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A century of exercise physiology: key concepts in muscle cell volume regulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:541-559. [PMID: 35037123 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle cells can both gain and lose volume during periods of exercise and rest. Muscle cells do not behave as perfect osmometers because the cell volume changes are less than predicted from the change in extracellular osmolality. Therefore, there are mechanisms involved in regulating cell volume, and they are different for regulatory volume decreases and regulatory volume increases. Also, after an initial rapid change in cell volume, there is a gradual and partial recovery of cell volume that is effected by ion and water transport mechanisms. The mechanisms have been studied in non-contracting muscle cells, but remain to be fully elucidated in contracting muscle. Changes in muscle cell volume are known to affect the strength of contractile activity as well as anabolic/catabolic signaling, perhaps indicating that cell volume should be a regulated variable in skeletal muscle cells. Muscles contracting at moderate to high intensity gain intracellular volume because of increased intracellular osmolality. Concurrent increases in interstitial (extracellular) muscle volume occur from an increase in osmotically active molecules and increased vascular filtration pressure. At the same time, non-contracting muscles lose cell volume because of increased extracellular (blood) osmolality. This review provides the physiological foundations and highlights key concepts that underpin our current understanding of volume regulatory processes in skeletal muscle, beginning with consideration of osmosis more than 200 years ago and continuing through to the process of regulatory volume decrease and regulatory volume increase.
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Liu B, Zhang Y, Jia N, Lan M, Du L, Zhao D, He Q. Study of the Safety of Extracorporeal Cardiac Shock Wave Therapy: Observation of the Ultrastructures in Myocardial Cells by Transmission Electron Microscopy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2017; 23:79-88. [PMID: 28862043 DOI: 10.1177/1074248417725877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal cardiac shock wave therapy (CSWT) has been used to treat patients with severe coronary heart disease and cardiac failure with good results; however, the safety of this treatment is still controversial. Its safety in clinical setting and on microstructures has been confirmed, but the influence of shock wave on the ultrastructures of myocardial cells is not clear. In this study, 12 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control (NC) and CSWT therapy (NC+SW) groups. The heart rate, blood pressure, serum troponin I (TNI), and cardiac ultrasound were evaluated, and the myocardial inflammatory responses and fibrosis changes were compared. The samples were observed by transmission electron microscopy to evaluate the changes in myocardial tissue ultrastructure. The CSWT had no significant influence on rat hemodynamics indices and serum TNI, did not affect left ventricular function, and did not cause myocardial inflammatory response and fibrosis changes. The scores of myocardial ultrastructure damage in the NC and NC+SW groups were 1.39 ± 0.982 and 2.42 ± 1.009, respectively ( P = .103). The CSWT did not cause significant additional damage to myocardial ultrastructures. The safety of CWST has been preliminarily proved at the clinical, microstructure, and ultrastructure levels, but its long-term safety needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- 1 Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Cardiology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhe Zhang
- 3 Department of Geriatric Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Jia
- 2 Department of Cardiology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Lan
- 2 Department of Cardiology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Du
- 1 Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Cardiology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dachun Zhao
- 4 Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing He
- 1 Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Cardiology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
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Forbes AR. The Morphology, Histology, and Fine Structure of the Gut of the Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4039/entm9636fv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Smith DS. THE STRUCTURE OF INSECT FIBRILLAR FLIGHT MUSCLE : A Study Made with Special Reference to the Membrane Systems of the Fiber. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2010; 10:123-58. [PMID: 19866592 PMCID: PMC2225104 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.10.4.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The fine structure of fibrillar flight muscle of the mature adult beetle Tenebrio molitor is described. Although the very high frequency of contraction of fibrillar muscle has previously been in part accounted for as the result of mechanical specialization of the wing-bearing segment rather than of a correspondingly high rate of motor impulse supply, the problem of the nature of the pathway by which excitation is conducted into these large fibers remained. Therefore, particular attention has been given to the disposition and relationships of the plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum in this tissue. The invading tracheoles draw with them a sheath of plasma membrane from the surface to all depths in the fiber, and it is suggested that these sheaths, together with the extensive tubular arborisations arising from them, reduce the maximum plasma membrane-to-fibril distance from the radius of the fiber to a value of less than 2 µ. The evidence presented here confirms Veratti's contention that in fibrillar muscle the "reticulum" is associated with, though entirely distinct from the fibrils. Unlike other muscles so far examined, these flight muscle fibers contain a plasma membrane reticulum only, but it is possible that elsewhere the general "sarcoplasmic reticulum" includes a component derived from the plasma membrane, likewise acting as the pathway for inward conduction of excitation. Profiles of the internalised plasma membrane in Tenebrio showing the usual triple-layered 25-25-25 A organization are frequently seen, in sections, in close association with isolated vesicles (defined by "simple" 50 A membranes) which are here considered to represent, in vestigial form, the portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which in other types of muscle is complex and highly developed. Such associations, in Tenebrio, between these two dissimilar elements are here termed "dyads" and the possible morphological and functional homology between these and the "triads" of other types of fiber is considered.
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CULLEN MJ. The distribution of asynchronous muscle in insects with particular reference to the Hemiptera: an electron microscope study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3032.1974.tb00064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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MEYER H, QUEIROGA LT. An electron microscope study of embryonic heart muscle cells grown in tissue cultures. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2000; 5:169-70. [PMID: 13630949 PMCID: PMC2224632 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.5.1.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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POCHE R. [Submicroscopic studies on the pathology of myocardial cells in phosphorus poisoning, hypertrophy, atrophy and potassium deficiency]. Virchows Arch 2000; 331:165-248. [PMID: 13557708 DOI: 10.1007/bf00955194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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SOTELO JR, TRUJILLO-CENOZ O. The fine structure of an elementary contractile system. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2000; 6:126-8. [PMID: 13673063 PMCID: PMC2229757 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.6.1.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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EDWARDS GA, RUSKA H, DE HARVEN E. Neuromuscular junctions in flight and tymbal muscles of the cicada. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2000; 4:251-6. [PMID: 13549495 PMCID: PMC2224472 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.4.3.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tymbal muscle fiber in the cicada closely resembles the indirect flight muscle fiber in its structural detail. We agree with other authors that the tymbal muscle is a modified indirect flight muscle. The peripheral nerve branches to the tymbal and flight muscle fibers are similar to those in the wasp leg. The axon is loosely mantled by irregular turns of the mesaxon, enclosing cytoplasm. The nerve is therefore a tunicated nerve. The neuromuscular junction in the high frequency muscle fibers shows direct apposition of plasma membranes of axon and muscle fiber, large numbers of mitochondria and synaptic vesicles in the axon, and concentrations of mitochondria, aposynaptic granules, and endoplasmic reticulum in the postsynaptic area of the muscle fiber. Of special interest is the multitude of intracellular, opposing membranes in the postsynaptic area. They form laminated stacks and whorls, vesicles, cysternae, and tubules. They occasionally show continuity with the plasma membrane, the outer nuclear envelope, and the circumfibrillar endoplasmic reticulum. The membrane system in this area is designated "rete synapticum." It is believed to add to the electrical capacity of the neuromuscular junction, to serve in transmission of potentials, and possibly is the site of the oscillating mechanism in high-frequency muscle fibers.
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Abstract
Observations on the cellular structure of the dog heart as seen in the electron microscope are described. Electronmicrographs illustrate the ultrastructure of the dog myocardial cell, especially the relationships of the intercalated disc and the sarcolemma to form the cell boundaries and the relationships of the myofibrils and "Z" bands to the sarcolemma which result in an "accordion-like" appearance of the cell after contraction.
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EMMART EW, SPICER SS, TURNER WA, HENSON JG. The localization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase within the muscle of the roach, Periplaneta americana, by means of fluorescent antibody. Exp Cell Res 1998; 26:78-97. [PMID: 13890122 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(62)90204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The structure of the flight muscle of a dragonfly (Aeshna sp.) has been studied with the light and electron microscopes, and the organization of this specialized tubular muscle is described. This tissue is characterized by the great development of the sarcosomes, which are slab-like and are arranged within the fiber opposite each sarcomere of the radially oriented lamellar myofibrils. A well developed and highly ordered sarcoplasmic reticulum is present, consisting of perforated curtain-like cisternae extending across the face of each fibril, together with tubular invaginations of the fiber plasma membrane situated within indentations in the sarcosomes and traversing the fibril surface midway between the Z and M levels. The structure of these fibers, and notably the organization of the reticulum, is compared with that of other types of muscle, and the possible role of the two components of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the contraction physiology of the dragonfly muscle fiber is discussed.
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YAMAMOTO T. Electron microscope investigation on the relationship between the smooth muscle cell of the Proc. vermiformis and the autonomic peripheral nerves. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1998; 21:406-25. [PMID: 13787151 DOI: 10.1007/bf01228271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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GEORGE JC, TALESARA CL. A quantitative study of the distribution pattern of certain oxidizing enzymes and a lipase in the red and white fibers of the pigeon breast muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 58:253-60. [PMID: 13897756 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1030580306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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SIMPSON FO, OERTELIS SJ. The fine structure of sheep myocardial cells; sarcolemmal invaginations and the transverse tubular system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 12:91-100. [PMID: 13913207 PMCID: PMC2106020 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.12.1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An electron microscope study of sheep myocardial cells has demonstrated the presence of a transverse tubular system, apparently forming a network across the cell at each Z band level. The walls of these tubules resemble the sarcolemma in consisting of two dense layers—plasma membrane and basement menbrane; continuity of the tubule walls with the sarcolemma can be seen when longitudinal sections of a cell are obtained between two subsarcolemmal myofibrils and at the same time perpendicular to the cell surface. The demonstration of communication between the lumen of the transverse tubular system and the extracellular space appears to be more definite in this study than in any work hitherto published. It provides anatomical evidence of a possible direct pathway for transmission of the activating impulse from the sarcolemma to the myofibril Z bands.
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Abstract
Subsurface cisterns (SSC's) are large, flattened, membrane-limited vesicles which are very closely apposed to the inner aspect of the plasma membranes of nerve cell bodies and the proximal parts of their processes. They occur in a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate neurons of both the peripheral and central nervous systems, but not in the surrounding supporting cells. SSC's are sheet-like in configuration, having a luminal depth which may be less than 100 A and a breadth which may be as much as several microns. They are separated from the plasmalemma by a light zone of ∼50 to 80 A which sometimes contains a faint intermediate line. Flattened, agranular cisterns resembling SSC's, but structurally distinct from both typical granular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and from Golgi membranes, also occur deep in the cytoplasm of neurons. It is suggested that membranes which are closely apposed may interact, resulting in alterations in their respective properties. The patches of neuronal plasmalemma associated with subsurface cisterns may, therefore, have special properties because of this association, resulting in a non-uniform neuronal surface. The possible significance of SSC's in relation to neuronal electrophysiology and metabolism is discussed.
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18
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REGER JF. The fine structure of neuromuscular junctions and the sarcoplasmic reticulum of extrinsic eye muscles of Fundulus heteroclitus. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1998; 10(4)Suppl:111-21. [PMID: 13740363 PMCID: PMC2225105 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.10.4.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The extrinsic eye muscles of the killifish (F. heteroclitus) were fixed in OSO4 (pH 7.6) and subsequently dehydrated, embedded, and sectioned for electron microscopy. The fine structures of neuromuscular junctions and of sarcoplasmic reticulum were then observed. The neuromuscular junction consists of the apposition of axolemma (60 to 70 Å) and sarcolemma (90 to 100 Å), with an intervening cleft space of 200 to 300 Å, forming a synaptolemma 400 to 500 Å thick. The terminal axons contain synaptic vesicles, mitochondria, and agranular reticulum. The subsynaptic sarcolemma lacks the infolding arrangement characteristic of neuromuscular junctions from other vertebrate skeletal muscle, making them more nearly like that of insect neuromuscular junctions. A comparison between the folded and non-folded subsynaptic membrane types is made and discussed in terms of comparative rates of acetylcholine diffusion from the synaptic cleft and resistances of the clefts and subsynaptic membranes. The sarcoplasmic reticulum consists of segmentally arranged, membrane-limited vesicles and tubular and cisternal elements which surround individual myofibrils in a sleeve-like arrangement. Triadic differentiation occurs at or near the A-I junction. Unit sleeves span the A and I bands alternately and consist of closed terminal cisternae interconnected across the A and I bands by tubular cisternae. The thickness of the sarcoplasmic membranes increases from 30 to 40 Å in intertriadic regions to 50 to 70 Å at the triads. The location of the triads is compared with previously described striated muscle from Ambystoma larval myotomes, cardiac and sartorius muscles of the albino rat, mouse limb muscle, chameleon lizard muscle, and insect muscle, with reference to their possible role in intracellular impulse conduction.
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19
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PORTER KR. The sarcoplasmic reticulum. Its recent history and present status. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1998; 10(4)Suppl:219-26. [PMID: 13737278 PMCID: PMC2225097 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.10.4.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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20
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NELSON DA, BENSON ES. On the structural continuities of the transverse tubular system of rabbit and human myocardial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 16:297-313. [PMID: 13938025 PMCID: PMC2106241 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.16.2.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An electron microscopic study of rabbit and human myocardium provides further evidence of the existence of two distinct components of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. A thin-walled tubular system (termed longitudinal system) is arranged in anastomosing channels sur-surrounding each sarcomere and has transverse and possibly also longitudinal connections with the tubules of adjacent sarcomeres. A thick-walled tubular system traverses the myofiber transversely at the level of the Z lines of the myofibrils. The structure of these tubules very closely resembles that of deep sarcolemmal invaginations. Indeed, the membranes of the tubules appear to be continuous with the sarcolemma in favorable sections so that there seems to be an extension of the cell membrane and extracellular fluid to all depths of the myocardial fiber. Certain physiologic data which support this concept are discussed. The calculations of A. V. Hill comparing the kinetics of diffusion and the time-distance relationships between excitation and activation in frog sartorius muscle are reconsidered for cardiac muscle.
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KATZ B, MILEDI R. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ACTYLCHOLINE-REACTIVE SITES IN SKELETAL MUSCLE. J Physiol 1996; 170:379-88. [PMID: 14165173 PMCID: PMC1368822 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1964.sp007338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Abstract
The muscles of three different arthropods, a mite, a fly, and an ostracod, show variations in the length of the A region within a given individual. There is no indication that the observed differences in A band length are related to the functional state of the muscle since little, if any, decrease in the length of the A bands was noted when sarcomeres shortened. The length of the A region was determined by polarized light microscopy and in the case of the mite and the ostracod this measurement was made on intact muscles. It is concluded that the size of the A filaments in an individual can vary in a manner unrelated to immediate functional changes. The I filaments may vary in size, but this could not be clearly demonstrated.
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23
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Robertson JD. The early days of electron microscopy of nerve tissue and membranes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1987; 100:129-201. [PMID: 3549603 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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24
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Abstract
The N-lines of skeletal muscle, although known for a century, have remained elusive and neglected structures. Their fortuitous appearance in diverse experiments on beef sternomandibularis muscle, involving stretch, heat denaturation, and myosin extraction, have been collected and related to the literature. Treatments with pyroantimonate and formamide solutions have proved a more reliable way of visualizing N-lines. It is concluded that there are at least seven N-lines: an N1-line always near the Z-line, four N2-lines in the mid-I-band, and two N3-lines at the extremity of the I-filaments or in the "gap." There is evidence for suspension of both N2- and N3-lines on G-filaments.
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25
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Nakao T. Some observations on the fine structure of the myotendinous junction in myotomal muscle of the tadpole tail. Cell Tissue Res 1976; 166:241-54. [PMID: 1248047 DOI: 10.1007/bf00227045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Myotendinous junctions in the myotomal tail muscles of the tadpole of Rana rugosa were examined by electron microscopy. At the site of the myotendinous junction, the sarcolemma is covered on its sarcoplasmic aspect by the connecting filament layer and the attachment layer, and on the extracellular aspect by the intermediary later and the external lamina, with associated collagen fibrils. The intermediary layer consists of filamentous structures which closely resemble "microfibrils" (Hanak and Böck, 1971), "spine-like or thread-like profiles" (Korneliussen, 1973) and "intermediary layer" (Nakao, 1975a, b) in the myotendinous junctions of other vertebrate skeletal muscles. Particularly interesting is the fact that all the coverings and linings of the sarcolemma, including the external lamina, are completely absent in the terminal segment of the finger-like sarcolemmal invagination characteristic of the myotendinous junction. Furthermore, special types of coupling between a sac of sarcoplasmic reticulum and a part of the sarcolemmal invagination are frequently observed. These couplings always occur along the region of the sarcolemma where the external lamina is absent. The couplings show features similar to those to the triad, such as "SR feet", "scalloped SR membranes" and "granular content of the SR sac", suggesting that they are analogous and functionally similar to the triad and other equivalent structures.
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26
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Nakao T. Fine structure of the myotendinous junction and "terminal coupling" in the skeletal muscle of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1975; 182:321-37. [PMID: 1155802 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091820306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The myotendinous junction in the skeletal muscle of adult lamprey Lampetra japonica was studied with an electron microscope. Numerous finger-like sarcolemmal invaginations were present at the ends of muscle fibers to form the myotendinous junction. Parietal fibers of each muscle unit showed more closely distributed sarcolemmal invaginations than central fibers. Features of the myotendinous junction generally conform to the accounts in the literature. The sarcolemmal invagination was covered on its sarcoplasmic aspect by the connecting filament layer and the dense amorphous attachment layer, and on the extracellular aspect by the intermediary layer and the external lamina with collagen fibrils arising from the myosepta. Sarcolemmal invaginations were sometimes seen to consist of a pair of sarcolemmas of adjacent muscle fibers within a muscle unit, which is characteristic to the myotendinous junction of lamprey. It is noteworthy that the connecting filament layer is much thinner than that, e. g., in the tadpole tail muscles (Nakao, '74). Furthermore, it is much thicker in the parietal fibers than in the central fibers. The sarcolemma of the terminal segment of the invagination frequently showed specific coupling with cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (terminal coupling). The external lamina is partially or completely deficient in the terminal segment of sarcolemmal invaginations which form terminal couplings so that collagen fibrils contained in the invagination appear to be in direct contact with the sarcolemma; however, definite relationships of collagen fibrils with the sarcolemma and the external lamina in the terminal segment of invagination still remain obscure. This type of coupling is considered to play a role in the coupling of excitation to contraction of muscle fibers as triads and diads.
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Mair WG, Tomé FM. The ultrastructure of the adult and developing human myotendinous junction. Acta Neuropathol 1972; 21:239-52. [PMID: 5056010 DOI: 10.1007/bf00688503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Hanak H, Böck P. [Ultrastructure of the muscle-tendon junction of skeletal and heart muscle]. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1971; 36:68-85. [PMID: 5568361 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(71)80089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Dhalla NS. Excitation-contraction coupling in heart. I. Comparison of calcium uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of the rat heart. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1969; 77:916-34. [PMID: 4190879 DOI: 10.3109/13813456909059804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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Didio LJ. Myocardial ultrastructure and electrocardiograms of the sloth (Bradypus tridactylus) under normal and experimental conditions. J Morphol 1968; 124:83-104. [PMID: 5652106 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051240106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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33
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Die Orthologie und Pathologie der Zelle im elektronenmikroskopischen Bild. STOFFWECHSEL UND FEINSTRUKTUR DER ZELLE I 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-88276-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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34
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DiDio LJ. Myocardial ultrastructure and electrocardiograms of the hummingbird under normal and experimental conditions. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1967; 159:335-52. [PMID: 5586284 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091590402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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35
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Reger JF, Cooper DP. A comparative study on the fine structure of the basalar muscle of the wing and the tibial extensor muscle of the leg of the lepidopteran Achalarus lyciades. J Cell Biol 1967; 33:531-42. [PMID: 6036521 PMCID: PMC2107192 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.33.3.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Basalar and tibial extensor muscle fibers of Achalarus lyciades were examined with light and electron microscopes. Basalar muscle fibers are 100-150 micro in diameter. T-system membranes and sarcoplasmic reticulum make triadic contacts midway between Z lines and the middle of each sarcomere. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is characterized by a transverse element situated among myofilaments halfway between Z lines in every sarcomere. The morphology of Z lines, hexagonal packing of thin and thick myofilaments, and thin/thick myofilament ratios are similar to those of fast-acting insect muscles. Tibial extensor muscle fibers are 50-100 micro in diameter. Except for a lack of the transverse element, the T system and sarcoplasmic reticulum are similar to those of basalar muscle. Wavy Z lines, lack of a hexagonal packing of myofilaments, and larger thin/thick myofilament ratios are similar to those of other postural muscles of insects. The morphology of basalar and tibial extensor muscle is compared to that of other insect muscle with known functions, and reference is made to the possible contribution of the transverse element of sarcoplasmic reticulum in basalar flight muscle to speed and synchrony in this muscle.
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Lee KS, Ladinsky H, Choi SJ, Kasuya Y. Studies on the in vitro interaction of electrical stimulation and Ca++ movement in sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Gen Physiol 1966; 49:689-715. [PMID: 5943610 PMCID: PMC2195502 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.49.4.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments (S.R.F.) were isolated from skeletal and heart muscles. These fragments were found to take up Ca(++) very actively from media. When monophasic square waves were passed through the S.R.F. suspension, the Ca(++) uptake by S.R.F. was decreased. When the suspension was stimulated electrically after the Ca(++) was taken up by S.R.F., the initiation and the cessation of the stimulation were followed by the release and re-uptake of Ca(++) by S.R.F., respectively. The degree of inhibition of the Ca(++) uptake as well as of the Ca(++) release by electrical stimulation was dependent on the voltage and the frequency of stimulation. The presence of inorganic phosphate or oxalate modified the influence of electrical stimulation on the release and the uptake of Ca(++) by S.R.F. Attempts were made to observe the release of Ca(++) by electrical stimulation from unfractionated sarcoplasmic reticulum remaining in myofibers, and the interaction of the released Ca(++) with myofibrils in vitro. For this purpose, the glycerol-extracted fiber was selected as a muscle model, since it contains both sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils. It was found that electrical stimulation of skeletal and heart glycerol-extracted fibers resulted in the contraction of fibers. It appeared that the contraction of glycerol fibers by electrical stimulation was caused by the Ca(++) release from sarcoplasmic reticulum by stimulation.
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Smith DS. The organization and function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-system of muscle cells. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1966; 16:107-42. [PMID: 5338779 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(66)90004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Challice CE, Clark TA. An attempt to infer the electrophysiological functions of some intracellular structures in cardiac cells by an electronic analogue. Biophys J 1966; 6:87-94. [PMID: 5903154 PMCID: PMC1367926 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(66)86641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A circuit which simulates the electrical conduction characteristics of the neuron has been modified by the addition of a feedback loop to simulate the electrical properties of some of the "specialized" tissues of the mammalian heart. It is suggested that there is similar electrical feedback in the muscle cells which is responsible for their electrical properties, and possible relationships between the feedback and observed structures are discussed.
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Hoyle G. Interpreting muscle function in invertebrates. PFLUGERS ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE PHYSIOLOGIE DES MENSCHEN UND DER TIERE 1966; 291:12-27. [PMID: 5338772 DOI: 10.1007/bf00362649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Garamvölgyi N. Inter-Z bridges in the flight muscle of the bee. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1965; 13:435-43. [PMID: 5848840 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(65)90006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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O'Connor AK, O'Brien RD, Salpeter MM. Pharmacology and fine structure of peripheral muscle innervation in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1965; 11:1351-1358. [PMID: 5828296 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1910(65)90172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Foulks JG, Pacey JA, Perry FA. Contractures and swelling of the transverse tubules during chloride withdrawal in frog skeletal muscle. J Physiol 1965; 180:96-115. [PMID: 5860228 PMCID: PMC1357370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Mattisson AG. The localisation of succinic dehydrogenase in the muscles of Nereis Virens and Homarus Gammarus. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1965; 5:97-115. [PMID: 4286625 DOI: 10.1007/bf00285502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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DESSOUKY DA, HIBBS RG. AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOMATIC MUSCLE OF THE CHICK EMBRYO. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1965; 116:523-65. [PMID: 14324687 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001160305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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HUXLEY HE. Evidence for Continuity Between the Central Elements of the Triads and Extracellular Space in Frog Sartorius Muscle. Nature 1964; 202:1067-71. [PMID: 14207194 DOI: 10.1038/2021067b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Die Beziehung zwischen Mitochondrienmorphologie und Aktivit�tsdauer verschiedener Flugmuskelfasern von Locusta migratoria L. Cell Tissue Res 1964. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00340039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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