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Manor J, Jangam SV, Chung HL, Bhagwat P, Andrews J, Chester H, Kondo S, Srivastav S, Botas J, Moser AB, Huguenin SM, Wangler MF. Genetic analysis of the X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy ABCD1 gene in Drosophila uncovers a role in Peroxisomal dynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.23.614586. [PMID: 39386423 PMCID: PMC11463603 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.23.614586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a loss-of-function (LOF) mutation in the ATP-binding cassette subfamily D member 1 ( ABCD1) gene, leading to the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). This disorder exhibits striking heterogeneity; some male patients develop an early childhood neuroinflammatory demyelination disorder, while other patients, including adult males and most affected female carriers, experience a chronic progressive myelopathy. Adrenocortical failure is observed in almost all male patients, with age of onset varying sometimes being the first diagnostic finding. The gene underlying this spectrum of disease encodes an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that localizes to peroxisomes and facilitates VLCFA transport. X-ALD is considered a single peroxisomal component defect and does not play a direct role in peroxisome assembly. Drosophila models of other peroxisomal genes have provided mechanistic insight into some of the neurodegenerative mechanisms with reduced lifespan, retinal degeneration, and VLCFA accumulation. Here, we perform a genetic analysis of the fly ABCD1 ortholog Abcd1 (CG2316). Knockdown or deficiency of Abcd1 leads to VLCFA accumulation, salivary gland defects, locomotor impairment and retinal lipid abnormalities. Interestingly, there is also evidence of reduced peroxisomal numbers. Flies overexpressing the human cDNA for ABCD1 display a wing crumpling phenotype characteristic of the pex2 loss-of-function. Surprisingly, overexpression of human ABCD1 appears to inhibit or overwhelm peroxisomal biogenesis to levels similar to null mutations in fly pex2 , pex16 and pex3 . Drosophila Abcd1 is therefore implicated in peroxisomal number, and overexpression of the human ABCD1 gene acts a potent inhibitor of peroxisomal biogenesis in flies.
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Liu T, Liang L, Zhao P, Lin W, Zhuang Y, Jiang L, Chen H, Li C. The M2 Protein of the Influenza A Virus Interacts with PEX19 to Facilitate Virus Replication by Disrupting the Function of Peroxisome. Viruses 2024; 16:1309. [PMID: 39205283 PMCID: PMC11359511 DOI: 10.3390/v16081309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The peroxisomal biogenesis factor 19 (PEX19) is necessary for early peroxisomal biogenesis. PEX19 has been implicated in the replication of a variety of viruses, but the details pertaining to the mechanisms of how PEX19 engages in the life cycle of these viruses still need to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that the C terminus of PEX19 interacted with the cytoplasmic tail region of the M2 protein of the influenza A virus (IAV) and inhibited the viral growth titers. IAV infection or PEX19 knockdown triggered a reduction in the peroxisome pool and led to the accumulation of ROS and cell damage, thereby creating favorable conditions for IAV replication. Moreover, a reduction in the peroxisome pool led to the attenuation of early antiviral response mediated by peroxisome MAVS and downstream type III interferons. This study also showed that the interaction between IAV M2 and PEX19 affected the binding of PEX19 to the peroxisome-associated protein PEX14 and peroxisome membrane protein 24 (PMP24). Collectively, our data demonstrate that host factor PEX19 suppresses the replication of the IAV, and the IAV employs its M2 protein to mitigate the restricting role of PEX19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanbin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (P.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.)
| | - Libin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China;
| | - Pu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (P.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.)
| | - Weipeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.)
| | - Yichao Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.)
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.)
| | - Hualan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.L.); (P.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.)
| | - Chengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.J.)
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de Lange EM, Mol FN, van der Klei IJ, Vlijm R. STED super-resolution microscopy unveils the dynamics of Atg30 on yeast Pex3-labeled peroxisomes. iScience 2024; 27:110481. [PMID: 39156652 PMCID: PMC11326945 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles with important metabolic functions. Yeast Pex3 is a multifunctional membrane protein aiding in peroxisomal biogenesis, inheritance, and degradation (pexophagy), by interacting with process-specific factors. Using multicolor (live-cell) stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy, we studied the localization of Pex3 and its binding partners in Hansenula polymorpha. Unlike confocal microscopy, STED allows resolving the membrane of tiny peroxisomes, enabling accurate measurements of the size of all Pex3-labeled peroxisomes. We localized Pex3 and its binding partners at peroxisome-repressing and -inducing conditions and during pexophagy. In-depth quantitative analysis of Pex3 and pexophagy receptor Atg30 showed dynamic changes in their (co)localization. One remarkable response of Atg30 was the shift in position from being sandwiched between clustered peroxisomes at proliferation conditions, to the cytosolically exposed parts of peroxisome clusters upon pexophagy induction. Summarizing, we show that STED allows characterizing dynamics of the localization of peroxisomal proteins in yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline M.F. de Lange
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank N. Mol
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ida J. van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rifka Vlijm
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands
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4
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Jansen RLM, de Boer R, de Lange EMF, Koster J, Vlijm R, Waterham HR, van der Klei IJ. Overexpression of PEX14 results in mistargeting to mitochondria, accompanied by organelle fragmentation and clustering in human embryonic kidney cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119754. [PMID: 38762172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Peroxisome biogenesis disorders are caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in biogenesis and maintenance of peroxisomes. However, mitochondria are also often affected in these diseases. Peroxisomal membrane proteins, including PEX14, have been found to mislocalise to mitochondria in cells lacking peroxisomes. Recent studies indicated that this mislocalisation contributes to mitochondrial abnormalities in PEX3-deficient patient fibroblasts cells. Here, we studied whether mitochondrial morphology is also affected in PEX3-deficient HEK293 cells and whether PEX14 mislocalises to mitochondria in these cells. Using high-resolution imaging techniques, we show that although endogenous PEX14 mislocalises to mitochondria, mitochondrial morphology was normal in PEX3-KO HEK293 cells. However, we discovered that overexpression of tagged PEX14 in wild-type HEK293 cells resulted in its mitochondrial localisation, accompanied by altered mitochondrial morphology. Our data indicate that overexpression of tagged PEX14 alone directly or indirectly cause mitochondrial abnormalities in cells containing peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate L M Jansen
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rinse de Boer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eline M F de Lange
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Janet Koster
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases & Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC - location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rifka Vlijm
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases & Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC - location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ida J van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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5
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Wang C, Pan Z, Sun L, Li Q. Integrative transcriptomic and proteomic profile revealed inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation and peroxisomes during renal interstitial fibrosis. J Proteomics 2024; 298:105144. [PMID: 38431085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Effective therapies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are lacking due to the unclear molecular pathogenesis. Previous single omics-studies have described potential molecular regulation mechanism of CKD only at the level of transcription or translation. Therefore, this study generated an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic profile to provide deep insights into the continuous transcription-translation process during CKD. The comprehensive datasets identified 14,948 transcripts and 6423 proteins, 233 up-regulated and 364 down-regulated common differentially expressed genes of transcriptome and proteome were selected to further combined bioinformatics analysis. The obtained results revealed reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and antioxidant system due to imbalance of mitochondria and peroxisomes were significantly repressed in CKD. Overall, this study presents a valuable multi-omics analysis that sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying CKD. SIGNIFICANCE: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible condition that results in abnormal kidney function and structure, and is ranked 18th among the leading causes of death globally, leading to a significant societal burden. Hence, there is an urgent need for research to detect new, sensitive, and specific biomarkers. Omics-based studies offer great potential to identify underlying disease mechanisms, aid in clinical diagnosis, and develop novel treatment strategies for CKD. Previous studies have mainly focused on the regulation of gene expression or protein synthesis in CKD, thereby compelling us to conduct a meticulous analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data from the UUO mouse model. Here, we have performed a unified analysis of CKD model by integrating transcriptomes and protein suites for the first time. Our study contributes to a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of CKD and provides a basis for subsequent disease management and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, PR China
| | - Zhuo Pan
- Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Linxiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
| | - Qiangqiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, the People's Hospital of Yuhuan, Taizhou 317600, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Oh J, Kim DK, Ahn SH, Kim HM, Cho H. A dual role of the conserved PEX19 helix in safeguarding peroxisomal membrane proteins. iScience 2024; 27:109537. [PMID: 38585659 PMCID: PMC10995880 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurate localization of membrane proteins is essential for proper cellular functioning and the integrity of cellular membranes. Post-translational targeting of peroxisomal membrane proteins (PMPs) is mediated by the cytosolic chaperone PEX19 and its membrane receptor PEX3. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PMP targeting are poorly understood. Here, using biochemical and mass spectrometry analysis, we find that a conserved PEX19 helix, αd, is critical to prevent improper exposure of the PEX26 transmembrane domain (TMD) to cytosolic chaperones. Furthermore, the αd helix of PEX19 interacts with the cytosolic domain of the PEX3 receptor, thereby triggering PEX26 release at the correct destination membrane. The peroxisome-deficient PEX3-G138E mutant completely abolishes this secondary interaction, leading to lack of PEX3-induced PEX26 release from PEX19. These findings elucidate a dual molecular mechanism that is essential to membrane protein protection and destination-specific release by a molecular chaperone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyun Oh
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hae Ahn
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Min Kim
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Cho
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
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7
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Jiang H, Nair V, Sun Y, Ding C. The diverse roles of peroxisomes in the interplay between viruses and mammalian cells. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105780. [PMID: 38092324 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles found in eukaryotic cells that play a critical role in the oxidative metabolism of lipids and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, the role of peroxisomes in viral infections has been extensively studied. Although several studies have reported that peroxisomes exert antiviral activity, evidence indicates that viruses have also evolved diverse strategies to evade peroxisomal antiviral signals. In this review, we summarize the multiple roles of peroxisomes in the interplay between viruses and mammalian cells. Focus is given on the peroxisomal regulation of innate immune response, lipid metabolism, ROS production, and viral regulation of peroxisomal biosynthesis and degradation. Understanding the interactions between peroxisomes and viruses provides novel insights for the development of new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Avian Oncogenic Viruses Group, UK-China Centre of Excellence in Avian Disease Research, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
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8
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Somborac T, Lutfullahoglu Bal G, Fatima K, Vihinen H, Paatero A, Jokitalo E, Paavilainen VO, Konovalova S. The subset of peroxisomal tail-anchored proteins do not reach peroxisomes via ER, instead mitochondria can be involved. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295047. [PMID: 38039321 PMCID: PMC10691693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are membrane-enclosed organelles with important roles in fatty acid breakdown, bile acid synthesis and biosynthesis of sterols and ether lipids. Defects in peroxisomes result in severe genetic diseases, such as Zellweger syndrome and neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. However, many aspects of peroxisomal biogenesis are not well understood. Here we investigated delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins to peroxisomes in mammalian cells. Using glycosylation assays we showed that peroxisomal TA proteins do not enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in both wild type (WT) and peroxisome-lacking cells. We observed that in cells lacking the essential peroxisome biogenesis factor, PEX19, peroxisomal TA proteins localize mainly to mitochondria. Finally, to investigate peroxisomal TA protein targeting in cells with fully functional peroxisomes we used a proximity biotinylation approach. We showed that while ER-targeted TA construct was exclusively inserted into the ER, peroxisome-targeted TA construct was inserted to both peroxisomes and mitochondria. Thus, in contrast to previous studies, our data suggest that some peroxisomal TA proteins do not insert to the ER prior to their delivery to peroxisomes, instead, mitochondria can be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Somborac
- HiLIFE, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kaneez Fatima
- HiLIFE, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Vihinen
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Paatero
- HiLIFE, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Svetlana Konovalova
- HiLIFE, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Krishna CK, Schmidt N, Tippler BG, Schliebs W, Jung M, Winklhofer KF, Erdmann R, Kalel VC. Molecular basis of the glycosomal targeting of PEX11 and its mislocalization to mitochondrion in trypanosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1213761. [PMID: 37664461 PMCID: PMC10469627 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1213761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PEX19 binding sites are essential parts of the targeting signals of peroxisomal membrane proteins (mPTS). In this study, we characterized PEX19 binding sites of PEX11, the most abundant peroxisomal and glycosomal membrane protein from Trypanosoma brucei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. TbPEX11 contains two PEX19 binding sites, one close to the N-terminus (BS1) and a second in proximity to the first transmembrane domain (BS2). The N-terminal BS1 is highly conserved across different organisms and is required for maintenance of the steady-state concentration and efficient targeting to peroxisomes and glycosomes in both baker's yeast and Trypanosoma brucei. The second PEX19 binding site in TbPEX11 is essential for its glycosomal localization. Deletion or mutations of the PEX19 binding sites in TbPEX11 or ScPEX11 results in mislocalization of the proteins to mitochondria. Bioinformatic analysis indicates that the N-terminal region of TbPEX11 contains an amphiphilic helix and several putative TOM20 recognition motifs. We show that the extreme N-terminal region of TbPEX11 contains a cryptic N-terminal signal that directs PEX11 to the mitochondrion if its glycosomal transport is blocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chethan K. Krishna
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bettina G. Tippler
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schliebs
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Jung
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Konstanze F. Winklhofer
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Vishal C. Kalel
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are involved in a multitude of metabolic and catabolic pathways, as well as the innate immune system. Their dysfunction is linked to severe peroxisome-specific diseases, as well as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. To ensure the ability of peroxisomes to fulfill their many roles in the organism, more than 100 different proteins are post-translationally imported into the peroxisomal membrane and matrix, and their functionality must be closely monitored. In this Review, we briefly discuss the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins, and we emphasize an updated view of both classical and alternative peroxisomal matrix protein import pathways. We highlight different quality control pathways that ensure the degradation of dysfunctional peroxisomal proteins. Finally, we compare peroxisomal matrix protein import with other systems that transport folded proteins across membranes, in particular the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system and the nuclear pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rudowitz
- Systems Biochemistry , Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Systems Biochemistry , Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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11
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Ott J, Sehr J, Schmidt N, Schliebs W, Erdmann R. Comparison of human PEX knockout cell lines suggests a dual role of PEX1 in peroxisome biogenesis. Biol Chem 2023; 404:209-219. [PMID: 36534601 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For the biogenesis and maintenance of peroxisomes several proteins, called peroxins, are essential. Malfunctions of these proteins lead to severe diseases summarized as peroxisome biogenesis disorders. The different genetic background of patient-derived cell lines and the residual expression of mutated PEX genes impede analysis of the whole spectrum of cellular functions of affected peroxins. To overcome these difficulties, we have generated a selected PEX knockout resource of HEK T-REx293 cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Comparative analyses of whole cell lysates revealed PEX-KO specific alterations in the steady-state level of peroxins and variations in the import efficacy of matrix proteins with a Type 2 peroxisomal targeting signal. One of the observed differences concerned PEX1 as in the complete absence of the protein, the number of peroxisomal ghosts is significantly increased. Upon expression of PEX1, import competence and abundance of peroxisomes was adjusted to the level of normal HEK cells. In contrast, expression of an alternatively spliced PEX1 isoform lacking 321 amino acids of the N-terminal region failed to rescue the peroxisomal import defects but reduced the number of peroxisomal vesicles. All in all, the data suggest a novel 'moonlighting' function of human PEX1 in the regulation of pre-peroxisomal vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ott
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jessica Sehr
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schliebs
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Institute for Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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12
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Rüttermann M, Gatsogiannis C. Good things come to those who bait: the peroxisomal docking complex. Biol Chem 2023; 404:107-119. [PMID: 36117327 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomal integrity and function are highly dependent on its membrane and soluble (matrix) components. Matrix enzymes are imported post-translationally in a folded or even oligomeric state, via a still mysterious protein translocation mechanism. They are guided to peroxisomes via the Peroxisomal Targeting Signal (PTS) sequences which are recognized by specific cytosolic receptors, Pex5, Pex7 and Pex9. Subsequently, cargo-loaded receptors bind to the docking complex in an initial step, followed by channel formation, cargo-release, receptor-recycling and -quality control. The docking complexes of different species share Pex14 as their core component but differ in composition and oligomeric state of Pex14. Here we review and highlight the latest insights on the structure and function of the peroxisomal docking complex. We summarize differences between yeast and mammals and then we integrate this knowledge into our current understanding of the import machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Rüttermann
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christos Gatsogiannis
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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13
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Jiang S, Uddin MJ, Yu X, Piao L, Dorotea D, Oh GT, Ha H. Peroxisomal Fitness: A Potential Protective Mechanism of Fenofibrate against High Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:829-842. [PMID: 35746892 PMCID: PMC9723204 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasing in association with the epidemic of obesity and diabetes. Peroxisomes are single membrane-enclosed organelles that play a role in the metabolism of lipid and reactive oxygen species. The present study examined the role of peroxisomes in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD using fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist. METHODS Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a normal diet or HFD for 12 weeks, and fenofibrate (50 mg/kg/day) was orally administered along with the initiation of HFD. RESULTS HFD-induced liver injury as measured by increased alanine aminotransferase, inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid accumulation was effectively prevented by fenofibrate. Fenofibrate significantly increased the expression of peroxisomal genes and proteins involved in peroxisomal biogenesis and function. HFD-induced attenuation of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation was also significantly restored by fenofibrate, demonstrating the functional significance of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation. In Ppara deficient mice, fenofibrate failed to maintain peroxisomal biogenesis and function in HFD-induced liver injury. CONCLUSION The present data highlight the importance of PPARα-mediated peroxisomal fitness in the protective effect of fenofibrate against NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songling Jiang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Lingjuan Piao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Debra Dorotea
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, College of Pharmacy, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Bittner E, Stehlik T, Freitag J. Sharing the wealth: The versatility of proteins targeted to peroxisomes and other organelles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:934331. [PMID: 36225313 PMCID: PMC9549241 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.934331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles with critical functions in cellular energy and lipid metabolism. Depending on the organism, cell type, and developmental stage, they are involved in numerous other metabolic and regulatory pathways. Many peroxisomal functions require factors also relevant to other cellular compartments. Here, we review proteins shared by peroxisomes and at least one different site within the cell. We discuss the mechanisms to achieve dual targeting, their regulation, and functional consequences. Characterization of dual targeting is fundamental to understand how peroxisomes are integrated into the metabolic and regulatory circuits of eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johannes Freitag
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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15
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Kawaguchi K, Imanaka T. Substrate Specificity and the Direction of Transport in the ABC Transporters ABCD1–3 and ABCD4. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:533-539. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Tsuneo Imanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
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16
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Schrader TA, Carmichael RE, Islinger M, Costello JL, Hacker C, Bonekamp NA, Weishaupt JH, Andersen PM, Schrader M. PEX11β and FIS1 cooperate in peroxisome division independently of mitochondrial fission factor. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275634. [PMID: 35678336 PMCID: PMC9377713 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome membrane dynamics and division are essential to adapt the peroxisomal compartment to cellular needs. The peroxisomal membrane protein PEX11β (also known as PEX11B) and the tail-anchored adaptor proteins FIS1 (mitochondrial fission protein 1) and MFF (mitochondrial fission factor), which recruit the fission GTPase DRP1 (dynamin-related protein 1, also known as DNML1) to both peroxisomes and mitochondria, are key factors of peroxisomal division. The current model suggests that MFF is essential for peroxisome division, whereas the role of FIS1 is unclear. Here, we reveal that PEX11β can promote peroxisome division in the absence of MFF in a DRP1- and FIS1-dependent manner. We also demonstrate that MFF permits peroxisome division independently of PEX11β and restores peroxisome morphology in PEX11β-deficient patient cells. Moreover, targeting of PEX11β to mitochondria induces mitochondrial division, indicating the potential for PEX11β to modulate mitochondrial dynamics. Our findings suggest the existence of an alternative, MFF-independent pathway in peroxisome division and report a function for FIS1 in the division of peroxisomes. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina A. Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ruth E. Carmichael
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Markus Islinger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Mannheim Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joseph L. Costello
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Christian Hacker
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Nina A. Bonekamp
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Mannheim Centre for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jochen H. Weishaupt
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter M. Andersen
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90185, Sweden
| | - Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Author for correspondence ()
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17
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Judy RM, Sheedy CJ, Gardner BM. Insights into the Structure and Function of the Pex1/Pex6 AAA-ATPase in Peroxisome Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:2067. [PMID: 35805150 PMCID: PMC9265785 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The AAA-ATPases Pex1 and Pex6 are required for the formation and maintenance of peroxisomes, membrane-bound organelles that harbor enzymes for specialized metabolism. Together, Pex1 and Pex6 form a heterohexameric AAA-ATPase capable of unfolding substrate proteins via processive threading through a central pore. Here, we review the proposed roles for Pex1/Pex6 in peroxisome biogenesis and degradation, discussing how the unfolding of potential substrates contributes to peroxisome homeostasis. We also consider how advances in cryo-EM, computational structure prediction, and mechanisms of related ATPases are improving our understanding of how Pex1/Pex6 converts ATP hydrolysis into mechanical force. Since mutations in PEX1 and PEX6 cause the majority of known cases of peroxisome biogenesis disorders such as Zellweger syndrome, insights into Pex1/Pex6 structure and function are important for understanding peroxisomes in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brooke M. Gardner
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (R.M.J.); (C.J.S.)
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18
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Yu H, Kamber RA, Denic V. The peroxisomal exportomer directly inhibits phosphoactivation of the pexophagy receptor Atg36 to suppress pexophagy in yeast. eLife 2022; 11:74531. [PMID: 35404228 PMCID: PMC9000956 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy receptor (or adaptor) proteins facilitate lysosomal destruction of various organelles in response to cellular stress, including nutrient deprivation. To what extent membrane-resident autophagy receptors also respond to organelle-restricted cues to induce selective autophagy remains poorly understood. We find that latent activation of the yeast pexophagy receptor Atg36 by the casein kinase Hrr25 in rich media is repressed by the ATPase activity of Pex1/6, the catalytic subunits of the exportomer AAA+ transmembrane complex enabling protein import into peroxisomes. Quantitative proteomics of purified Pex3, an obligate Atg36 coreceptor, support a model in which the exportomer tail anchored to the peroxisome membrane represses Atg36 phosphorylation on Pex3 without assistance from additional membrane factors. Indeed, we reconstitute inhibition of Atg36 phosphorylation in vitro using soluble Pex1/6 and define an N-terminal unstructured region of Atg36 that enables regulation by binding to Pex1. Our findings uncover a mechanism by which a compartment-specific AAA+ complex mediating organelle biogenesis and protein quality control staves off induction of selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqing Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Roarke A Kamber
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Vladimir Denic
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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19
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Ueda K, Anderson-Baron MN, Haskins J, Hughes SC, Simmonds AJ. Recruitment of Peroxin14 to lipid droplets affects lipid storage in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275042. [PMID: 35274690 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both peroxisomes and lipid droplets regulate cellular lipid homeostasis. Direct inter-organellar contacts as well as novel roles for proteins associated with peroxisome or lipid droplets occur when cells are induced to liberate fatty acids from lipid droplets. We have shown a non-canonical role for as subset of peroxisome-assembly (Peroxin) proteins in this process. Transmembrane proteins Peroxin3, Peroxin13 and Peroxin14 surround newly formed lipid droplets. Trafficking of Peroxin14 to lipid droplets was enhanced by loss of Peroxin19, which directs insertion of transmembrane proteins like Peroxin14 into the peroxisome bilayer membrane. Accumulation of Peroxin14 around lipid droplets did not induce changes to peroxisome size or number, nor was co-recruitment of the remaining Peroxins needed to assemble peroxisomes observed. Increasing the relative level of Peroxin14 surrounding lipid droplets affected recruitment of Hsl lipase. Fat-body specific reduction of these lipid droplet-associated Peroxins causes a unique effect on larval fat body development and affected their survival on lipid-enriched or minimal diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Ueda
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta. Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Matthew N Anderson-Baron
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta. Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.,Future Fields, 11130 105 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T5H 0L5, Canada
| | - Julie Haskins
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta. Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Sarah C Hughes
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta. Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta. Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Andrew J Simmonds
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta. Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
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20
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Kataya A, Gautam N, Jamshed M, Muench DG, Samuel MA, Thelen JJ, Moorhead GB. Identification of Arabidopsis Protein Kinases That Harbor Functional Type 1 Peroxisomal Targeting Signals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:745883. [PMID: 35242755 PMCID: PMC8886021 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.745883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic specific organelles that perform diverse metabolic functions including fatty acid β-oxidation, reactive species metabolism, photorespiration, and responses to stress. However, the potential regulation of these functions by post-translational modifications, including protein phosphorylation, has had limited study. Recently, we identified and catalogued a large number of peroxisomal phosphorylated proteins, implicating the presence of protein kinases in this organelle. Here, we employed available prediction models coupled with sequence conservation analysis to identify 31 protein kinases from the Arabidopsis kinome (all protein kinases) that contain a putative, non-canonical peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1). From this, twelve C-terminal domain-PTS1s were demonstrated to be functional in vivo, targeting enhanced yellow fluorescent protein to peroxisomes, increasing the list of presumptive peroxisomal protein kinases to nineteen. Of the twelve protein kinases with functional PTS1s, we obtained full length clones for eight and demonstrated that seven target to peroxisomes in vivo. Screening homozygous mutants of the presumptive nineteen protein kinases revealed one candidate (GPK1) that harbors a sugar-dependence phenotype, suggesting it is involved in regulating peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation. These results present new opportunities for investigating the regulation of peroxisome functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Kataya
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Nitija Gautam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Muhammad Jamshed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Douglas G Muench
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Marcus A Samuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Greg B Moorhead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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21
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Zientara-Rytter KM, Mahalingam SS, Farré JC, Carolino K, Subramani S. Recognition and Chaperoning by Pex19, Followed by Trafficking and Membrane Insertion of the Peroxisome Proliferation Protein, Pex11. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010157. [PMID: 35011719 PMCID: PMC8750153 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pex11, an abundant peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP), is required for division of peroxisomes and is robustly imported to peroxisomal membranes. We present a comprehensive analysis of how the Pichia pastoris Pex11 is recognized and chaperoned by Pex19, targeted to peroxisome membranes and inserted therein. We demonstrate that Pex11 contains one Pex19-binding site (Pex19-BS) that is required for Pex11 insertion into peroxisomal membranes by Pex19, but is non-essential for peroxisomal trafficking. We provide extensive mutational analyses regarding the recognition of Pex19-BS in Pex11 by Pex19. Pex11 also has a second, Pex19-independent membrane peroxisome-targeting signal (mPTS) that is preserved among Pex11-family proteins and anchors the human HsPex11γ to the outer leaflet of the peroxisomal membrane. Thus, unlike most PMPs, Pex11 can use two mechanisms of transport to peroxisomes, where only one of them depends on its direct interaction with Pex19, but the other does not. However, Pex19 is necessary for membrane insertion of Pex11. We show that Pex11 can self-interact, using both homo- and/or heterotypic interactions involving its N-terminal helical domains. We demonstrate that Pex19 acts as a chaperone by interacting with the Pex19-BS in Pex11, thereby protecting Pex11 from spontaneous oligomerization that would otherwise cause its aggregation and subsequent degradation.
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22
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Verner Z, Žárský V, Le T, Narayanasamy RK, Rada P, Rozbeský D, Makki A, Belišová D, Hrdý I, Vancová M, Lender C, König C, Bruchhaus I, Tachezy J. Anaerobic peroxisomes in Entamoeba histolytica metabolize myo-inositol. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010041. [PMID: 34780573 PMCID: PMC8629394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is believed to be devoid of peroxisomes, like most anaerobic protists. In this work, we provided the first evidence that peroxisomes are present in E. histolytica, although only seven proteins responsible for peroxisome biogenesis (peroxins) were identified (Pex1, Pex6, Pex5, Pex11, Pex14, Pex16, and Pex19). Targeting matrix proteins to peroxisomes is reduced to the PTS1-dependent pathway mediated via the soluble Pex5 receptor, while the PTS2 receptor Pex7 is absent. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that peroxisomal markers (Pex5, Pex14, Pex16, Pex19) are present in vesicles distinct from mitosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the endosome/phagosome system, except Pex11, which has dual localization in peroxisomes and mitosomes. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that Pex14 localized to vesicles of approximately 90-100 nm in diameter. Proteomic analyses of affinity-purified peroxisomes and in silico PTS1 predictions provided datasets of 655 and 56 peroxisomal candidates, respectively; however, only six proteins were shared by both datasets, including myo-inositol dehydrogenase (myo-IDH). Peroxisomal NAD-dependent myo-IDH appeared to be a dimeric enzyme with high affinity to myo-inositol (Km 0.044 mM) and can utilize also scyllo-inositol, D-glucose and D-xylose as substrates. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that orthologs of myo-IDH with PTS1 are present in E. dispar, E. nutalli and E. moshkovskii but not in E. invadens, and form a monophyletic clade of mostly peroxisomal orthologs with free-living Mastigamoeba balamuthi and Pelomyxa schiedti. The presence of peroxisomes in E. histolytica and other archamoebae breaks the paradigm of peroxisome absence in anaerobes and provides a new potential target for the development of antiparasitic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Verner
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Žárský
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Tien Le
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ravi Kumar Narayanasamy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Rada
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rozbeský
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Abhijith Makki
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Darja Belišová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Hrdý
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vancová
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Corinna Lender
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Constantin König
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
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23
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Ferreira AR, Marques M, Ramos B, Kagan JC, Ribeiro D. Emerging roles of peroxisomes in viral infections. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 32:124-139. [PMID: 34696946 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes, essential subcellular organelles that fulfill important functions in lipid and reactive oxygen species metabolism, have recently emerged as key players during viral infections. Their importance for the establishment of the cellular antiviral response has been highlighted by numerous reports of specific evasion of peroxisome-dependent signaling by different viruses. Recent data demonstrate that peroxisomes also assume important proviral functions. Here, we review and discuss the recent advances in the study of the diverse roles of peroxisomes during viral infections, from animal to plant viruses, and from basic to translational perspectives. We further discuss the future development of this emerging area and propose that peroxisome-related mechanisms represent a promising target for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana Marques
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Ramos
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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24
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Hypothyroidism Intensifies Both Canonic and the De Novo Pathway of Peroxisomal Biogenesis in Rat Brown Adipocytes in a Time-Dependent Manner. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092248. [PMID: 34571897 PMCID: PMC8472630 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite peroxisomes being important partners of mitochondria by carrying out fatty acid oxidation in brown adipocytes, no clear evidence concerning peroxisome origin and way(s) of biogenesis exists. Herein we used methimazole-induced hypothyroidism for 7, 15, and 21 days to study peroxisomal remodeling and origin in rat brown adipocytes. We found that peroxisomes originated via both canonic, and de novo pathways. Each pathway operates in euthyroid control and over the course of hypothyroidism, in a time-dependent manner. Hypothyroidism increased the peroxisomal number by 1.8-, 3.6- and 5.8-fold on days 7, 15, and 21. Peroxisomal presence, their distribution, and their degree of maturation were heterogeneous in brown adipocytes in a Harlequin-like manner, reflecting differences in their origin. The canonic pathway, through numerous dumbbell-like and “pearls on strings” structures, supported by high levels of Pex11β and Drp1, prevailed on day 7. The de novo pathway of peroxisomal biogenesis started on day 15 and became dominant by day 21. The transition of peroxisomal biogenesis from canonic to the de novo pathway was driven by increased levels of Pex19, PMP70, Pex5S, and Pex26 and characterized by numerous tubular structures. Furthermore, specific peroxisomal origin from mitochondria, regardless of thyroid status, indicates their mutual regulation in rat brown adipocytes.
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25
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Nuebel E, Morgan JT, Fogarty S, Winter JM, Lettlova S, Berg JA, Chen YC, Kidwell CU, Maschek JA, Clowers KJ, Argyriou C, Chen L, Wittig I, Cox JE, Roh-Johnson M, Braverman N, Bonkowsky J, Gygi SP, Rutter J. The biochemical basis of mitochondrial dysfunction in Zellweger Spectrum Disorder. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51991. [PMID: 34351705 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBDs) are genetic disorders of peroxisome biogenesis and metabolism that are characterized by profound developmental and neurological phenotypes. The most severe class of PBDs-Zellweger spectrum disorder (ZSD)-is caused by mutations in peroxin genes that result in both non-functional peroxisomes and mitochondrial dysfunction. It is unclear, however, how defective peroxisomes contribute to mitochondrial impairment. In order to understand the molecular basis of this inter-organellar relationship, we investigated the fate of peroxisomal mRNAs and proteins in ZSD model systems. We found that peroxins were still expressed and a subset of them accumulated on the mitochondrial membrane, which resulted in gross mitochondrial abnormalities and impaired mitochondrial metabolic function. We showed that overexpression of ATAD1, a mitochondrial quality control factor, was sufficient to rescue several aspects of mitochondrial function in human ZSD fibroblasts. Together, these data suggest that aberrant peroxisomal protein localization is necessary and sufficient for the devastating mitochondrial morphological and metabolic phenotypes in ZSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nuebel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine, Provo, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Morgan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sarah Fogarty
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jacob M Winter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sandra Lettlova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jordan A Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yu-Chan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chelsea U Kidwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - J Alan Maschek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Research Facilities, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Katie J Clowers
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lingxiao Chen
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, ON, Canada
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - James E Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Metabolomics, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Research Facilities, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Minna Roh-Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nancy Braverman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua Bonkowsky
- Primary Children's Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Rutter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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26
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Khantisitthiporn O, Shue B, Eyre NS, Nash CW, Turnbull L, Whitchurch CB, Van der Hoek KH, Helbig KJ, Beard MR. Viperin interacts with PEX19 to mediate peroxisomal augmentation of the innate antiviral response. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000915. [PMID: 34108265 PMCID: PMC8200297 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are recognized as significant platforms for the activation of antiviral innate immunity where stimulation of the key adapter molecule mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) within the RIG-I like receptor (RLR) pathway culminates in the up-regulation of hundreds of ISGs, some of which drive augmentation of multiple innate sensing pathways. However, whether ISGs can augment peroxisome-driven RLR signaling is currently unknown. Using a proteomics-based screening approach, we identified Pex19 as a binding partner of the ISG viperin. Viperin colocalized with numerous peroxisomal proteins and its interaction with Pex19 was in close association with lipid droplets, another emerging innate signaling platform. Augmentation of the RLR pathway by viperin was lost when Pex19 expression was reduced. Expression of organelle-specific MAVS demonstrated that viperin requires both mitochondria and peroxisome MAVS for optimal induction of IFN-β. These results suggest that viperin is required to enhance the antiviral cellular response with a possible role to position the peroxisome at the mitochondrial/MAM MAVS signaling synapse, furthering our understanding of the importance of multiple organelles driving the innate immune response against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onruedee Khantisitthiporn
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Byron Shue
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicholas S Eyre
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Colt W Nash
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Cynthia B Whitchurch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Kylie H Van der Hoek
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Karla J Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Michael R Beard
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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27
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Jiang H. Quality control pathways of tail-anchored proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118922. [PMID: 33285177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tail-anchored (TA) proteins have an N-terminal domain in the cytosol and a C-terminal transmembrane domain anchored to a variety of organelle membranes. TA proteins are recognized by targeting factors at the transmembrane domain and C-terminal sequence and are guided to distinct membranes. The promiscuity of targeting sequences and the dysfunction of targeting pathways cause mistargeting of TA proteins. TA proteins are under surveillance by quality control pathways. For resident TA proteins at mitochondrial and ER membranes, intrinsic instability or stimuli induced degrons of the cytosolic and transmembrane domains are sensed by quality control factors to initiate degradation of TA proteins. These pathways are summarized as TA protein degradation-Cytosol (TAD-C) and TAD-Membrane (TAD-M) pathways. For mistargeted and a subset of solitary TA proteins at mitochondrial and peroxisomal membranes, a unique pathway has been revealed in recent years. Msp1/ATAD1 is an AAA-ATPase dually-localized to mitochondrial and peroxisomal membranes. It directly recognizes mistargeted and solitary TA proteins and dislocates them out of membrane. Dislocated substrates are subsequently ubiquitinated by the ER-resident Doa10 ubiquitin E3 ligase complex for degradation. We summarize and discuss the substrate recognition, dislocation and degradation mechanisms of the Msp1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cell Biology for Animal Aging, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100871, China.
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28
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Melatonin-Nrf2 Signaling Activates Peroxisomal Activities in Porcine Cumulus Cell-Oocyte Complexes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111080. [PMID: 33153240 PMCID: PMC7692444 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin and Nrf2 signaling synergistically improve mammalian oocyte maturation and embryonic development. Furthermore, previous studies have suggested an interplay between peroxisomes and Nrf2 signaling in cells, but it is still unclear whether peroxisomes are involved in oocyte maturation. The aim of the present study was to identify the possible roles of peroxisomes in the melatonin-Nrf2 signaling pathway during in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes. Porcine oocytes were treated with melatonin (10-9 M) and brusatol, a Nrf2 specific inhibitor, in order to investigate the mechanism. Then, the rates of maturation and related gene and protein expression were analyzed. During oocyte maturation, melatonin upregulated the expression of gene and protein related to Nrf2 signaling and peroxisomal activities; RNA sequencing partially validated these results. Our results demonstrate that melatonin can activate Nrf2 signaling by binding to melatonin receptor 2, resulting in the upregulation of catalase. Moreover, peroxisomes were also found to be activated in response to melatonin treatment, causing the activation of catalase; together with Nrf2 signaling, peroxisomes synergistically prevented the generation of reactive oxygen species and enhanced oocyte quality. Thus, we suggest that a crosstalk might exist between Nrf2 signaling and peroxisomal activities in porcine oocytes.
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29
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Zaki MS, Issa MY, Thomas MM, Elbendary HM, Rafat K, Al Menabawy NM, Selim LA, Ismail S, Abdel-Salam GM, Gleeson JG. A founder mutation in PEX12 among Egyptian patients in peroxisomal biogenesis disorder. Neurol Sci 2020; 42:2737-2745. [PMID: 33123925 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
At least 14 distinctive PEX genes function in the biogenesis of peroxisomes. Biallelic alterations in the peroxisomal biogenesis factor 12 (PEX12) gene lead to Zellweger syndrome spectrum (ZSS) with variable clinical expressivity ranging from early lethality to mildly affected with long-term survival. Herein, we define 20 patients derived from 14 unrelated Egyptian families, 19 of which show a homozygous PEX12 in-frame (c.1047_1049del p.(Gln349del)) deletion. This founder mutation, reported rarely outside of Egypt, was associated with a uniformly severe phenotype. Patients showed developmental delay in early life followed by motor and mental regression, progressive hypotonia, unsteadiness, and lack of speech. Seventeen patients had sparse hair or partial alopecia, a striking feature that was not noted previously in PEX12. Neonatal cholestasis was manifested in 2 siblings. Neurodiagnostics showed consistent cerebellar atrophy and variable white matter demyelination, axonal neuropathy in about half, and cardiomyopathy in 10% of patients. A single patient with a compound heterozygous PEX12 mutation exhibited milder features with late childhood onset with gait disturbance and learning disability. Thus, the PEX12 relatively common founder mutation accounts for the majority of PEX12-related disease in Egypt and delineates a uniform clinical and radiographic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir Street, Dokki, Cairo, 12311, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Y Issa
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir Street, Dokki, Cairo, 12311, Egypt
| | - Manal M Thomas
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir Street, Dokki, Cairo, 12311, Egypt
| | - Hasnaa M Elbendary
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir Street, Dokki, Cairo, 12311, Egypt
| | - Karima Rafat
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir Street, Dokki, Cairo, 12311, Egypt
| | - Nihal M Al Menabawy
- Neurology and Metabolic Division, Cairo University Children Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila A Selim
- Neurology and Metabolic Division, Cairo University Children Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samira Ismail
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir Street, Dokki, Cairo, 12311, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Abdel-Salam
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Tahrir Street, Dokki, Cairo, 12311, Egypt
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California and Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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30
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Mast FD, Rachubinski RA, Aitchison JD. Peroxisome prognostications: Exploring the birth, life, and death of an organelle. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133827. [PMID: 32211898 PMCID: PMC7054992 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes play a central role in human health and have biochemical properties that promote their use in many biotechnology settings. With a primary role in lipid metabolism, peroxisomes share a niche with lipid droplets within the endomembrane-secretory system. Notably, factors in the ER required for the biogenesis of peroxisomes also impact the formation of lipid droplets. The dynamic interface between peroxisomes and lipid droplets, and also between these organelles and the ER and mitochondria, controls their metabolic flux and their dynamics. Here, we review our understanding of peroxisome biogenesis to propose and reframe models for understanding how peroxisomes are formed in cells. To more fully understand the roles of peroxisomes and to take advantage of their many properties that may prove useful in novel therapeutics or biotechnology applications, we recast mechanisms controlling peroxisome biogenesis in a framework that integrates inference from these models with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Mast
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle WA
| | | | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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31
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Zhao X, Tang B, Xu J, Wang N, Zhou Z, Zhang J. A SET domain-containing protein involved in cell wall integrity signaling and peroxisome biogenesis is essential for appressorium formation and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 145:103474. [PMID: 33007450 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The chromatin modulator Set5 plays important regulatory roles in both cell growth and stress responses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, its function in filamentous fungi remains poorly understood. Here, we report the pathogenicity-related gene CgSET5 discovered in a T-DNA insertional mutant M285 of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that CgSET5 encodes a SET domain-containing protein that is a homolog of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae Set5. CgSET5 is important for hyphae growth and conidiation and is necessary for appressorium formation and pathogenicity. CgSet5 regulates appressorium formation in a mitogen-activated protein kinase-independent manner. Inactivation of CgSET5 resulted in a significant reduction in chitin content within the cell wall, indicating CgSet5 plays a vital role in cell wall integrity. CgSet5 is involved in peroxisome biogenesis. We identified CgSet5 as the histone H4 methyltransferase, which methylates the critical H4 lysine residues 5 and 8 in C. gloeosporioides. We carried out a yeast two-hybrid screen to find CgSet5 interacting partners. We found CgSet5 putatively interacts with an inorganic pyrophosphatase named CgPpa1, which co-localized in the cytoplasm with CgSet5. Finally, CgPpa1 was found to strongly interact with CgSet5 in vivo during appressorium formation by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. These data corroborate a complex control function of CgSet5 acting as a core pathogenic regulator, which connects cell wall integrity and peroxisome biogenesis in C. gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzhu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization), Ministry of Agriculture, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jie Xu
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Na Wang
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Zongshan Zhou
- Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng 125100, China
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Germplasm Resources Utilization), Ministry of Agriculture, Xingcheng 125100, China.
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32
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Go RCP, Corley MJ, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, Masaki KH, Maunakea AK, He Q, Tiirikainen MI. Genome-wide epigenetic analyses in Japanese immigrant plantation workers with Parkinson's disease and exposure to organochlorines reveal possible involvement of glial genes and pathways involved in neurotoxicity. BMC Neurosci 2020; 21:31. [PMID: 32650713 PMCID: PMC7350633 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-020-00582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a disease of the central nervous system that progressively affects the motor system. Epidemiological studies have provided evidence that exposure to agriculture-related occupations or agrichemicals elevate a person’s risk for PD. Here, we sought to examine the possible epigenetic changes associated with working on a plantation on Oahu, HI and/or exposure to organochlorines (OGC) in PD cases. Results We measured genome-wide DNA methylation using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450K BeadChip array in matched peripheral blood and postmortem brain biospecimens in PD cases (n = 20) assessed for years of plantation work and presence of organochlorines in brain tissue. The comparison of 10+ to 0 years of plantation work exposure detected 7 and 123 differentially methylated loci (DML) in brain and blood DNA, respectively (p < 0.0001). The comparison of cases with 4+ to 0–2 detectable levels of OGCs, identified 8 and 18 DML in brain and blood DNA, respectively (p < 0.0001). Pathway analyses revealed links to key neurotoxic and neuropathologic pathways related to impaired immune and proinflammatory responses as well as impaired clearance of damaged proteins, as found in the predominantly glial cell population in these environmental exposure-related PD cases. Conclusions These results suggest that distinct DNA methylation biomarker profiles related to environmental exposures in PD cases with previous exposure can be found in both brain and blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney C P Go
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, 3375 Koapaka Street, Suite I-540, Honolulu, HI, 96819, USA.,Kuakini Health Systems, 347 N Kuakini St, Honolulu, HI, 96817, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Michael J Corley
- Department of Native Hawaiian Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 650 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - G Webster Ross
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, 3375 Koapaka Street, Suite I-540, Honolulu, HI, 96819, USA.,Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, 459 Patterson Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96819, USA.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 650 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96817, USA
| | - Helen Petrovitch
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, 3375 Koapaka Street, Suite I-540, Honolulu, HI, 96819, USA.,Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, 459 Patterson Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96819, USA.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 650 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96817, USA
| | - Kamal H Masaki
- Kuakini Health Systems, 347 N Kuakini St, Honolulu, HI, 96817, USA.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 650 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96817, USA
| | - Alika K Maunakea
- Department of Native Hawaiian Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 650 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Qimei He
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, 3375 Koapaka Street, Suite I-540, Honolulu, HI, 96819, USA.,Kuakini Health Systems, 347 N Kuakini St, Honolulu, HI, 96817, USA.,Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, 459 Patterson Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96819, USA
| | - Maarit I Tiirikainen
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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33
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Zhang X, Yang H, Zhang J, Gao F, Dai L. HSD17B4, ACAA1, and PXMP4 in Peroxisome Pathway Are Down-Regulated and Have Clinical Significance in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:273. [PMID: 32265992 PMCID: PMC7103649 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the potential functions and clinical significances of peroxisomes during lung cancer development and progression, we investigated the expressional profiles of peroxisome pathway genes and their correlations with clinical features in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The RNA-seq data of NSCLC including lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients with their clinical information were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Gene expression comparisons between tumor and normal samples were performed with edgeR package in R software and the results of the 83 peroxisome pathway genes were extracted. Through Venn diagram analysis, 38 common differentially expressed peroxisome pathway genes (C-DEPGs) in NSCLC were identified. Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed and the 38 C-DEPGs could discriminate NSCLC tumors from the non-tumor controls well. Through Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses, 11 of the C-DEPGs were shown to have prognostic effects on NSCLC overall survival (OS) and were considered as key C-DEPGs (K-DEPGs). Through Oncomine, Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), three K-DEPGs (HSD17B4, ACAA1, and PXMP4) were confirmed to be down-regulated in NSCLC at both mRNA and protein level. Their dy-regulation mechanisms were revealed through their correlations with their copy number variations and methylation status. Their potential functions in NSCLC were explored through their NSCLC-specific co-expression network analysis, their correlations with immune infiltrations, immunomodulator gene expressions, MKI67 expression and their associations with anti-cancer drug sensitivity. Our findings suggested that HSD17B4, ACAA1, and PXMP4 might be new markers for NSCLC diagnosis and prognosis and might provide new clues for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Cancer Research, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Pathology, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Cancer Research, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Research, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fenglan Gao
- Department of Pathology, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liping Dai
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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34
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are organelles in eukaryotic cells responsible for processing several types of lipids and management of reactive oxygen species. A conserved family of peroxisome biogenesis (Peroxin, Pex) genes encode proteins essential to peroxisome biogenesis or function. In yeast and mammals, PEROXIN7 (PEX7) acts as a cytosolic receptor protein that targets enzymes containing a peroxisome targeting signal 2 (PTS2) motif for peroxisome matrix import. The PTS2 motif is not present in the Drosophila melanogaster homologs of these enzymes. However, the fly genome contains a Pex7 gene (CG6486) that is very similar to yeast and human PEX7. We find that Pex7 is expressed in tissue-specific patterns analogous to differentiating neuroblasts in D. melanogaster embryos. This is correlated with a requirement for Pex7 in this cell lineage as targeted somatic Pex7 knockout in embryonic neuroblasts reduced survival. We also found that Pex7 over-expression in the same cell lineages caused lethality during the larval stage. Targeted somatic over-expression of a Pex7 transgene in neuroblasts of Pex7 homozygous null mutants resulted in a semi-lethal phenotype similar to targeted Pex7 knockout. These findings suggest that D. melanogaster has tissue-specific requirements for Pex7 during embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pridie
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Andrew J Simmonds
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
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35
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Covill-Cooke C, Toncheva VS, Drew J, Birsa N, López-Doménech G, Kittler JT. Peroxisomal fission is modulated by the mitochondrial Rho-GTPases, Miro1 and Miro2. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49865. [PMID: 31894645 PMCID: PMC7001505 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential for a number of cellular functions, including reactive oxygen species metabolism, fatty acid β‐oxidation and lipid synthesis. To ensure optimal functionality, peroxisomal size, shape and number must be dynamically maintained; however, many aspects of how this is regulated remain poorly characterised. Here, we show that the localisation of Miro1 and Miro2—outer mitochondrial membrane proteins essential for mitochondrial trafficking—to peroxisomes is not required for basal peroxisomal distribution and long‐range trafficking, but rather for the maintenance of peroxisomal size and morphology through peroxisomal fission. Mechanistically, this is achieved by Miro negatively regulating Drp1‐dependent fission, a function that is shared with the mitochondria. We further find that the peroxisomal localisation of Miro is regulated by its first GTPase domain and is mediated by an interaction through its transmembrane domain with the peroxisomal‐membrane protein chaperone, Pex19. Our work highlights a shared regulatory role of Miro in maintaining the morphology of both peroxisomes and mitochondria, supporting a crosstalk between peroxisomal and mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Covill-Cooke
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - Viktoriya S Toncheva
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - James Drew
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicol Birsa
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Josef T Kittler
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University College London, London, UK
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36
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Okumoto K, Tamura S, Honsho M, Fujiki Y. Peroxisome: Metabolic Functions and Biogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1299:3-17. [PMID: 33417203 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60204-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome is an organelle conserved in almost all eukaryotic cells with a variety of functions in cellular metabolism, including fatty acid β-oxidation, synthesis of ether glycerolipid plasmalogens, and redox homeostasis. Such metabolic functions and the exclusive importance of peroxisomes have been highlighted in fatal human genetic disease called peroxisomal biogenesis disorders (PBDs). Recent advances in this field have identified over 30 PEX genes encoding peroxins as essential factors for peroxisome biogenesis in various species from yeast to humans. Functional delineation of the peroxins has revealed that peroxisome biogenesis comprises the processes, involving peroxisomal membrane assembly, matrix protein import, division, and proliferation. Catalase, the most abundant peroxisomal enzyme, catalyzes decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisome plays pivotal roles in the cellular redox homeostasis and the response to oxidative stresses, depending on intracellular localization of catalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Yukio Fujiki
- Institute of Rheological Functions of Food, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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37
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Imanaka T. Biogenesis and Function of Peroxisomes in Human Disease with a Focus on the ABC Transporter. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:649-665. [PMID: 31061307 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are indispensable organelles in mammals including humans. They are involved in the β-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids, and the synthesis of ether phospholipids and bile acids. Pre-peroxisomes bud from endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomal membrane and matrix proteins are imported to the pre-peroxisomes. Then, matured peroxisomes grow by division. Impairment of the biogenesis and function of peroxisomes results in severe diseases. Since I first undertook peroxisome research in Prof. de Duve's laboratory at Rockefeller University in 1985, I have continuously studied peroxisomes for more than 30 years, with a particular focus on the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Here, I review the history of peroxisome research, the biogenesis and function of peroxisomes, and peroxisome disease including X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. The review includes the targeting and function of the ABC transporter subfamily D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneo Imanaka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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38
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Evolutionary divergent PEX3 is essential for glycosome biogenesis and survival of trypanosomatid parasites. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118520. [PMID: 31369765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomatid parasites cause devastating African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and Leishmaniasis that affect about 18 million people worldwide. Recently, we showed that the biogenesis of glycosomes could be the "Achilles' heel" of trypanosomatids suitable for the development of new therapies against trypanosomiases. This was shown for inhibitors of the import machinery of matrix proteins, while the distinct machinery for the topogenesis of glycosomal membrane proteins evaded investigation due to the lack of a druggable interface. Here we report on the identification of the highly divergent trypanosomal PEX3, a central component of the transport machinery of peroxisomal membrane proteins and the master regulator of peroxisome biogenesis. The trypanosomatid PEX3 shows very low degree of conservation and its identification was made possible by a combinatory approach identifying of PEX19-interacting proteins and secondary structure homology screening. The trypanosomal PEX3 localizes to glycosomes and directly interacts with the membrane protein import receptor PEX19. RNAi-studies revealed that the PEX3 is essential and that its depletion results in mislocalization of glycosomal proteins to the cytosol and a severe growth defect. Comparison of the parasites and human PEX3-PEX19 interface disclosed differences that might be accessible for drug development. The absolute requirement for biogenesis of glycosomes and its structural distinction from its human counterpart make PEX3 a prime drug target for the development of novel therapies against trypanosomiases. The identification paves the way for future drug development targeting PEX3, and for the analysis of additional partners involved in this crucial step of glycosome biogenesis.
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Banerjee H, Knoblach B, Rachubinski RA. The early-acting glycosome biogenic protein Pex3 is essential for trypanosome viability. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/4/e201900421. [PMID: 31341002 PMCID: PMC6658674 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the identification of trypanosome Pex3, the master regulator of glycosome biogenesis. Trypanosome Pex3 is essential for glycosome assembly and trypanosome viability and is distinct from human Pex3. Trypanosomatid parasites are infectious agents for diseases such as African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis that threaten millions of people, mostly in the emerging world. Trypanosomes compartmentalize glycolytic enzymes to an organelle called the glycosome, a specialized peroxisome. Functionally intact glycosomes are essential for trypanosomatid viability, making glycosomal proteins as potential drug targets against trypanosomatid diseases. Peroxins (Pex), of which Pex3 is the master regulator, control glycosome biogenesis. Although Pex3 has been found throughout the eukaryota, its identity has remained stubbornly elusive in trypanosomes. We used bioinformatics predictive of protein secondary structure to identify trypanosomal Pex3. Microscopic and biochemical analyses showed trypanosomal Pex3 to be glycosomal. Interaction of Pex3 with the peroxisomal membrane protein receptor Pex19 observed for other eukaryotes is replicated by trypanosomal Pex3 and Pex19. Depletion of Pex3 leads to mislocalization of glycosomal proteins to the cytosol, reduced glycosome numbers, and trypanosomatid death. Our findings are consistent with Pex3 being an essential gene in trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiren Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Barbara Knoblach
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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40
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Costello JL, Passmore JB, Islinger M, Schrader M. Multi-localized Proteins: The Peroxisome-Mitochondria Connection. Subcell Biochem 2019; 89:383-415. [PMID: 30378033 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2233-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes and mitochondria are dynamic, multifunctional organelles that play pivotal cooperative roles in the metabolism of cellular lipids and reactive oxygen species. Their functional interplay, the "peroxisome-mitochondria connection", also includes cooperation in anti-viral signalling and defence, as well as coordinated biogenesis by sharing key division proteins. In this review, we focus on multi-localised proteins which are shared by peroxisomes and mitochondria in mammals. We first outline the targeting and sharing of matrix proteins which are involved in metabolic cooperation. Next, we discuss shared components of peroxisomal and mitochondrial dynamics and division, and we present novel insights into the dual targeting of tail-anchored membrane proteins. Finally, we provide an overview of what is currently known about the role of shared membrane proteins in disease. What emerges is that sharing of proteins between these two organelles plays a key role in their cooperative functions which, based on new findings, may be more extensive than originally envisaged. Gaining a better insight into organelle interplay and the targeting of shared proteins is pivotal to understanding how organelle cooperation contributes to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Markus Islinger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Center for Biomedicine & Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Manheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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Torres SE, Gallagher CM, Plate L, Gupta M, Liem CR, Guo X, Tian R, Stroud RM, Kampmann M, Weissman JS, Walter P. Ceapins block the unfolded protein response sensor ATF6α by inducing a neomorphic inter-organelle tether. eLife 2019; 8:46595. [PMID: 31149896 PMCID: PMC6588346 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) detects and restores deficits in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein folding capacity. Ceapins specifically inhibit the UPR sensor ATF6α, an ER-tethered transcription factor, by retaining it at the ER through an unknown mechanism. Our genome-wide CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) screen reveals that Ceapins function is completely dependent on the ABCD3 peroxisomal transporter. Proteomics studies establish that ABCD3 physically associates with ER-resident ATF6α in cells and in vitro in a Ceapin-dependent manner. Ceapins induce the neomorphic association of ER and peroxisomes by directly tethering the cytosolic domain of ATF6α to ABCD3’s transmembrane regions without inhibiting or depending on ABCD3 transporter activity. Thus, our studies reveal that Ceapins function by chemical-induced misdirection which explains their remarkable specificity and opens up new mechanistic routes for drug development and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Elizabeth Torres
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ciara M Gallagher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Lars Plate
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Meghna Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Christina R Liem
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ruilin Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States
| | - Robert M Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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42
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Schrul B, Schliebs W. Intracellular communication between lipid droplets and peroxisomes: the Janus face of PEX19. Biol Chem 2019; 399:741-749. [PMID: 29500918 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to adapt to environmental changes, such as nutrient availability, cells have to orchestrate multiple metabolic pathways, which are catalyzed in distinct specialized organelles. Lipid droplets (LDs) and peroxisomes are both endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived organelles that fulfill complementary functions in lipid metabolism: Upon nutrient supply, LDs store metabolic energy in the form of neutral lipids and, when energy is needed, supply fatty acids for oxidation in peroxisomes and mitochondria. How these organelles communicate with each other for a concerted metabolic output remains a central question. Here, we summarize recent insights into the biogenesis and function of LDs and peroxisomes with emphasis on the role of PEX19 in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Schrul
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 100, D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schliebs
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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43
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Jansen RLM, Klei IJ. The peroxisome biogenesis factors Pex3 and Pex19: multitasking proteins with disputed functions. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:457-474. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renate L. M. Jansen
- Molecular Cell Biology Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute University of Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ida J. Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute University of Groningen The Netherlands
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44
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Farré JC, Mahalingam SS, Proietto M, Subramani S. Peroxisome biogenesis, membrane contact sites, and quality control. EMBO Rep 2018; 20:embr.201846864. [PMID: 30530632 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are conserved organelles of eukaryotic cells with important roles in cellular metabolism, human health, redox homeostasis, as well as intracellular metabolite transfer and signaling. We review here the current status of the different co-existing modes of biogenesis of peroxisomal membrane proteins demonstrating the fascinating adaptability in their targeting and sorting pathways. While earlier studies focused on peroxisomes as autonomous organelles, the necessity of the ER and potentially even mitochondria as sources of peroxisomal membrane proteins and lipids has come to light in recent years. Additionally, the intimate physical juxtaposition of peroxisomes with other organelles has transitioned from being viewed as random encounters to a growing appreciation of the expanding roles of such inter-organellar membrane contact sites in metabolic and regulatory functions. Peroxisomal quality control mechanisms have also come of age with a variety of mechanisms operating both during biogenesis and in the cellular response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Farré
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shanmuga S Mahalingam
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marco Proietto
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Suresh Subramani
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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45
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Cichocki BA, Krumpe K, Vitali DG, Rapaport D. Pex19 is involved in importing dually targeted tail-anchored proteins to both mitochondria and peroxisomes. Traffic 2018; 19:770-785. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan A. Cichocki
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Katrin Krumpe
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Daniela G. Vitali
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Doron Rapaport
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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46
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Coyaud E, Ranadheera C, Cheng D, Gonçalves J, Dyakov BJA, Laurent EMN, St-Germain J, Pelletier L, Gingras AC, Brumell JH, Kim PK, Safronetz D, Raught B. Global Interactomics Uncovers Extensive Organellar Targeting by Zika Virus. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2242-2255. [PMID: 30037810 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.tir118.000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a membrane enveloped Flavivirus with a positive strand RNA genome, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. The geographical range of ZIKV has dramatically expanded in recent decades resulting in increasing numbers of infected individuals, and the spike in ZIKV infections has been linked to significant increases in both Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly. Although a large number of host proteins have been physically and/or functionally linked to other Flaviviruses, very little is known about the virus-host protein interactions established by ZIKV. Here we map host cell protein interaction profiles for each of the ten polypeptides encoded in the ZIKV genome, generating a protein topology network comprising 3033 interactions among 1224 unique human polypeptides. The interactome is enriched in proteins with roles in polypeptide processing and quality control, vesicle trafficking, RNA processing and lipid metabolism. >60% of the network components have been previously implicated in other types of viral infections; the remaining interactors comprise hundreds of new putative ZIKV functional partners. Mining this rich data set, we highlight several examples of how ZIKV may usurp or disrupt the function of host cell organelles, and uncover an important role for peroxisomes in ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Coyaud
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlene Ranadheera
- §Public Health Agency of Canada, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Derrick Cheng
- ¶Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,‖Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - João Gonçalves
- **Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Boris J A Dyakov
- **Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,‡‡Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan St-Germain
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurence Pelletier
- **Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,‡‡Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- **Centre for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,‡‡Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John H Brumell
- ¶Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,‡‡Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,§§Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,¶¶Sick Kids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter K Kim
- ¶Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,‖Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- §Public Health Agency of Canada, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- From the ‡Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; .,‖‖Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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47
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Using Pull Down Strategies to Analyze the Interactome of Peroxisomal Membrane Proteins in Human Cells. Subcell Biochem 2018; 89:261-285. [PMID: 30378027 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2233-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Different pull-down strategies were successfully applied to gain novel insight into the interactome of human membrane-associated proteins. Here, we compare the outcome, efficiency and potential of pull-down strategies applied to human peroxisomal membrane proteins. Stable membrane-bound protein complexes can be affinity-purified from genetically engineered human cells or subfractions thereof after detergent solubilization, followed by size exclusion chromatography and analysis by mass spectrometry (MS). As exemplified for Protein A-tagged human PEX14, one of the central constituents of the peroxisomal matrix protein import machinery, MS analyses of the affinity-purified complexes revealed an unexpected association of PEX14 with other protein assemblies like the microtubular network or the insertion apparatus for peroxisomal membrane proteins comprising PEX3, PEX16 and PEX19. The latter association was recently supported by using a different pull-down strategy following in vivo proximity labeling with biotin, named BioID, which enabled the identification of various membrane proteins in close proximity of PEX16 in living cells.
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48
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Okumoto K, Ono T, Toyama R, Shimomura A, Nagata A, Fujiki Y. New splicing variants of mitochondrial Rho GTPase-1 (Miro1) transport peroxisomes. J Cell Biol 2017; 217:619-633. [PMID: 29222186 PMCID: PMC5800816 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying microtubule-dependent long-distance movement of peroxisomes in mammalian cells are unclear. Okumoto et al. identify splicing variants of human mitochondrial Rho GTPase-1 (Miro1) that localize to peroxisomes and that link these organelles to microtubule-dependent transport complexes including TRAK2. Microtubule-dependent long-distance movement of peroxisomes occurs in mammalian cells. However, its molecular mechanisms remain undefined. In this study, we identified three distinct splicing variants of human mitochondrial Rho GTPase-1 (Miro1), each containing amino acid sequence insertions 1 (named Miro1-var2), 2 (Miro1-var3), and both 1 and 2 (Miro1-var4), respectively, at upstream of the transmembrane domain. Miro1-var4 and Miro1-var2 are localized to peroxisomes in a manner dependent on the insertion 1 that is recognized by the cytosolic receptor Pex19p. Exogenous expression of Miro1-var4 induces accumulation of peroxisomes at the cell periphery and augments long-range movement of peroxisomes along microtubules. Depletion of all Miro1 variants by knocking down MIRO1 suppresses the long-distance movement of peroxisomes. Such abrogated movement is restored by reexpression of peroxisomal Miro1 variants. Collectively, our findings identify for the first time peroxisome-localized Miro1 variants as adapter proteins that link peroxisomes to the microtubule-dependent transport complexes including TRAK2 in the intracellular translocation of peroxisomes in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Okumoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Ono
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Toyama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayako Shimomura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Aiko Nagata
- Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukio Fujiki
- Division of Organelle Homeostasis, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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49
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Asare A, Levorse J, Fuchs E. Coupling organelle inheritance with mitosis to balance growth and differentiation. Science 2017; 355:355/6324/eaah4701. [PMID: 28154022 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah4701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Balancing growth and differentiation is essential to tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. How imbalances arise in disease states is poorly understood. To address this issue, we identified transcripts differentially expressed in mouse basal epidermal progenitors versus their differentiating progeny and those altered in cancers. We used an in vivo RNA interference screen to unveil candidates that altered the equilibrium between the basal proliferative layer and suprabasal differentiating layers forming the skin barrier. We found that epidermal progenitors deficient in the peroxisome-associated protein Pex11b failed to segregate peroxisomes properly and entered a mitotic delay that perturbed polarized divisions and skewed daughter fates. Together, our findings unveil a role for organelle inheritance in mitosis, spindle alignment, and the choice of daughter progenitors to differentiate or remain stem-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amma Asare
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John Levorse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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50
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Colasante C, Chen J, Ahlemeyer B, Bonilla-Martinez R, Karnati S, Baumgart-Vogt E. New insights into the distribution, protein abundance and subcellular localisation of the endogenous peroxisomal biogenesis proteins PEX3 and PEX19 in different organs and cell types of the adult mouse. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183150. [PMID: 28817674 PMCID: PMC5560687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles mainly involved in ROS and lipid metabolism. Their abundance, protein composition and metabolic function vary depending on the cell type and adjust to different intracellular and environmental factors such as oxidative stress or nutrition. The biogenesis and proliferation of these important organelles are regulated by proteins belonging to the peroxin (PEX) family. PEX3, an integral peroxisomal membrane protein, and the cytosolic shuttling receptor PEX19 are thought to be responsible for the early steps of peroxisome biogenesis and assembly of their matrix protein import machinery. Recently, both peroxins were suggested to be also involved in the autophagy of peroxisomes (pexophagy). Despite the fact that distribution and intracellular abundance of these proteins might regulate the turnover of the peroxisomal compartment in a cell type-specific manner, a comprehensive analysis of the endogenous PEX3 and PEX19 distribution in different organs is still missing. In this study, we have therefore generated antibodies against endogenous mouse PEX3 and PEX19 and analysed their abundance and subcellular localisation in various mouse organs, tissues and cell types and compared it to the one of three commonly used peroxisomal markers (PEX14, ABCD3 and catalase). Our results revealed that the abundance of PEX3, PEX19, PEX14, ABCD3 and catalase strongly varies in the analysed organs and cell types, suggesting that peroxisome abundance, biogenesis and matrix protein import are independently regulated. We further found that in some organs, such as heart and skeletal muscle, the majority of the shuttling receptor PEX19 is bound to the peroxisomal membrane and that a strong variability exists in the cell type-specific ratio of cytosol- and peroxisome-associated PEX19. In conclusion, our results indicate that peroxisomes in various cell types are heterogeneous with regards to their matrix, membrane and biogenesis proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Colasante
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jiangping Chen
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Barbara Ahlemeyer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rocio Bonilla-Martinez
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eveline Baumgart-Vogt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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