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Alabaş E, Özçimen AA. The Supression of Migration and Metastasis via Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cells Applied Danusertib. THE TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF TURKISH SOCIETY OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2024; 35:150-157. [PMID: 38454247 PMCID: PMC10895890 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2024.22319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an extremely deadly type of cancer with a high metastatic potential. Genetic factors in cellular events play an important role in the emergence of this situation. One of these factors is Aurora kinase family members, which play a role in migration, invasion, and cell cycle. In this study, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor gene, which plays a role in migration, metastasis, and angiogenesis, on cystic fibrosis human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 1 cells of danusertib, a pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor, was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (400 nM) of danusertib in cystic fibrosis human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 1 cells was determined by the wound-healing test depending on the dose and time and migration with CIM-Plate 16 in the xCELLingence system. In addition, the effect of danusertib on migration was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method and vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression. RESULTS When the dose- and time-dependent danusertib-applied cystic fibrosis human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 1 cells were compared with the control group, it was observed that the wound formed did not close. In the xCELLigence system CIM-Plate 16 migration analysis, it was observed that migration was inhibited in the group administered danusertib in parallel with the wound dehiscence experiment. The gene expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor decreased 0.5-fold at the 24th hour and 0.3-fold at the 48th hour in the Danusertib-administered groups. CONCLUSION Danusertib, a pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor, is predicted to be used as a potential agent in pancreatic cancers due to its antitumor and anti-metastatic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Alabaş
- Department of Biology, Mersin University Faculty of Science, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ata Özçimen
- Department of Biology, Mersin University Faculty of Science, Mersin, Turkey
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2
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Wong W, Estep JA, Treptow AM, Rajabli N, Jahncke JN, Ubina T, Wright KM, Riccomagno MM. An adhesion signaling axis involving Dystroglycan, β1-Integrin, and Cas adaptor proteins regulates the establishment of the cortical glial scaffold. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002212. [PMID: 37540708 PMCID: PMC10431685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mature mammalian cortex is composed of 6 architecturally and functionally distinct layers. Two key steps in the assembly of this layered structure are the initial establishment of the glial scaffold and the subsequent migration of postmitotic neurons to their final position. These processes involve the precise and timely regulation of adhesion and detachment of neural cells from their substrates. Although much is known about the roles of adhesive substrates during neuronal migration and the formation of the glial scaffold, less is understood about how these signals are interpreted and integrated within these neural cells. Here, we provide in vivo evidence that Cas proteins, a family of cytoplasmic adaptors, serve a functional and redundant role during cortical lamination. Cas triple conditional knock-out (Cas TcKO) mice display severe cortical phenotypes that feature cobblestone malformations. Molecular epistasis and genetic experiments suggest that Cas proteins act downstream of transmembrane Dystroglycan and β1-Integrin in a radial glial cell-autonomous manner. Overall, these data establish a new and essential role for Cas adaptor proteins during the formation of cortical circuits and reveal a signaling axis controlling cortical scaffold formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenny Wong
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Estep
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Alyssa M. Treptow
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Niloofar Rajabli
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer N. Jahncke
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Teresa Ubina
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Wright
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Martin M. Riccomagno
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
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3
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Rossi F, Liu M, Tieniber A, Etherington MS, Hanna A, Vitiello GA, Param NJ, Do K, Wang L, Antonescu CR, Zeng S, Zhang JQ, DeMatteo RP. Myosin Light-Chain Kinase Inhibition Potentiates the Antitumor Effects of Avapritinib in PDGFRA D842V-Mutant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:2144-2157. [PMID: 36971786 PMCID: PMC10239357 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To create an in vivo model of PDGFRA D842V-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and identify the mechanism of tumor persistence following avapritinib therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We created a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) of PDGFRA D842V-mutant GIST and tested the effects of imatinib, avapritinib, and ML-7, an inhibitor of myosin light-chain kinase (MYLK). Bulk tumor RNA sequencing and oncogenic signaling were evaluated. Apoptosis, survival, and actin cytoskeleton were evaluated in GIST T1 cells and isolated PDX cells in vitro. Human GIST specimens were analyzed for MYLK expression. RESULTS The PDX was minimally responsive to imatinib but sensitive to avapritinib. Avapritinib therapy increased tumor expression of genes related to the actin cytoskeleton, including MYLK. ML-7 induced apoptosis and disrupted actin filaments in short-term cultures of PDX cells and decreased survival in GIST T1 cells in combination with imatinib or avapritinib. Combined therapy with ML-7 improved the antitumor effects of low-dose avapritinib in vivo. Furthermore, MYLK was expressed in human GIST specimens. CONCLUSIONS MYLK upregulation is a novel mechanism of tumor persistence after tyrosine kinase inhibition. Concomitant MYLK inhibition may enable the use of a lower dose of avapritinib, which is associated with dose-dependent cognitive side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Rossi
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Andrew Tieniber
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Mark S. Etherington
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Andrew Hanna
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Gerardo A. Vitiello
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Nesteene J. Param
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Kevin Do
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Laura Wang
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | | | - Shan Zeng
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Jennifer Q. Zhang
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Ronald P. DeMatteo
- Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
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Znalesniak EB, Laskou A, Salm F, Haupenthal K, Harder S, Schlüter H, Hoffmann W. The Forms of the Lectin Tff2 Differ in the Murine Stomach and Pancreas: Indications for Different Molecular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087059. [PMID: 37108221 PMCID: PMC10138697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The lectin TFF2 belongs to the trefoil factor family (TFF). This polypeptide is typically co-secreted with the mucin MUC6 from gastric mucous neck cells, antral gland cells, and duodenal Brunner glands. Here, TFF2 fulfills a protective function by forming a high-molecular-mass complex with the MUC6, physically stabilizing the mucus barrier. In pigs and mice, and slightly in humans, TFF2 is also synthesized in the pancreas. Here, we investigated the murine stomach, pancreas, and duodenum by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) and proteomics and identified different forms of Tff2. In both the stomach and duodenum, the predominant form is a high-molecular-mass complex with Muc6, whereas, in the pancreas, only low-molecular-mass monomeric Tff2 was detectable. We also investigated the expression of Tff2 and other selected genes in the stomach, pancreas, and the proximal, medial, and distal duodenum (RT-PCR analysis). The absence of the Tff2/Muc6 complex in the pancreas is due to a lack of Muc6. Based on its known motogenic, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects, we propose a protective receptor-mediated function of monomeric Tff2 for the pancreatic ductal epithelium. This view is supported by a report that a loss of Tff2 promotes the formation of pancreatic intraductal mucinous neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva B Znalesniak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Laskou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Franz Salm
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Haupenthal
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Harder
- Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Section Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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The Impact of Oxidative Stress and AKT Pathway on Cancer Cell Functions and Its Application to Natural Products. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091845. [PMID: 36139919 PMCID: PMC9495789 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and AKT serine-threonine kinase (AKT) are responsible for regulating several cell functions of cancer cells. Several natural products modulate both oxidative stress and AKT for anticancer effects. However, the impact of natural product-modulating oxidative stress and AKT on cell functions lacks systemic understanding. Notably, the contribution of regulating cell functions by AKT downstream effectors is not yet well integrated. This review explores the role of oxidative stress and AKT pathway (AKT/AKT effectors) on ten cell functions, including apoptosis, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial morphogenesis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, DNA damage response, senescence, migration, and cell-cycle progression. The impact of oxidative stress and AKT are connected to these cell functions through cell function mediators. Moreover, the AKT effectors related to cell functions are integrated. Based on this rationale, natural products with the modulating abilities for oxidative stress and AKT pathway exhibit the potential to regulate these cell functions, but some were rarely reported, particularly for AKT effectors. This review sheds light on understanding the roles of oxidative stress and AKT pathway in regulating cell functions, providing future directions for natural products in cancer treatment.
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Hoffmann W. Self-Renewal and Cancers of the Gastric Epithelium: An Update and the Role of the Lectin TFF1 as an Antral Tumor Suppressor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105377. [PMID: 35628183 PMCID: PMC9141172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, gastric cancer was the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths globally. About 90% of gastric cancers are sporadic and the vast majority are correlated with Helicobacter pylori infection; whereas familial clustering is observed in about 10% of cases. Gastric cancer is now considered to be a disease originating from dysregulated self-renewal of the gastric glands in the setting of an inflammatory environment. The human stomach contains two types of gastric units, which show bi-directional self-renewal from a complex variety of stem cells. This review focuses on recent progress concerning the characterization of the different stem cell populations and the mainly mesenchymal signals triggering their stepwise differentiation as well as the genesis of pre-cancerous lesions and carcinogenesis. Furthermore, a model is presented (Lectin-triggered Receptor Blocking Hypothesis) explaining the role of the lectin TFF1 as an antral tumor suppressor possibly regulating Lgr5+ antral stem cells in a paracrine or maybe autocrine fashion, with neighboring antral gland cells having a role as niche cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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7
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Salivary Trefoil Factor Family (TFF) Peptides and Their Roles in Oral and Esophageal Protection: Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212221. [PMID: 34830103 PMCID: PMC8624312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human saliva is a complex body fluid with more than 3000 different identified proteins. Besides rheological and lubricating properties, saliva supports wound healing and acts as an antimicrobial barrier. TFF peptides are secreted from the mucous acini of the major and minor salivary glands and are typical constituents of normal saliva; TFF3 being the predominant peptide compared with TFF1 and TFF2. Only TFF3 is easily detectable by Western blotting. It occurs in two forms, a disulfide-linked homodimer (Mr: 13k) and a high-molecular-mass heterodimer with IgG Fc binding protein (FCGBP). TFF peptides are secretory lectins known for their protective effects in mucous epithelia; the TFF3 dimer probably has wound-healing properties due to its weak motogenic effect. There are multiple indications that FCGBP and TFF3-FCGBP play a key role in the innate immune defense of mucous epithelia. In addition, homodimeric TFF3 interacts in vitro with the salivary agglutinin DMBT1gp340. Here, the protective roles of TFF peptides, FCGBP, and DMBT1gp340 in saliva are discussed. TFF peptides are also used to reduce radiotherapy- or chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Thus, TFF peptides, FCGBP, and DMBT1gp340 are promising candidates for better formulations of artificial saliva, particularly improving wound healing and antimicrobial effects even in the esophagus.
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8
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Espina JA, Marchant CL, Barriga EH. Durotaxis: the mechanical control of directed cell migration. FEBS J 2021; 289:2736-2754. [PMID: 33811732 PMCID: PMC9292038 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Directed cell migration is essential for cells to efficiently migrate in physiological and pathological processes. While migrating in their native environment, cells interact with multiple types of cues, such as mechanical and chemical signals. The role of chemical guidance via chemotaxis has been studied in the past, the understanding of mechanical guidance of cell migration via durotaxis remained unclear until very recently. Nonetheless, durotaxis has become a topic of intensive research and several advances have been made in the study of mechanically guided cell migration across multiple fields. Thus, in this article we provide a state of the art about durotaxis by discussing in silico, in vitro and in vivo data. We also present insights on the general mechanisms by which cells sense, transduce and respond to environmental mechanics, to then contextualize these mechanisms in the process of durotaxis and explain how cells bias their migration in anisotropic substrates. Furthermore, we discuss what is known about durotaxis in vivo and we comment on how haptotaxis could arise from integrating durotaxis and chemotaxis in native environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Espina
- Mechanisms of Morphogenesis Lab, Gulbenkian Institute of Science (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cristian L Marchant
- Mechanisms of Morphogenesis Lab, Gulbenkian Institute of Science (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Elias H Barriga
- Mechanisms of Morphogenesis Lab, Gulbenkian Institute of Science (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal
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9
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Park T. Crk and CrkL as Therapeutic Targets for Cancer Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040739. [PMID: 33801580 PMCID: PMC8065463 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Crk and CrkL are cellular counterparts of the viral oncoprotein v-Crk. Crk and CrkL are overexpressed in many types of human cancer, correlating with poor prognosis. Furthermore, gene knockdown and knockout of Crk and CrkL in tumor cell lines suppress tumor cell functions, including cell proliferation, transformation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, resistance to chemotherapy drugs, and in vivo tumor growth and metastasis. Conversely, overexpression of tumor cells with Crk or CrkL enhances tumor cell functions. Therefore, Crk and CrkL have been proposed as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. However, it is unclear whether Crk and CrkL make distinct or overlapping contributions to tumor cell functions in various cancer types because Crk or CrkL have been examined independently in most studies. Two recent studies using colorectal cancer and glioblastoma cells clearly demonstrated that Crk and CrkL need to be ablated individually and combined to understand distinct and overlapping roles of the two proteins in cancer. A comprehensive understanding of individual and overlapping roles of Crk and CrkL in tumor cell functions is necessary to develop effective therapeutic strategies. This review systematically discusses crucial functions of Crk and CrkL in tumor cell functions and provides new perspectives on targeting Crk and CrkL in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeju Park
- Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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10
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Actin polymerization downstream of integrins: signaling pathways and mechanotransduction. Biochem J 2020; 477:1-21. [PMID: 31913455 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A cell constantly adapts to its environment. Cell decisions to survive, to proliferate or to migrate are dictated not only by soluble growth factors, but also through the direct interaction of the cell with the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Integrins and their connections to the actin cytoskeleton are crucial for monitoring cell attachment and the physical properties of the substratum. Cell adhesion dynamics are modulated in complex ways by the polymerization of branched and linear actin arrays, which in turn reinforce ECM-cytoskeleton connection. This review describes the major actin regulators, Ena/VASP proteins, formins and Arp2/3 complexes, in the context of signaling pathways downstream of integrins. We focus on the specific signaling pathways that transduce the rigidity of the substrate and which control durotaxis, i.e. directed migration of cells towards increased ECM rigidity. By doing so, we highlight several recent findings on mechanotransduction and put them into a broad integrative perspective that is the result of decades of intense research on the actin cytoskeleton and its regulation.
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11
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Hoffmann W. Trefoil Factor Family (TFF) Peptides and Their Diverse Molecular Functions in Mucus Barrier Protection and More: Changing the Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124535. [PMID: 32630599 PMCID: PMC7350206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor family peptides (TFF1, TFF2, TFF3) are typically co-secreted together with mucins. Tff1 represents a gastric tumor suppressor gene in mice. TFFs are also synthesized in minute amounts in the immune and central nervous systems. In mucous epithelia, they support rapid repair by enhancing cell migration ("restitution") via their weak chemotactic and anti-apoptotic effects. For a long time, as a paradigm, this was considered as their major biological function. Within recent years, the formation of disulfide-linked heterodimers was documented for TFF1 and TFF3, e.g., with gastrokine-2 and IgG Fc binding protein (FCGBP). Furthermore, lectin activities were recognized as enabling binding to a lipopolysaccharide of Helicobacter pylori (TFF1, TFF3) or to a carbohydrate moiety of the mucin MUC6 (TFF2). Only recently, gastric TFF1 was demonstrated to occur predominantly in monomeric forms with an unusual free thiol group. Thus, a new picture emerged, pointing to diverse molecular functions for TFFs. Monomeric TFF1 might protect the gastric mucosa as a scavenger for extracellular reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Whereas, the TFF2/MUC6 complex stabilizes the inner layer of the gastric mucus. In contrast, the TFF3-FCGBP heterodimer (and also TFF1-FCGBP) are likely part of the innate immune defense of mucous epithelia, preventing the infiltration of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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12
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Chen JM, Chen PY, Lin CC, Hsieh MC, Lin JT. Antimetastatic Effects of Sesamin on Human Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092248. [PMID: 32397656 PMCID: PMC7249112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sesamin is a lignin present in sesame oil from the bark of Zanthoxylum spp. Sesamin reportedly has anticarcinogenic potential and exerts anti-inflammatory effects on several tumors. Hypothesis/Purpose: However, the effect of sesamin on metastatic progression in human head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unknown in vitro and in vivo; hence, we investigated the effect of sesamin on HNSCC cells in vitro. Methods and Results: Sesamin-treated human oral cancer cell lines FaDu, HSC-3, and Ca9-22 were subjected to a wound-healing assay. Furthermore, Western blotting was performed to assess the effect of sesamin on the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and proteins of the MAPK signaling pathway, including p-ERK1/2, P-p38, and p-JNK1/2. In addition, we investigated the association between MMP-2 expression and the MAPK pathway in sesamin-treated oral cancer cells. Sesamin inhibited cell migration and invasion in FaDu, Ca9-22, and HSC-3 cells and suppressed MMP-2 at noncytotoxic concentrations (0 to 40 μM). Furthermore, sesamin significantly reduced p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner in FaDu and HSC-3 cells. Conclusions: These results indicate that sesamin suppresses the migration and invasion of HNSCC cells by regulating MMP-2 and is thus a potential antimetastatic agent for treating HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Yin Chen
- Department of Recreation and Holistic Wellness, MingDao University, Changhua 523, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chieh Lin
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Chang Hsieh
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-C.H.); (J.-T.L.); Tel.: +886-4-7238595 (J.-T.L.); Fax: +886-4-7232942 (J.-T.L.)
| | - Jen-Tsun Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-C.H.); (J.-T.L.); Tel.: +886-4-7238595 (J.-T.L.); Fax: +886-4-7232942 (J.-T.L.)
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13
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Miller AE, Hu P, Barker TH. Feeling Things Out: Bidirectional Signaling of the Cell-ECM Interface, Implications in the Mechanobiology of Cell Spreading, Migration, Proliferation, and Differentiation. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901445. [PMID: 32037719 PMCID: PMC7274903 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biophysical cues stemming from the extracellular environment are rapidly transduced into discernible chemical messages (mechanotransduction) that direct cellular activities-placing the extracellular matrix (ECM) as a potent regulator of cell behavior. Dynamic reciprocity between the cell and its associated matrix is essential to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and dysregulation of both ECM mechanical signaling, via pathological ECM turnover, and internal mechanotransduction pathways contribute to disease progression. This review covers the current understandings of the key modes of signaling used by both the cell and ECM to coregulate one another. By taking an outside-in approach, the inherent complexities and regulatory processes at each level of signaling (ECM, plasma membrane, focal adhesion, and cytoplasm) are captured to give a comprehensive picture of the internal and external mechanoregulatory environment. Specific emphasis is placed on the focal adhesion complex which acts as a central hub of mechanical signaling, regulating cell spreading, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In addition, a wealth of available knowledge on mechanotransduction is curated to generate an integrated signaling network encompassing the central components of the focal adhesion, cytoplasm and nucleus that act in concert to promote durotaxis, proliferation, and differentiation in a stiffness-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd. MR5 1225, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd. MR5 1225, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Thomas H Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Rd. MR5 1225, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
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Calhoun MA, Cui Y, Elliott EE, Mo X, Otero JJ, Winter JO. MicroRNA-mRNA Interactions at Low Levels of Compressive Solid Stress Implicate mir-548 in Increased Glioblastoma Cell Motility. Sci Rep 2020; 10:311. [PMID: 31941933 PMCID: PMC6962377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56983-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an astrocytic brain tumor with median survival times of <15 months, primarily as a result of high infiltrative potential and development of resistance to therapy (i.e., surgical resection, chemoradiotherapy). A prominent feature of the GBM microenvironment is compressive solid stress (CSS) caused by uninhibited tumor growth within the confined skull. Here, we utilized a mechanical compression model to apply CSS (<115 Pa) to well-characterized LN229 and U251 GBM cell lines and measured their motility, morphology, and transcriptomic response. Whereas both cell lines displayed a peak in migration at 23 Pa, cells displayed differential response to CSS with either minimal (i.e., U251) or large changes in motility (i.e., LN229). Increased migration of LN229 cells was also correlated to increased cell elongation. These changes were tied to epigenetic signaling associated with increased migration and decreases in proliferation predicted via Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA), characteristics associated with tumor aggressiveness. miRNA-mRNA interaction analysis revealed strong influence of the miR548 family (i.e., mir-548aj, mir-548az, mir-548t) on differential signaling induced by CSS, suggesting potential targets for pharmaceutical intervention that may improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Calhoun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yixiao Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eileen E Elliott
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jose J Otero
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jessica O Winter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. .,William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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15
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Adaptor protein CrkII negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation and function through JNK phosphorylation. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 31554784 PMCID: PMC6802640 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptor protein CrkII is involved in several biological activities, including mitogenesis, phagocytosis, and cytoskeleton reorganization. Previously, we demonstrated that CrkII plays an important role in osteoclast differentiation and function through Rac1 activation both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated whether CrkII also regulates the differentiation and function of another type of bone cells, osteoblasts. Overexpression of CrkII in primary osteoblasts inhibited bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2-induced osteoblast differentiation and function, whereas knockdown of CrkII expression exerted the opposite effect. Importantly, CrkII strongly enhanced c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, and the CrkII overexpression-mediated attenuation of osteoblast differentiation and function was recovered by JNK inhibitor treatment. Furthermore, transgenic mice overexpressing CrkII under control of the alpha-1 type I collagen promoter exhibited a reduced bone mass phenotype. Together, these results indicate that CrkII negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation and function through JNK phosphorylation. Given that CrkII acts as a negative and positive regulator of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, respectively, the regulation of CrkII expression in bone cells may help to develop new strategies to enhance bone formation and inhibit bone resorption.
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16
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A hypoxia- and telomerase-responsive oncolytic adenovirus expressing secretable trimeric TRAIL triggers tumour-specific apoptosis and promotes viral dispersion in TRAIL-resistant glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1420. [PMID: 29362367 PMCID: PMC5780382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive and malignant type of cancer that is apoptosis resistant and difficult to cure by conventional cancer therapies. In this regard, an oncolytic adenovirus that selectively targets the tumour tissue and induces tumour cell lysis is a promising treatment option. We designed and constructed a hypoxia-responsive and cancer-specific modified human telomerase reverse transcriptase (H5CmTERT) promoter to drive replication of an oncolytic adenovirus (H5CmTERT-Ad). To enhance the anti-tumour efficacy of H5CmTERT-Ad against malignant glioblastoma, we also generated an H5CmTERT-Ad expressing secretable trimeric tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (H5CmTERT-Ad/TRAIL). H5CmTERT promoter-regulated oncolytic adenoviruses showed cancer-specific and superior cell-killing effect in contrast to a cognate control oncolytic adenovirus replicating under the control of the endogenous adenovirus promoter. The cancer cell-killing effects of H5CmTERT-Ad and H5CmTERT-Ad/TRAIL were markedly higher during hypoxia than normoxia owing to hypoxia responsiveness of the promoter. H5CmTERT-Ad/TRAIL showed more potent anti-tumour efficacy than H5CmTERT-Ad did in a xenograft model of TRAIL-resistant subcutaneous and orthotopic glioblastoma through superior induction of apoptosis and more extensive virus distribution in the tumour tissue. Altogether, our findings show that H5CmTERT-Ad/TRAIL can promote dispersion of an oncolytic adenovirus through robust induction of apoptosis in a highly TRAIL-resistant glioblastoma.
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Guo C, Wang J, Yang M, Li Y, Cui S, Zhou X, Li Y, Sun Z. Amorphous silica nanoparticles induce malignant transformation and tumorigenesis of human lung epithelial cells via P53 signaling. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:1176-1194. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1403658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Guo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ji Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Man Yang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuxiang Cui
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanbo Li
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
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18
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Caron JM, Ames JJ, Contois L, Liebes L, Friesel R, Muggia F, Vary CPH, Oxburgh L, Brooks PC. Inhibition of Ovarian Tumor Growth by Targeting the HU177 Cryptic Collagen Epitope. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 186:1649-61. [PMID: 27216148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that stromal cells play critical roles in tumor growth. Uncovering new mechanisms that control stromal cell behavior and their accumulation within tumors may lead to development of more effective treatments. We provide evidence that the HU177 cryptic collagen epitope is selectively generated within human ovarian carcinomas and this collagen epitope plays a role in SKOV-3 ovarian tumor growth in vivo. The ability of the HU177 epitope to regulate SKOV-3 tumor growth depends in part on its ability to modulate stromal cell behavior because targeting this epitope inhibited angiogenesis and, surprisingly, the accumulation of α-smooth muscle actin-expressing stromal cells. Integrin α10β1 can serve as a receptor for the HU177 epitope in α-smooth muscle actin-expressing stromal cells and subsequently regulates Erk-dependent migration. These findings are consistent with a mechanism by which the generation of the HU177 collagen epitope provides a previously unrecognized α10β1 ligand that selectively governs angiogenesis and the accumulation of stromal cells, which in turn secrete protumorigenic factors that contribute to ovarian tumor growth. Our findings provide a new mechanistic understanding into the roles by which the HU177 epitope regulates ovarian tumor growth and provide new insight into the clinical results from a phase 1 human clinical study of the monoclonal antibody D93/TRC093 in patients with advanced malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Caron
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Jacquelyn J Ames
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Liangru Contois
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Leonard Liebes
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Robert Friesel
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Franco Muggia
- New York University Langone Medical Center, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, New York, New York
| | - Calvin P H Vary
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Leif Oxburgh
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Peter C Brooks
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Scarborough, Maine.
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19
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Cheng F, Miao L, Wu Q, Gong X, Xiong J, Zhang J. Vinculin b deficiency causes epicardial hyperplasia and coronary vessel disorganization in zebrafish. Development 2016; 143:3522-3531. [PMID: 27578788 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Coronary vessel development is a highly coordinated process during heart formation. Abnormal development and dysfunction of the coronary network are contributory factors in the majority of heart disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate coronary vessel formation is crucial for preventing and treating the disease. We report a zebrafish gene-trap vinculin b (vclb) mutant that displays abnormal coronary vessel development among multiple cardiac defects. The mutant shows overproliferation of epicardium-derived cells and disorganization of coronary vessels, and they eventually die off at juvenile stages. Mechanistically, Vclb deficiency results in the release of another cytoskeletal protein, paxillin, from the Vclb complex and the upregulation of ERK and FAK phosphorylation in epicardium and endocardium, causing disorganization of endothelial cells and pericytes during coronary vessel development. By contrast, cardiac muscle development is relatively normal, probably owing to redundancy with Vcla, a vinculin paralog that is expressed in the myocardium but not epicardium. Together, our results reveal a previously unappreciated function of vinculin in epicardium and endocardium and reinforce the notion that well-balanced FAK activity is essential for coronary vessel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liyun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xia Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingwei Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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20
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Collagen Extracted from Persian Gulf Squid Exhibits Anti-Cytotoxic Properties on Apple Pectic Treated Cells: Assessment in an In Vitro Bioassay Model. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 45:1054-1063. [PMID: 27928532 PMCID: PMC5139963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagen-based three-dimensional (3D) in vitro systems have been introduced to study the physiological states of cells. As a biomolecule, collagen is usually extracted from terrestrial animals whilst aquatic animals like squid contain large amounts of collagen. METHODS In order to make effective use of marine organisms, we selected Persian Gulf squid in 2015 to extract the required collagen. Then, a 3D culture system based on the extracted collagen was applied to investigate cellular mechanisms in a native microenvironment. The formed collagen gel was used to investigate the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells as well as responses to pectic acid. RESULTS The results revealed that the extracted collagen contained α, ß and γ components with high water holding capacity. This collagen formed a gel-like structure, which could promote the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The MDA-MB-231 cells' viability in presence of pectic acid, demonstrating the cells' behavior in a 3D culture system. CONCLUSION It seems that the collagen extracted from squid skin has type I collagen properties. It might be used as a substrate in 3D cell culture systems.
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21
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Lee H, Hwang SJ, Kim HR, Shin CH, Choi KH, Joung JG, Kim HH. Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) controls the invasiveness of glioblastoma through YAP-dependent expression of CYR61/CCN1 and miR-296-3p. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:599-611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Kim JH, Kim K, Kim I, Seong S, Nam KI, Lee SH, Kim KK, Kim N. Role of CrkII Signaling in RANKL-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1123-31. [PMID: 26695370 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rac1, a member of small GTPases, is a key regulator of osteoclast differentiation and function. The Crk family adaptor proteins, consisting of Src homology (SH) 2 and SH3 protein-binding domains, regulate cell proliferation, migration, and invasion through Rac1 activation. In this study, we examined the role of CrkII in osteoclast differentiation and function. Retroviral overexpression of CrkII in osteoclast precursors enhanced osteoclast differentiation and resorptive function through Rac1 activation. The knockdown of CrkII in osteoclast precursors using small interfering RNA inhibited osteoclast differentiation and its resorption activity. Unlike wild-type CrkII, overexpression of the three SH domains in mutant forms of CrkII did not enhance either osteoclast differentiation or function. Phosphorylation of p130 Crk-associated substrate (p130Cas) by osteoclastogenic cytokines in preosteoclasts increased the interaction between p130Cas and CrkII, which is known to be involved in Rac1 activation. Furthermore, transgenic mice overexpressing CrkII under control of a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase promoter exhibited a low bone mass phenotype, associated with increased resorptive function of osteoclasts in vivo. Taken together, our data suggest that the p130Cas/CrkII/Rac1 signaling pathway plays an important role in osteoclast differentiation and function, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ha Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Kabsun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Semun Seong
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Il Nam
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Seoung Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Wonkwang University School of Dentistry, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Keun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Nacksung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Center for Gene Regulation, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746, Republic of Korea;
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23
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Chao R, Chow JM, Hsieh YH, Chen CK, Lee WJ, Hsieh FK, Yu NY, Chou MC, Cheng CW, Yang SF, Chien MH. Tricetin suppresses the migration/invasion of human glioblastoma multiforme cells by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-2 through modulation of the expression and transcriptional activity of specificity protein 1. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1293-306. [PMID: 26245494 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1075509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a severely invasive tumor that can be fatal because it is difficult to treat. Tricetin, a natural flavonoid, was demonstrated to inhibit the growth of various cancers, but the effect of tricetin on cancer motility is largely unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the present study, we examined the anti-invasive properties of tricetin in huwman GBM cells. RESULTS Our results showed that tricetin inhibited the migration/invasion of two GBM cell lines. We found that tricetin inhibited MMP-2 expression in the GBM cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and promoter activity assays indicated that tricetin inhibited MMP-2 expression at the transcriptional level. Such inhibitory effects were associated with the suppression of specificity protein-1 (SP-1) DNA-binding activity. An examination of clinical samples revealed a positive correlation between SP-1 and MMP-2 in glioma specimens, and higher expression levels were correlated with a worse probability of survival. Moreover, blocking the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway also inhibited MMP-2-mediated cell motility, and further enhanced the anti-invasive ability of tricetin in GBM cells. CONCLUSIONS SP-1 is an important target of tricetin for suppressing MMP-2-mediated cell motility in GBM cells, and a combination of tricetin and an ERK inhibitor may be a good strategy for preventing GBM invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rockey Chao
- a 1 Chung Shan Medical University, Institute of Medicine , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Ming Chow
- b 2 Taipei Medical University, Wan Fang Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- c 3 Chung Shan Medical University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kuan Chen
- d 4 Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei, Taiwan.,e 5 National Taiwan University, Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jiunn Lee
- f 6 Taipei Medical University, Wan Fang Hospital, Department of Urology , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Koo Hsieh
- g 7 Ludwig-Maximilians University, Department of Surgery, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine , Munich, Germany
| | - Nuo-Yi Yu
- a 1 Chung Shan Medical University, Institute of Medicine , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Chou
- a 1 Chung Shan Medical University, Institute of Medicine , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Cheng
- h 8 Taipei Medical University, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine , 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan +886 2 2736 1661 ; +886 2 2739 0500 ;
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- a 1 Chung Shan Medical University, Institute of Medicine , Taichung, Taiwan.,i 9 Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Department of Medical Research , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Chien
- h 8 Taipei Medical University, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine , 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, Taiwan +886 2 2736 1661 ; +886 2 2739 0500 ; .,j 10 Taipei Medical University, Wan Fang Hospital, Department of Medical Research , Taipei, Taiwan
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Zhang H, Lohcharoenkal W, Sun J, Li X, Wang L, Wu N, Rojanasakul Y, Liu Y. Microfluidic gradient device for studying mesothelial cell migration and the effect of chronic carbon nanotube exposure. JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING : STRUCTURES, DEVICES, AND SYSTEMS 2015; 25:075010. [PMID: 26937070 PMCID: PMC4770811 DOI: 10.1088/0960-1317/25/7/075010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is one of the crucial steps in many physiological and pathological processes, including cancer development. Our recent studies have shown that carbon nanotubes (CNTs), similarly to asbestos, can induce accelerated cell growth and invasiveness that contribute to their mesothelioma pathogenicity. Malignant mesothelioma is a very aggressive tumor that develops from cells of the mesothelium, and is most commonly caused by exposure to asbestos. CNTs have a similar structure and mode of exposure to asbestos. This has raised a concern regarding the potential carcinogenicity of CNTs, especially in the pleural area which is a key target for asbestos-related diseases. In this paper, a static microfluidic gradient device was applied to study the migration of human pleural mesothelial cells which had been through a long-term exposure (4 months) to subcytotoxic concentration (0.02 μg cm-2) of single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs). Multiple migration signatures of these cells were investigated using the microfluidic gradient device for the first time. During the migration study, we observed that cell morphologies changed from flattened shapes to spindle shapes prior to their migration after their sensing of the chemical gradient. The migration of chronically SWCNT-exposed mesothelial cells was evaluated under different fetal bovine serum (FBS) concentration gradients, and the migration speeds and number of migrating cells were extracted and compared. The results showed that chronically SWCNT-exposed mesothelial cells are more sensitive to the gradient compared to non-SWCNT-exposed cells. The method described here allows simultaneous detection of cell morphology and migration under chemical gradient conditions, and also allows for real-time monitoring of cell motility that resembles in vivo cell migration. This platform would be much needed for supporting the development of more physiologically relevant cell models for better assessment and characterization of the mesothelioma hazard posed by nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyuan Zhang
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Warangkana Lohcharoenkal
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jianbo Sun
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Liying Wang
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Wood S, Goldufsky J, Shafikhani SH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT Induces Atypical Anoikis Apoptosis in Target Host Cells by Transforming Crk Adaptor Protein into a Cytotoxin. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004934. [PMID: 26020630 PMCID: PMC4447348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT induces potent apoptosis in host epithelial cells in a manner that primarily depends on its ADP-ribosyltransferase domain (ADPRT) activity. However, the mechanism underlying ExoT/ADPRT-induced apoptosis remains undetermined. We now report that ExoT/ADPRT disrupts focal adhesion sites, activates p38β and JNK, and interferes with integrin-mediated survival signaling; causing atypical anoikis. We show that ExoT/ADPRT-induced anoikis is mediated by the Crk adaptor protein. We found that Crk-/- knockout cells are significantly more resistant to ExoT-induced apoptosis, while Crk-/- cells complemented with Crk are rendered sensitive to ExoT-induced apoptosis. Moreover, a dominant negative (DN) mutant form of Crk phenocopies ExoT-induced apoptosis both kinetically and mechanistically. Crk is generally believed to be a component of focal adhesion (FA) and its role in cellular survival remains controversial in that it has been found to be either pro-survival or pro-apoptosis. Our data demonstrate that although Crk is recruited to FA sites, its function is likely not required for FA assembly or for survival per se. However, when modified by ExoT or by mutagenesis, it can be transformed into a cytotoxin that induces anoikis by disrupting FA sites and interfering with integrin survival signaling. To our knowledge, this is the first example whereby a bacterial toxin exerts its cytotoxicity by subverting the function of an innocuous host cellular protein and turning it against the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wood
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Josef Goldufsky
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sasha H. Shafikhani
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Goldufsky J, Wood S, Hajihossainlou B, Rehman T, Majdobeh O, Kaufman HL, Ruby CE, Shafikhani SH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin T induces potent cytotoxicity against a variety of murine and human cancer cell lines. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:164-73. [PMID: 25627204 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with malignancy, the major barrier to achieving complete response is emergence of resistance to current chemotherapeutic agents. One of the major mechanisms by which tumour cells become resistant to therapies is by altering cellular drug targets through mutations and/or deletions. Resistance by this mechanism is achieved more easily if the drug has limited cellular targets and/or processes. We hypothesized that as Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin T (ExoT) targets six proteins that are required for cancer cell survival and proliferation, it is highly unlikely for cancer cells to develop resistance to this toxin. We assessed ExoT's cytotoxicity against multiple invasive and highly resistant tumour cell lines in order to evaluate its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent. Our data demonstrated that ExoT induced potent cytotoxicity in all tumour cell lines that we examined. Collectively, our data highlighted the potential of ExoT as a possible chemotherapeutic candidate for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Goldufsky
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen Wood
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Behnam Hajihossainlou
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tooba Rehman
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Omar Majdobeh
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Carl E Ruby
- Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Sarepta Therapeutics, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sasha H Shafikhani
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Rush University Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Goldufsky J, Wood S, Hajihossainlou B, Rehman T, Majdobeh O, Kaufman HL, Ruby CE, Shafikhani SH. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin T induces potent cytotoxicity against a variety of murine and human cancer cell lines. J Med Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Goldufsky
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen Wood
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Behnam Hajihossainlou
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tooba Rehman
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Omar Majdobeh
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Carl E. Ruby
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sasha H. Shafikhani
- Rush University Cancer Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Tarighi P, Montazeri H, Khorramizadeh M, sobhani AM, Ostad S, Ghahremani M. uPAR peptide antagonist alters regulation of MAP kinases and Bcl-2 family members in favor of apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cell line. Res Pharm Sci 2015; 10:200-5. [PMID: 26600846 PMCID: PMC4621626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and its ligands play a major role in many tumors by mediating extracellular matrix degradation and signaling cascades leading to tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Recently we introduced uPAR decapeptide antagonist with cytotoxic effect on MDA-MB-231 cell line. In this study we assessed the alteration in uPAR downstream signaling following treatment with the peptide antagonist. In this regard, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 from mitogen-activated protein kinase family and Bcl-2, Bim and Bax from Bcl-2 protein family were investigated. Our data revealed that the peptide caused p38 activation and low ERK activation. On the other hand, the peptide induced down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bim without Bax modulation. Changes in target protein expression/activation explain the apoptotic property of the peptide and highlight its potential to be used as a therapeutic agent in cancerous cells expressing high levels of uPAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Tarighi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - H. Montazeri
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - M.R. Khorramizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran,Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - A. Madadkar sobhani
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tehran University, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - S.N. Ostad
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - M.H. Ghahremani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran,Corresponding author: M.H. Ghahremani Tel: 0098 21 66959102, Fax: 0098 21 66959102
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Antioxidant Peptide Derived from Spirulina maximaSuppresses HIF1 α-Induced Invasive Migration of HT1080 Fibrosarcoma Cells. J CHEM-NY 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/308602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia causes the malignant progression of tumor cells; hence, it has been considered a central issue that must be addressed for effective cancer therapy. The initiation of tumor metastasis requires invasive cell migration. Here, we show that an antioxidant peptide derived fromSpirulina maximasuppresses hypoxia-induced invasive migration of HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. HT1080 cells treated with a hypoxia-inducing agent, CoCl2, exhibited an increase in invasive migration and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is associated with an increase in the expression of hypoxia-induced factor 1α(HIF1α) accompanied by the activation of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2. The inhibition of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 with specific inhibitors diminished the CoCl2-induced increase in HIF1αexpression and invasive cell migration. Moreover, CoCl2-induced HIF1αexpression was associated with an increase in the expression of molecules downstream ofβ-integrin, such as N-cadherin, vimentin, andβ-catenin. Therefore, theS. maximapeptide effectively attenuated the CoCl2-induced ROS generation and downregulated the HIF1αsignaling pathway involving PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, andβ-integrin in cells. These results suggest that theS. maximaantioxidant peptide downregulates the HIF1αsignaling pathway necessary for hypoxia-induced invasive migration of HT1080 cells by attenuating intracellular ROS.S. maximapeptide may be an effective constituent in antitumor progression products.
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Gupta A, Mohanty P, Bhatnagar S. Integrative analysis of ocular complications in atherosclerosis unveils pathway convergence and crosstalk. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 35:149-64. [PMID: 25055025 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.942462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a life-threatening disease and a major cause of mortalities worldwide. While many of the atherosclerotic sequelae are reflected as microvascular effects in the eye, the molecular mechanisms of their development is not yet known. In this study, we employed a systems biology approach to unveil the most significant events and key molecular mediators of ophthalmic sequelae caused by atherosclerosis. Literature mining was used to identify the proteins involved in both atherosclerosis and ophthalmic diseases. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was prepared using the literature-mined seed nodes. Network topological analysis was carried out using Cytoscape, while network nodes were annotated using database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery in order to identify the most enriched pathways and processes. Network analysis revealed that mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) and protein kinase C occur with highest betweenness centrality, degree and closeness centrality, thus reflecting their functional importance to the network. Our analysis shows that atherosclerosis-associated ophthalmic complications are caused by the convergence of neurotrophin signaling pathways, multiple immune response pathways and focal adhesion pathway on the MAPK signaling pathway. The PPI network shares features with vasoregression, a process underlying multiple vascular eye diseases. Our study presents a first clear and composite picture of the components and crosstalk of the main pathways of atherosclerosis-induced ocular diseases. The hub bottleneck nodes highlight the presence of molecules important for mediating the ophthalmic complications of atherosclerosis and contain five established drug targets for future therapeutic modulation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , New Delhi , India
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31
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Embroidered polymer-collagen hybrid scaffold variants for ligament tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 43:290-9. [PMID: 25175216 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Embroidery techniques and patterns used for scaffold production allow the adaption of biomechanical scaffold properties. The integration of collagen into embroidered polylactide-co-caprolactone [P(LA-CL)] and polydioxanone (PDS) scaffolds could stimulate neo-tissue formation by anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test embroidered P(LA-CL) and PDS scaffolds as hybrid scaffolds in combination with collagen hydrogel, sponge or foam for ligament tissue engineering. ACL cells were cultured on embroidered P(LA-CL) and PDS scaffolds without or with collagen supplementation. Cell adherence, vitality, morphology and ECM synthesis were analyzed. Irrespective of thread size, ACL cells seeded on P(LA-CL) scaffolds without collagen adhered and spread over the threads, whereas the cells formed clusters on PDS and larger areas remained cell-free. Using the collagen hydrogel, the scaffold colonization was limited by the gel instability. The collagen sponge layers integrated into the scaffolds were hardly penetrated by the cells. Collagen foams increased scaffold colonization in P(LA-CL) but did not facilitate direct cell-thread contacts in the PDS scaffolds. The results suggest embroidered P(LA-CL) scaffolds as a more promising basis for tissue engineering an ACL substitute than PDS due to superior cell attachment. Supplementation with a collagen foam presents a promising functionalization strategy.
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32
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Lohcharoenkal W, Wang L, Stueckle TA, Park J, Tse W, Dinu CZ, Rojanasakul Y. Role of H-Ras/ERK signaling in carbon nanotube-induced neoplastic-like transformation of human mesothelial cells. Front Physiol 2014; 5:222. [PMID: 24971065 PMCID: PMC4054652 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid development and deployment of engineered nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in various commercial and biomedical applications have raised concerns about their potential adverse health effects, especially their long-term effects which have not been well addressed. We demonstrated here that prolonged exposure of human mesothelial cells to single-walled CNT (SWCNT) induced neoplastic-like transformation as indicated by anchorage-independent cell growth and increased cell invasiveness. Such transformation was associated with an up-regulation of H-Ras and activation of ERK1/2. Downregulation of H-Ras by siRNA or inactivation of ERK by chemical inhibitor effectively inhibited the aggressive phenotype of SWCNT-exposed cells. Integrin alpha V and cortactin, but not epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcriptional regulators, were up-regulated in the SWCNT-exposed cells, suggesting their role in the aggressive phenotype. Cortactin expression was shown to be controlled by the H-Ras/ERK signaling. Thus, our results indicate a novel role of H-Ras/ERK signaling and cortactin in the aggressive transformation of human mesothelial cells by SWCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liying Wang
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jino Park
- Department of Medicine, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - William Tse
- Department of Medicine, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cerasela-Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA ; Department of Medicine, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University Morgantown, WV, USA
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Lentivirus-mediated Nox4 shRNA invasion and angiogenesis and enhances radiosensitivity in human glioblastoma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:581732. [PMID: 24868315 PMCID: PMC4020159 DOI: 10.1155/2014/581732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Radioresistance remains a significant therapeutic obstacle in glioblastoma. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are associated with multiple cellular functions such as cell proliferation and apoptosis. Nox4 NADPH oxidase is abundantly expressed and has proven to be a major source of ROS production in glioblastoma. Here we investigated the effects of Nox4 on GBM tumor cell invasion, angiogenesis, and radiosensitivity. A lentiviral shRNA vector was utilized to stably knockdown Nox4 in U87MG and U251 glioblastoma cells. ROS production was measured by flow cytometry using the fluorescent probe DCFH-DA. Radiosensitivity was evaluated by clonogenic assay and survival curve was generated. Cell proliferation activity was assessed by a cell counting proliferation assay and invasion/migration potential by Matrigel invasion assay. Tube-like structure formation assay was used to evaluate angiogenesis ability in vitro and VEGF expression was assessed by MTT assay. Nox4 knockdown reduced ROS production significantly and suppressed glioblastoma cells proliferation and invasion and tumor associated angiogenesis and increased their radiosensitivity in vitro. Our results indicate that Nox4 may play a crucial role in tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and radioresistance in glioblastoma. Inhibition of Nox4 by lentivirus-mediated shRNA could be a strategy to overcome radioresistance and then improve its therapeutic efficacy for glioblastoma.
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Mierke CT. The role of focal adhesion kinase in the regulation of cellular mechanical properties. Phys Biol 2013; 10:065005. [PMID: 24304934 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of mechanical properties is necessary for cell invasion into connective tissue or intra- and extravasation through the endothelium of blood or lymph vessels. Cell invasion is important for the regulation of many healthy processes such as immune response reactions and wound healing. In addition, cell invasion plays a role in disease-related processes such as tumor metastasis and autoimmune responses. Until now the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in regulating mechanical properties of cells and its impact on cell invasion efficiency is still not well known. Thus, this review focuses on mechanical properties regulated by FAK in comparison to the mechano-regulating protein vinculin. Moreover, it points out the connection between cancer cell invasion and metastasis and FAK by showing that FAK regulates cellular mechanical properties required for cellular motility. Furthermore, it sheds light on the indirect interaction of FAK with vinculin by binding to paxillin, which then impairs the binding of paxillin to vinculin. In addition, this review emphasizes whether FAK fulfills regulatory functions similar to vinculin. In particular, it discusses the differences and the similarities between FAK and vinculin in regulating the biomechanical properties of cells. Finally, this paper highlights that both focal adhesion proteins, vinculin and FAK, synergize their functions to regulate the mechanical properties of cells such as stiffness and contractile forces. Subsequently, these mechanical properties determine cellular invasiveness into tissues and provide a source sink for future drug developments to inhibit excessive cell invasion and hence, metastases formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Institute of Experimental Physics I, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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35
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Pezeshkpour GH, Moatamed F, Lewis M, Hoang B, Rettig M, Mortazavi F. CRK SH3N Domain Diminishes Cell Invasiveness of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Genes Cancer 2013; 4:315-24. [PMID: 24167658 DOI: 10.1177/1947601913497573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CRK (c-Crk) as an adaptor protein is involved in several oncogenic signal transduction pathways, conveying oncogenic signals to its downstream effectors and thereby affecting multiple cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and migration. For example, we have observed that CRK expression and phosphorylation influence the invasiveness of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. To intervene in CRK signaling pathway, we examined whether CRK protein domains can be used as therapeutic tools to interrupt CRK signaling, thus influencing the biological behavior of NSCLC cells. For this purpose, Src Homology domains of CRK-I (i.e., SH2 and SH3N domains) were overexpressed in H157, Rh2, and A549 cells. CRK-SH3N domain expression induced epithelial morphology in H157 cells and enhanced epithelial morphology of A549 and Rh2 cells as compared to cells transfected with CRK-SH2 domain or empty vector. In addition, CRK-SH3N domain expression significantly decreased the motility and invasiveness of A549 and H157 cells. Furthermore, CRK-SH3N domain expression disrupted the interaction of CRK-II with DOCK180. In summary, these data provide evidence that the CRK-SH3N domain can be used to influence the malignant phenotype of NSCLC cells and also reduce the metastatic potential of these cells.
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36
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Sarkar S, Rajput S, Tripathi AK, Mandal M. Targeted therapy against EGFR and VEGFR using ZD6474 enhances the therapeutic potential of UV-B phototherapy in breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:122. [PMID: 24138843 PMCID: PMC4015769 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hypoxic environment of tumor region stimulated the up regulation of growth factors responsible for angiogenesis and tumor proliferation. Thus, targeting the tumor vasculature along with the proliferation by dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor may be the efficient way of treating advanced breast cancers, which can be further enhanced by combining with radiotherapy. However, the effectiveness of radiotherapy may be severely compromised by toxicities and tumor resistance due to radiation-induced adaptive response contributing to recurrence and metastases of breast cancer. The rational of using ZD6474 is to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of combined VEGFR2 and EGFR targeting with concurrent targeted and localized UV-B phototherapy in vitro breast cancer cells with the anticipation to cure skin lesions infiltrated with breast cancer cells. Materials and methods Breast cancer cells were exposed to UV-B and ZD6474 and the cell viability, apoptosis, invasion and motility studies were conducted for the combinatorial effect. Graphs and statistical analyses were performed using Graph Pad Prism 5.0. Results ZD6474 and UV-B decreased cell viability in breast cancers in combinatorial manner without affecting the normal human mammary epithelial cells. ZD6474 inhibited cyclin E expression and induced p53 expression when combined with UV-B. It activated stress induced mitochondrial pathway by inducing translocation of bax and cytochrome-c. The combination of ZD6474 with UV-B vs. either agent alone also more potently down-regulated the anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein, up-regulated pro-apoptotic signaling events involving expression of bax, activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7 proteins, and induced poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase resulting in apoptosis. ZD6474 combined with UV-B inhibited invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro as compared to either single agent, indicating a potential involvement of pro-angiogenic growth factors in regulating the altered expression and reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins in combinatorial treated breast cancer cells. Involvement of combination therapy in reducing the expression of matrix metalloprotease was also observed. Conclusions Collectively, our studies indicate that incorporating an anti-EGFR plus VEGFR strategy (ZD6474) with phototherapy (UV-B), an alternative approach to the ongoing conventional radiotherapy for the treatment of infiltrating metastatic breast cancer cells in the skin and for locally recurrence breast cancer than either approach alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India.
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Reynolds AB, Kanner SB, Bouton AH, Schaller MD, Weed SA, Flynn DC, Parsons JT. SRChing for the substrates of Src. Oncogene 2013; 33:4537-47. [PMID: 24121272 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By the mid 1980's, it was clear that the transforming activity of oncogenic Src was linked to the activity of its tyrosine kinase domain and attention turned to identifying substrates, the putative next level of control in the pathway to transformation. Among the first to recognize the potential of phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies, Parsons and colleagues launched a risky shotgun-based approach that led ultimately to the cDNA cloning and functional characterization of many of today's best-known Src substrates (for example, p85-Cortactin, p110-AFAP1, p130Cas, p125FAK and p120-catenin). Two decades and over 6000 citations later, the original goals of the project may be seen as secondary to the enormous impact of these protein substrates in many areas of biology. At the request of the editors, this review is not restricted to the current status of the substrates, but reflects also on the anatomy of the project itself and some of the challenges and decisions encountered along the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Reynolds
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S B Kanner
- Arrowhead Research Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A H Bouton
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - M D Schaller
- Department of Biochemistry, 3124 HSN, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - S A Weed
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 1833 Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - D C Flynn
- Department of Medical Lab Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - J T Parsons
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Cancer Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Lohcharoenkal W, Wang L, Stueckle TA, Dinu CZ, Castranova V, Liu Y, Rojanasakul Y. Chronic exposure to carbon nanotubes induces invasion of human mesothelial cells through matrix metalloproteinase-2. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7711-23. [PMID: 23924264 PMCID: PMC3875633 DOI: 10.1021/nn402241b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer known. Recent studies have shown that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are biopersistent and induce mesothelioma in animals, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. Here, we investigate the effect of long-term exposure to high aspect ratio CNTs on the aggressive behaviors of human pleural mesothelial cells, the primary cellular target of human lung mesothelioma. We show that chronic exposure (4 months) to single- and multiwalled CNTs induced proliferation, migration, and invasion of the cells similar to that observed in asbestos-exposed cells. An up-regulation of several key genes known to be important in cell invasion, notably matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), was observed in the exposed mesothelial cells as determined by real-time PCR. Western blot and enzyme activity assays confirmed the increased expression and activity of MMP-2. Whole genome microarray analysis further indicated the importance of MMP-2 in the invasion gene signaling network of the exposed cells. Knockdown of MMP-2 in CNT and asbestos-exposed cells by shRNA-mediated gene silencing effectively inhibited the aggressive phenotypes. This study demonstrates CNT-induced cell invasion and indicates the role of MMP-2 in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warangkana Lohcharoenkal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Liying Wang
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Todd A. Stueckle
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
- Corresponding Author Correspondence should be addressed to Prof. Yon Rojanasakul, West Virginia University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center. Phone: 304-293-1476
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CAS directly interacts with vinculin to control mechanosensing and focal adhesion dynamics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:727-44. [PMID: 23974298 PMCID: PMC3901934 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesions are cellular structures through which both mechanical forces and regulatory signals are transmitted. Two focal adhesion-associated proteins, Crk-associated substrate (CAS) and vinculin, were both independently shown to be crucial for the ability of cells to transmit mechanical forces and to regulate cytoskeletal tension. Here, we identify a novel, direct binding interaction between CAS and vinculin. This interaction is mediated by the CAS SRC homology 3 domain and a proline-rich sequence in the hinge region of vinculin. We show that CAS localization in focal adhesions is partially dependent on vinculin, and that CAS–vinculin coupling is required for stretch-induced activation of CAS at the Y410 phosphorylation site. Moreover, CAS–vinculin binding significantly affects the dynamics of CAS and vinculin within focal adhesions as well as the size of focal adhesions. Finally, disruption of CAS binding to vinculin reduces cell stiffness and traction force generation. Taken together, these findings strongly implicate a crucial role of CAS–vinculin interaction in mechanosensing and focal adhesion dynamics.
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40
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Huang W, Deng B, Wang RW, Tan QY, Jiang YG. Expression of breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 1 in relation to vascular endothelial growth factor, p53, and prognosis in esophageal squamous cell cancer. Dis Esophagus 2013; 26:528-37. [PMID: 22816673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2012.01376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 1 (BCAR1) expression in relation to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), p53, and proliferation in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC). Expression of BCAR1, VEGF, p53, and the ki-67 proliferative index were examined by tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry in 106 specimens with ESCC and matched adjacent normal tissues. Among them, 40 cases were simultaneously examined by Western blot. Both Western blot and immunohistochemistry showed that BCAR1 expression was substantially higher in ESCC than in adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.001). BCAR1 expression was significantly connected with degree of tumor differentiation, with poorly differentiated tumors showing higher BCAR1 expression (P < 0.001). BCAR1 expression was significantly and positively correlated with VEGF and p53 expression levels (r= 0.541, P < 0.001; r= 0.374; P < 0.001) but not proliferative index (r= 0.44; P= 0.066). Additionally, a significant relationship was also observed between VEGF and p53 (r= 0.321; P= 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that patients with high BCAR1 expression had significantly shorter survival times than those with low BCAR1 expression levels (median survival 40 months vs. 27 months, P= 0.09). Multivariate analysis also revealed that levels of BCAR1 expression (hazard ratio 2.250, P= 0.015) was a significant and independent prognostic indicator. High expression of BCAR1 is associated with elevated VEGF and p53 expression levels, as well as poor prognosis in ESCC. Therefore, BCAR1 may be a potential candidate for predicting prognosis and a new therapy target for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Huang
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Graf R, Barbero S, Keller N, Chen L, Uryu S, Schlaepfer D, Stupack D. Src-inducible association of CrkL with procaspase-8 promotes cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2013; 7:362-9. [PMID: 23751956 DOI: 10.4161/cam.25284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Procaspase-8, the zymogen form of the apoptosis-initiator caspase-8, undergoes phosphorylation following integrin-mediated cell attachment to an extracellular matrix substrate. Concordant with cell attachment to fibronectin, a population of procaspase-8 becomes associated with a peripheral insoluble compartment that includes focal complexes and lamellar microfilaments. Phosphorylation of procaspase-8 both impairs its maturation to the proapoptotic form and can promote cell migration. Here we show that the cytoskeletal adaptor protein CrkL promotes caspase-8 recruitment to the peripheral spreading edge of cells, and that the catalytic domain of caspase-8 directly interacts with the SH2 domain of CrkL. We show that the interaction is abolished by shRNA-mediated silencing of Src, in Src-deficient MEFs, and by pharmacologic inhibitors of the kinase. The results provide insight into how tyrosine kinases may act to coordinate the suppression caspase-8 mediated apoptosis, while promoting cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryon Graf
- Department of Reproductive Medicine; Division of Gynecologic Oncology; University of California San Diego School of Medicine; La Jolla, CA USA; The UCSD Moores Cancer Center; La Jolla, CA USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
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Singh A, Nascimento JM, Kowar S, Busch H, Boerries M. Boolean approach to signalling pathway modelling in HGF-induced keratinocyte migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 28:i495-i501. [PMID: 22962472 PMCID: PMC3436837 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Motivation: Cell migration is a complex process that is controlled through the time-sequential feedback regulation of protein signalling and gene regulation. Based on prior knowledge and own experimental data, we developed a large-scale dynamic network describing the onset and maintenance of hepatocyte growth factor-induced migration of primary human keratinocytes. We applied Boolean logic to capture the qualitative behaviour as well as short-and long-term dynamics of the complex signalling network involved in this process, comprising protein signalling, gene regulation and autocrine feedback. Results: A Boolean model has been compiled from time-resolved transcriptome data and literature mining, incorporating the main pathways involved in migration from initial stimulation to phenotype progress. Steady-state analysis under different inhibition and stimulation conditions of known key molecules reproduces existing data and predicts novel interactions based on our own experiments. Model simulations highlight for the first time the necessity of a temporal sequence of initial, transient MET receptor (met proto-oncogene, hepatocyte growth factor receptor) and subsequent, continuous epidermal growth factor/integrin signalling to trigger and sustain migration by autocrine signalling that is integrated through the Focal adhesion kinase protein. We predicted in silico and verified in vitro that long-term cell migration is stopped if any of the two feedback loops are inhibited. Availability: The network file for analysis with the R BoolNet library is available in the Supplementary Information. Contact:melanie.boerries@frias.uni-freiburg.de or hauke.busch@frias.uni-freiburg.de Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, LifeNet, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, Freiburg, Germany
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Fonseca C, Voabil P, Carvalho AS, Matthiesen R. Tools for protein posttranslational modifications analysis: FAK, a case study. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1007:335-58. [PMID: 23666734 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-392-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in mass spectrometry have resulted in an exponential increase in annotation of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Just in the Swiss-Prot Knowledgebase, there are 89,931 of a total of 27 characterized PTM types reported experimentally. A single protein can be dynamically modified during its lifetime for regulation of its function. Considering a PTM can occur at different levels and the number of different PTMs described, the number of possibilities for a single protein is unthinkable. Narrowing the study to a single PTM can be rather unmerited considering that most proteins are heavily modified. Currently crosstalk between PTMs is plentifully reported in the literature. The example of amino acids serine and threonine on one hand and lysine on the other hand, as targets of different modifications, demand a more global analysis approach of a protein. Besides the direct competition for the same amino acid, a PTM can directly or indirectly influence other PTMs in the same protein molecule by for example steric hindrance due to close proximity between the modifications or creation of a binding site such as an SH2 binding domain for protein recruitment and further modifications. Given the complexity of PTMs a number of tools have been developed to archive, analyze, and visualize modifications. VISUALPROT is presented here to demonstrate the usefulness of visualizing all annotated protein features such as amino acid content, domains, amino acid modification sites and single amino acid polymorphisms in a single image. VISUALPROT application is demonstrated for the protein focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as an example. FAK is a highly phosphorylated cytoplasmatic tyrosine kinase comprising different domains and regions. FAK is crucial for integrating signals from integrins and receptor tyrosine kinases in processes such as cell survival, proliferation, and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Fonseca
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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Krishnan H, Miller WT, Goldberg GS. SRC points the way to biomarkers and chemotherapeutic targets. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:426-35. [PMID: 23226580 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912458583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Src in tumorigenesis has been extensively studied since the work of Peyton Rous over a hundred years ago. Src is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that plays key roles in signaling pathways controlling tumor cell growth and migration. Src regulates the activities of numerous molecules to induce cell transformation. However, transformed cells do not always migrate and realize their tumorigenic potential. They can be normalized by surrounding nontransformed cells by a process called contact normalization. Tumor cells need to override contact normalization to become malignant or metastatic. In this review, we discuss the role of Src in cell migration and contact normalization, with emphasis on Cas and Abl pathways. This paradigm illuminates several chemotherapeutic targets and may lead to the identification of new biomarkers and the development of effective anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Krishnan
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
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Galle M, Carpentier I, Beyaert R. Structure and function of the Type III secretion system of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2012; 13:831-42. [PMID: 23305368 PMCID: PMC3706959 DOI: 10.2174/138920312804871210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a dangerous pathogen particularly because it harbors multiple virulence factors. It causes several types of infection, including dermatitis, endocarditis, and infections of the urinary tract, eye, ear, bone, joints and, of particular interest, the respiratory tract. Patients with cystic fibrosis, who are extremely susceptible to Pseudomonas infections, have a bad prognosis and high mortality. An important virulence factor of P. aeruginosa, shared with many other gram-negative bacteria, is the type III secretion system, a hollow molecular needle that transfers effector toxins directly from the bacterium into the host cell cytosol. This complex macromolecular machine works in a highly regulated manner and can manipulate the host cell in many different ways. Here we review the current knowledge of the structure of the P. aeruginosa T3SS, as well as its function and recognition by the immune system. Furthermore, we describe recent progress in the development and use of therapeutic agents targeting the T3SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Galle
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; the
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Carpentier
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; the
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; the
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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A novel method for simulating the extracellular matrix in models of tumour growth. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2012; 2012:109019. [PMID: 22919426 PMCID: PMC3420324 DOI: 10.1155/2012/109019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel hybrid continuum-discrete model to simulate tumour growth on a cellular scale is proposed. The lattice-based spatiotemporal model consists of reaction-diffusion equations that describe interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment. The fundamental ingredients that are typically considered are the nutrient concentration, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and matrix degrading enzymes (MDEs). The in vivo processes are very complex and occur on different levels. This in turn leads to huge computational costs. The main contribution of the present work is therefore to describe the processes on the basis of simplified mathematical approaches, which, at the same time, depict realistic results to understand the biological processes. In this work, we discuss if we have to simulate the MDE or if the degraded matrix can be estimated directly with respect to the cancer cell distribution. Additionally, we compare the results for modelling tumour growth using the common and our simplified approach, thereby demonstrating the advantages of the proposed method. Therefore, we introduce variations of the positioning of the nutrient delivering blood vessels and use different initializations of the ECM. We conclude that the novel method, which does not explicitly model the matrix degrading
enzymes, provides means for a straightforward and fast implementation for modelling tumour growth.
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PAK1 kinase promotes cell motility and invasiveness through CRK-II serine phosphorylation in non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42012. [PMID: 22848689 PMCID: PMC3407072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of c-Crk (CRK) in promoting metastasis is well described however the role of CRK phosphorylation and the corresponding signaling events are not well explained. We have observed CRK-II serine 41 phosphorylation is inversely correlated with p120-catenin and E-cadherin expressions in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Therefore, we investigated the role of CRK-II serine 41 phosphorylation in the down-regulation of p120-catenin, cell motility and cell invasiveness in NSCLC cells. For this purpose, we expressed phosphomimetic and phosphodeficient CRK-II serine 41 mutants in NSCLC cells. NSCLC cells expressing phosphomimetic CRK-II seine 41 mutant showed lower p120-catenin level while CRK-II seine 41 phosphodeficient mutant expression resulted in higher p120-catenin. In addition, A549 cells expressing CRK-II serine 41 phosphomimetic mutant demonstrated more aggressive behavior in wound healing and invasion assays and, on the contrary, expression of phosphodeficient CRK-II serine 41 mutant in A549 cells resulted in reduced cell motility and invasiveness. We also provide evidence that PAK1 mediates CRK-II serine 41 phosphorylation. RNAi mediated silencing of PAK1 increased p120-catenin level in A549 and H157 cells. Furthermore, PAK1 silencing decreased cell motility and invasiveness in A549 cells. These effects were abrogated in A549 cells expressing phosphomimetic CRK-II serine 41. In summary, these data provide evidence for the role of PAK1 in the promotion of cell motility, cell invasiveness and the down regulation of p120-catenin through CRK serine 41 phosphorylation in NSCLC cells.
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Liao J, Ke M, Xu T, Lin L. Electroacupuncture inhibits apoptosis in annulus fibrosis cells through suppression of the mitochondria-dependent pathway in a rat model of cervical intervertebral disc degradation. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:686-92. [PMID: 23055810 PMCID: PMC3459421 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012005000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether treatment with electroacupuncture (EA) inhibited mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in annulus fibrosis (AF) cells in a rat model of cervical intervertebral disc degradation induced by unbalanced dynamic and static forces. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study, of which 30 underwent surgery to induce cervical intervertebral disc degradation, 10 rats received EA at acupoints Dazhui (DU 14) and Shousanli (LI 10). TUNEL staining was measured to assess apoptosis in AF cells, immunohistochemistry was used to examine Bcl-2 and Bax expression, colorimetric assays were used to determine caspase 9 and caspase 3 activities and RT-PCR and western blotting were used to assess the mRNA and protein expression of Crk and ERK2. Treatment with EA reduced the number of AF-positive cells in TUNEL staining, increased Bcl-2-positive cells and decreased Bax-positive cells in immunohistochemical staining, significantly inhibited the activation of caspases-9 and -3, and enhanced the mRNA and protein expression of Crk and ERK2. Our data show that EA inhibits AF cell apoptosis via the mitochondria-dependent pathway and up-regulates Crk and ERK2 expression. These results suggest that treatment with may be a good alternative therapy for preventing cervical spondylosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liao
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxa and Tuina, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian, P.R. China
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Tu L, De Man FS, Girerd B, Huertas A, Chaumais MC, Lecerf F, François C, Perros F, Dorfmüller P, Fadel E, Montani D, Eddahibi S, Humbert M, Guignabert C. A critical role for p130Cas in the progression of pulmonary hypertension in humans and rodents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186:666-76. [PMID: 22798315 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201202-0309oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and fatal disease characterized by pulmonary arterial muscularization due to excessive pulmonary vascular cell proliferation and migration, a phenotype dependent upon growth factors and activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). p130(Cas) is an adaptor protein involved in several cellular signaling pathways that control cell migration, proliferation, and survival. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that in experimental and human PAH p130(Cas) signaling is overactivated, thereby facilitating the intracellular transmission of signal induced by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In patients with PAH, levels of p130(Cas) protein and/or activity are higher in the serum, in the walls of distal pulmonary arteries, in cultured smooth muscle cells (PA-SMCs), and in pulmonary endothelial cells (P-ECs) than in control subjects. These abnormalities in the p130(Cas) signaling were also found in the chronically hypoxic mice and monocrotaline-injected rats as models of human PAH. We obtained evidence for the convergence and amplification of the growth-stimulating effect of the EGF-, FGF2-, and PDGF-signaling pathways via the p130(Cas) signaling pathway. We found that daily treatment with the EGF-R inhibitor gefitinib, the FGF-R inhibitor dovitinib, and the PDGF-R inhibitor imatinib started 2 weeks after a subcutaneous monocrotaline injection substantially attenuated the abnormal increase in p130(Cas) and ERK1/2 activation and regressed established pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that p130(Cas) signaling plays a critical role in experimental and idiopathic PAH by modulating pulmonary vascular cell migration and proliferation and by acting as an amplifier of RTK downstream signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Tu
- INSERM UMR 999, Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, 133 Avenue de la Resistance, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
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Guerrero MS, Parsons JT, Bouton AH. Cas and NEDD9 Contribute to Tumor Progression through Dynamic Regulation of the Cytoskeleton. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:371-81. [PMID: 23226575 PMCID: PMC3513795 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912458585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cas family proteins, p130(Cas) (Cas) and NEDD9, are adaptor molecules that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics to promote multiple cellular processes, including migration, invasion, proliferation, and survival. Because these functions are also critical for tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis, Cas and NEDD9 are well positioned to contribute to these oncogenic processes. Indeed, mouse models of cancer show that these proteins function during multiple stages of disease progression. Furthermore, in many human cancers, high expression of Cas and NEDD9 is associated with advanced stage disease and is predictive of poor outcome. This review explores the contribution of Cas and NEDD9 during cellular transformation and neoplastic growth, tumor progression, metastasis, and the development of therapeutic resistance. Given these roles, Cas and NEDD9 may prove to be viable candidates for use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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