1
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Lin SJ, Lin MC, Liu TJ, Tsai YT, Tsai MT, Lee FJS. Endosomal Arl4A attenuates EGFR degradation by binding to the ESCRT-II component VPS36. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7859. [PMID: 38030597 PMCID: PMC10687025 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligand-induced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) endocytosis followed by endosomal EGFR signaling and lysosomal degradation plays important roles in controlling multiple biological processes. ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf)-like protein 4 A (Arl4A) functions at the plasma membrane to mediate cytoskeletal remodeling and cell migration, whereas its localization at endosomal compartments remains functionally unknown. Here, we report that Arl4A attenuates EGFR degradation by binding to the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-II component VPS36. Arl4A plays a role in prolonging the duration of EGFR ubiquitinylation and deterring endocytosed EGFR transport from endosomes to lysosomes under EGF stimulation. Mechanistically, the Arl4A-VPS36 direct interaction stabilizes VPS36 and ESCRT-III association, affecting subsequent recruitment of deubiquitinating-enzyme USP8 by CHMP2A. Impaired Arl4A-VPS36 interaction enhances EGFR degradation and clearance of EGFR ubiquitinylation. Together, we discover that Arl4A negatively regulates EGFR degradation by binding to VPS36 and attenuating ESCRT-mediated late endosomal EGFR sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Jin Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 10002, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, 10002, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 10002, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, 10002, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Jung Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 10002, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, 10002, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Tso Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 10002, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ting Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 10002, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Jen S Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 10002, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, 10002, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan.
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2
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Wang XC, Tang YL, Liang XH. Tumour follower cells: A novel driver of leader cells in collective invasion (Review). Int J Oncol 2023; 63:115. [PMID: 37615176 PMCID: PMC10552739 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cellular invasion in malignant tumours is typically characterized by the cooperative migration of multiple cells in close proximity to each other. Follower cells are led away from the tumour by specialized leader cells, and both cell populations play a crucial role in collective invasion. Follower cells form the main body of the migration system and depend on intercellular contact for migration, whereas leader cells indicate the direction for the entire cell population. Although collective invasion can occur in epithelial and non‑epithelial malignant neoplasms, such as medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma, the present review mainly provided an extensive analysis of epithelial tumours. In the present review, the cooperative mechanisms of contact inhibition locomotion between follower and leader cells, where follower cells coordinate and direct collective movement through physical (mechanical) and chemical (signalling) interactions, is summarised. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of follower cell invasion and metastasis during remodelling and degradation of the extracellular matrix and how chemotaxis and lateral inhibition mediate follower cell behaviour were analysed. It was also demonstrated that follower cells exhibit genetic and metabolic heterogeneity during invasion, unlike leader cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chen Wang
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- Departments of Oral Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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3
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Conrad C, Conway J, Polacheck WJ, Rizvi I, Scarcelli G. Water transport regulates nucleus volume, cell density, Young's modulus, and E-cadherin expression in tumor spheroids. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151278. [PMID: 36306595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell volume is maintained by the balance of water and solutes across the cell membrane and plays an important role in mechanics and biochemical signaling in cells. Here, we assess the relationship between cell volume, mechanical properties, and E-cadherin expression in three-dimensional cultures for ovarian cancer. To determine the effect of water transport in multi-cellular tumors, ovarian cancer spheroids were subjected to hypotonic and hypertonic shock using water and sucrose mixtures, respectively. Increased osmolality resulted in decreased nucleus volume, increased Young's modulus, and increased tumor cell density in ovarian cancer spheroids. Next, we looked at the reversibility of mechanics and morphology after 5 min of osmotic shock and found that spheroids had a robust ability to return to their original state. Finally, we quantified the size of E-cadherin clusters at cell-cell junctions and observed a significant increase in aggregate size following 30 min of hypertonic and hypotonic osmotic shocks. Yet, these effects were not apparent after 5 min of osmotic shock, illustrating a temporal difference between E-cadherin regulation and the immediate mechanical and morphology changes. Still, the osmotically induced E-cadherin aggregates which formed at the 30-minute timepoint was reversible when spheroids were replenished with isotonic medium. Altogether, this work demonstrated an important role of osmolality in transforming mechanical, morphology, and molecular states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Conrad
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Conway
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - William J Polacheck
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Giuliano Scarcelli
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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4
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Wang D, Guo Y, Zhu J, Liu F, Xue Y, Huang Y, Zhu B, Wu D, Pan H, Gong T, Lu Y, Yang Y, Wang Z. Hyaluronic acid methacrylate/pancreatic extracellular matrix as a potential 3D printing bioink for constructing islet organoids. Acta Biomater 2022:S1742-7061(22)00375-0. [PMID: 35803504 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation has poor long-term efficacy because of the lack of extracellular matrix support and neovascularization; this limits its wide application in diabetes research. In this study, we develop a 3D-printed islet organoid by combining a pancreatic extracellular matrix (pECM) and hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA) as specific bioinks. The HAMA/pECM hydrogel was validated in vitro to maintain islet cell adhesion and morphology through the Rac1/ROCK/MLCK signaling pathway, which helps improve islet function and activity. Further, in vivo experiments confirmed that the 3D-printed islet-encapsulated HAMA/pECM hydrogel increases insulin levels in diabetic mice, maintains blood glucose levels within a normal range for 90 days, and rapidly secretes insulin in response to blood glucose stimulation. In addition, the HAMA/pECM hydrogel can facilitate the attachment and growth of new blood vessels and increase the density of new vessels. Meanwhile, the designed 3D-printed structure was conducive to the formation of vascular networks and it promoted the construction of 3D-printed islet organoids. In conclusion, our experiments optimized the HAMA/pECM bioink composition and 3D-printed structure of islet organoids with promising therapeutic effects compared with the HAMA hydrogel group that can be potentially used in clinical applications to improve the effectiveness and safety of islet transplantation in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The extraction process of pancreatic islets can easily cause damage to the extracellular matrix and vascular system, resulting in poor islet transplantation efficiency. We developed a new tissue-specific bioink by combining pancreatic extracellular matrix (pECM) and hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA). The islet organoids constructed by 3D printing can mimic the microenvironment of the pancreas and maintain islet cell adhesion and morphology through the Rac1/ROCK/MLCK signaling pathway, thereby improving islet function and activity. In addition, the 3D-printed structures we designed are favorable for the formation of new blood vessel networks, bringing hope for the long-term efficacy of islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China; Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China
| | - Yibing Guo
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nantong Health College of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, 226010, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China
| | - Biwen Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China; Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China; Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China
| | - Haopeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Tiancheng Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China; Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China
| | - Yuhua Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China.
| | - Yumin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226007, China.
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, China.
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5
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Angiotensin II type 2 receptor agonist, compound 21, prevents tubular epithelial cell damage caused by renal ischemia. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 194:114804. [PMID: 34678223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI), loss of cytoskeletal integrity and disruption of intercellular junctions are rapid events in response to ATP depletion. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) is overexpressed in injury situations and its stimulation by angiotensin II (AngII) is related to beneficial renal effects. Its role on ischemic AKI has not been deeply studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether pretreatment with the AT2R agonist, C21, prevents ischemic renal epithelial cell injury. Studies in a model of 40 min of renal ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion (IR) in rats demonstrated that C21 pretreatment attenuated renal dysfunction and induced better preservation of tubular architecture. In addition, we studied the expression of Rho GTPases, RhoA and Cdc42, since they are key proteins in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and the stability of epithelial intercellular junctions. IR downregulated RhoA and Cdc42 abundance in rat kidneys. C21 pretreatment prevented RhoA reduction and increased Cdc42 abundance compared to controls. We also used an in vitro model of ATP depletion in MDCK cells grown on filter support. Using immunofluorescence we observed that in MDCK cells, C21 pretreatment prevented the ATP depletion-induced reduction of actin in brush border microvilli and in stress fibers. Moreover, C21 prevented membrane E-cadherin reduction, and RhoA and Cdc42 downregulation. The present study describes for the first time a renoprotective effect of the AT2R agonist, C21, against AKI, and provides evidence supporting that stimulation of AT2R triggers cytoprotective mechanisms against an ischemic event.
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6
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Singhal SS, Srivastava S, Mirzapoiazova T, Horne D, Awasthi S, Salgia R. Targeting the mercapturic acid pathway for the treatment of melanoma. Cancer Lett 2021; 518:10-22. [PMID: 34126193 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of metastatic melanoma is greatly hampered by the simultaneous dysregulation of several major signaling pathways that suppress apoptosis and promote its growth and invasion. The global resistance of melanomas to therapeutics is also supported by a highly active mercapturic acid pathway (MAP), which is responsible for the metabolism and excretion of numerous chemotherapy agents. The relative importance of the MAP in melanoma survival was not recognized until demonstrated that B16 melanoma undergoes dramatic apoptosis and regression upon the depletion or inhibition of the MAP transporter protein RLIP. RLIP is a multi-functional protein that couples ATP hydrolysis with the movement of substances. As the rate-limiting step of the MAP, the primary function of RLIP in the plasma membrane is to catalyze the ATP-dependent efflux of unmetabolized drugs and toxins, including glutathione (GSH) conjugates of electrophilic toxins (GS-Es), which are the precursors of mercapturic acids. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis (CDE) is an essential mechanism for internalizing ligand-receptor complexes that promote tumor cell proliferation through autocrine stimulation (Wnt5a, PDGF, βFGF, TNFα) or paracrine stimulation by hormones produced by fibroblasts (IGF1, HGF) or inflammatory cells (IL8). Aberrant functioning of these pathways appears critical for melanoma cell invasion, metastasis, and evasion of apoptosis. This review focuses on the selective depletion or inhibition of RLIP as a highly effective targeted therapy for melanoma that could cause the simultaneous disruption of the MAP and critical peptide hormone signaling that relies on CDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad S Singhal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Saumya Srivastava
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Tamara Mirzapoiazova
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - David Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Sanjay Awasthi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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7
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Peng X, Wang T, Gao H, Yue X, Bian W, Mei J, Zhang Y. The interplay between IQGAP1 and small GTPases in cancer metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 135:111243. [PMID: 33434854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The metastatic spread of tumor cells to distant anatomical locations is a critical cause for disease progression and leads to more than 90 % of cancer-related deaths. IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1), a prominent regulator in the cancer metastasis process, is a scaffold protein that interacts with components of the cytoskeleton. As a critical node within the small GTPase network, IQGAP1 acts as a binding partner of several small GTPases, which in turn function as molecular switches to control most cellular processes, including cell migration and invasion. Given the significant interaction between IQGAP1 and small GTPases in cancer metastasis, we briefly elucidate the role of IQGAP1 in regulating cancer metastasis and the varied interactions existing between IQGAP1 and small GTPases. In addition, the potential regulators for IQGAP1 activity and its interaction with small GTPases are also incorporated in this review. Overall, we comprehensively summarize the role of IQGAP1 in cancer tumorigenicity and metastasis, which may be a potential anti-tumor target to restrain cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiafeng Peng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China; First Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Tiejun Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China.
| | - Han Gao
- School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Xin Yue
- First Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Weiqi Bian
- First Clinical Medicine College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China; Wuxi Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China.
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8
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Role of Actin Cytoskeleton in E-cadherin-Based Cell–Cell Adhesion Assembly and Maintenance. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Hashimoto H, Munro E. Differential Expression of a Classic Cadherin Directs Tissue-Level Contractile Asymmetry during Neural Tube Closure. Dev Cell 2020; 51:158-172.e4. [PMID: 31639367 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Embryos control force generation at tissue boundaries, but how they do so remains poorly understood. Here we show how tissue-specific expression of the type II cadherin, Cadherin2, patterns actomyosin contractility along tissue boundaries to control zippering and neural tube closure in the basal chordate, Ciona robusta. Cadherin2 is differentially expressed and homotypically enriched in neural cells along the neural/epidermal (Ne/Epi) boundary, where RhoA and myosin are activated during zipper progression. Homotypically enriched Cadherin2 sequesters the Rho GTPase-activating protein, Gap21/23, to homotypic junctions. Gap21/23 in turn redirects RhoA/myosin activity to heterotypic Ne/Epi junctions. By activating myosin II along Ne/Epi junctions ahead of the zipper and inhibiting myosin II along newly formed Ne/Ne junctions behind the zipper, Cadherin2 promotes tissue-level contractile asymmetry to drive zipper progression. We propose that dynamic coupling of junction exchange to local changes in contractility may control fusion and separation of epithelia in many other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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10
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Ishihara E, Nagaoka Y, Okuno T, Kofuji S, Ishigami-Yuasa M, Kagechika H, Kamimura K, Terai S, Yokomizo T, Sugimoto Y, Fujita Y, Suzuki A, Nishina H. Prostaglandin E 2 and its receptor EP2 trigger signaling that contributes to YAP-mediated cell competition. Genes Cells 2020; 25:197-214. [PMID: 31989743 PMCID: PMC7078805 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell competition is a biological process by which unfit cells are eliminated from “cell society.” We previously showed that cultured mammalian epithelial Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells expressing constitutively active YAP were eliminated by apical extrusion when surrounded by “normal” MDCK cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the elimination of active YAP‐expressing cells was unknown. Here, we used high‐throughput chemical compound screening to identify cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) as a key molecule triggering cell competition. Our work shows that COX‐2‐mediated PGE2 secretion engages its receptor EP2 on abnormal and nearby normal cells. This engagement of EP2 triggers downstream signaling via an adenylyl cyclase‐cyclic AMP‐PKA pathway that, in the presence of active YAP, induces E‐cadherin internalization leading to apical extrusion. Thus, COX‐2‐induced PGE2 appears a warning signal to both abnormal and surrounding normal cells to drive cell competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ishihara
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuya Nagaoka
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Okuno
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kofuji
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Ishigami-Yuasa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Kamimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Sugimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Biswas KH. Molecular Mobility-Mediated Regulation of E-Cadherin Adhesion. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 45:163-173. [PMID: 31810601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells in epithelial tissues utilize homotypic E-cadherin interaction-mediated adhesions to both physically adhere to each other and sense the physical properties of their microenvironment, such as the presence of other cells in close vicinity or an alteration in the mechanical tension of the tissue. These position E-cadherin centrally in organogenesis and other processes, and its function is therefore tightly regulated through a variety of means including endocytosis and gene expression. How does membrane molecular mobility of E-cadherin, and thus membrane physical properties and associated actin cytoskeleton, impinges on the assembly of adhesive clusters and signaling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir H Biswas
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar.
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12
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Niño CA, Sala S, Polo S. When ubiquitin meets E-cadherin: Plasticity of the epithelial cellular barrier. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 93:136-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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IQGAP1 mediates podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease by regulating nephrin endocytosis. Cell Signal 2019; 59:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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14
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Ghosh M, Lo R, Ivic I, Aguilera B, Qendro V, Devarakonda C, Shapiro LH. CD13 tethers the IQGAP1-ARF6-EFA6 complex to the plasma membrane to promote ARF6 activation, β1 integrin recycling, and cell migration. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/579/eaav5938. [PMID: 31040262 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav5938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) requires a balance between integrin internalization and recycling to the surface that is mediated by numerous proteins, emphasizing the complexity of these processes. Upon ligand binding in various cells, the β1 integrin is internalized, traffics to early endosomes, and is returned to the plasma membrane through recycling endosomes. This trafficking process depends on the cyclical activation and inactivation of small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) by their specific guanine exchange factors (GEFs) and their GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). In this study, we found that the cell surface antigen CD13, a multifunctional transmembrane molecule that regulates cell-cell adhesion and receptor-mediated endocytosis, also promoted cell migration and colocalized with β1 integrin at sites of cell adhesion and at the leading edge. A lack of CD13 resulted in aberrant trafficking of internalized β1 integrin to late endosomes and its ultimate degradation. Our data indicate that CD13 promoted ARF6 GTPase activity by positioning the ARF6-GEF EFA6 at the cell membrane. In migrating cells, a complex containing phosphorylated CD13, IQGAP1, GTP-bound (active) ARF6, and EFA6 at the leading edge promoted the ARF6 GTPase cycling and cell migration. Together, our findings uncover a role for CD13 in the fundamental cellular processes of receptor recycling, regulation of small GTPase activities, cell-ECM interactions, and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Ghosh
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
| | - Robin Lo
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Ivan Ivic
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Brian Aguilera
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Veneta Qendro
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Charan Devarakonda
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Linda H Shapiro
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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15
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Liu J, Wang L, Zhang Y, Li S, Sun F, Wang G, Yang T, Wei D, Guo L, Xiao H. Induction of entosis in prostate cancer cells by nintedanib and its therapeutic implications. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3151-3162. [PMID: 30867745 PMCID: PMC6396220 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Entosis is a homogeneous cell-in-cell phenomenon and a non-apoptotic cell death process. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been used in the treatment of prostate cancer and have already demonstrated efficacy in a clinical setting. The present study investigated the role of entosis in prostate cancer treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor nintedanib. Prostate cancer cells were treated with nintedanib in vitro and entosis was observed. Mice xenografts were created to evaluate whether nintedanib is able to induce entosis in vivo. The reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence were performed to investigate whether the entosis pathway is induced by nintedanib. It was also investigated whether entosis can contribute to cell survival and progression under nintedanib stress, and nintedanib was revealed to enhance prostate cancer cell entosis. Nintedanib-induced entosis in prostate cancer cells occurred through phosphoinositide 3-kinase/cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) inhibition, followed by the upregulation of epithelial (E-)cadherin and components of the Rho kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway. In addition, nintedanib-resistant cells exhibiting entosis had a higher invasive ability. In addition, in vivo treatment of mice xenografts with nintedanib also increased the expression of E-cadherin and components of the ROCK signaling pathway. Nintedanib can promote entosis during prostate cancer treatment by modulating the CDC42 pathway. Furthermore, prostate cancer cells acquired nintedanib resistance and survived by activating entosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjiang Liu
- Department of Urology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Shoubin Li
- Department of Urology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Fuzhen Sun
- Department of Urology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Urology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Urology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Urology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Liuxiong Guo
- Department of Urology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Helong Xiao
- Department of Urology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
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16
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Rodriguez A, Kashina A. Posttranscriptional and Posttranslational Regulation of Actin. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1991-1998. [PMID: 30312009 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Actin is one of the most abundant intracellular proteins, essential in every eukaryotic cell type. Actin plays key roles in tissue morphogenesis, cell adhesion, muscle contraction, and developmental reprogramming. Most actin studies have focused on its regulation at the protein level, either directly or through differential interactions with over a hundred intracellular binding partners. However, numerous studies emerging in recent years demonstrate specific types of nucleotide-level regulation that strongly affect non-muscle actins during cell migration and adhesion and are potentially applicable to other members of the actin family. This regulation involves zipcode-mediated actin mRNA targeting to the cell periphery, proposed to mediate local synthesis of actin at the cell leading edge, as well as the recently discovered N-terminal arginylation that specifically targets non-muscle β-actin via a nucleotide-dependent mechanism. Moreover, a study published this year suggests that actin's essential roles at the organismal level may be entirely nucleotide-dependent. This review summarizes the emerging data on actin's nucleotide-level regulation. Anat Rec, 301:1991-1998, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Anna Kashina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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17
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Hutt DM, Loguercio S, Campos AR, Balch WE. A Proteomic Variant Approach (ProVarA) for Personalized Medicine of Inherited and Somatic Disease. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2951-2973. [PMID: 29924966 PMCID: PMC6097907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The advent of precision medicine for genetic diseases has been hampered by the large number of variants that cause familial and somatic disease, a complexity that is further confounded by the impact of genetic modifiers. To begin to understand differences in onset, progression and therapeutic response that exist among disease-causing variants, we present the proteomic variant approach (ProVarA), a proteomic method that integrates mass spectrometry with genomic tools to dissect the etiology of disease. To illustrate its value, we examined the impact of variation in cystic fibrosis (CF), where 2025 disease-associated mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene have been annotated and where individual genotypes exhibit phenotypic heterogeneity and response to therapeutic intervention. A comparative analysis of variant-specific proteomics allows us to identify a number of protein interactions contributing to the basic defects associated with F508del- and G551D-CFTR, two of the most common disease-associated variants in the patient population. We demonstrate that a number of these causal interactions are significantly altered in response to treatment with Vx809 and Vx770, small-molecule therapeutics that respectively target the F508del and G551D variants. ProVarA represents the first comparative proteomic analysis among multiple disease-causing mutations, thereby providing a methodological approach that provides a significant advancement to existing proteomic efforts in understanding the impact of variation in CF disease. We posit that the implementation of ProVarA for any familial or somatic mutation will provide a substantial increase in the knowledge base needed to implement a precision medicine-based approach for clinical management of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M Hutt
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla CA USA 92037
| | - Salvatore Loguercio
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla CA USA 92037
| | - Alexandre Rosa Campos
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute Proteomic Core 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA USA 92037
| | - William E Balch
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla CA USA 92037
- Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla CA USA 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla CA USA 92037
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18
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Eldawud R, Wagner A, Dong C, Stueckle TA, Rojanasakul Y, Dinu CZ. Carbon nanotubes physicochemical properties influence the overall cellular behavior and fate. NANOIMPACT 2018; 9:72-84. [PMID: 31544167 PMCID: PMC6753956 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) make them viable candidates for versatile implementation in the next generation of biomedical devices for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents or cellular-sensing probes. Such implementation requires user-tailored changes in SWCNT's physicochemical characteristics to allow for efficient cellular integration while maintaining nanotubes' functionality. However, isolated reports showed that user-tailoring could induce deleterious effects in exposed cells, from decrease in cellular proliferation, to changes in cellular adhesion, generation of reactive oxygen species or phenotypical variations, just to name a few. Before full implementation of SWCNTs is achieved, their toxicological profiles need to be mechanistically correlated with their physicochemical properties to determine how the induced cellular fate is related to the exposure conditions or samples' characteristics. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the synergistic cyto- and genotoxic effects resulted from short-term exposure of human lung epithelial cells to pristine (as manufactured) and user-tailored SWCNTs, as a function of their physicochemical properties. Specifically, through a systematic approach we are correlating the nanotube uptake and nanotube-induced cellular changes to the sample's physicochemical characteristics (e.g., metal impurities, length, agglomerate size, surface area, dispersion, and surface functionalization). By identifying changes in active hallmarks involved in cell-cell connections and maintaining epithelial layer integrity, we also determine the role that short-term exposure to SWCNTs plays in the overall cellular fate and cellular transformation. Lastly, we assess cellular structure-function relationships to identify non-apoptotic pathways induced by SWCNTs exposure that could however lead to changes in cellular behavior and cellular transformation. Our results show that the degree of cell transformation is a function of the physicochemical properties of the SWCNT, with the nanotube with higher length, higher metal content and larger agglomerate size reducing cell viability to a larger extent. Such changes in cell viability are also complemented by changes in cell structure, cycle and cell-cell interactions, all responsible for maintaining cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Eldawud
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Chenbo Dong
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Todd A. Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, WV 26506, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, WV 26506, USA
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19
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Kasioulis I, Das RM, Storey KG. Inter-dependent apical microtubule and actin dynamics orchestrate centrosome retention and neuronal delamination. eLife 2017; 6:e26215. [PMID: 29058679 PMCID: PMC5653239 DOI: 10.7554/elife.26215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Detachment of newborn neurons from the neuroepithelium is required for correct neuronal architecture and functional circuitry. This process, also known as delamination, involves adherens-junction disassembly and acto-myosin-mediated abscission, during which the centrosome is retained while apical/ciliary membranes are shed. Cell-biological mechanisms mediating delamination are, however, poorly understood. Using live-tissue and super-resolution imaging, we uncover a centrosome-nucleated wheel-like microtubule configuration, aligned with the apical actin cable and adherens-junctions within chick and mouse neuroepithelial cells. These microtubules maintain adherens-junctions while actin maintains microtubules, adherens-junctions and apical end-foot dimensions. During neuronal delamination, acto-myosin constriction generates a tunnel-like actin-microtubule configuration through which the centrosome translocates. This movement requires inter-dependent actin and microtubule activity, and we identify drebrin as a potential coordinator of these cytoskeletal dynamics. Furthermore, centrosome compromise revealed that this organelle is required for delamination. These findings identify new cytoskeletal configurations and regulatory relationships that orchestrate neuronal delamination and may inform mechanisms underlying pathological epithelial cell detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kasioulis
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Raman M Das
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Kate G Storey
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
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20
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Verma D, Bajpai VK, Ye N, Maneshi MM, Jetta D, Andreadis ST, Sachs F, Hua SZ. Flow induced adherens junction remodeling driven by cytoskeletal forces. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:327-336. [PMID: 28803065 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) are a key structural component for tissue organization and function. Under fluid shear stress, AJs exhibit dynamic assembly/disassembly, but how shear stress couples to AJs is unclear. In MDCK cells we measured simultaneously the forces in cytoskeletal α-actinin and the density and length of AJs using a genetically coded optical force sensor, actinin-sstFRET, and fluorescently labeled E-cadherin (E-cad). We found that shear stress of 0.74dyn/cm2 for 3h significantly enhanced E-cad expression at cell-cell contacts and this phenomenon has two phases. The initial formation of segregated AJ plaques coincided with a decrease in cytoskeletal tension, but an increase in tension was necessary for expansion of the plaques and the formation of continuous AJs in the later phase. The changes in cytoskeletal tension and reorganization appear to be an upstream process in response to flow since it occurred in both wild type and dominant negative E-cad cells. Disruption of F-actin with a Rho-ROCK inhibitor eliminated AJ growth under flow. These results delineate the shear stress transduction paths in cultured cells, which helps to understand pathology of a range of diseases that involve dysfunction of E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Verma
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Nannan Ye
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Mohammad M Maneshi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Deekshitha Jetta
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Stelios T Andreadis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Frederick Sachs
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Susan Z Hua
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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21
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Li J, Liu Y, Jin Y, Wang R, Wang J, Lu S, VanBuren V, Dostal DE, Zhang SL, Peng X. Essential role of Cdc42 in cardiomyocyte proliferation and cell-cell adhesion during heart development. Dev Biol 2016; 421:271-283. [PMID: 27986432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cdc42 is a member of the Rho GTPase family and functions as a molecular switch in regulating cell migration, proliferation, differentiation and survival. However, the role of Cdc42 in heart development remains largely unknown. To determine the function of Cdc42 in heart formation, we have generated a Cdc42 cardiomyocyte knockout (CCKO) mouse line by crossing Cdc42 flox mice with myosin light chain (MLC) 2a-Cre mice. The inactivation of Cdc42 in embryonic cardiomyocytes induced lethality after embryonic day 12.5. Histological analysis of CCKO embryos showed cardiac developmental defects that included thin ventricular walls and ventricular septum defects. Microarray and real-time PCR data also revealed that the expression level of p21 was significantly increased and cyclin B1 was dramatically decreased, suggesting that Cdc42 is required for cardiomyocyte proliferation. Phosphorylated Histone H3 staining confirmed that the inactivation of Cdc42 inhibited cardiomyocytes proliferation. In addition, transmission electron microscope studies showed disorganized sarcomere structure and disruption of cell-cell contact among cardiomyocytes in CCKO hearts. Accordingly, we found that the distribution of N-cadherin/β-Catenin in CCKO cardiomyocytes was impaired. Taken together, our data indicate that Cdc42 is essential for cardiomyocyte proliferation, sarcomere organization and cell-cell adhesion during heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Li
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Yixin Jin
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA; Department of Cardiology, Yangpu District Central Hospital, Tongji University, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Sarah Lu
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Vincent VanBuren
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - David E Dostal
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Shenyuan L Zhang
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA.
| | - Xu Peng
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, USA.
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22
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Nouri K, Fansa EK, Amin E, Dvorsky R, Gremer L, Willbold D, Schmitt L, Timson DJ, Ahmadian MR. IQGAP1 Interaction with RHO Family Proteins Revisited: KINETIC AND EQUILIBRIUM EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE DISTINCT BINDING SITES. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26364-26376. [PMID: 27815503 PMCID: PMC5159498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.752121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IQ motif-containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) plays a central role in the physical assembly of relevant signaling networks that are responsible for various cellular processes, including cell adhesion, polarity, and transmigration. The RHO family proteins CDC42 and RAC1 have been shown to mainly interact with the GAP-related domain (GRD) of IQGAP1. However, the role of its RASGAP C-terminal (RGCT) and C-terminal domains in the interactions with RHO proteins has remained obscure. Here, we demonstrate that IQGAP1 interactions with RHO proteins underlie a multiple-step binding mechanism: (i) a high affinity, GTP-dependent binding of RGCT to the switch regions of CDC42 or RAC1 and (ii) a very low affinity binding of GRD and a C terminus adjacent to the switch regions. These data were confirmed by phosphomimetic mutation of serine 1443 to glutamate within RGCT, which led to a significant reduction of IQGAP1 affinity for CDC42 and RAC1, clearly disclosing the critical role of RGCT for these interactions. Unlike CDC42, an extremely low affinity was determined for the RAC1-GRD interaction, suggesting that the molecular nature of IQGAP1 interaction with CDC42 partially differs from that of RAC1. Our study provides new insights into the interaction characteristics of IQGAP1 with RHO family proteins and highlights the complementary importance of kinetic and equilibrium analyses. We propose that the ability of IQGAP1 to interact with RHO proteins is based on a multiple-step binding process, which is a prerequisite for the dynamic functions of IQGAP1 as a scaffolding protein and a critical mechanism in temporal regulation and integration of IQGAP1-mediated cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Nouri
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eyad K Fansa
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ehsan Amin
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lothar Gremer
- the Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich, ICS-6, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- the Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich, ICS-6, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- the Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany, and
| | - David J Timson
- the School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad R Ahmadian
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany,
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23
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Glycolytic regulation of cell rearrangement in angiogenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12240. [PMID: 27436424 PMCID: PMC4961802 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During vessel sprouting, endothelial cells (ECs) dynamically rearrange positions in the sprout to compete for the tip position. We recently identified a key role for the glycolytic activator PFKFB3 in vessel sprouting by regulating cytoskeleton remodelling, migration and tip cell competitiveness. It is, however, unknown how glycolysis regulates EC rearrangement during vessel sprouting. Here we report that computational simulations, validated by experimentation, predict that glycolytic production of ATP drives EC rearrangement by promoting filopodia formation and reducing intercellular adhesion. Notably, the simulations correctly predicted that blocking PFKFB3 normalizes the disturbed EC rearrangement in high VEGF conditions, as occurs during pathological angiogenesis. This interdisciplinary study integrates EC metabolism in vessel sprouting, yielding mechanistic insight in the control of vessel sprouting by glycolysis, and suggesting anti-glycolytic therapy for vessel normalization in cancer and non-malignant diseases. Glycolytic regulator PFKFB3 is a key player in vessel sprouting. Here the authors develop a computational model predicting that PFKFB3 drives endothelial cell rearrangement during vessel sprouting by promoting filopodia formation and reducing intercellular adhesion, and empirically validate this prediction.
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24
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Navis A, Nelson CM. Pulling together: Tissue-generated forces that drive lumen morphogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 55:139-47. [PMID: 26778757 PMCID: PMC4903947 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical interactions are essential for bending and shaping tissues during morphogenesis. A common feature of nearly all internal organs is the formation of a tubular network consisting of an epithelium that surrounds a central lumen. Lumen formation during organogenesis requires precisely coordinated mechanical and biochemical interactions. Whereas many genetic regulators of lumen formation have been identified, relatively little is known about the mechanical cues that drive lumen morphogenesis. Lumens can be shaped by a variety of physical behaviors including wrapping a sheet of cells around a hollow core, rearranging cells to expose a lumenal cavity, or elongating a tube via cell migration, though many of the details underlying these movements remain poorly understood. It is essential to define how forces generated by individual cells cooperate to produce the tissue-level forces that drive organogenesis. Transduction of mechanical forces relies on several conserved processes including the contraction of cytoskeletal networks or expansion of lumens through increased fluid pressure. The morphogenetic events that drive lumen formation serve as a model for similar mechanical processes occurring throughout development. To understand how lumenal networks arise, it will be essential to investigate how biochemical and mechanical processes integrate to generate complex structures from comparatively simple interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Navis
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States.
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25
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Huang CH, Hsu CC, Chen CPC, Chow SE, Wang JS, Shyu YC, Lu MJ. Negative pressure induces p120-catenin-dependent adherens junction disassembly in keratinocytes during wound healing. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2212-20. [PMID: 27220534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A negative-pressure of 125mmHg (NP) has been widely used to treat chronic wounds in modern medicine. Keratinocytes under NP treatment have shown accelerated cell movement and decreased E-cadherin expression. However, the molecular mechanism of E-cadherin regulation under NP remains incompletely understood. Therefore, we investigated the E-cadherin regulation in keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) under NP. HaCaT cells were treated at ambient pressure (AP) and NP for 12h. Cell movement was measured by traditional and electric wound healing assays at the 2 different pressures. Mutants with overexpression of p120-catenin (p120(ctn)) were used to observe the effect of NP on p120(ctn) and E-cadherin expression during wound healing. Cell fractionation and immunoblotting data showed that NP increased Y228-phosphorylated p120(ctn) level and resulted in the translocation of p120(ctn) from the plasma membrane to cytoplasm. Immunofluorescence images revealed that NP decreased the co-localization of p120(ctn) and E-cadherin on the plasma membrane. Knockdown of p120(ctn) reduced E-cadherin expression and accelerated cell movement under AP. Overexpression of the Y228-phosphorylation-mimic p120(ctn) decreased E-cadherin membrane expression under both AP and NP. Phosphorylation-deficient mutants conferred restored adherens junctions (AJs) under NP. The Src inhibitor blocked the phosphorylation of p120(ctn) and impeded cell migration under NP. In conclusion, Src-dependent phosphorylation of p120(ctn) can respond rapidly to NP and contribute to E-cadherin downregulation. The NP-induced disassembly of the AJ further accelerates wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hui Huang
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chin Hsu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Carl Pai-Chu Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Er Chow
- Center of General Studies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Shyan Wang
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiau Shyu
- Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Jie Lu
- Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
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Woichansky I, Beretta CA, Berns N, Riechmann V. Three mechanisms control E-cadherin localization to the zonula adherens. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10834. [PMID: 26960923 PMCID: PMC4792928 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin localization to the zonula adherens is fundamental for epithelial differentiation but the mechanisms controlling localization are unclear. Using the Drosophila follicular epithelium we genetically dissect E-cadherin transport in an in vivo model. We distinguish three mechanisms mediating E-cadherin accumulation at the zonula adherens. Two membrane trafficking pathways deliver newly synthesized E-cadherin to the plasma membrane. One is Rab11 dependent and targets E-cadherin directly to the zonula adherens, while the other transports E-cadherin to the lateral membrane. Lateral E-cadherin reaches the zonula adherens by endocytosis and targeted recycling. We show that this pathway is dependent on RabX1, which provides a functional link between early and recycling endosomes. Moreover, we show that lateral E-cadherin is transported to the zonula adherens by an apically directed flow within the plasma membrane. Differential activation of these pathways could facilitate cell shape changes during morphogenesis, while their misregulation compromises cell adhesion and tissue architecture in differentiated epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innokenty Woichansky
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carlo Antonio Beretta
- Heidelberg University, COS and Nikon Imaging Center at the University of Heidelberg, Bioquant, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Excellenzcluster CellNetworks, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola Berns
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Veit Riechmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Druso JE, Endo M, Lin MCJ, Peng X, Antonyak MA, Meller S, Cerione RA. An Essential Role for Cdc42 in the Functioning of the Adult Mammary Gland. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8886-95. [PMID: 26912661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.694349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rho family small GTPase Cdc42 has been implicated in a wide range of cellular functions including the establishment of cell polarity and the remodeling of the actin cytoskeletal architecture, resulting in the tight regulation of cell growth and survival during developmental processes. The complete knock-out of Cdc42 in the mouse is embryonic-lethal, and its targeted deletion in various tissues has been shown to disrupt tissue homeostasis. Thus far, in most studies, the targeted deletion of Cdc42 occurred during embryogenesis. Here, we have used a conditional gene deletion strategy in mice to probe the specific role of Cdc42 during adult mammary gland function. Cdc42 conditional-knock-out females were unable to adequately nourish their pups, due to a disorganized epithelial compartment within their mammary glands. A closer examination showed that their mammary epithelial cells were not able to maintain functional alveolar lumens, due to an inability to establish normal apical/basal epithelial polarity, as well as proper cell-cell contacts. Loss of these essential epithelial characteristics led to a premature sloughing off of the Cdc42-null epithelial cells. Overall our findings demonstrate that Cdc42 plays essential roles in mammary gland function post pregnancy, where it helps to establish proper epithelial cell polarity and tissue homeostasis during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Druso
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Makoto Endo
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Miao-Chong Joy Lin
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Xu Peng
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Stephanie Meller
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and
| | - Richard A Cerione
- From the Departments of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Deng W, Gu L, Li X, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Duan B, Cui J, Dong J, Du J. CD24 associates with EGFR and supports EGF/EGFR signaling via RhoA in gastric cancer cells. J Transl Med 2016; 14:32. [PMID: 26830684 PMCID: PMC5439121 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD24, a mucin-like membrane glycoprotein, plays a critical role in carcinogenesis, but its role in human gastric cancer and the underlying mechanism remains undefined. Methods The contents of CD24 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in gastric cancer cells (SGC-7901 and BGC-823) and non-malignant gastric epithelial cells (GES-1) were evaluated by Western blotting assay. Cellular EGFR staining was examined by immunofluorescence assay. Cell migration rate was measured by wound healing assay. The effects of depletion/overexperssion of CD24 on EGFR expression and activation of EGF/EGFR singaling pathways were evaluated by immunofluorescence, qPCR, Western blotting and flow cytometry techniques. RhoA activity was assessed by pulldown assay. CD24 and EGFR expression patterns in human gastric tumor samples were also investigated by immunohistochemistry staining. Results CD24 was overexpressed in human gastric cancer cells. Ectopic expression of CD24 in gastric epithelial cells augmented the expression of EGFR, while knockdown of CD24 in gastric cancer cells decreased the level of EGFR and cell migration velocity. To further explore the mechanisms, we investigated the effect of CD24 expression on EGF/EGFR signaling. We noticed that this effect of CD24 on EGFR expression was dependent on promoting EGFR internalization and degradation. Lower ERK and Akt phosphorylations in response to EGF stimulation were observed in CD24-depleted cells. In addition, we noticed that the effect of CD24 on EGFR stability was mediated by RhoA activity in SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells. Analysis of gastric cancer specimens revealed a positive correlation between CD24 and EGFR levels and an association between CD24 expression and worse prognosis. Conclusion Thus, these findings suggest for the first time that CD24 regulates EGFR signaling by inhibiting EGFR internalization and degradation in a RhoA-dependent manner in gastric cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0787-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Deng
- Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Luo Gu
- Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianchao Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Biao Duan
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jie Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China. .,Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Modern Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jun Du
- Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Mascia A, Gentile F, Izzo A, Mollo N, De Luca M, Bucci C, Nitsch L, Calì G. Rab7 Regulates CDH1 Endocytosis, Circular Dorsal Ruffles Genesis, and Thyroglobulin Internalization in a Thyroid Cell Line. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1695-708. [PMID: 26599499 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rab7 regulates the biogenesis of late endosomes, lysosomes, and autophagosomes. It has been proposed that a functional and physical interaction exists between Rab7 and Rac1 GTPases in CDH1 endocytosis and ruffled border formation. In FRT cells over-expressing Rab7, increased expression and activity of Rac1 was observed, whereas a reduction of Rab7 expression by RNAi resulted in reduced Rac1 activity, as measured by PAK1 phosphorylation. We found that CDH1 endocytosis was extremely reduced only in Rab7 over-expressing cells but was unchanged in Rab7 silenced cells. In Rab7 under or over-expressing cells, Rab7 and LC3B-II co-localized and co-localization in large circular structures occurred only in Rab7 over-expressing cells. These large circular structures occurred in about 10% of the cell population; some of them (61%) showed co-localization of Rab7 with cortactin and f-actin and were identified as circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs), the others as mature autophagosomes. We propose that the over-expression of Rab7 is sufficient to induce CDRs. Furthermore, in FRT cells, we found that the expression of the insoluble/active form of Rab7, rather than Rab5, or Rab8, was inducible by cAMP and that cAMP-stimulated FRT cells showed increased PAK1 phosphorylation and were no longer able to endocytose CDH1. Finally, we demonstrated that Rab7 over-expressing cells are able to endocytose exogenous thyroglobulin via pinocytosis/CDRs more efficiently than control cells. We propose that the major thyroglobulin endocytosis described in thyroid autonomous adenomas due to Rab7 increased expression, occurs via CDRs. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1695-1708, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mascia
- IEOS Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", National Council of Research, Napoli, Italy
| | - Flaviana Gentile
- IEOS Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", National Council of Research, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Nunzia Mollo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria De Luca
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento (DiSTeBA), Lecce, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento (DiSTeBA), Lecce, Italy
| | - Lucio Nitsch
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Gaetano Calì
- IEOS Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale "G. Salvatore", National Council of Research, Napoli, Italy
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Cruz LA, Vedula P, Gutierrez N, Shah N, Rodriguez S, Ayee B, Davis J, Rodriguez AJ. Balancing spatially regulated β-actin translation and dynamin-mediated endocytosis is required to assemble functional epithelial monolayers. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:597-608. [PMID: 26615964 PMCID: PMC4968411 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulating adherens junction complex assembly/disassembly is critical to maintaining epithelial homeostasis in healthy epithelial tissues. Consequently, adherens junction structure and function is often perturbed in clinically advanced tumors of epithelial origin. Some of the most studied factors driving adherens junction complex perturbation in epithelial cancers are transcriptional and epigenetic down-regulation of E-cadherin expression. However, numerous reports demonstrate that post-translational regulatory mechanisms such as endocytosis also regulate early phases of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastatic progression. In already assembled healthy epithelia, E-cadherin endocytosis recycles cadherin-catenin complexes to regulate the number of mature adherens junctions found at cell-cell contact sites. However, following de novo epithelial cell-cell contact, endocytosis negatively regulates adherens junction assembly by removing E-cadherin from the cell surface. By contrast, following de novo epithelial cell-cell contact, spatially localized β-actin translation drives cytoskeletal remodeling and consequently E-cadherin clustering at cell-cell contact sites and therefore positively regulates adherens junction assembly. In this report we demonstrate that dynamin-mediated endocytosis and β-actin translation-dependent cadherin-catenin complex anchoring oppose each other following epithelial cell-cell contact. Consequently, the final extent of adherens junction assembly depends on which of these processes is dominant following epithelial cell-cell contact. We expressed β-actin transcripts impaired in their ability to properly localize monomer synthesis (Δ3'UTR) in MDCK cells to perturb actin filament remodeling and anchoring, and demonstrate the resulting defect in adherens junction structure and function is rescued by inhibiting dynamin mediated endocytosis. Therefore, we demonstrate balancing spatially regulated β-actin translation and dynamin-mediated endocytosis regulates epithelial monolayer structure and barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissette A. Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Pavan Vedula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Natasha Gutierrez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Neel Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Steven Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Brian Ayee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Justin Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Alexis J. Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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Nakahara S, Tsutsumi K, Zuinen T, Ohta Y. FilGAP, a Rho–ROCK-regulated GAP for Rac, controls adherens junctions in MDCK cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2047-56. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.160192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Rho family small GTPases are essential for the formation of adherens junctions in epithelial cells. Here, we found that FilGAP (also known as ARHGAP24), a Rac-specific Rho GTPase-activating protein, promoted the formation of adherens junctions in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Knockdown of FilGAP by siRNA stimulated the disassembly and migration of MDCK cells induced by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). By contrast, forced expression of FilGAP induced accumulation of E-cadherin at adherens junctions. Endogenous FilGAP colocalized with E-cadherin at adherens junctions, and depletion of FilGAP reduced the amount of E-cadherin expressed at the surface. The Rac GAP domain of FilGAP was necessary for the suppression of cell scattering induced by HGF. In agreement with this, siRNA-mediated knockdown of both Rac1 and FilGAP suppressed cell scattering induced by HGF. Forced expression of Rho kinase (ROCK, of which there are two isoforms ROCK1 and ROCK2) induced the accumulation of E-cadherin at the adherens junction, and depletion of FilGAP prevented the accumulation of E-cadherin. Moreover, wild-type FilGAP but not a non-phosphorylatable FilGAP mutant rescued the accumulation of E-cadherin at adherens junctions. These results suggest that FilGAP might regulate cell–cell adhesion through inactivation of Rac downstream of Rho–ROCK-signaling in MDCK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Nakahara
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Koji Tsutsumi
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takuya Zuinen
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ohta
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
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Bopp A, Wartlick F, Henninger C, Schwarz M, Kaina B, Fritz G. Rac1 promotes diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced formation of liver tumors. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:378-89. [PMID: 25556150 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the function of the Ras-homologous GTPase Rac1 in hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN), mice lacking hepatic Rac1 expression were treated with DEN and compared to the wild-type (WT). Rac1 knock-out (KO) mice were found to have a lower tumor yield as compared to Rac1 proficient mice. The small-sized tumors formed in the absence of Rac1 lack an activated Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, as indicated by the absence of p-ERK expression. Apparently, Rac1 is required for Ras-driven oncogenic pathways. Moreover, tumors in Rac1 deficient mice were glutamine synthase (GS) negative. They displayed a high number of p-H3-positive and cyclinB1 expressing cells, pointing to a defect in mitotic progression. To elucidate the influence of Rac1 on mechanisms of tumor initiation, acute DEN-induced hepatic stress responses were monitored. Rac1 deficiency caused fairly complex, partially time-dependent, alterations in both basal and/or DEN-induced messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of susceptibility-related genes. Basal protein expression of DNA repair factors Brca1 and DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog (Rad51) and the cell cycle regulatory factor p27 was enhanced in the absence of Rac1. Following DEN treatment, p21 mRNA and protein expression was stimulated independent of the Rac1 status. Lack of Rac1 increased mechanisms of the DNA damage response (DDR), as shown by elevated protein levels of p-ATR, p-p53 and γH2AX 24h after DEN treatment. The data show that Rac1 is essential for DEN-stimulated hepatocarcinogenesis. We hypothesize that it promotes tumor initiation by counteracting the elimination of initiated cells and, moreover, alleviates the outgrowth of transformed cells. Hence, pharmacological targeting of Rac1 could be suitable for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bopp
- Institute of Toxicology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Friedrich Wartlick
- Institute of Toxicology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Henninger
- Institute of Toxicology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 76, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany and
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany,
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Ducharme NA, Ham AJL, Lapierre LA, Goldenring JR. Rab11-FIP2 influences multiple components of the endosomal system in polarized MDCK cells. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2014; 1:57-68. [PMID: 21686255 DOI: 10.4161/cl.1.2.15289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Rab11 Family Interacting Proteins (Rab11-FIPs) are hypothesized to regulate sequential steps in the apical recycling and transcytotic pathways of polarized epithelial cells. Previous studies have suggested that Rab11-FIP proteins assemble into multi-protein complexes regulating plasma membrane recycling. Rab11-FIP2 interacts with both myosin Vb and Rab11. Recent investigations have noted that that Rab11-FIP2 mutants [Rab11-FIP2(129-512), also designated Rab11-FIP2(ΔC2) and Rab11-FIP2(S229A, R413G), also designated Rab11-FIP2(SARG)], are potent inhibitors of transcytosis in polarized MDCK cells. Interestingly, Rab11-FIP2(ΔC2), but not Rab11-FIP2(SARG), also altered the morphology of the EEA-1 positive early endosomal compartment. These findings suggested that Rab11-FIP2 mutants could differentiate different points along the recycling pathway. We therefore sought to investigate whether Rab11-FIP2 is a general regulator of the early endosomal system. Both Rab11-FIP2 mutants altered the localization and co-localized with dynein heavy chain. In contrast, both clathrin heavy chain and AP-1 accumulated with membranes containing Rab11-FIP2(SARG), but not with Rab11-FIP2(ΔC2). Expression of Rab11-FIP2(ΔC2), but not Rab11-FIP2(SARG), caused clustering of early endosomal markers Rab5b, Epsin 4 and IQGAP1, around a collapsed Rab11-FIP2 containing membranous cisternum. Interestingly, neither Rab11-FIP2 mutant had any effect on the distribution of Rab5a, a classical early endosome marker. The results support the view that Rab11-FIP2 may influence microtubule-dependent centripetal movement of subsets of early endosomes as well as processing through the common and recycling endosomal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Ducharme
- Departments of Surgery and Cell & Developmental Biology; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, TN USA
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Jossin Y. Polarization of migrating cortical neurons by Rap1 and N-cadherin: Revisiting the model for the Reelin signaling pathway. Small GTPases 2014; 2:322-328. [PMID: 22545231 PMCID: PMC3337162 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.18283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is essential for the development of the cerebral cortex. Mutations leading to defective migration are associated with numerous brain pathologies. An important challenge in the field is to understand the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that regulate neuronal migration during normal development and in disease. Many small GTPases are expressed in the central nervous system during embryonic development. Recent findings have shown that Rap1 and its downstream partners Ral, Rac and Cdc42 are involved in the maintenance of N-Cadherin at the plasma membrane which is necessary for the correct polarization of migrating neurons. The activation of Rap1 is triggered by Reelin, an extracellular protein known for its role in the organization of the cortex into layers of neurons. In the absence of Reelin, neurons exhibit a broader and irregular pattern of positioning. The prevailing model suggests that Reelin signals to neurons during the last step of their migration, a notion that is inconsistent with new data describing an effect of Reelin on early steps of migration. In regard to these recent findings I suggest a revised model, which I call the “polarity model,” that further refines our understanding of the developmental function played by Reelin and its downstream small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Division of Basic Sciences; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA USA; Institute of Neuroscience; University of Louvain Medical School; Brussels, Belgium
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35
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Quiros M, Nusrat A. RhoGTPases, actomyosin signaling and regulation of the epithelial Apical Junctional Complex. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 36:194-203. [PMID: 25223584 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells form regulated and selective barriers between distinct tissue compartments. The Apical Junctional Complex (AJC) consisting of the tight junction (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) control epithelial homeostasis, paracellular permeability and barrier properties. The AJC is composed of mutliprotein complexes consisting of transmembrane proteins that affiliate with an underlying perijunctional F-actin myosin ring through cytoplasmic scaffold proteins. AJC protein associations with the apical actin-myosin cytoskeleton are tightly controlled by a number of signaling proteins including the Rho family of GTPases that orchestrate junctional biology, epithelial homeostasis and barrier function. This review highlights the vital relationship of Rho GTPases and AJCs in controlling the epithelial barrier. The pathophysiologic relationship of Rho GTPases, AJC, apical actomyosin cytoskeleton and epithelial barrier function is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Quiros
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Epithelial Pathobiology and Mucosal Inflammation Research Unit, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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36
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Du W, Liu X, Fan G, Zhao X, Sun Y, Wang T, Zhao R, Wang G, Zhao C, Zhu Y, Ye F, Jin X, Zhang F, Zhong Z, Li X. From cell membrane to the nucleus: an emerging role of E-cadherin in gene transcriptional regulation. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1712-9. [PMID: 25164084 PMCID: PMC4196647 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin is a well-known mediator of cell–cell adherens junctions. However, many other functions of E-cadherin have been reported. Collectively, the available data suggest that E-cadherin may also act as a gene transcriptional regulator. Here, evidence supporting this claim is reviewed, and possible mechanisms of action are discussed. E-cadherin has been shown to modulate the activity of several notable cell signalling pathways, and given that most of these pathways in turn regulate gene expression, we proposed that E-cadherin may regulate gene transcription by affecting these pathways. Additionally, E-cadherin has been shown to accumulate in the nucleus where documentation of an E-cadherin fragment bound to DNA suggests that E-cadherin may directly regulate gene transcription. In summary, from the cell membrane to the nucleus, a role for E-cadherin in gene transcription may be emerging. Studies specifically focused on this potential role would allow for a more thorough understanding of this transmembrane glycoprotein in mediating intra- and intercellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Du
- Department of Digestion, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Yashiro H, Loza AJ, Skeath JB, Longmore GD. Rho1 regulates adherens junction remodeling by promoting recycling endosome formation through activation of myosin II. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2956-69. [PMID: 25079692 PMCID: PMC4230585 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-04-0894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Once adherens junctions (AJs) are formed between polarized epithelial cells they must be maintained because AJs are constantly remodeled in dynamic epithelia. AJ maintenance involves endocytosis and subsequent recycling of E-cadherin to a precise location along the basolateral membrane. In the Drosophila pupal eye epithelium, Rho1 GTPase regulates AJ remodeling through Drosophila E-cadherin (DE-cadherin) endocytosis by limiting Cdc42/Par6/aPKC complex activity. We demonstrate that Rho1 also influences AJ remodeling by regulating the formation of DE-cadherin-containing, Rab11-positive recycling endosomes in Drosophila postmitotic pupal eye epithelia. This effect of Rho1 is mediated through Rok-dependent, but not MLCK-dependent, stimulation of myosin II activity yet independent of its effects upon actin remodeling. Both Rho1 and pMLC localize on endosomal vesicles, suggesting that Rho1 might regulate the formation of recycling endosomes through localized myosin II activation. This work identifies spatially distinct functions for Rho1 in the regulation of DE-cadherin-containing vesicular trafficking during AJ remodeling in live epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Yashiro
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Andrew J Loza
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - James B Skeath
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gregory D Longmore
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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38
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Indra I, Troyanovsky R, Troyanovsky SM. Afadin controls cadherin cluster stability using clathrin-independent mechanism. Tissue Barriers 2014; 2:e28687. [PMID: 25045601 PMCID: PMC4092309 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.28687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Afadin is an actin-binding protein that interacts with the intracellular region of the transmembrane proteins, nectins. In collaboration with other transmembrane proteins, cadherins, nectins form adherens junctions, a major type of cell-cell adhesive structures in the multicellular organisms. To elucidate the afadin function, we studied adherens junction defects induced by afadin depletion in epithelial A431 cells. We have found that the cells lacking afadin exhibit no abnormalities in morphology or in general dynamics of adherens junctions in the confluent cell cultures. The only observed difference is a slight increase in the rate of cadherin turnover in these junctions. However, afadin depletion strongly affects the assembly of new adherens junctions immediately after two cells touch one another: initiation of new junctions is significantly delayed, the growth of the nascent junctions stagnates, and their lifetime shortens. As a result, the afadin-depleted cells need much more time to establish the mature junctional structures. This defect is not caused by the clathrin-dependent endocytosis of cadherin clusters that was monitored using live-cell imaging of A431 cells co-expressing GFP-tagged E-cadherin and mCherry-tagged clathrin light chain. Taken together our data show that afadin reinforces adherens junctions and that this process is crucial for the fast formation of adherens junctions at the sites of new cell-cell contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajyoti Indra
- Department of Dermatology; The Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, Illinois
| | - Regina Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology; The Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, Illinois
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Kowalczyk AP, Nanes BA. Adherens junction turnover: regulating adhesion through cadherin endocytosis, degradation, and recycling. Subcell Biochem 2014; 60:197-222. [PMID: 22674073 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4186-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions are important mediators of intercellular adhesion, but they are not static structures. They are regularly formed, broken, and rearranged in a variety of situations, requiring changes in the amount of cadherins, the main adhesion molecule in adherens junctions, present at the cell surface. Thus, endocytosis, degradation, and recycling of cadherins are crucial for dynamic regulation of adherens junctions and control of intercellular adhesion. In this chapter, we review the involvement of cadherin endocytosis in development and disease. We discuss the various endocytic pathways available to cadherins, the adaptors involved, and the sorting of internalized cadherin for recycling or lysosomal degradation. In addition, we review the regulatory pathways controlling cadherin endocytosis and degradation, including regulation of cadherin endocytosis by catenins, cadherin ubiquitination, and growth factor receptor signaling pathways. Lastly, we discuss the proteolytic cleavage of cadherins at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 30332, Atlanta, GA, USA,
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Ivanov AI, Naydenov NG. Dynamics and regulation of epithelial adherens junctions: recent discoveries and controversies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 303:27-99. [PMID: 23445808 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407697-6.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) are evolutionarily conserved plasma-membrane structures that mediate cell-cell adhesions in multicellular organisms. They are organized by several types of adhesive integral membrane proteins, most notably cadherins and nectins that are clustered and stabilized by a number of cytoplasmic scaffolds. AJs are key regulators of tissue architecture and dynamics via control of cell proliferation, polarity, shape, motility, and survival. They are absolutely critical for normal tissue morphogenesis and their disruption results in pathological abnormalities in different tissues. Although the field of adherens-junction research dramatically progressed in recent years, a number of important questions remain controversial and poorly understood. This review outlines basic principles that regulate organization of AJs in mammalian epithelia and discusses recent advances and standing controversies in the field. A special attention is paid to the regulation of AJs by vesicle trafficking and the intracellular cytoskeleton as well as roles and mechanisms of adherens-junction disruption during tumor progression and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Abstract
Observations of hereditary glomerular disease support the contention that podocyte intercellular junction proteins are essential for junction formation and maintenance. Genetic deletion of most of these podocyte intercellular junction proteins results in foot process effacement and proteinuria. This review focuses on the current understanding of molecular mechanisms by which podocyte intercellular junction proteins such as the nephrin-neph1-podocin-receptor complex coordinate cytoskeletal dynamics and thus intercellular junction formation, maintenance, and injury-dependent remodeling.
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Chi X, Wang S, Huang Y, Stamnes M, Chen JL. Roles of rho GTPases in intracellular transport and cellular transformation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7089-108. [PMID: 23538840 PMCID: PMC3645678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho family GTPases belong to the Ras GTPase superfamily and transduce intracellular signals known to regulate a variety of cellular processes, including cell polarity, morphogenesis, migration, apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, viral transport and cellular transformation. The three best-characterized Rho family members are Cdc42, RhoA and Rac1. Cdc42 regulates endocytosis, the transport between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, post-Golgi transport and exocytosis. Cdc42 influences trafficking through interaction with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) and the Arp2/3 complex, leading to changes in actin dynamics. Rac1 mediates endocytic and exocytic vesicle trafficking by interaction with its effectors, PI3kinase, synaptojanin 2, IQGAP1 and phospholipase D1. RhoA participates in the regulation of endocytosis through controlling its downstream target, Rho kinase. Interestingly, these GTPases play important roles at different stages of viral protein and genome transport in infected host cells. Importantly, dysregulation of Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA leads to numerous disorders, including malignant transformation. In some cases, hyperactivation of Rho GTPases is required for cellular transformation. In this article, we review a number of findings related to Rho GTPase function in intracellular transport and cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Chi
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; E-Mails: (X.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Song Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yifan Huang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; E-Mails: (X.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mark Stamnes
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; E-Mails: (X.C.); (Y.H.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-10-6480-7300; Fax: +86-10-6480-7980
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Ratheesh A, Priya R, Yap AS. Coordinating Rho and Rac: the regulation of Rho GTPase signaling and cadherin junctions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:49-68. [PMID: 23481190 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin-based cell-cell adhesions are dynamic structures that mediate tissue organization and morphogenesis. They link cells together, mediate cell-cell recognition, and influence cell shape, motility, proliferation, and differentiation. At the cellular level, operation of classical cadherin adhesion systems is coordinated with cytoskeletal dynamics, contractility, and membrane trafficking to support productive interactions. Cadherin-based cell signaling is critical for the coordination of these many cellular processes. Here, we discuss the role of Rho family GTPases in cadherin signaling. We focus on understanding the pathways that utilize Rac and Rho in junctional biology, aiming to identify the mechanisms of upstream regulation and define how the effects of these activated GTPases might regulate the actin cytoskeleton to modulate the cellular processes involved in cadherin-based cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ratheesh
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
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Saito M, Tucker DK, Kohlhorst D, Niessen CM, Kowalczyk AP. Classical and desmosomal cadherins at a glance. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2547-52. [PMID: 22833291 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.066654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Saito
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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45
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Yang Z, Lavagi I. Spatial control of plasma membrane domains: ROP GTPase-based symmetry breaking. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:601-607. [PMID: 23177207 PMCID: PMC3545472 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Breaking of the cell membrane symmetry to form polarized or localized domains/regions of the plasma membrane (PM) is a fundamental cellular process that occurs in essentially all cellular organisms, and is required for a wide variety of cellular functions/behaviors including cell morphogenesis, cell division and cell differentiation. In plants, the development of localized or polarized PM domains has been linked to a vast array of cellular and developmental processes such as polar cell expansion, asymmetric cell division, cell morphogenesis, the polarization of auxin transporters (and thus auxin polar transport), secondary cell wall patterning, cell type specification, and tissue pattern formation. Rho GTPases from plants (ROPs) are known to be involved in many of these processes. Here, we review the current knowledge on ROP involvement in breaking symmetry and propose that ROP-based self-organizing signaling may provide a common mechanism for the spatial control of PM domains required in various cellular and developmental processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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46
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Levayer R. [Regulation of intercellular adhesion during epithelial morphogenesis]. Biol Aujourdhui 2012; 206:219-36. [PMID: 23171844 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium is one of the most abundant tissues in metazoans. It is required to generate stable chemical and mechanical barriers between physiological compartments (fluid matrix/external environment). This function is based on multiple intercellular junctions, which insulate and stabilize cell-cell contacts in the tissue. Despite this apparent robustness, epithelia can be extensively remodeled during wound healing, embryogenesis and tumor progression. The capacity to be remodeled while keeping tissue cohesion requires a perfect balance between stability and plasticity of intercellular junctions. The balance is partially regulated by intercellular adhesion, which is mostly based on adherens junctions and the transmembrane protein E-cadherin. The aim of this review is to report the molecular basis of the balance between plasticity and robustness in the epithelium. We will first present the minimal physical framework used to describe epithelial cell shape. We will then describe the main processes involved in intercellular adhesion regulation and their functions during epithelial morphogenesis. Eventually, we will analyze the relationship and the coupling between adhesive forces and cortical tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Levayer
- Institut de Biologie du Developpement de Marseille Luminy, Marseille, France.
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47
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A bigger picture: classical cadherins and the dynamic actin cytoskeleton. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:673-9. [PMID: 22931853 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Classical cadherin adhesion receptors influence tissue integrity in health and disease. Their biological function is intimately linked to the actin cytoskeleton. To date, research has largely focused on identifying the molecular mechanisms that physically couple cadherin to cortical actin filaments. However, the junctional cytoskeleton is dynamic. Recent developments in understanding how filament dynamics and organization in the junctional cytoskeleton are controlled provide new insights into how the actin cytoskeleton regulates cadherin junctions in health and disease.
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48
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Craddock C, Lavagi I, Yang Z. New insights into Rho signaling from plant ROP/Rac GTPases. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:492-501. [PMID: 22795444 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In animal and plant cells, a wide range of key cellular processes that require the establishment of cell polarity are governed by Rho-GTPases. In contrast to animals and yeast, however, plants possess a single Rho-GTPase subfamily called Rho-like GTPases from plants (ROPs). This raises the question of how plants achieve the high level of regulation required for polar cellular processes. It is becoming evident that plants have evolved specific regulators, including ROP-Guanine Exchange Factors (GEFs) and the Rop-interactive CRIB motif-containing protein (RIC) effectors. Recent research shows that the spatiotemporal dynamics of ROPs, the cytoskeleton, endocytosis, and exocytosis are intertwined. This review focuses on the proposed self-organizing nature of ROPs in plants and how ROP-mediated cellular mechanisms compare with those responsible for cell polarity in animals and yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Craddock
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92508, USA
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Malarkannan S, Awasthi A, Rajasekaran K, Kumar P, Schuldt KM, Bartoszek A, Manoharan N, Goldner NK, Umhoefer CM, Thakar MS. IQGAP1: a regulator of intracellular spacetime relativity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2057-63. [PMID: 22345702 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activating and inhibiting receptors of lymphocytes collect valuable information about their mikròs kósmos. This information is essential to initiate or to turn off complex signaling pathways. Irrespective of these advances, our knowledge on how these intracellular activation cascades are coordinated in a spatiotemporal manner is far from complete. Among multiple explanations, the scaffolding proteins have emerged as a critical piece of this evolutionary tangram. Among many, IQGAP1 is one of the essential scaffolding proteins that coordinate multiple signaling pathways. IQGAP1 possesses multiple protein interaction motifs to achieve its scaffolding functions. Using these domains, IQGAP1 has been shown to regulate a number of essential cellular events. This includes actin polymerization, tubulin multimerization, microtubule organizing center formation, calcium/calmodulin signaling, Pak/Raf/Mek1/2-mediated Erk1/2 activation, formation of maestrosome, E-cadherin, and CD44-mediated signaling and glycogen synthase kinase-3/adenomatous polyposis coli-mediated β-catenin activation. In this review, we summarize the recent developments and exciting new findings of cellular functions of IQGAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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50
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Nagawa S, Xu T, Lin D, Dhonukshe P, Zhang X, Friml J, Scheres B, Fu Y, Yang Z. ROP GTPase-dependent actin microfilaments promote PIN1 polarization by localized inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001299. [PMID: 22509133 PMCID: PMC3317906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarization via asymmetrical distribution of structures or molecules is essential for diverse cellular functions and development of organisms, but how polarity is developmentally controlled has been poorly understood. In plants, the asymmetrical distribution of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins involved in the cellular efflux of the quintessential phytohormone auxin plays a central role in developmental patterning, morphogenesis, and differential growth. Recently we showed that auxin promotes cell interdigitation by activating the Rho family ROP GTPases in leaf epidermal pavement cells. Here we found that auxin activation of the ROP2 signaling pathway regulates the asymmetric distribution of PIN1 by inhibiting its endocytosis. ROP2 inhibits PIN1 endocytosis via the accumulation of cortical actin microfilaments induced by the ROP2 effector protein RIC4. Our findings suggest a link between the developmental auxin signal and polar PIN1 distribution via Rho-dependent cytoskeletal reorganization and reveal the conservation of a design principle for cell polarization that is based on Rho GTPase-mediated inhibition of endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nagawa
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Tongda Xu
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory Ltd, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deshu Lin
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pankaj Dhonukshe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiri Friml
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ben Scheres
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
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