutually exclusive activities of chemokine receptors and/or their ligands that depend, respectively, on chemokines that bind to the EC luminal surfaces versus non-binding chemokines that form transendothelial gradients under conditions of flow. Our findings provide fundamental insights into mechanisms of lymphocyte extravasation and may lead to novel strategies to block or enhance their migration into tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Parween
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Satya P. Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Hongwei H Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Nausheen Kathuria
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Francisco A. Otaizo-Carrasquero
- Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Amirhossein Shamsaddini
- Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul J. Gardina
- Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Research Technologies Branch, Biological Imaging, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Research Technologies Branch, Biological Imaging, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Hernan A. Lorenzi
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Timothy G. Myers
- Research Technologies Branch, Genomic Technologies, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Joshua M. Farber
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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7
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Understanding How Cells Probe the World: A Preliminary Step towards Modeling Cell Behavior? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032266. [PMID: 36768586 PMCID: PMC9916635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell biologists have long aimed at quantitatively modeling cell function. Recently, the outstanding progress of high-throughput measurement methods and data processing tools has made this a realistic goal. The aim of this paper is twofold: First, to suggest that, while much progress has been done in modeling cell states and transitions, current accounts of environmental cues driving these transitions remain insufficient. There is a need to provide an integrated view of the biochemical, topographical and mechanical information processed by cells to take decisions. It might be rewarding in the near future to try to connect cell environmental cues to physiologically relevant outcomes rather than modeling relationships between these cues and internal signaling networks. The second aim of this paper is to review exogenous signals that are sensed by living cells and significantly influence fate decisions. Indeed, in addition to the composition of the surrounding medium, cells are highly sensitive to the properties of neighboring surfaces, including the spatial organization of anchored molecules and substrate mechanical and topographical properties. These properties should thus be included in models of cell behavior. It is also suggested that attempts at cell modeling could strongly benefit from two research lines: (i) trying to decipher the way cells encode the information they retrieve from environment analysis, and (ii) developing more standardized means of assessing the quality of proposed models, as was done in other research domains such as protein structure prediction.
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8
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Barriga EH, Alasaadi DN, Mencarelli C, Mayor R, Pichaud F. RanBP1 plays an essential role in directed migration of neural crest cells during development. Dev Biol 2022; 492:79-86. [PMID: 36206829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is essential for embryonic development, tissue regeneration and repair, and has been implicated in pathological conditions such as cancer metastasis. It is, in part, directed by external cues that promote front-to-rear polarity in individual cells. However, our understanding of the pathways that underpin the directional movement of cells in response to external cues remains incomplete. To examine this issue we made use of neural crest cells (NC), which migrate as a collective during development to generate vital structures including bones and cartilage. Using a candidate approach, we found an essential role for Ran-binding protein 1 (RanBP1), a key effector of the nucleocytoplasmic transport pathway, in enabling directed migration of these cells. Our results indicate that RanBP1 is required for establishing front-to-rear polarity, so that NCs are able to chemotax. Moreover, our work suggests that RanBP1 function in chemotaxis involves the polarity kinase LKB1/PAR4. We envisage that regulated nuclear export of LKB1 through Ran/RanBP1 is a key regulatory step required for establishing front-to-rear polarity and thus chemotaxis, during NC collective migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Barriga
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Mechanisms of Morphogenesis Lab, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Delan N Alasaadi
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Mencarelli
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Franck Pichaud
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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9
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Nandan A, Das A, Lott R, Koseska A. Cells use molecular working memory to navigate inchanging chemoattractant fields. eLife 2022; 11:76825. [PMID: 35666122 PMCID: PMC9282860 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to migrate over large distances, cells within tissues and organisms rely on sensing local gradient cues which are irregular, conflicting, and changing over time and space. The mechanism how they generate persistent directional migration when signals are disrupted, while still remaining adaptive to signal's localization changes remain unknown. Here we find that single cells utilize a molecular mechanism akin to a working memory to satisfy these two opposing demands. We derive theoretically that this is characteristic for receptor networks maintained away from steady states. Time-resolved live-cell imaging of Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation dynamics shows that cells transiently memorize position of encountered signals via slow-escaping remnant of the polarized signaling state, a dynamical 'ghost', driving memory-guided persistent directional migration. The metastability of this state further enables migrational adaptation when encountering new signals. We thus identify basic mechanism of real-time computations underlying cellular navigation in changing chemoattractant fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Nandan
- Cellular Computations and Learning, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Abhishek Das
- Cellular Computations and Learning, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Lott
- Cellular Computations and Learning, Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior - caesar, Bonn, Germany
| | - Aneta Koseska
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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10
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Neupane AS, Kubes P. Imaging reveals novel innate immune responses in lung, liver, and beyond. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:244-257. [PMID: 34816440 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Highly dynamic immune responses are generated toward pathogens or injuries, in vivo. Multiple immune cell types participate in various facets of the response which leads to a concerted effort in the removal and clearance of pathogens or injured tissue and a return to homeostasis. Intravital microscopy (IVM) has been extensively utilized to unravel the dynamics of immune responses, visualizing immune cell behavior in intact living tissues, within a living organism. For instance, the phenomenon of leukocyte recruitment cascade. Importantly, IVM has led to a deep appreciation that immune cell behavior and responses in individual organs are distinct, but also can influence one another. In this review, we discuss how IVM as a tool has been used to study the innate immune responses in various tissues during homeostasis, injury, and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Sharma Neupane
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe, and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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11
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Zhang X, Falagan-Lotsch P, Murphy CJ. Nanoparticles Interfere with Chemotaxis: An Example of Nanoparticles as Molecular "Knockouts" at the Cellular Level. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8813-8825. [PMID: 33886273 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engineered colloidal nanoparticles show great promise in biomedical applications. While much of the work of assessing nanoparticle impact on living systems has been focused on the direct interactions of nanoparticles with cells/organisms, indirect effects via the extracellular matrix have been observed and may provide deeper insight into nanoparticle fate and effects in living systems. In particular, the large surface area of colloidal nanoparticles may sequester molecules from the biological milieu, make these molecules less bioavailable, and therefore function indirectly as "molecular knockouts" to exert effects at the cellular level and beyond. In this paper, the hypothesis that molecules that control cellular behavior (in this case, chemoattract molecules that promote migration of a human monocytic cell line, THP-1) will be less bioavailable in the presence of appropriately functionalized nanoparticles, and therefore the cellular behavior will be altered, was investigated. Three-dimensional chemotaxis assays for the characterization and comparison of THP-1 cell migration upon exposure to a gradient of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), with and without gold nanoparticles with four different surface chemistries, were performed. By time-lapse microscopy, characteristic parameters for chemotaxis, along with velocity and directionality of the cells, were quantified. Anionic poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)-coated gold nanoparticles were found to significantly reduce THP-1 chemotaxis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results show adsorption of MCP-1 on the poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)-coated gold nanoparticle surface, supporting the hypothesis that adsorption of chemoattractants to nanoparticle surfaces interferes with chemotaxis. Free anionic sulfonated polyelectrolytes also interfered with cell migrational behavior, showing that nanoparticles can also act as carriers of chemotactic-interfering molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Priscila Falagan-Lotsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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12
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Weavers H, Martin P. The cell biology of inflammation: From common traits to remarkable immunological adaptations. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151857. [PMID: 32539109 PMCID: PMC7337495 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue damage triggers a rapid and robust inflammatory response in order to clear and repair a wound. Remarkably, many of the cell biology features that underlie the ability of leukocytes to home in to sites of injury and to fight infection—most of which are topics of intensive current research—were originally observed in various weird and wonderful translucent organisms over a century ago by Elie Metchnikoff, the “father of innate immunity,” who is credited with discovering phagocytes in 1882. In this review, we use Metchnikoff’s seminal lectures as a starting point to discuss the tremendous variety of cell biology features that underpin the function of these multitasking immune cells. Some of these are shared by other cell types (including aspects of motility, membrane trafficking, cell division, and death), but others are more unique features of innate immune cells, enabling them to fulfill their specialized functions, such as encapsulation of invading pathogens, cell–cell fusion in response to foreign bodies, and their self-sacrifice as occurs during NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Weavers
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol UK
| | - Paul Martin
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol UK.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK.,School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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13
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Gavriljuk K, Scocozza B, Ghasemalizadeh F, Seidel H, Nandan AP, Campos-Medina M, Schmick M, Koseska A, Bastiaens PIH. A self-organized synthetic morphogenic liposome responds with shape changes to local light cues. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1548. [PMID: 33750780 PMCID: PMC7943604 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstituting artificial proto-cells capable of transducing extracellular signals into cytoskeletal changes can reveal fundamental principles of how non-equilibrium phenomena in cellular signal transduction affect morphogenesis. Here, we generated a Synthetic Morphogenic Membrane System (SynMMS) by encapsulating a dynamic microtubule (MT) aster and a light-inducible signaling system driven by GTP/ATP chemical potential into cell-sized liposomes. Responding to light cues in analogy to morphogens, this biomimetic design embodies basic principles of localized Rho-GTPase signal transduction that generate an intracellular MT-regulator signaling gradient. Light-induced signaling promotes membrane-deforming growth of MT-filaments by dynamically elevating the membrane-proximal tubulin concentration. The resulting membrane deformations enable recursive coupling of the MT-aster with the signaling system, which generates global self-organized morphologies that reorganize towards local external cues in dependence on prior shape. SynMMS thereby signifies a step towards bio-inspired engineering of self-organized cellular morphogenesis. The authors generated a Synthetic Morphogenic Membrane System by encapsulating a dynamic microtubule aster and a light-inducible signaling system driven by GTP/ATP chemical potential into cell-sized liposomes. This reconstitution of artificial proto-cells reveals how non-equilibrium phenomena affect cellular information processing in morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Gavriljuk
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bruno Scocozza
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Farid Ghasemalizadeh
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hans Seidel
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Akhilesh P Nandan
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Cellular Computations and Learning, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Campos-Medina
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Malte Schmick
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Aneta Koseska
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany.,Cellular Computations and Learning, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar), Bonn, Germany
| | - Philippe I H Bastiaens
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany. .,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
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14
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Gómez CT, Lairion F, Repetto M, Ettcheto M, Merelli A, Lazarowski A, Auzmendi J. Cannabidiol (CBD) Alters the Functionality of Neutrophils (PMN). Implications in the Refractory Epilepsy Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030220. [PMID: 33807975 PMCID: PMC8001508 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a lipophilic cannabinoid compound without psychoactive effects, has emerged as adjuvant of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in the treatment of refractory epilepsy (RE), decreasing the severity and/or frequency of seizures. CBD is considered a multitarget drug that could act throughout the canonical endocannabinoid receptors (CB1-CB2) or multiple non-canonical pathways. Despite the fact that the CBD mechanism in RE is still unknown, experiments carried out in our laboratory showed that CBD has an inhibitory role on P-glycoprotein excretory function, highly related to RE. Since CB2 is expressed mainly in the immune cells, we hypothesized that CBD treatment could alter the activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in a similar way that it does with microglia/macrophages and others circulating leukocytes. In vitro, CBD induced PMN cytoplasmatic vacuolization and proapoptotic nuclear condensation, associated with a significantly decreased viability in a concentration-dependent manner, while low CBD concentration decreased PMN viability in a time-dependent manner. At a functional level, CBD reduced the chemotaxis and oxygen consumption of PMNs related with superoxide anion production, while the singlet oxygen level was increased suggesting oxidative stress damage. These results are in line with the well-known CBD anti-inflammatory effect and support a potential immunosuppressor role on PMNs that could promote an eventual defenseless state during chronic treatment with CBD in RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Taborda Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1120AAF, Argentina; (C.T.G.); (A.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Fabiana Lairion
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, (IBIMOL, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (F.L.); (M.R.)
| | - Marisa Repetto
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, (IBIMOL, UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (F.L.); (M.R.)
| | - Miren Ettcheto
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amalia Merelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1120AAF, Argentina; (C.T.G.); (A.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Alberto Lazarowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1120AAF, Argentina; (C.T.G.); (A.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Jerónimo Auzmendi
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica (INFIBIOC), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1120AAF, Argentina; (C.T.G.); (A.M.); (A.L.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina
- Correspondence:
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15
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Kashiwagi N, Saito F, Maegawa H, Kaneda K. Granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis induces apoptosis of neutrophils and release of a novel chemoattractant for desensitization of interleukin-8 response - In vitro and in vivo results. Cytokine 2021; 139:155410. [PMID: 33395614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apoptotic cells participate in maintenance of homeostasis of the adaptive immune system. Granulocyte/monocyte adsorptive apheresis (GMA) performed with an Adacolumn has been shown to have clinical efficacy together with immunomodulatory effects for immune-mediated disorder cases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or psoriatic arthritis. Although induction of apoptosis in neutrophils by GMA has been observed, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. METHODS To focus on phagocytosis-induced cell death (PICD) that induces apoptotic neutrophils, a comparative study utilizing a GMA-carrier (leukocyte adsorbing carrier for Adacolumn) and yeast particles was performed with in vitro and in vivo examinations. RESULTS L-selectin was significantly (P = 0.0133) shed, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was promoted (P = 0.0019), and apoptosis induction was enhanced (P = 0.0087) by peripheral blood co-cultured with the GMA-carrier or yeast particles as compared to incubated blood alone. Furthermore, degranulation of myeloperoxidase, elastase, and lactoferrin was increased by both treatments, while the highest level of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist release was found with GMA-carrier treatment (P = 0.0087) as compared to the yeast particles. Plasma from blood treated with the GMA-carrier showed chemotactic activity, and suppressed neutrophil migration to IL-8 and LTB4. In vivo results demonstrated that neutrophil chemotaxis to IL-8 was desensitized (P = 0.0078) in rabbits following GMA apheresis, while CXCR1 and CXCR2 expressions in neutrophils were reduced by exposing peripheral blood to the GMA-carrier. CONCLUSIONS GMA may regulate the immune system in patients with an immune-mediated disorder by inducing a biological response of neutrophils with a PICD-like reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fumio Saito
- JIMRO Co., Ltd., Research Division, Takasaki, Japan
| | | | - Kenta Kaneda
- JIMRO Co., Ltd., Research Division, Takasaki, Japan
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16
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Bayani A, Dunster JL, Crofts JJ, Nelson MR. Spatial considerations in the resolution of inflammation: Elucidating leukocyte interactions via an experimentally-calibrated agent-based model. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008413. [PMID: 33137107 PMCID: PMC7660912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Many common medical conditions (such as cancer, arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and others) are associated with inflammation, and even more so when combined with the effects of ageing and multimorbidity. While the inflammatory response varies in different tissue types, under disease and in response to therapeutic interventions, it has common interactions that occur between immune cells and inflammatory mediators. Understanding these underlying inflammatory mechanisms is key in progressing treatments and therapies for numerous inflammatory conditions. It is now considered that constituent mechanisms of the inflammatory response can be actively manipulated in order to drive resolution of inflammatory damage; particularly, those mechanisms related to the pro-inflammatory role of neutrophils and the anti-inflammatory role of macrophages. In this article, we describe the assembly of a hybrid mathematical model in which the spatial spread of inflammatory mediators is described through partial differential equations, and immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) are described individually via an agent-based modelling approach. We pay close attention to how immune cells chemotax toward pro-inflammatory mediators, presenting a model for cell chemotaxis that is calibrated against experimentally observed cell trajectories in healthy and COPD-affected scenarios. We illustrate how variations in key model parameters can drive the switch from resolution of inflammation to chronic outcomes, and show that aberrant neutrophil chemotaxis can move an otherwise healthy outcome to one of chronicity. Finally, we reflect on our results in the context of the on-going hunt for new therapeutic interventions. Inflammation is the body’s primary defence to harmful stimuli such as infections, toxins and tissue strain but also underlies a much broader range of conditions, including asthma, arthritis and cancer. The inflammatory response is key in resolving injury to facilitate recovery, and involves a range of interactions between immune cells (leukocytes, neutrophils and macrophages in particular) and inflammatory mediators. Immune cells are recruited from the blood stream in response to injury. Once in tissue, neutrophils release toxins to kill invading agents and resolve damage; however, if not carefully managed by other immune cells (mainly macrophages), their responses can increase inflammation instead of helping to resolve it. We model these interactions in response to damage using a spatial model, examining how a healthy response can prevent localised inflammation from spreading. We pay close attention to how cells migrate toward the damaged area, as many inflammatory conditions are associated with impairment of this process. We calibrate our model against experimentally-observed cell trajectories from healthy patients and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We illustrate that a healthy outcome depends strongly upon efficient cell migration and a delicate balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of neutrophils and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Bayani
- Department of Physics & Mathematics, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne L. Dunster
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AS, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan J. Crofts
- Department of Physics & Mathematics, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R. Nelson
- Department of Physics & Mathematics, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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17
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Synergistic effect of CNTF and GDNF on directed neurite growth in chick embryo dorsal root ganglia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240235. [PMID: 33017447 PMCID: PMC7535060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often critical to improve the limited regenerative capacity of the peripheral nerves and direct neural growth towards specific targets, such as surgically implanted bioengineered constructs. One approach to accomplish this goal is to use extrinsic neurotrophic factors. The candidate factors first need to be identified and characterized in in vitro tests for their ability to direct the neurite growth. Here, we present a simple guidance assay that allows to assess the chemotactic effect of signaling molecules on the growth of neuronal processes from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) using only standard tissue culture materials. We used this technique to quantitatively determine the combined and individual effects of the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on neurite outgrowth. We demonstrated that these two neurotrophic factors, when applied in a 1:1 combination, but not individually, induced directed growth of neuronal processes towards the source of the gradient. This chemotactic effect persists without significant changes over a wide (10-fold) concentration range. Moreover, we demonstrated that other, more general growth parameters that do not evaluate growth in a specific direction (such as, neurite length and trajectory) were differentially affected by the concentration of the CNTF/GNDF mixture. Furthermore, GDNF, when applied individually, did not have any chemotactic effect, but caused significant neurite elongation and an increase in the number of neurites per ganglion.
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18
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Rapid exposure of macrophages to drugs resolves four classes of effects on the leading edge sensory pseudopod: Non-perturbing, adaptive, disruptive, and activating. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233012. [PMID: 32469878 PMCID: PMC7259666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte migration is controlled by a membrane-based chemosensory pathway on the leading edge pseudopod that guides cell movement up attractant gradients during the innate immune and inflammatory responses. This study employed single cell and population imaging to investigate drug-induced perturbations of leading edge pseudopod morphology in cultured, polarized RAW macrophages. The drugs tested included representative therapeutics (acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, acetaminophen) as well as control drugs (PDGF, Gö6976, wortmannin). Notably, slow addition of any of the four therapeutics to cultured macrophages, mimicking the slowly increasing plasma concentration reported for standard oral dosage in patients, yielded no detectable change in pseudopod morphology. This finding is consistent with the well established clinical safety of these drugs. However, rapid drug addition to cultured macrophages revealed four distinct classes of effects on the leading edge pseudopod: (i) non-perturbing drug exposures yielded no detectable change in pseudopod morphology (acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac); (ii) adaptive exposures yielded temporary collapse of the extended pseudopod and its signature PI(3,4,5)P3 lipid signal followed by slow recovery of extended pseudopod morphology (ibuprofen, acetaminophen); (iii) disruptive exposures yielded long-term pseudopod collapse (Gö6976, wortmannin); and (iv) activating exposures yielded pseudopod expansion (PDGF). The novel observation of adaptive exposures leads us to hypothesize that rapid addition of an adaptive drug overwhelms an intrinsic or extrinsic adaptation system yielding temporary collapse followed by adaptive recovery, while slow addition enables gradual adaptation to counteract the drug perturbation in real time. Overall, the results illustrate an approach that may help identify therapeutic drugs that temporarily inhibit the leading edge pseudopod during extreme inflammation events, and toxic drugs that yield long term inhibition of the pseudopod with negative consequences for innate immunity. Future studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of drug-induced pseudopod collapse, as well as the mechanisms of adaptation and recovery following some inhibitory drug exposures.
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19
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Fukushima Y, Nishiyama K, Kataoka H, Fruttiger M, Fukuhara S, Nishida K, Mochizuki N, Kurihara H, Nishikawa SI, Uemura A. RhoJ integrates attractive and repulsive cues in directional migration of endothelial cells. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102930. [PMID: 32347571 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During angiogenesis, VEGF acts as an attractive cue for endothelial cells (ECs), while Sema3E mediates repulsive cues. Here, we show that the small GTPase RhoJ integrates these opposing signals in directional EC migration. In the GTP-bound state, RhoJ interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of PlexinD1. Upon Sema3E stimulation, RhoJ released from PlexinD1 induces cell contraction. PlexinD1-bound RhoJ further facilitates Sema3E-induced PlexinD1-VEGFR2 association, VEGFR2 transphosphorylation at Y1214, and p38 MAPK activation, leading to reverse EC migration. Upon VEGF stimulation, RhoJ is required for the formation of the holoreceptor complex comprising VEGFR2, PlexinD1, and neuropilin-1, thereby preventing degradation of internalized VEGFR2, prolonging downstream signal transductions via PLCγ, Erk, and Akt, and promoting forward EC migration. After conversion to the GDP-bound state, RhoJ shifts from PlexinD1 to VEGFR2, which then terminates the VEGFR2 signals. RhoJ deficiency in ECs efficiently suppressed aberrant angiogenesis in ischemic retina. These findings suggest that distinct Rho GTPases may act as context-dependent integrators of chemotactic cues in directional cell migration and may serve as candidate therapeutic targets to manipulate cell motility in disease or tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Fukushima
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishiyama
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Marcus Fruttiger
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shigetomo Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kohji Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Nishikawa
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uemura
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Retinal Vascular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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20
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C3a elicits unique migratory responses in immature low-density neutrophils. Oncogene 2020; 39:2612-2623. [PMID: 32020055 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils represent the immune system's first line of defense and are rapidly recruited into inflamed tissue. In cancer associated inflammation, phenotypic heterogeneity has been ascribed to this cell type, whereby neutrophils can manifest anti- or pro-metastatic functions depending on the cellular/micro-environmental context. Here, we demonstrate that pro-metastatic immature low-density neutrophils (iLDNs) more efficiently accumulate in the livers of mice bearing metastatic lesions compared with anti-metastatic mature high-density neutrophils (HDNs). Transcriptomic analyses reveal enrichment of a migration signature in iLDNs relative to HDNs. We find that conditioned media derived from liver-metastatic breast cancer cells, but not lung-metastatic variants, specifically induces chemotaxis of iLDNs and not HDNs. Chemotactic responses are due to increased surface expression of C3aR in iLDNs relative to HDNs. In addition, we detect elevated secretion of cancer-cell derived C3a from liver-metastatic versus lung-metastatic breast cancer cells. Perturbation of C3a/C3aR signaling axis with either a small molecule inhibitor, SB290157, or reducing the levels of secreted C3a from liver-metastatic breast cancer cells by short hairpin RNAs, can abrogate the chemotactic response of iLDNs both in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Together, these data reveal novel mechanisms through which iLDNs prefentially accumulate in liver tissue harboring metastases in response to tumor-derived C3a secreted from the liver-aggressive 4T1 breast cancer cells.
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21
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Stanoev A, Nandan AP, Koseska A. Organization at criticality enables processing of time-varying signals by receptor networks. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e8870. [PMID: 32090487 PMCID: PMC7036718 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20198870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
How cells utilize surface receptors for chemoreception is a recurrent question spanning between physics and biology over the past few decades. However, the dynamical mechanism for processing time-varying signals is still unclear. Using dynamical systems formalism to describe criticality in non-equilibrium systems, we propose generic principle for temporal information processing through phase space trajectories using dynamic transient memory. In contrast to short-term memory, dynamic memory generated via "ghost" attractor enables signal integration depending on stimulus history and thereby uniquely promotes integrating and interpreting complex temporal growth factor signals. We argue that this is a generic feature of receptor networks, the first layer of the cell that senses the changing environment. Using the experimentally established epidermal growth factor sensing system, we propose how recycling could provide self-organized maintenance of the critical receptor concentration at the plasma membrane through a simple, fluctuation-sensing mechanism. Processing of non-stationary signals, a feature previously attributed only to neural networks, thus uniquely emerges for receptor networks organized at criticality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Stanoev
- Department of Systemic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute for Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Akhilesh P Nandan
- Department of Systemic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute for Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Aneta Koseska
- Department of Systemic Cell BiologyMax Planck Institute for Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
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22
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Do HTT, Lee CH, Cho J. Chemokines and their Receptors: Multifaceted Roles in Cancer Progression and Potential Value as Cancer Prognostic Markers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E287. [PMID: 31991604 PMCID: PMC7072521 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that mediate immune cell chemotaxis and lymphoid tissue development. Recent advances have indicated that chemokines and their cognate receptors play critical roles in cancer-related inflammation and cancer progression. On the basis of these findings, the chemokine system has become a new potential drug target for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the essential roles of the complex network of chemokines and their receptors in cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss the potential value of the chemokine system as a cancer prognostic marker. The chemokine system regulates the infiltration of immune cells into the tumor microenvironment, which induces both pro- and anti-immunity and promotes or suppresses tumor growth and proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Increasing evidence indicates the promising prognostic value of the chemokine system in cancer patients. While CCL2, CXCL10, and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 can serve as favorable or unfavorable prognostic factors depending on the cancer types, CCL14 and XCL1 possess good prognostic value. Other chemokines such as CXCL1, CXCL8, and CXCL12 are poor prognostic markers. Despite vast advances in our understanding of the complex nature of the chemokine system in tumor biology, knowledge about the multifaceted roles of the chemokine system in different types of cancers is still limited. Further studies are necessary to decipher distinct roles within the chemokine system in terms of cancer progression and to validate their potential value in cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10326, Korea; (H.T.T.D.); (C.H.L.)
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23
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Lämmermann T, Kastenmüller W. Concepts of GPCR-controlled navigation in the immune system. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:205-231. [PMID: 30977203 PMCID: PMC6487968 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
G‐protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is essential for the spatiotemporal control of leukocyte dynamics during immune responses. For efficient navigation through mammalian tissues, most leukocyte types express more than one GPCR on their surface and sense a wide range of chemokines and chemoattractants, leading to basic forms of leukocyte movement (chemokinesis, haptokinesis, chemotaxis, haptotaxis, and chemorepulsion). How leukocytes integrate multiple GPCR signals and make directional decisions in lymphoid and inflamed tissues is still subject of intense research. Many of our concepts on GPCR‐controlled leukocyte navigation in the presence of multiple GPCR signals derive from in vitro chemotaxis studies and lower vertebrates. In this review, we refer to these concepts and critically contemplate their relevance for the directional movement of several leukocyte subsets (neutrophils, T cells, and dendritic cells) in the complexity of mouse tissues. We discuss how leukocyte navigation can be regulated at the level of only a single GPCR (surface expression, competitive antagonism, oligomerization, homologous desensitization, and receptor internalization) or multiple GPCRs (synergy, hierarchical and non‐hierarchical competition, sequential signaling, heterologous desensitization, and agonist scavenging). In particular, we will highlight recent advances in understanding GPCR‐controlled leukocyte navigation by intravital microscopy of immune cells in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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24
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David BA, Kubes P. Exploring the complex role of chemokines and chemoattractants in vivo on leukocyte dynamics. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:9-30. [PMID: 30977202 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemotaxis is fundamental for leukocyte migration in immunity and inflammation and contributes to the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Although chemokines and various other chemoattractants were initially appreciated as important mediators of acute inflammation, in the past years they have emerged as critical mediators of cell migration during immune surveillance, organ development, and cancer progression. Such advances in our knowledge in chemokine biology have paved the way for the development of specific pharmacological targets with great therapeutic potential. Chemoattractants may belong to different classes, including a complex chemokine system of approximately 50 endogenous molecules that bind to G protein-coupled receptors, which are expressed by a wide variety of cell types. Also, an unknown number of other chemoattractants may be generated by pathogens and damaged/dead cells. Therefore, blocking chemotaxis without causing side effects is an extremely challenging task. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding how the chemokine system orchestrates immune cell migration and positioning at the whole organ level in homeostasis, inflammation, and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna A David
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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25
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Lipopeptide PAM3CYS4 Synergizes N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-Induced Calcium Transients in Mouse Neutrophils. Shock 2019; 50:493-499. [PMID: 29176405 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), a mimic of N-formyl oligopeptides that are released from bacteria, is a potent leukocyte chemotactic factor. It induces intracellular calcium ([Ca]i) transient that is important for various neutrophil biological functions, e.g., adhesion, ROS, and cytokine productions. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), an essential part of host innate immunity, regulate neutrophil activities, but their role in [Ca]i signaling is less clear. In the present study, we examined the effect of several TLR ligands, including Pam3Cys4 (TLR1/2), lipopolysaccharide (LPS, TLR4), and lipoteichoic acid (LTA, TLR2/6), on calcium signaling and on the fMLP-induced [Ca]i transients in mouse neutrophils loaded with Fura-2/AM. We found that unlike fMLP, the three TLR ligands tested did not elicit any detectable Ca flux. However, Pam3Cys4, but not LPS or LTA, markedly synergized the fMLP-induced [Ca]i transients, and had no effect on the host component keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC)- or C5a-induced calcium flux. The effect of Pam3Cys4 on the fMLP-induced [Ca]i transients is by enhancing extracellular Ca influx, not intracellular Ca release. Surprisingly, deletion of TLR2 or MyD88 in neutrophils had no impact on the Pam3Cys4's effect, suggesting a TLR2-MyD88-independent mechanism. Finally, using the pan PKC activator and inhibitor, we demonstrated that PKC negatively regulated fMLP-induced [Ca]i transients and that inhibition of PKC did not prohibit Pam3Cys4's synergistic effect on the fMLP-induced calcium influx. In conclusion, the present study identified a novel synergistic effect of Pam3Cys4 on fMLP-induced [Ca]i transients, a process important for many neutrophil biological functions.
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26
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Piran M, Shiri M, Soufi Zomorrod M, Esmaeili E, Soufi Zomorrod M, Vazifeh Shiran N, Mahboudi H, Daneshpazhouh H, Dehghani N, Hosseinzadeh S. Electrospun triple-layered PLLA/gelatin. PRGF/PLLA scaffold induces fibroblast migration. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11441-11453. [PMID: 30746766 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The function of fibroblast cells in wounded areas results in reconstruction of the extra cellular matrix and consequently resolution of granulation tissue. It is suggested that the use of platelet-rich plasma can accelerate the healing process in nonhealing or slow-healing wounds. In this study, a simple and novel method has been used to fabricate an electrospun three-layered scaffold containing plasma rich in growth factor with the aim of increasing the proliferation and migration of fibroblast cells in vitro. First, plasma rich in growth factor was derived from platelet rich plasma, and then a three-layered scaffold was fabricated using PLLA nanofibers as the outer layers and plasma rich in growth factor-containing gelatin fibers as the internal layer. The growth morphology of cells seeded on this scaffold was compared to those seeded on one layered PLLA scaffold. The study of the cell growth rate on different substrates and the migration of cells in response to the drug release of multilayered scaffold was investigated by the cell quantification assay and a modified under agarose assay. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence images showed that cells seeded on multilayered scaffold were completely oriented 72 hours after seeding compared to those seeded on PLLA scaffold. The cell quantification assay also indicated significant increase in proliferation rate of cells seeded on three-layered scaffold compared to those seeded on PLLA scaffold and finally, monitoring cell migration proved that cells migrate significantly toward the three-layered scaffold up to 48 to 72 hours and afterwards start to show a diminished migration rate toward this scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Piran
- Department of Biology, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shiri
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical sciences research center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Soufi Zomorrod
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Esmaeili
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Soufi Zomorrod
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Vazifeh Shiran
- Department of Hematology and blood banking, Paramedical Faculty, Shahid Beheshti university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mahboudi
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Hirai K, Furusho H, Kawashima N, Xu S, de Beer M, Battaglino R, Van Dyke T, Stashenko P, Sasaki H. Serum Amyloid A Contributes to Chronic Apical Periodontitis via TLR2 and TLR4. J Dent Res 2019; 98:117-125. [PMID: 30189157 PMCID: PMC6304714 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518796456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current concept of bacterial infections, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) derived from pathogens and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from damaged/necrotic host cells are crucial factors in induction of innate immune responses. However, the implication of DAMPs in apical and marginal periodontitis is unknown. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a DAMP that is involved in the development of various chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study, we tested whether SAA is involved in the pathogenesis of periapical lesions, using human periapical surgical specimens and mice deficient in SAA and Toll-like receptors (TLR). SAA1/2 was locally expressed in human periapical lesions at the mRNA and protein levels. The level of SAA protein appeared to be positively associated with the inflammatory status of the lesions. In the development of mouse periapical inflammation, SAA1.1/2.1 was elevated locally and systemically in wild-type (WT) mice. Although SAA1.1/2.1 double-knockout and SAA3 knockout mice had redundant attenuation of the extent of periapical lesions, these animals showed strikingly improved inflammatory cell infiltration versus WT. Recombinant human SAA1 (rhSAA1) directly induced chemotaxis of WT neutrophils in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. In addition, rhSAA1 stimulation significantly prolonged the survival of WT neutrophils as compared with nonstimulated neutrophils. Furthermore, rhSAA1 activated the NF-κB pathway and subsequent IL-1α production in macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. However, TLR2/TLR4 double deficiency substantially diminished these SAA-mediated proinflammatory responses. Taken together, the SAA-TLR axis plays an important role in the chronicity of periapical inflammation via induction of inflammatory cell infiltration and prolonged cell survival. The interactions of PAMPs and DAMPs require further investigation in dental/oral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Hirai
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences
and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious
Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - H. Furusho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial
Pathobiology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - N. Kawashima
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics,
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Xu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious
Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M.C. de Beer
- Department of Physiology, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R. Battaglino
- Department of Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - T. Van Dyke
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA,
USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and
Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P. Stashenko
- Department of Immunology and Infectious
Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and
Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Endodontics, Goldman School of
Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H. Sasaki
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences
and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious
Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and
Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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28
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Ishak R, Hallett MB. Defective rapid cell shape and transendothelial migration by calpain-1 null neutrophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:1065-1070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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29
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De Zuani M, Paolicelli G, Zelante T, Renga G, Romani L, Arzese A, Pucillo CEM, Frossi B. Mast Cells Respond to Candida albicans Infections and Modulate Macrophages Phagocytosis of the Fungus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2829. [PMID: 30555491 PMCID: PMC6284040 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are long-lived immune cells widely distributed at mucosal surfaces and are among the first immune cell type that can get in contact with the external environment. This study aims to unravel the mechanisms of reciprocal influence between mucosal MCs and Candida albicans as commensal/opportunistic pathogen species in humans. Stimulation of bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) with live forms of C. albicans induced the release of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-13, and IL-4. Quite interestingly, BMMCs were able to engulf C. albicans hyphae, rearranging their α-tubulin cytoskeleton and accumulating LAMP1+ vesicles at the phagocytic synapse with the fungus. Candida-infected MCs increased macrophage crawling ability and promoted their chemotaxis against the infection. On the other side, resting MCs inhibited macrophage phagocytosis of C. albicans in a contact-dependent manner. Taken together, these results indicate that MCs play a key role in the maintenance of the equilibrium between the host and the commensal fungus C. albicans, limiting pathological fungal growth and modulating the response of resident macrophages during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Zuani
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Barbara Frossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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30
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Maas SL, Soehnlein O, Viola JR. Organ-Specific Mechanisms of Transendothelial Neutrophil Migration in the Lung, Liver, Kidney, and Aorta. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2739. [PMID: 30538702 PMCID: PMC6277681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses are dependent on the recruitment of leukocytes to the site of inflammation. The classical leukocyte recruitment cascade, consisting of capture, rolling, arrest, adhesion, crawling, and transendothelial migration, is thoroughly studied but mostly in model systems, such as the cremasteric microcirculation. This cascade paradigm, which is widely accepted, might be applicable to many tissues, however recruitment mechanisms might substantially vary in different organs. Over the last decade, several studies shed light on organ-specific mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment. An improved awareness of this matter opens new therapeutic windows and allows targeting inflammation in a tissue-specific manner. The aim of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the leukocyte recruitment in general and how this varies in different organs. In particular we focus on neutrophils, as these are the first circulating leukocytes to reach the site of inflammation. Specifically, the recruitment mechanism in large arteries, as well as vessels in the lungs, liver, and kidney will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne L Maas
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa) and Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joana R Viola
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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31
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Thomas MA, Kleist AB, Volkman BF. Decoding the chemotactic signal. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:359-374. [PMID: 29873835 PMCID: PMC6099250 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0218-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From an individual bacterium to the cells that compose the human immune system, cellular chemotaxis plays a fundamental role in allowing cells to navigate, interpret, and respond to their environments. While many features of cellular chemotaxis are shared among systems as diverse as bacteria and human immune cells, the machinery that guides the migration of these model organisms varies widely. In this article, we review current literature on the diversity of chemoattractant ligands, the cell surface receptors that detect and process chemotactic gradients, and the link between signal recognition and the regulation of cellular machinery that allow for efficient directed cellular movement. These facets of cellular chemotaxis are compared among E. coli, Dictyostelium discoideum, and mammalian neutrophils to derive organizational principles by which diverse cell systems sense and respond to chemotactic gradients to initiate cellular migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A. Thomas
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Andrew B. Kleist
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Brian F. Volkman
- Department of BiochemistryMedical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
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32
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Peretz-Soroka H, Tirosh R, Hipolito J, Huebner E, Alexander M, Fiege J, Lin F. A bioenergetic mechanism for amoeboid-like cell motility profiles tested in a microfluidic electrotaxis assay. Integr Biol (Camb) 2018; 9:844-856. [PMID: 28960219 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00086c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The amoeboid-like cell motility is known to be driven by the acidic enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP in the actin-myosin system. However, the electro-mechano-chemical coupling, whereby the free energy of ATP hydrolysis is transformed into the power of electrically polarized cell movement, is poorly understood. Previous experimental studies showed that actin filaments motion, cytoplasmic streaming, and muscle contraction can be reconstituted under actin-activated ATP hydrolysis by soluble non-filamentous myosin fragments. Thus, biological motility was demonstrated in the absence of a continuous protein network. These results lead to an integrative conceptual model for cell motility, which advocates an active role played by intracellular proton currents and cytoplasmic streaming (iPC-CS). In this model, we propose that protons and fluid currents develop intracellular electric polarization and pressure gradients, which generate an electro-hydrodynamic mode of amoeboid motion. Such energetic proton currents and active streaming are considered to be mainly driven by stereospecific ATP hydrolysis through myosin heads along oriented actin filaments. Key predictions of this model are supported by microscopy visualization and in-depth sub-population analysis of purified human neutrophils using a microfluidic electrotaxis assay. Three distinct phases in cell motility profiles, morphology, and cytoplasmic streaming in response to physiological ranges of chemoattractant stimulation and electric field application are revealed. Our results support an intrinsic electric dipole formation linked to different patterns of cytoplasmic streaming, which can be explained by the iPC-CS model. Collectively, this alternative biophysical mechanism of cell motility provides new insights into bioenergetics with relevance to potential new biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Peretz-Soroka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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33
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Subramanian BC, Majumdar R, Parent CA. The role of the LTB 4-BLT1 axis in chemotactic gradient sensing and directed leukocyte migration. Semin Immunol 2018; 33:16-29. [PMID: 29042024 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Directed leukocyte migration is a hallmark of inflammatory immune responses. Leukotrienes are derived from arachidonic acid and represent a class of potent lipid mediators of leukocyte migration. In this review, we summarize the essential steps leading to the production of LTB4 in leukocytes. We discuss the recent findings on the exosomal packaging and transport of LTB4 in the context of chemotactic gradients formation and regulation of leukocyte recruitment. We also discuss the dynamic roles of the LTB4 receptors, BLT1 and BLT2, in mediating chemotactic signaling in leukocytes and contrast them to other structurally related leukotrienes that bind to distinct GPCRs. Finally, we highlight the specific roles of the LTB4-BLT1 axis in mediating signal-relay between chemotaxing neutrophils and its potential contribution to a wide variety of inflammatory conditions including tumor progression and metastasis, where LTB4 is emerging as a key signaling component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagawat C Subramanian
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Ritankar Majumdar
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Carole A Parent
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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34
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Piran M, Vakilian S, Piran M, Mohammadi-Sangcheshmeh A, Hosseinzadeh S, Ardeshirylajimi A. In vitro fibroblast migration by sustained release of PDGF-BB loaded in chitosan nanoparticles incorporated in electrospun nanofibers for wound dressing applications. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:511-520. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1430698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeid Vakilian
- Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine, Chair of Oman’s Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Mehran Piran
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Simzar Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Ardeshirylajimi
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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35
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Svensson CM, Medyukhina A, Belyaev I, Al-Zaben N, Figge MT. Untangling cell tracks: Quantifying cell migration by time lapse image data analysis. Cytometry A 2017; 93:357-370. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Magnus Svensson
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Anna Medyukhina
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
| | - Ivan Belyaev
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - Naim Al-Zaben
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI); Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University; Jena Germany
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36
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Regulation of focal adhesion turnover in SDF-1α-stimulated migration of mesenchymal stem cells in neural differentiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10013. [PMID: 28855566 PMCID: PMC5577153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09736-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed migration of the transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to the lesion sites plays a pivotal role in the efficacy of cell-based therapy. Our previous study demonstrates that MSCs under varying neural differentiation states possess different migratory capacities in response to chemoattractants. However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully addressed. Herein, we show that the assembly and turnover of focal adhesions, the phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin, and the reorganisation of F-actin in MSCs are closely related to their differentiation states in response to SDF-1α. Upon SDF-1α stimulation, FAs turnover more rapidly with the most obvious reduction in the existing time of FAs in MSCs of 24-h preinduction that exhibit the most effective migration towards SDF-1α. Further, we confirm that PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways participate in the regulation of SDF-1α-induced cell migration and FA assembly, and moreover, that the regulatory effects vary greatly depending on the differentiation states. Collectively, these results demonstrate that FA assembly and turnover, which is accompanied with F-actin reorganisation in response to SDF-1α, correlates closely with the differentiation states of MSCs, which might contribute to the different chemotactic responses of these cells, and thus help develop new strategy to improve the efficacy of MSCs-based therapy.
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37
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Kienle K, Lämmermann T. Neutrophil swarming: an essential process of the neutrophil tissue response. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:76-93. [PMID: 27558329 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration into inflamed and infected tissues is a fundamental process of the innate immune response. While neutrophil interactions with the blood vessel wall have been intensely studied over the last decades, neutrophil dynamics beyond the vasculature have for a long time remained poorly investigated. Recent intravital microscopy studies of neutrophil populations directly at the site of tissue damage or microbial invasion have changed our perspective on neutrophil responses within tissues. Swarm-like migration patterns of neutrophils, referred to as 'neutrophil swarming', have been detected in diverse tissues under conditions of sterile inflammation and infection with various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Current work has begun to unravel the molecular pathways choreographing the sequential phases of highly coordinated chemotaxis followed by neutrophil accumulation and the formation of substantial neutrophil clusters. It is now clear that intercellular communication among neutrophils amplifies their recruitment in a feed-forward manner, which provides them with a level of self-organization during neutrophil swarming. This review will summarize recent developments and current concepts on neutrophil swarming, an important process of the neutrophil tissue response with a critical role in maintaining the balance between host protection and inflammation-driven tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Kienle
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics, Freiburg, Germany
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38
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Juanes MA, Bouguenina H, Eskin JA, Jaiswal R, Badache A, Goode BL. Adenomatous polyposis coli nucleates actin assembly to drive cell migration and microtubule-induced focal adhesion turnover. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2859-2875. [PMID: 28663347 PMCID: PMC5584174 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell motility depends on tight coordination between the microtubule (MT) and actin cytoskeletons, but the mechanisms underlying this MT-actin cross talk have remained poorly understood. Here, we show that the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), which is a known MT-associated protein, directly nucleates actin assembly to promote directed cell migration. By changing only two residues in APC, we generated a separation-of-function mutant, APC (m4), that abolishes actin nucleation activity without affecting MT interactions. Expression of full-length APC carrying the m4 mutation (APC (m4)) rescued cellular defects in MT organization, MT dynamics, and mitochondrial distribution caused by depletion of endogenous APC but failed to restore cell migration. Wild-type APC and APC (m4) localized to focal adhesions (FAs), and APC (m4) was defective in promoting actin assembly at FAs to facilitate MT-induced FA turnover. These results provide the first direct evidence for APC-mediated actin assembly in vivo and establish a role for APC in coordinating MTs and actin at FAs to direct cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Habib Bouguenina
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | | | - Richa Jaiswal
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - Ali Badache
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
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39
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Wood W, Martin P. Macrophage Functions in Tissue Patterning and Disease: New Insights from the Fly. Dev Cell 2017; 40:221-233. [PMID: 28171746 PMCID: PMC5300050 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are multifunctional innate immune cells that seed all tissues within the body and play disparate roles throughout development and in adult tissues, both in health and disease. Their complex developmental origins and many of their functions are being deciphered in mammalian tissues, but opportunities for live imaging and the genetic tractability of Drosophila are offering complementary insights into how these fascinating cells integrate a multitude of guidance cues to fulfill their many tasks and migrate to distant sites to either direct developmental patterning or raise an inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Wood
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Paul Martin
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Lee Kong Chiang School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
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40
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Thiel A, Reumann MK, Boskey A, Wischmann J, von Eisenhart-Rothe R, Mayer-Kuckuk P. Osteoblast migration in vertebrate bone. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017. [PMID: 28631442 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone formation, for example during bone remodelling or fracture repair, requires mature osteoblasts to deposit bone with remarkable spatial precision. As osteoblast precursors derive either from circulation or resident stem cell pools, they and their progeny are required to migrate within the three-dimensional bone space and to navigate to their destination, i.e. to the site of bone formation. An understanding of this process is emerging based on in vitro and in vivo studies of several vertebrate species. Receptors on the osteoblast surface mediate cell adhesion and polarization, which induces osteoblast migration. Osteoblast migration is then facilitated along gradients of chemoattractants. The latter are secreted or released proteolytically by several cell types interacting with osteoblasts, including osteoclasts and vascular endothelial cells. The positions of these cellular sources of chemoattractants in relation to the position of the osteoblasts provide the migrating osteoblasts with tracks to their destination, and osteoblasts possess the means to follow a track marked by multiple chemoattractant gradients. In addition to chemotactic cues, osteoblasts sense other classes of signals and utilize them as landmarks for navigation. The composition of the osseous surface guides adhesion and hence migration efficiency and can also provide steering through haptotaxis. Further, it is likely that signals received from surface interactions modulate chemotaxis. Besides the nature of the surface, mechanical signals such as fluid flow may also serve as navigation signals for osteoblasts. Alterations in osteoblast migration and navigation might play a role in metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Thiel
- Bone Cell and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, Technical University Munich, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Marie K Reumann
- Siegfried Weller Institute, BG Hospital, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstraße 95, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adele Boskey
- Mineralized Tissue Laboratory, Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, U.S.A
| | - Johannes Wischmann
- Bone Cell and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, Technical University Munich, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Rüdiger von Eisenhart-Rothe
- Bone Cell and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, Technical University Munich, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Philipp Mayer-Kuckuk
- Bone Cell and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Straße 22, Technical University Munich, 81675 München, Germany
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41
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Caster DJ, Powell DW, Miralda I, Ward RA, McLeish KR. Re-Examining Neutrophil Participation in GN. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:2275-2289. [PMID: 28620081 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016121271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant advances in understanding the pathogenesis of GN have occurred in recent decades. Among those advances is the finding that both innate and adaptive immune cells contribute to the development of GN. Neutrophils were recognized as key contributors in early animal models of GN, at a time when the prevailing view considered neutrophils to function as nonspecific effector cells that die quickly after performing antimicrobial functions. However, advances over the past two decades have shown that neutrophil functions are more complex and sophisticated. Specifically, research has revealed that neutrophil survival is regulated by the inflammatory milieu and that neutrophils demonstrate plasticity, mediate microbial killing through previously unrecognized mechanisms, demonstrate transcriptional activity leading to the release of cytokines and chemokines, interact with and regulate cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems, and contribute to the resolution of inflammation. Therefore, neutrophil participation in glomerular diseases deserves re-evaluation. In this review, we describe advances in understanding classic neutrophil functions, review the expanded roles of neutrophils in innate and adaptive immune responses, and summarize current knowledge of neutrophil contributions to GN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn J Caster
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, .,Nephrology Section, Medicine Service, Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, and
| | - David W Powell
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Irina Miralda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Richard A Ward
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kenneth R McLeish
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.,Nephrology Section, Medicine Service, Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, and
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42
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Roy J, Mazzaferri J, Filep JG, Costantino S. A Haptotaxis Assay for Neutrophils using Optical Patterning and a High-content Approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2869. [PMID: 28588217 PMCID: PMC5460230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil recruitment guided by chemotactic cues is a central event in host defense against infection and tissue injury. While the mechanisms underlying neutrophil chemotaxis have been extensively studied, these are just recently being addressed by using high-content approaches or surface-bound chemotactic gradients (haptotaxis) in vitro. Here, we report a haptotaxis assay, based on the classic under-agarose assay, which combines an optical patterning technique to generate surface-bound formyl peptide gradients as well as an automated imaging and analysis of a large number of migration trajectories. We show that human neutrophils migrate on covalently-bound formyl-peptide gradients, which influence the speed and frequency of neutrophil penetration under the agarose. Analysis revealed that neutrophils migrating on surface-bound patterns accumulate in the region of the highest peptide concentration, thereby mimicking in vivo events. We propose the use of a chemotactic precision index, gyration tensors and neutrophil penetration rate for characterizing haptotaxis. This high-content assay provides a simple approach that can be applied for studying molecular mechanisms underlying haptotaxis on user-defined gradient shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannie Roy
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Javier Mazzaferri
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - János G Filep
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Santiago Costantino
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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43
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Heinrich V, Simpson WD, Francis EA. Analytical Prediction of the Spatiotemporal Distribution of Chemoattractants around Their Source: Theory and Application to Complement-Mediated Chemotaxis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:578. [PMID: 28603522 PMCID: PMC5445147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of motile immune cells to detect and follow gradients of chemoattractant is critical to numerous vital functions, including their recruitment to sites of infection and-in emerging immunotherapeutic applications-to malignant tumors. Facilitated by a multitude of chemotactic receptors, the cells navigate a maze of stimuli to home in on their target. Distinct chemotactic processes direct this navigation at particular times and cell-target distances. The expedient coordination of this spatiotemporal hierarchy of chemotactic stages is the central element of a key paradigm of immunotaxis. Understanding this hierarchy is an enormous interdisciplinary challenge that requires, among others, quantitative insight into the shape, range, and dynamics of the profiles of chemoattractants around their sources. We here present a closed-form solution to a diffusion-reaction problem that describes the evolution of the concentration gradient of chemoattractant under various conditions. Our ready-to-use mathematical prescription captures many biological situations reasonably well and can be explored with standard graphing software, making it a valuable resource for every researcher studying chemotaxis. We here apply this mathematical model to characterize the chemoattractant cloud of anaphylatoxins that forms around bacterial and fungal pathogens in the presence of host serum. We analyze the spatial reach, rate of formation, and rate of dispersal of this locator cloud under realistic physiological conditions. Our analysis predicts that simply being small is an effective protective strategy of pathogens against complement-mediated discovery by host immune cells over moderate-to-large distances. Leveraging our predictions against single-cell, pure-chemotaxis experiments that use human immune cells as biosensors, we are able to explain the limited distance over which the cells recognize microbes. We conclude that complement-mediated chemotaxis is a universal, but short-range, homing mechanism by which chemotaxing immune cells can implement a last-minute course correction toward pathogenic microbes. Thus, the integration of theory and experiments provides a sound mechanistic explanation of the primary role of complement-mediated chemotaxis within the hierarchy of immunotaxis, and why other chemotactic processes are required for the successful recruitment of immune cells over large distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkmar Heinrich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Wooten D Simpson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Emmet A Francis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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44
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Powell D, Tauzin S, Hind LE, Deng Q, Beebe DJ, Huttenlocher A. Chemokine Signaling and the Regulation of Bidirectional Leukocyte Migration in Interstitial Tissues. Cell Rep 2017; 19:1572-1585. [PMID: 28538177 PMCID: PMC5505660 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile cells navigate through complex tissue environments that include both attractive and repulsive cues. In response to tissue wounding, neutrophils, primary cells of the innate immune response, exhibit bidirectional migration that is orchestrated by chemokines and their receptors. Although progress has been made in identifying signals that mediate the recruitment phase, the mechanisms that regulate neutrophil reverse migration remain largely unknown. Here, we visualize bidirectional neutrophil migration to sterile wounds in zebrafish larvae and identify specific roles for the chemokine receptors Cxcr1 and Cxcr2 in neutrophil recruitment to sterile injury and infection. Notably, we also identify Cxcl8a/Cxcr2 as a specific ligand-receptor pair that orchestrates neutrophil chemokinesis in interstitial tissues during neutrophil reverse migration and resolution of inflammation. Taken together, our findings identify distinct receptors that mediate bidirectional leukocyte motility during interstitial migration depending on the context and type of tissue damage in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davalyn Powell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sebastien Tauzin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Laurel E Hind
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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45
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Yang K, Wu J, Xu G, Xie D, Peretz-Soroka H, Santos S, Alexander M, Zhu L, Zhang M, Liu Y, Lin F. A dual-docking microfluidic cell migration assay (D 2-Chip) for testing neutrophil chemotaxis and the memory effect. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:303-312. [PMID: 28367571 PMCID: PMC5511521 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemotaxis is a classic mechanism for guiding cell migration and an important topic in both fundamental cell biology and health sciences. Neutrophils are a widely used model to study eukaryotic cell migration and neutrophil chemotaxis itself can lead to protective or harmful immune actions to the body. While much has been learnt from past research about how neutrophils effectively navigate through a chemoattractant gradient, many interesting questions remain unclear. For example, while it is tempting to model neutrophil chemotaxis using the well-established biased random walk theory, the experimental proof was challenged by the cell's highly persistent migrating nature. A special experimental design is required to test the key predictions from the random walk model. Another question that has interested the cell migration community for decades concerns the existence of chemotactic memory and its underlying mechanism. Although chemotactic memory has been suggested in various studies, a clear quantitative experimental demonstration will improve our understanding of the migratory memory effect. Motivated by these questions, we developed a microfluidic cell migration assay (so-called dual-docking chip or D2-Chip) that can test both the biased random walk model and the memory effect for neutrophil chemotaxis on a single chip enabled by multi-region gradient generation and dual-region cell alignment. Our results provide experimental support for the biased random walk model and chemotactic memory for neutrophil chemotaxis. Quantitative data analyses provide new insights into neutrophil chemotaxis and memory by making connections to entropic disorder, cell morphology and oscillating migratory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jiandong Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Guoqing Xu
- Applied Computer Science, the University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Dongxue Xie
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Genetics, Jilin University, China
| | - Hagit Peretz-Soroka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Susy Santos
- Victoria General Hospital and River Heights/Fort Garry Community areas, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- South Winnipeg Integrated Health & Social Services, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Murray Alexander
- Department of Physics, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ling Zhu
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | | | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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46
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Stålhammar ME, Douhan Håkansson L, Jonzon A, Sindelar R. Differential neutrophil chemotactic response towards IL-8 and bacterial N-formyl peptides in term newborn infants. Ups J Med Sci 2017; 122:35-42. [PMID: 27690722 PMCID: PMC5361430 DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2016.1228721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A prerequisite for an effective innate immunity is the migrative ability of neutrophils to respond to inflammatory and infectious agents such as the intermediate interleukin (IL)-8 and the end-target formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) chemoattractants. The aim was to study the chemotactic capacity of neutrophils from newborn infants and adults in response to IL-8 and the bacterial peptide fMLP. METHODS In the under-agarose cell migration assay, isolated leukocytes from healthy adults and from cord blood of healthy term newborn infants were studied with dose responses towards IL-8 and fMLP. The same number of leukocytes (1 × 105 cells), with the same distribution of neutrophils and monocytes, were analyzed in neonates and adults. Chemotaxis was distinguished from randomly migrating neutrophils, and the neutrophil pattern of migration, i.e. the migration distance and the number of migrating neutrophils per distance, was evaluated. RESULTS In comparison to adults, fewer neutrophils from newborn infants migrated towards IL-8 and for a shorter distance (P < .01, respectively). The number of neutrophils migrating to different gradients of fMLP, the distance they migrated, and the correlation between the number and the distance were the same for neonates and adults. Random migration did not differ in any instance. CONCLUSION Chemotaxis of neutrophils from newborn infants was as co-ordinated as neutrophils from adults in response to fMLP, whereas the response to IL-8 was reduced. The differential response of neutrophils from neonates to intermediate and end-target chemoattractants could indicate a reduced infectious response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Stålhammar
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- CONTACT Maria Stålhammar Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Children’s Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Anders Jonzon
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Sindelar
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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47
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Xu X, Zheng S, Xiong Y, Wang X, Qin W, Zhang H, Sun B. Adenosine effectively restores endotoxin-induced inhibition of human neutrophil chemotaxis via A1 receptor-p38 pathway. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:353-364. [PMID: 28074216 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-1021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil chemotaxis plays an essential role in recruiting neutrophils to sites of inflammation. Neutrophil chemotaxis is suppressed both after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro and during clinical and experimental endotoxemia, leading to serious consequences. Adenosine (ADO) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that acts on a variety of neutrophil functions. However, its effects on human neutrophil chemotaxis during infection have been less well characterized. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ADO and its receptor-specific antagonist and agonist on neutrophil chemotaxis in an in vitro LPS-stimulated model. The results showed that increasing the concentration of ADO effectively restored the LPS-inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis to IL-8. A similar phenomenon occurred after intervention with a selective A1 receptor agonist but not with a selective antagonist. Pre-treatment with cAMP antagonist failed to restore LPS-inhibited chemotaxis. Furthermore, protein array and western blot analysis showed that the activation of A1 receptor significantly decreased LPS-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. However, the surface expression of the A1 receptor in LPS-stimulated neutrophils was not significantly changed. Taken together, these data indicated that ADO restored the LPS-inhibited chemotaxis via the A1 receptor, which downregulated the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK, making this a promising new therapeutic strategy for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuyun Zheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuyun Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiting Qin
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingwei Sun
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
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48
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Ha JH, Kim TH, Lee JM, Ahrberg CD, Chung BG. Analysis of 3D multi-layer microfluidic gradient generator. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:270-277. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jang Ho Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Sogang University; Seoul Korea
| | - Tae Hyeon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Sogang University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jong Min Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Sogang University; Seoul Korea
| | | | - Bong Geun Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Sogang University; Seoul Korea
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49
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Masuda K, Kitakami JI, Kozasa T, Kodama T, Ihara S, Hamakubo T. Visualization of ligand‐induced G
i
‐protein activation in chemotaxing cells. FASEB J 2016; 31:910-919. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601102r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Masuda
- Department of Quantitative Biology and MedicineResearch Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kitakami
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and MedicineResearch Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Tohru Kozasa
- Department of Quantitative Biology and MedicineResearch Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and MedicineResearch Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Sigeo Ihara
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and MedicineResearch Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Department of Quantitative Biology and MedicineResearch Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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50
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Ziemba BP, Swisher GH, Masson G, Burke JE, Williams RL, Falke JJ. Regulation of a Coupled MARCKS-PI3K Lipid Kinase Circuit by Calmodulin: Single-Molecule Analysis of a Membrane-Bound Signaling Module. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6395-6405. [PMID: 27933776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amoeboid cells that employ chemotaxis to travel up an attractant gradient possess a signaling network assembled on the leading edge of the plasma membrane that senses the gradient and remodels the actin mesh and cell membrane to drive movement in the appropriate direction. In leukocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils, and perhaps in other amoeboid cells as well, the leading edge network includes a positive feedback loop in which the signaling of multiple pathway components is cooperatively coupled. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ is a recently recognized component of the feedback loop at the leading edge where it stimulates phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and the production of its product signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). A previous study implicated Ca2+-activated protein kinase C (PKC) and the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) binding protein MARCKS as two important players in this signaling, because PKC phosphorylation of MARCKS releases free PIP2 that serves as the membrane binding target and substrate for PI3K. This study asks whether calmodulin (CaM), which is known to directly bind MARCKS, also stimulates PIP3 production by releasing free PIP2. Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy is used to quantify the surface density and enzyme activity of key protein components of the hypothesized Ca2+-CaM-MARCKS-PIP2-PI3K-PIP3 circuit. The findings show that CaM does stimulate PI3K lipid kinase activity by binding MARCKS and displacing it from PIP2 headgroups, thereby releasing free PIP2 that recruits active PI3K to the membrane and serves as the substrate for the generation of PIP3. The resulting CaM-triggered activation of PI3K is complete in seconds and is much faster than PKC-triggered activation, which takes minutes. Overall, the available evidence implicates both PKC and CaM in the coupling of Ca2+ and PIP3 signals and suggests these two different pathways have slow and fast activation kinetics, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Ziemba
- Molecular Biophysics Program and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - G Hayden Swisher
- Molecular Biophysics Program and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Glenn Masson
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council , Cambridge CB2 0QH, U.K
| | - John E Burke
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council , Cambridge CB2 0QH, U.K
| | - Roger L Williams
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council , Cambridge CB2 0QH, U.K
| | - Joseph J Falke
- Molecular Biophysics Program and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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