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Radial Glia and Neuronal-like Ependymal Cells Are Present within the Spinal Cord of the Trunk (Body) in the Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius). J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10020021. [PMID: 35735912 PMCID: PMC9224675 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As is the case for many lizards, leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) can self-detach a portion of their tail to escape predation, and then regenerate a replacement complete with a spinal cord. Previous research has shown that endogenous populations of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) reside within the spinal cord of the original tail. In response to tail loss, these NSPCs are activated and contribute to regeneration. Here, we investigate whether similar populations of NSPCs are found within the spinal cord of the trunk (body). Using a long-duration 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine pulse-chase experiment, we determined that a population of cells within the ependymal layer are label-retaining following a 20-week chase. Tail loss does not significantly alter rates of ependymal cell proliferation within the trunk spinal cord. Ependymal cells of the trunk spinal cord express SOX2 and represent at least two distinct cell populations: radial glial-like (glial fibrillary acidic protein- and Vimentin-expressing) cells; and neuronal-like (HuCD-expressing) cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that NSPCs of the trunk spinal cord closely resemble those of the tail and support the use of the tail spinal cord as a less invasive proxy for body spinal cord injury investigations.
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Fauser M, Ricken M, Markert F, Weis N, Schmitt O, Gimsa J, Winter C, Badstübner-Meeske K, Storch A. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation induces sustained neurorestoration in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in a Parkinson's disease model. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 156:105404. [PMID: 34044146 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an established therapeutic principle in Parkinson's disease, but the underlying mechanisms, particularly mediating non-motor actions, remain largely enigmatic. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS The delayed onset of neuropsychiatric actions in conjunction with first experimental evidence that STN-DBS causes disease-modifying effects prompted our investigation on how cellular plasticity in midbrain dopaminergic systems is affected by STN-DBS. METHODS We applied unilateral or bilateral STN-DBS in two independent cohorts of 6-hydroxydopamine hemiparkinsonian rats four to eight weeks after dopaminergic lesioning to allow for the development of a stable dopaminergic dysfunction prior to DBS electrode implantation. RESULTS After 5 weeks of STN-DBS, stimulated animals had significantly more TH+ dopaminergic neurons and fibres in both the nigrostriatal and the mesolimbic systems compared to sham controls with large effect sizes of gHedges = 1.9-3.4. DBS of the entopeduncular nucleus as the homologue of the human Globus pallidus internus did not alter the dopaminergic systems. STN-DBS effects on mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons were largely confirmed in an independent animal cohort with unilateral STN stimulation for 6 weeks or for 3 weeks followed by a 3 weeks washout period. The latter subgroup even demonstrated persistent mesolimbic dopaminergic plasticity after washout. Pilot behavioural testing showed that augmentative dopaminergic effects on the mesolimbic system by STN-DBS might translate into improvement of sensorimotor neglect. CONCLUSIONS Our data support sustained neurorestorative effects of STN-DBS not only in the nigrostriatal but also in the mesolimbic system as a potential factor mediating long-latency neuropsychiatric effects of STN-DBS in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Fauser
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Manuel Ricken
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Franz Markert
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Nikolai Weis
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Oliver Schmitt
- Department of Anatomy, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Gimsa
- Department of Biophysics, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstraße 11A, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Winter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147 Rostock, Germany.
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3
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Formation and integration of new neurons in the adult hippocampus. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:223-236. [PMID: 33633402 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) generate new neurons throughout life in the mammalian brain. Adult-born neurons shape brain function, and endogenous NSCs could potentially be harnessed for brain repair. In this Review, focused on hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents, we highlight recent advances in the field based on novel technologies (including single-cell RNA sequencing, intravital imaging and functional observation of newborn cells in behaving mice) and characterize the distinct developmental steps from stem cell activation to the integration of newborn neurons into pre-existing circuits. Further, we review current knowledge of how levels of neurogenesis are regulated, discuss findings regarding survival and maturation of adult-born cells and describe how newborn neurons affect brain function. The evidence arguing for (and against) lifelong neurogenesis in the human hippocampus is briefly summarized. Finally, we provide an outlook of what is needed to improve our understanding of the mechanisms and functional consequences of adult neurogenesis and how the field may move towards more translational relevance in the context of acute and chronic neural injury and stem cell-based brain repair.
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Mesnil M, Defamie N, Naus C, Sarrouilhe D. Brain Disorders and Chemical Pollutants: A Gap Junction Link? Biomolecules 2020; 11:51. [PMID: 33396565 PMCID: PMC7824109 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of brain pathologies has increased during last decades. Better diagnosis (autism spectrum disorders) and longer life expectancy (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease) partly explain this increase, while emerging data suggest pollutant exposures as a possible but still underestimated cause of major brain disorders. Taking into account that the brain parenchyma is rich in gap junctions and that most pollutants inhibit their function; brain disorders might be the consequence of gap-junctional alterations due to long-term exposures to pollutants. In this article, this hypothesis is addressed through three complementary aspects: (1) the gap-junctional organization and connexin expression in brain parenchyma and their function; (2) the effect of major pollutants (pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, heavy metals, airborne particles, etc.) on gap-junctional and connexin functions; (3) a description of the major brain disorders categorized as neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, epilepsy), neurobehavioral (migraines, major depressive disorders), neurodegenerative (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases) and cancers (glioma), in which both connexin dysfunction and pollutant involvement have been described. Based on these different aspects, the possible involvement of pollutant-inhibited gap junctions in brain disorders is discussed for prenatal and postnatal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Mesnil
- Laboratoire STIM, ERL7003 CNRS-Université de Poitiers, 1 rue G. Bonnet–TSA 51 106, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Norah Defamie
- Laboratoire STIM, ERL7003 CNRS-Université de Poitiers, 1 rue G. Bonnet–TSA 51 106, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Christian Naus
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada;
| | - Denis Sarrouilhe
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Humaine, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, 6 rue de La Milétrie, bât D1, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers, France
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Fontaine R, Ager-Wick E, Hodne K, Weltzien FA. Plasticity in medaka gonadotropes via cell proliferation and phenotypic conversion. J Endocrinol 2020; 245:21-37. [PMID: 31977313 PMCID: PMC7040568 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) and luteinizing hormone (Lh) produced by the gonadotropes play a major role in control of reproduction. Contrary to mammals and birds, Lh and Fsh are mostly produced by two separate cell types in teleost. Here, we investigated gonadotrope plasticity, using transgenic lines of medaka (Oryzias latipes) where DsRed2 and hrGfpII are under the control of the fshb and lhb promotors respectively. We found that Fsh cells appear in the pituitary at 8 dpf, while Lh cells were previously shown to appear at 14 dpf. Similar to Lh cells, Fsh cells show hyperplasia from juvenile to adult stages. Hyperplasia is stimulated by estradiol. Both Fsh and Lh cells show hypertrophy during puberty with similar morphology. They also share similar behavior, using their cellular extensions to make networks. We observed bi-hormonal gonadotropes in juveniles and adults but not in larvae where only mono-hormonal cells are observed, suggesting the existence of phenotypic conversion between Fsh and Lh in later stages. This is demonstrated in cell culture, where some Fsh cells start to produce Lhβ, a phenomenon enhanced by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gnrh) stimulation. We have previously shown that medaka Fsh cells lack Gnrh receptors, but here we show that with time in culture, some Fsh cells start responding to Gnrh, while fshb mRNA levels are significantly reduced, both suggestive of phenotypic change. All together, these results reveal high plasticity of gonadotropes due to both estradiol-sensitive proliferation and Gnrh promoted phenotypic conversion, and moreover, show that gonadotropes lose part of their identity when kept in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Fontaine
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirill Ager-Wick
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Hodne
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence should be addressed to F-A Weltzien:
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6
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Exposure to acrylamide decreases noradrenergic axons in rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2020; 78:127-133. [PMID: 32147327 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acrylamide is known to induce disorders in the central nervous system in humans and experimental animals. The present study investigated effects of exposure to acrylamide on adult neurogenesis, noradrenergic axons and the level of norepinephrine in the brain of male rats. METHOD Four groups of 12 male Wistar rats each were exposed to acrylamide at 0, 0.2, 2 and 20 mg/kg body weight by gavage for 5 weeks. Six rats of each groups were injected with 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) after five-week exposure to acrylamide to examine proliferative cells in the dentate gyrus using immunostaining. Density of noradrenergic and serotonergic axons in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and cortex behind the bregma was quantified. Remaining 6 rats were decapitated after the last exposure and brains were dissected out to measure monoamine level in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex using high performance liquid chromatography. RESULT Exposure to acrylamide dose-dependently decreased the density of noradrenergic axons in the prefrontal cortex with a significant change at 20 mg/kg. Norepinephrine level decreased in the hippocampus at 20 mg/kg. Exposure to acrylamide at 20 mg/kg or less did not change the number of BrdU positive cells, but the result should be considered preliminary. CONCLUSION The results show that oral exposure to acrylamide induces decrease in noradrenergic axons and norepinephrine level in the brain of rats. Given the similar effects are observed in 1-bromopropane-exposed rats, there may be the common mechanism in the toxicity of soft electrophiles to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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8
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Teng YD. Functional multipotency of stem cells: Biological traits gleaned from neural progeny studies. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 95:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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9
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Isolation and Characterization of Neural Stem Cells from the Rat Inferior Colliculus. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5831240. [PMID: 31781242 PMCID: PMC6875198 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5831240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The inferior colliculus (IC) is a nucleus of the auditory pathway and its fourth relay station. It integrates afferent information from the superior olivary complex and the cochlear nucleus. To date, no causal therapeutic options are known for damaged neuronal structures in this area. Regenerative medicine offers a potential approach to causally treating hearing impairment. After neural stem cells had been identified in certain areas of the auditory pathway, the question arouses, whether the IC also has a neurogenic potential. Cells from the IC of postnatal day 6 rats were extracted and cultured as neurospheres. Cells in the neurospheres showed mitotic activity and positive stain of neural stem cell markers (Nestin, DCX, Atoh1, and Sox-2). In addition, single cells were differentiated into neuronal and glial cells shown by the markers β-III-tubulin, GFAP, and MBP. In summary, basic stem cell criteria could be detected and characterized in cells isolated from the IC of the rat. These findings will lead to a better understanding of the development of the auditory pathway and may also be relevant for identifying causal therapeutic approaches in the future.
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10
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Fontaine R, Ager-Wick E, Hodne K, Weltzien FA. Plasticity of Lh cells caused by cell proliferation and recruitment of existing cells. J Endocrinol 2019; 240:361-377. [PMID: 30594119 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Luteinizing hormone (Lh) and follicle-stimulating hormone (Fsh) control reproduction in vertebrates. Using a transgenic line of medaka, in which green fluorescent protein expression is controlled by the endogenous lhb promotor, we studied development and plasticity of Lh cells, comparing juveniles and adults of both genders. Confocal imaging and 3D reconstruction revealed hypertrophy and hyperplasia of Lh cells in both genders from juvenile to adult stages. We show that Lh cell hyperplasia may be caused by recruitment of existing pituitary cells that start to produce lhb, as evidenced by time lapse recordings of primary pituitary cell cultures, and/or through Lh cell proliferation, demonstrated through a combination of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incubation experiments and proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining. Proliferating Lh cells do not belong to the classical type of multipotent stem cells, as they do not stain with anti-sox2. Estradiol exposure in vivo increased pituitary cell proliferation, particularly Lh cells, whereas pituitary lhb and gpa expression levels decreased. RNA-seq and in situ hybridization showed that Lh cells express two estrogen receptors, esr1 and esr2b, and the aromatase gene cyp19a1b, suggesting a direct effect of estradiol, and possibly androgens, on Lh cell proliferation. In conclusion, our study reveals a high degree of plasticity in the medaka Lh cell population, resulting from a combination of recruitment and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Fontaine
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirill Ager-Wick
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Hodne
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Id1 and Sonic Hedgehog Mediate Cell Cycle Reentry and Apoptosis Induced by Amyloid Beta-Peptide in Post-mitotic Cortical Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:465-489. [PMID: 29721855 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ), the neurotoxic component of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, is known to trigger cell cycle reentry in post-mitotic neurons followed by apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, we have reported that Aβs stimulate the expression of inhibitor of differentiation-1 (Id1) to induce sonic hedgehog (SHH) (Hung et al., Mol Neurobiol 53(2):793-809, 2016), and both are mitogens capable of triggering cell cycle progression. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that Aβ-induced Id1 and SHH contribute to cell cycle reentry leading to apoptosis in neurons. We found that Aβ triggered cell cycle progression in the post-mitotic neurons, as indicated by the increased expression of two G1-phase markers including cyclin D1 and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (pRb), two G2-phase markers such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) into newly synthesized DNA, as well as the mitotic marker histone H3 phosphorylated at Ser-10. As expected, Aβ also enhanced caspase-3 cleavage in the cortical neurons. Id1 siRNA, the neutralization antibody against SHH (SHH-Ab), and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-4/6 inhibitor PD0332991 all attenuated, in part or in full, the Aβ-induced expression of these cell cycle markers. Indeed, exogenous recombinant Id1 protein and the biologically active N-terminal fragment of SHH (SHH-N) were both sufficient to enhance the expression of cell cycle markers independent of Aβ. Taken together, our results revealed the critical roles of Id1 and SHH mediating Aβ-dependent cell cycle reentry and subsequently caspase-dependent apoptosis in the fully differentiated post-mitotic neurons, at least in vitro.
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12
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Kempermann G, Gage FH, Aigner L, Song H, Curtis MA, Thuret S, Kuhn HG, Jessberger S, Frankland PW, Cameron HA, Gould E, Hen R, Abrous DN, Toni N, Schinder AF, Zhao X, Lucassen PJ, Frisén J. Human Adult Neurogenesis: Evidence and Remaining Questions. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:25-30. [PMID: 29681514 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Renewed discussion about whether or not adult neurogenesis exists in the human hippocampus, and the nature and strength of the supporting evidence, has been reignited by two prominently published reports with opposite conclusions. Here, we summarize the state of the field and argue that there is currently no reason to abandon the idea that adult-generated neurons make important functional contributions to neural plasticity and cognition across the human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Kempermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden and CRTD (Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maurice A Curtis
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - H Georg Kuhn
- University of Gothenburg, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, Section for Clinical Neuroscience, Gothenburg, Sweden; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Paul W Frankland
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5GOA4, Canada
| | - Heather A Cameron
- Section on Neuroplasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gould
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Rene Hen
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Nora Abrous
- Neurocentre Magendie, INSERM U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Toni
- Lausanne University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center and Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bai B. U1 snRNP Alteration and Neuronal Cell Cycle Reentry in Alzheimer Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:75. [PMID: 29628886 PMCID: PMC5876301 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00075 10.12075/j.issn.1004-4051.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The aberrancy of U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complex and RNA splicing has been demonstrated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Importantly, the U1 proteopathy is AD-specific, widespread and early-occurring, thus providing a very unique clue to the AD pathogenesis. The prominent feature of U1 histopathology is its nuclear depletion and redistribution in the neuronal cytoplasm. According to the preliminary data, the initial U1 cytoplasmic distribution pattern is similar to the subcellular translocation of the spliceosome in cells undergoing mitosis. This implies that the U1 mislocalization might reflect the neuronal cell cycle-reentry (CCR) which has been extensively evidenced in AD brains. The CCR phenomenon explains the major molecular and cellular events in AD brains, such as Tau and amyloid precursor protein (APP) phosphorylation, and the possible neuronal death through mitotic catastrophe (MC). Furthermore, the CCR might be mechanistically linked to inflammation, a critical factor in the AD etiology according to the genetic evidence. Therefore, the discovery of U1 aberrancy might strengthen the involvement of CCR in the AD neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Bai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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14
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Bai B. U1 snRNP Alteration and Neuronal Cell Cycle Reentry in Alzheimer Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:75. [PMID: 29628886 PMCID: PMC5876301 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrancy of U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complex and RNA splicing has been demonstrated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Importantly, the U1 proteopathy is AD-specific, widespread and early-occurring, thus providing a very unique clue to the AD pathogenesis. The prominent feature of U1 histopathology is its nuclear depletion and redistribution in the neuronal cytoplasm. According to the preliminary data, the initial U1 cytoplasmic distribution pattern is similar to the subcellular translocation of the spliceosome in cells undergoing mitosis. This implies that the U1 mislocalization might reflect the neuronal cell cycle-reentry (CCR) which has been extensively evidenced in AD brains. The CCR phenomenon explains the major molecular and cellular events in AD brains, such as Tau and amyloid precursor protein (APP) phosphorylation, and the possible neuronal death through mitotic catastrophe (MC). Furthermore, the CCR might be mechanistically linked to inflammation, a critical factor in the AD etiology according to the genetic evidence. Therefore, the discovery of U1 aberrancy might strengthen the involvement of CCR in the AD neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Bai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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15
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Farzanehfar P, Horne MK, Aumann TD. An investigation of gene expression in single cells derived from Nestin-expressing cells in the adult mouse midbrain in vivo. Neurosci Lett 2017; 648:34-40. [PMID: 28363755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Generation of new dopamine (DA) neurons in the adult midbrain is a controversial issue in development of better treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous research suggests Nestin-expressing neural precursor cells (NPCs) have a propensity to differentiate into neurons here, including DA neurons. In the present study we sought confirmation of this by studying gene expression in single Nestin-expressing cells and their progeny/ontogeny within the adult mouse midbrain. Cells were identified by administering a pulse of Tamoxifen to adult Nestin-CreERT2×R26eYFP transgenic mice. Samples of cytoplasm were harvested 4 days to 8 months later from individual eYFP+ cells in acutely prepared midbrain slices and analysed by RT-qPCR for gene expression. Remarkably, most eYFP+ cells co-expressed genes associated with mature (including DA) neurons (i.e. NeuN, Gad1, Gad2, vGlut2, TH and/or D2R) and neurogenesis (i.e. Ki67, Dcx, Ncam, Pax6, Ngn2 and/or Msx1), and this was true at all time-points following Tamoxifen. Indeed, cell proliferation genes (Nestin, Ki67) were exclusively expressed by eYFP+ cells with mature neuronal morphology and gene expression, and only at early time-points after Tamoxifen. Expression of proneuronal genes (Pax6, Msx1, Ngn2) was, however, higher in eYFP+ cells with immature morphology compared with mature morphology. Gene expression bore no relationship to cell location indicating that, in contrast to development, Nestin-expressing cells arise throughout the midbrain parenchyma and do not migrate long distances. On the other hand, gene expression did change with time after Tamoxifen, although not in a way consistent with neurogenesis. Overall, our results suggest that Nestin expression in the adult midbrain occurs in mature neurons, casting doubt on the premise of neurogenesis from Nestin+ NPCs here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Farzanehfar
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience & Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Malcolm K Horne
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience & Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Tim D Aumann
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience & Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Samaddar S, Vazquez K, Ponkia D, Toruno P, Sahbani K, Begum S, Abouelela A, Mekhael W, Ahmed Z. Transspinal direct current stimulation modulates migration and proliferation of adult newly born spinal cells in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:339-353. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00834.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct current electrical fields have been shown to be a major factor in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival, as well as in the maturation of dividing cells during development. During adulthood, spinal cord cells are continuously produced in both animals and humans, and they hold great potential for neural restoration following spinal cord injury. While the effects of direct current electrical fields on adult-born spinal cells cultured ex vivo have recently been reported, the effects of direct current electrical fields on adult-born spinal cells in vivo have not been characterized. Here, we provide convincing findings that a therapeutic form of transspinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) affects the migration and proliferation of adult-born spinal cells in mice. Specifically, cathodal tsDCS attracted the adult-born spinal cells, while anodal tsDCS repulsed them. In addition, both tsDCS polarities caused a significant increase in cell number. Regarding the potential mechanisms involved, both cathodal and anodal tsDCS caused significant increases in expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, while expression of nerve growth factor increased and decreased, respectively. In the spinal cord, both anodal and cathodal tsDCS increased blood flow. Since blood flow and angiogenesis are associated with the proliferation of neural stem cells, increased blood flow may represent a major factor in the modulation of newly born spinal cells by tsDCS. Consequently, we propose that the method and novel findings presented in the current study have the potential to facilitate cellular, molecular, and/or bioengineering strategies to repair injured spinal cords. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our results indicate that transspinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) affects the migratory pattern and proliferation of adult newly born spinal cells, a cell population which has been implicated in learning and memory. In addition, our results suggest a potential mechanism of action regarding the functional effects of applying direct current. Thus tsDCS may represent a novel method by which to manipulate the migration and cell number of adult newly born cells and restore functions following brain or spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreyashi Samaddar
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island Center for Developmental Neuroscience, Staten Island, New York; and
| | - Kizzy Vazquez
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island Center for Developmental Neuroscience, Staten Island, New York; and
| | - Dipen Ponkia
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island Center for Developmental Neuroscience, Staten Island, New York; and
| | - Pedro Toruno
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island Center for Developmental Neuroscience, Staten Island, New York; and
| | - Karim Sahbani
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island Center for Developmental Neuroscience, Staten Island, New York; and
| | - Sultana Begum
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island Center for Developmental Neuroscience, Staten Island, New York; and
| | - Ahmed Abouelela
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island Center for Developmental Neuroscience, Staten Island, New York; and
| | - Wagdy Mekhael
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island Center for Developmental Neuroscience, Staten Island, New York; and
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Zaghloul Ahmed
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Staten Island Center for Developmental Neuroscience, Staten Island, New York; and
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York
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Tian J, Pinto JM, Cui X, Zhang H, Li L, Liu Y, Wu C, Wei Y. Sendai Virus Induces Persistent Olfactory Dysfunction in a Murine Model of PVOD via Effects on Apoptosis, Cell Proliferation, and Response to Odorants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159033. [PMID: 27428110 PMCID: PMC4948916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral infection is a common cause of olfactory dysfunction. The complexities of studying post-viral olfactory loss in humans have impaired further progress in understanding the underlying mechanism. Recently, evidence from clinical studies has implicated Parainfluenza virus 3 as a causal agent. An animal model of post viral olfactory disorders (PVOD) would allow better understanding of disease pathogenesis and represent a major advance in the field. Objective To develop a mouse model of PVOD by evaluating the effects of Sendai virus (SeV), the murine counterpart of Parainfluenza virus, on olfactory function and regenerative ability of the olfactory epithelium. Methods C57BL/6 mice (6–8 months old) were inoculated intranasally with SeV or ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated virus (UV-SeV). On days 3, 10, 15, 30 and 60 post-infection, olfactory epithelium was harvested and analyzed by histopathology and immunohistochemical detection of S-phase nuclei. We also measured apoptosis by TUNEL assay and viral load by real-time PCR. The buried food test (BFT) was used to measure olfactory function of mice at day 60. In parallel, cultured murine olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) infected with SeV or UV-SeV were tested for odorant-mixture response by measuring changes in intracellular calcium concentrations indicated by fura-4 AM assay. Results Mice infected with SeV suffered from olfactory dysfunction, peaking on day 15, with no loss observed with UV-SeV. At 60 days, four out of 12 mice infected with SeV still had not recovered, with continued normal function in controls. Viral copies of SeV persisted in both the olfactory epithelium (OE) and the olfactory bulb (OB) for at least 60 days. At day 10 and after, both unit length labeling index (ULLI) of apoptosis and ULLI of proliferation in the SeV group was markedly less than the UV-SeV group. In primary cultured OSNs infected by SeV, the percentage of cells responding to mixed odors was markedly lower in the SeV group compared to UV-SeV (P = 0.007). Conclusion We demonstrate that SeV impairs olfaction, persists in OE and OB tissue, reduces their regenerative ability, and impairs the normal physiological function of OSNs without gross cytopathology. This mouse model shares key features of human post-viral olfactory loss, supporting its future use in studies of PVOD. Further testing and development of this model should allow us to clarify the pathophysiology of PVOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jayant M. Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiaolan Cui
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Henghui Zhang
- Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chan Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Kuhn HG, Eisch AJ, Spalding K, Peterson DA. Detection and Phenotypic Characterization of Adult Neurogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:a025981. [PMID: 26931327 PMCID: PMC4772100 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies of adult neurogenesis have greatly expanded in the last decade, largely as a result of improved tools for detecting and quantifying neurogenesis. In this review, we summarize and critically evaluate detection methods for neurogenesis in mammalian and human brain tissue. Besides thymidine analog labeling, cell-cycle markers are discussed, as well as cell stage and lineage commitment markers. Use of these histological tools is critically evaluated in terms of their strengths and limitations, as well as possible artifacts. Finally, we discuss the method of radiocarbon dating for determining cell and tissue turnover in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Georg Kuhn
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Amelia J Eisch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9070
| | - Kirsty Spalding
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Daniel A Peterson
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064
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Kassis H, Shehadah A, Chopp M, Roberts C, Zhang ZG. Stroke Induces Nuclear Shuttling of Histone Deacetylase 4. Stroke 2015; 46:1909-15. [PMID: 25967576 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Histone deacetylases (HDACs) 4 and 5 are abundantly expressed in the brain and have been implicated in the regulation of neurodegeneration. Under physiological conditions, HDACs 4 and 5 are expressed in the cytoplasm of brain cells where they cannot directly access chromatin. In response to external stimuli, they can shuttle to the nucleus and regulate gene expression. However, the effect of stroke on nuclear shuttling of HDACs 4 and 5 remains unknown. METHODS Using a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion, we examined the subcellular localization of HDACs 4 and 5 in the peri-infarct cortex during brain repair after stroke. RESULTS Stroke significantly increased nuclear HDAC4 immunoreactivity in neurons, but not in astrocytes or in oligodendrocytes, of the peri-infarct cortex at 2, 7, and 14 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurons with nuclear HDAC4 immunoreactivity distributed across all layers of the peri-infarct cortex and were Ctip2+ excitatory and parvalbumin+ inhibitory neurons. These neurons were not TUNEL or BrdU positive. Furthermore, nuclear HDAC4 immunoreactivity was positively and significantly correlated with increased dendritic, axonal, and myelin densities as determined by microtubule-associated protein 2, phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain, and myelin basic protein, respectively. Unlike HDAC4, stroke did not alter nuclear localization of HDAC5. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that stroke induces nuclear shuttling of HDAC4 in neurons in the peri-infarct cortex, and that increased nuclear HDAC4 is strongly associated with neuronal remodeling but not with neuronal cell death, suggesting a role for nuclear HDAC4 in promoting neuronal recovery after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Kassis
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI (H.K., A.S., M.C., C.R., Z.G.Z.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Amjad Shehadah
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI (H.K., A.S., M.C., C.R., Z.G.Z.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Michael Chopp
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI (H.K., A.S., M.C., C.R., Z.G.Z.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Cynthia Roberts
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI (H.K., A.S., M.C., C.R., Z.G.Z.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.)
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI (H.K., A.S., M.C., C.R., Z.G.Z.); and Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI (M.C.).
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20
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Generation of new neurons in dorsal root Ganglia in adult rats after peripheral nerve crush injury. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:860546. [PMID: 25722894 PMCID: PMC4333329 DOI: 10.1155/2015/860546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence of neurons generated ex novo in sensory ganglia of adult animals is still debated. In the present study, we investigated, using high resolution light microscopy and stereological analysis, the changes in the number of neurons in dorsal root ganglia after 30 days from a crush lesion of the rat brachial plexus terminal branches. Results showed, as expected, a relevant hypertrophy of dorsal root ganglion neurons. In addition, we reported, for the first time in the literature, that neuronal hypertrophy was accompanied by massive neuronal hyperplasia leading to a 42% increase of the number of primary sensory neurons. Moreover, ultrastructural analyses on sensory neurons showed that there was not a relevant neuronal loss as a consequence of the nerve injury. The evidence of BrdU-immunopositive neurons and neural progenitors labeled with Ki67, nanog, nestin, and sox-2 confirmed the stereological evidence of posttraumatic neurogenesis in dorsal root ganglia. Analysis of morphological changes following axonal damage in addition to immunofluorescence characterization of cell phenotype suggested that the neuronal precursors which give rise to the newly generated neurons could be represented by satellite glial cells that actively proliferate after the lesion and are able to differentiate toward the neuronal lineage.
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21
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Kassis H, Chopp M, Liu XS, Shehadah A, Roberts C, Zhang ZG. Histone deacetylase expression in white matter oligodendrocytes after stroke. Neurochem Int 2014; 77:17-23. [PMID: 24657831 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) constitute a super-family of enzymes grouped into four major classes (Class I-IV) that deacetylate histone tails leading to chromatin condensation and gene repression. Whether stroke-induced oligodendrogenesis is related to the expression of individual HDACs in the oligodendrocyte lineage has not been investigated. We found that 2 days after stroke, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocytes (OLGs) were substantially reduced in the peri-infarct corpus callosum, whereas at 7 days after stroke, a robust increase in OPCs and OLGs was observed. Ischemic brains isolated from rats sacrificed 7 days after stroke were used to test levels of individual members of Class I (1 and 2) and Class II (4 and 5) HDACs in white matter oligodendrocytes during stroke-induced oligodendrogenesis. Double immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that stroke substantially increased the number of NG2+OPCs with nuclear HDAC1 and HDAC2 immunoreactivity and cytoplasmic HDAC4 which were associated with augmentation of proliferating OPCs, as determined by BrdU and Ki67 double reactive cells after stroke. A decrease in HDAC1 and an increase in HDAC2 immunoreactivity were detected in mature adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) positive OLGs, which paralleled an increase in newly generated BrdU positive OLGs in the peri-infarct corpus callosum. Concurrently, stroke substantially decreased the acetylation levels of histones H3 and H4 in both OPCs and OLGs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that stroke induces distinct profiles of Class I and Class II HDACs in white matter OPCs and OLGs, suggesting that the individual members of Class I and II HDACs play divergent roles in the regulation of OPC proliferation and differentiation during brain repair after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Kassis
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Xian Shuang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Amjad Shehadah
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Cynthia Roberts
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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22
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Sousa-Ferreira L, de Almeida LP, Cavadas C. Role of hypothalamic neurogenesis in feeding regulation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:80-8. [PMID: 24231724 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The recently described generation of new neurons in the adult hypothalamus, the center for energy regulation, suggests that hypothalamic neurogenesis is a crucial part of the mechanisms that regulate food intake. Accordingly, neurogenesis in both the adult and embryonic hypothalamus is affected by nutritional cues and metabolic disorders such as obesity, with consequent effects on energy-balance. This review critically discusses recent findings on the contribution of adult hypothalamic neurogenesis to feeding regulation, the impact of energy-balance disorders on adult hypothalamic neurogenesis, and the influence of embryonic hypothalamic neurogenesis upon feeding regulation in the adult. Understanding how hypothalamic neurogenesis contributes to food intake control will change the paradigm on how we perceive energy-balance regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia Sousa-Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Cavadas
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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23
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Hija A, Salpeter S, Klochendler A, Grimsby J, Brandeis M, Glaser B, Dor Y. G0-G1 transition and the restriction point in pancreatic β-cells in vivo. Diabetes 2014; 63:578-84. [PMID: 24130333 PMCID: PMC3900543 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Most of our knowledge on cell kinetics stems from in vitro studies of continuously dividing cells. In this study, we determine in vivo cell-cycle parameters of pancreatic β-cells, a largely quiescent population, using drugs that mimic or prevent glucose-induced replication of β-cells in mice. Quiescent β-cells exposed to a mitogenic glucose stimulation require 8 h to enter the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and this time is prolonged in older age. The duration of G1, S, and G2/M is ~5, 8, and 6 h, respectively. We further provide the first in vivo demonstration of the restriction point at the G0-G1 transition, discovered by Arthur Pardee 40 years ago. The findings may have pharmacodynamic implications in the design of regenerative therapies aimed at increasing β-cell replication and mass in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Hija
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Seth Salpeter
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Agnes Klochendler
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joseph Grimsby
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, NJ
| | - Michael Brandeis
- Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- Corresponding author: Yuval Dor,
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24
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Effect of the N-methyl-D-aspartate NR2B subunit antagonist ifenprodil on precursor cell proliferation in the hippocampus. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:679-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Sharif A, Ojeda SR, Prevot V. Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis in the Postnatal Hypothalamus: A New Level of Plasticity for the Regulation of Hypothalamic Function? ENDOGENOUS STEM CELL-BASED BRAIN REMODELING IN MAMMALS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7399-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Worlitzer MMA, Viel T, Jacobs AH, Schwamborn JC. The majority of newly generated cells in the adult mouse substantia nigra express low levels of Doublecortin, but their proliferation is unaffected by 6-OHDA-induced nigral lesion or Minocycline-mediated inhibition of neuroinflammation. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2684-92. [PMID: 23734736 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). However, whether regenerative endogenous neurogenesis is taking place in the mammalian SN of parkinsonian and non-parkinsonian brains remains of debate. Here, we tested whether proliferating cells in the SN and their neurogenic potential would be affected by anti-inflammatory treatment under physiological conditions and in the 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) Parkinson's disease mouse model. We report that the majority of newly generated nigral cells are positive for Doublecortin (Dcx), which is an often used marker for neural progenitor cells. Yet, Dcx expression levels in these cells were much lower than in neural progenitor cells of the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus neural progenitor cells. Furthermore, these newly generated nigral cells are negative for neuronal lineage markers such as TuJ1 and NeuN. Therefore, their neuronal commitment is questionable. Instead, we found evidence for oligodendrogenesis and astrogliosis in the SN. Finally, neither short-term nor long-term inhibition of neuroinflammation by Minocycline- or 6-OHDA-induced lesion affected the numbers of newly generated cells in our disease paradigm. Our findings of adult generated Dcx(+) cells in the SN add important data for understanding the cellular composition and consequently the regenerative capacity of the SN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik M A Worlitzer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration Group, Münster, Germany
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27
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Barker JM, Charlier TD, Ball GF, Balthazart J. A new method for in vitro detection of bromodeoxyuridine in serum: a proof of concept in a songbird species, the canary. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63692. [PMID: 23691086 PMCID: PMC3653834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic injection of a thymidine analogue such as bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) in vertebrates is commonly used to detect and study cell production during development, adulthood, and pathology, particularly in studies of adult neurogenesis. Although researchers are applying this technique to multiple species in various physiological conditions, the rate of BrdU clearance from the serum remains unknown in most cases. Changes in this clearance rate as a function of the species, sex or endocrine condition could however profoundly affect the interpretation of the results. We describe a rapid, sensitive, but simple bioassay for post-injection detection and quantification of BrdU in serum. This procedure was shown to be suitable for determining the length of time a thymidine analogue remains in the bloodstream of one avian species and seems applicable to any vertebrate provided sufficiently large blood samples can be collected. This technique was used to demonstrate that, in canaries, BrdU injected at a dose of 100 mg/kg is no longer available for incorporation into DNA between 30 and 60 min post-injection, a delay shorter than anticipated based on the available literature. Preliminary data suggest a similar fast clearance in Japanese quail and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Barker
- GIGA Neurosciences, Research Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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28
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Henderson L, Bortone DS, Lim C, Zambon AC. Classic "broken cell" techniques and newer live cell methods for cell cycle assessment. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304:C927-38. [PMID: 23392113 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00006.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many common, important diseases are either caused or exacerbated by hyperactivation (e.g., cancer) or inactivation (e.g., heart failure) of the cell division cycle. A better understanding of the cell cycle is critical for interpreting numerous types of physiological changes in cells. Moreover, new insights into how to control it will facilitate new therapeutics for a variety of diseases and new avenues in regenerative medicine. The progression of cells through the four main phases of their division cycle [G(0)/G(1), S (DNA synthesis), G(2), and M (mitosis)] is a highly conserved process orchestrated by several pathways (e.g., transcription, phosphorylation, nuclear import/export, and protein ubiquitination) that coordinate a core cell cycle pathway. This core pathway can also receive inputs that are cell type and cell niche dependent. "Broken cell" methods (e.g., use of labeled nucleotide analogs) to assess for cell cycle activity have revealed important insights regarding the cell cycle but lack the ability to assess living cells in real time (longitudinal studies) and with single-cell resolution. Moreover, such methods often require cell synchronization, which can perturb the pathway under study. Live cell cycle sensors can be used at single-cell resolution in living cells, intact tissue, and whole animals. Use of these more recently available sensors has the potential to reveal physiologically relevant insights regarding the normal and perturbed cell division cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Henderson
- Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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29
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Supeno NE, Pati S, Hadi RA, Ghani ARI, Mustafa Z, Abdullah JM, Idris FM, Han X, Jaafar H. IGF-1 acts as controlling switch for long-term proliferation and maintenance of EGF/FGF-responsive striatal neural stem cells. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:522-31. [PMID: 23532711 PMCID: PMC3607237 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term maintenance of neural stem cells in vitro is crucial for their stage specific roles in neurogenesis. To have an in-depth understanding of optimal conditional microenvironmental niche for long-term maintenance of neural stem cells (NSCs), we imposed different combinatorial treatment of growth factors to EGF/FGF-responsive cells. We hypothesized, that IGF-1-treatment can provide an optimal niche for long-term maintenance and proliferation of EGF/FGF-responsive NSCs. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate the cellular morphology and growth of rat embryonic striatal tissue derived-NSCs in long-term culture under the influence of different combinatorial effects of certain growth factors, such as EGF, bFGF, LIF and IGF-1. METHODS The NSCs were harvested and cultured from striatal tissue of 18 days old rat embryos. We have generated neurospheres from these NSCs and cultured them till passage 7 (28 days in vitro) under four different conditional microenvironments: (A) without growth factor, (B) EGF/bFGF, (C) EGF/bFGF/LIF, (D) EGF/bFGF/IGF-1 and (E) EGF/bFGF/LIF/IGF-1. Isolated NSCs were characterised by Immunoflouroscence for nestin expression. The cell growth and proliferation was evaluated at different time intervals (P1, P3, P5 & P7), assessing the metabolic activity based cell proliferation. Apoptosis was studied in each of these groups by In situ cell death assay. RESULTS Our results demonstrated certain important findings relevant to long-term culture and maintenance of striatal NSC-derived neurospheres. This suggested that IGF-1 can induce enhanced cell proliferation during early stages of neurogenesis, impose long-term maintenance (up to passage 7) to cultured NSCs and enhance survival efficiency in vitro, in the presence of EGF and FGF. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that the enforcement of IGF-1 treatment to the EGF/FGF-responsive NSCs, can lead to enhanced cell proliferation during early stages of neurogenesis, and an extended life span in vitro. This information will be beneficial for improving future therapeutic implication of NSCs, by addressing improved in vitro production of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Entan Supeno
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Veena J, Rao BSS, Srikumar BN. Regulation of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus by stress, acetylcholine and dopamine. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2012; 2:26-37. [PMID: 22470231 PMCID: PMC3312696 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.82312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is well-established to occur during adulthood in two regions of the brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. Research for more than two decades has implicated a role for adult neurogenesis in several brain functions including learning and effects of antidepressants and antipsychotics. Clear understanding of the players involved in the regulation of adult neurogenesis is emerging. We review evidence for the role of stress, dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) as regulators of neurogenesis in the SGZ. Largely, stress decreases neurogenesis, while the effects of ACh and DA depend on the type of receptors mediating their action. Increasingly, the new neurons formed in adulthood are potentially linked to crucial brain processes such as learning and memory. In brain disorders like Alzheimer and Parkinson disease, stress-induced cognitive dysfunction, depression and age-associated dementia, the necessity to restore brain functions is enormous. Activation of the resident stem cells in the adult brain to treat neuropsychiatric disorders has immense potential and understanding the mechanisms of regulation of adult neurogenesis by endogenous and exogenous factors holds the key to develop therapeutic strategies for the debilitating neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Veena
- Laboratoire Psynugen, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
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31
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Rowell JJ, Ragsdale CW. BrdU birth dating can produce errors in cell fate specification in chick brain development. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:801-10. [PMID: 22859704 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412458588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth dating neurons with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling is an established method widely employed by neurobiologists to study cell proliferation in embryonic, postnatal, and adult brain. Birth dating studies in the chick dorsal telencephalon and the mammalian striatum have suggested that these structures develop in a strikingly similar manner, in which neurons with the same birth date aggregate to form "isochronic clusters." Here we show that isochronic cluster formation in the chick dorsal telencephalon is an artifact. In embryos given standardly employed doses of BrdU, we observed isochronic clusters but found that clusters were absent with BrdU doses close to the limits of detection. In addition, in situ hybridization experiments established that neurons in the clusters display errors in cell type specification: BrdU cell clusters in nidopallium adopted a mesopallial neuronal fate, mesopallial clusters were misspecified as nidopallial cells, and in some instances, the BrdU clusters failed to express neuronal differentiation markers characteristic of the dorsal telencephalon. These results demonstrate that the chick dorsal telencephalon does not develop by isochronic cluster formation and highlight the need to test the integrity of BrdU-treated tissue with gene expression markers of regional and cell type identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna J Rowell
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Chen J, Gao X. Assessment of Neurogenesis by BrdU Labeling After Traumatic Brain Injury. SPRINGER PROTOCOLS HANDBOOKS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-782-8_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Local and remote cellular responses following a surgical lesion in the Cebus apella cerebral cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 217:485-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Osman AM, Porritt MJ, Nilsson M, Kuhn HG. Long-term stimulation of neural progenitor cell migration after cortical ischemia in mice. Stroke 2011; 42:3559-65. [PMID: 21980195 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.627802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cortical ischemia induces neural progenitor cell migration toward the injury site; however, whether these cells are capable of maintaining the migratory response for a longer period after injury remains uncertain. METHODS We analyzed progenitor migration up to 1 year after induction of photothrombotic stroke to the mouse neocortex. Migrating progenitors identified as doublecortin positive cells (DCX+) were assessed using the immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The thymidine analogues chlorodeoxyuridine and iododeoxyuridine were used to birth-date the progenitor cells. RESULTS In the striatum, we detected elevated numbers of DCX+ cells up to 6 weeks postlesion. In the corpus callosum and the peri-infarct cortex (Ctx), DCX+ cell numbers were increased up to 1 year. The orientation of the migrating progenitors was mostly aligned with the corpus callosum fiber tract at all time points; however, in the Ctx, they aligned parallel to the infarct border. The injured cortex continuously receives new progenitors up to 1 year after lesion. Cells born after lesion did not become mature neurons, although a portion of the migrating progenitors showed initial signs of differentiation into neurons. CONCLUSIONS Neural progenitors might have a role in brain plasticity after cortical stroke, especially considering the prolonged window of migratory responses of up to 1 year after stroke lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Osman
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Box 432, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wang Y, Liu C, Guo QL, Yan JQ, Zhu XY, Huang CS, Zou WY. Intrathecal 5-azacytidine inhibits global DNA methylation and methyl- CpG-binding protein 2 expression and alleviates neuropathic pain in rats following chronic constriction injury. Brain Res 2011; 1418:64-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Casafont I, Palanca A, Lafarga V, Berciano MT, Lafarga M. Effect of ionizing radiation in sensory ganglion neurons: organization and dynamics of nuclear compartments of DNA damage/repair and their relationship with transcription and cell cycle. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 122:481-93. [PMID: 21915754 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are very sensitive to DNA damage induced by endogenous and exogenous genotoxic agents, as defective DNA repair can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders, brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases with severe clinical manifestations. Understanding the impact of DNA damage/repair mechanisms on the nuclear organization, particularly on the regulation of transcription and cell cycle, is essential to know the pathophysiology of defective DNA repair syndromes. In this work, we study the nuclear architecture and spatiotemporal organization of chromatin compartments involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) in rat sensory ganglion neurons exposed to X-ray irradiation (IR). We demonstrate that the neuronal DDR involves the formation of two categories of DNA-damage processing chromatin compartments: transient, disappearing within the 1 day post-IR, and persistent, where unrepaired DNA is accumulated. Both compartments concentrate components of the DDR pathway, including γH2AX, pATM and 53BP1. Furthermore, DNA damage does not induce neuronal apoptosis but triggers the G0-G1 cell cycle phase transition, which is mediated by the activation of the ATM-p53 pathway and increased protein levels of p21 and cyclin D1. Moreover, the run on transcription assay reveals a severe inhibition of transcription at 0.5 h post-IR, followed by its rapid recovery over the 1 day post-IR in parallel with the progression of DNA repair. Therefore, the response of healthy neurons to DNA damage involves a transcription- and cell cycle-dependent but apoptosis-independent process. Furthermore, we propose that the segregation of unrepaired DNA in a few persistent chromatin compartments preserves genomic stability of undamaged DNA and the global transcription rate in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Casafont
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)", Universidad de Cantabria, IFIMAV, Santander, Spain
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A comparative analysis of intraperitoneal versus intracerebroventricular administration of bromodeoxyuridine for the study of cell proliferation in the adult rat brain. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 201:307-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Yuan CJ, Quiocho JMD, Kim A, Wee S, Mandyam CD. Extended access methamphetamine decreases immature neurons in the hippocampus which results from loss and altered development of neural progenitors without altered dynamics of the S-phase of the cell cycle. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:98-108. [PMID: 21855565 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine addicts demonstrate impaired hippocampal-dependent cognitive function that could result from methamphetamine-induced maladaptive plasticity in the hippocampus. Reduced adult hippocampal neurogenesis observed in a rodent model of compulsive methamphetamine self-administration partially contributes to the maladaptive plasticity in the hippocampus. The potential mechanisms underlying methamphetamine-induced inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis were identified in the present study. Key aspects of the cell cycle dynamics of hippocampal progenitors, including proliferation and neuronal development, were studied in rats that intravenously self-administered methamphetamine in a limited access (1h/day: short access (ShA)-4 days and ShA-13 days) or extended access (6h/day: long access (LgA)-4 days and LgA-13 days) paradigm. Immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67 cells with 5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine (CldU) demonstrated that LgA methamphetamine inhibited hippocampal proliferation by decreasing the proliferating pool of progenitors that are in the synthesis (S)-phase of the cell cycle. Double S-phase labeling with CldU and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (IdU) revealed that reduced S-phase cells were not due to alterations in the length of the S-phase. Further systematic analysis of Ki-67 cells with GFAP, Sox2, and DCX revealed that LgA methamphetamine-induced inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis was attributable to impairment in the development of neuronal progenitors from preneuronal progenitors to immature neurons. Methamphetamine concomitantly increased hippocampal apoptosis, changes that were evident during the earlier days of self-administration. These findings demonstrate that methamphetamine self-administration initiates allostatic changes in adult neuroplasticity maintained by the hippocampus, including increased apoptosis, and altered dynamics of hippocampal neural progenitors. These data suggest that altered hippocampal plasticity by methamphetamine could partially contribute to methamphetamine-induced impairments in hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara J Yuan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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39
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Torre AVDL, Junyent F, Folch J, Pelegrí C, Vilaplana J, Auladell C, Beas-Zarate C, Pallàs M, Camins A, Verdaguer E. Study of the pathways involved in apoptosis induced by PI3K inhibition in cerebellar granule neurons. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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40
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Immunohistological markers for proliferative events, gliogenesis, and neurogenesis within the adult hippocampus. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 345:1-19. [PMID: 21647561 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biologists long believed that, once development is completed, no new neurons are produced in the forebrain. However, as is now firmly established, new neurons can be produced at least in two specific forebrain areas: the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampal formation. Neurogenesis within the adult DG occurs constitutively throughout postnatal life, and the rate of neurogenesis within the DG can be altered under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The process of adult neurogenesis within the DG is a multi-step process (proliferation, differentiation, migration, targeting, and synaptic integration) that ends with the formation of a post-mitotic functionally integrated new neuron. Various markers are expressed during specific stages of adult neurogenesis. The availability of such markers allows the time-course and fate of newly born cells to be followed within the DG in a detailed and precise fashion. Several of the available markers (e.g., PCNA, Ki-67, PH3, MCM2) are markers for proliferative events, whereas others are more specific for early phases of neurogenesis and gliogenesis within the adult DG (e.g., nestin, GFAP, Sox2, Pax6). In addition, markers are available allowing events to be distinguished that are related to later steps of gliogenesis (e.g., vimentin, BLBP, S100beta) or neurogenesis (e.g., NeuroD, PSA-NCAM, DCX).
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Llorens-Martín M, Trejo JL. Multiple birthdating analyses in adult neurogenesis: a line-up of the usual suspects. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:76. [PMID: 21660291 PMCID: PMC3107564 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Analyzing the variation in different subpopulations of newborn neurons is central to the study of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. The acclaimed working hypothesis that different subpopulations of newborn, differentiating neurons could be playing different roles arouses great interest. Therefore, the physiological and quantitative analysis of neuronal subpopulations at different ages is critical to studies of neurogenesis. Such approaches allow cells of different ages to be identified by labeling them according to their probable date of birth. Until very recently, only neurons born at one specific time point could be identified in each experimental animal. However the introduction of different immunohistochemically compatible markers now enables multiple subpopulations of newborn neurons to be analyzed in the same animal as in a line-up, revealing the relationships between these subpopulations in response to specific influences or conditions. This review summarizes the current research carried out using these techniques and outlines some of the key applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Llorens-Martín
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute Madrid, Spain
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42
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Vetreno RP, Klintsova A, Savage LM. Stage-dependent alterations of progenitor cell proliferation and neurogenesis in an animal model of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Brain Res 2011; 1391:132-46. [PMID: 21440532 PMCID: PMC3087287 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-induced Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) culminates in bilateral diencephalic lesion and severe amnesia. Using the pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficiency (PTD) animal paradigm of WKS, our laboratory has demonstrated hippocampal dysfunction in the absence of gross anatomical pathology. Extensive literature has revealed reduced hippocampal neurogenesis following a neuropathological insult, which might contribute to hippocampus-based learning and memory impairments. Thus, the current investigation was conducted to determine whether PTD treatment altered hippocampal neurogenesis in a stage-dependent fashion. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of 4 stages of thiamine deficiency based on behavioral symptoms: pre-symptomatic stage, ataxic stage, early post-opisthotonus stage, or the late post-opisthotonus stage. The S-phase mitotic marker 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered at the conclusion of each stage following thiamine restoration and subjects were perfused 24 hours or 28 days after BrdU to assess cellular proliferation or neurogenesis and survival, respectively. Dorsal hippocampal sections were immunostained for BrdU (proliferating cell marker), NeuN (neurons), GFAP (astrocytes), Iba-1 (microglia), and O4 (oligodendrocytes). The PTD treatment increased progenitor cell proliferation and survival during the early post-opisthotonus stage. However, levels of neurogenesis were reduced during this stage as well as the late post-opisthotonus stage where there was also an increase in astrocytogenesis. The diminished numbers of newly generated neurons (BrdU/NeuN co-localization) was paralleled by increased BrdU cells that did not co-localize with any of the phenotypic markers during these later stages. These data demonstrate that long-term alterations in neurogenesis and gliogenesis might contribute to the observed hippocampal dysfunction in the PTD model and human WKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Vetreno
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, State University of New York at Binghamton, Vestal, NY 13902, USA.
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Migaud M, Batailler M, Segura S, Duittoz A, Franceschini I, Pillon D. Emerging new sites for adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain: a comparative study between the hypothalamus and the classical neurogenic zones. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 32:2042-52. [PMID: 21143659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In adult mammalian brain, two main germinative regions located in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and in the subgranular cell layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus have been considerably documented and are still under intense scrutiny. However, new neuron formation has recently been reported in various other brain areas including the hypothalamus. This central structure, responsible for the control of many major neuroendocrine functions such as reproduction, expresses high levels of PSA-NCAM and nestin, both proteins being involved in structural and morphological plasticity mechanisms. Cell proliferation and new neuron production have been demonstrated in the adult hypothalamus of numerous species, although not hitherto described in non-human primates and humans. Similarly to the subventricular zone and in the subgranular cell layer, the adult hypothalamic neurogenesis process is subject to dynamic regulation by various physiological and pharmacological signals. Several pieces of evidence support the hypothesis that a stem cell niche-like architecture exist in the hypothalamus region lining the third ventricle thereby enabling adult neural stem cells to continuously generate neurons in vivo throughout life. Furthermore, recent data indicating that new hypothalamic neurons may become functionally implicated in sensory information processing endorse the assumption that the hypothalamus might be a neurogenic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Migaud
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
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Abstract
The ability to respond to a wide range of novel touch sensations and to habituate upon repeated exposures is fundamental for effective sensation. In this study we identified adult spinal cord neurogenesis as a potential novel player in the mechanism of tactile sensation. We demonstrate that a single exposure to a novel mechanosensory stimulus induced immediate proliferation of progenitor cells in the spinal dorsal horn, whereas repeated exposures to the same stimulus induced neuronal differentiation and survival. Most of the newly formed neurons differentiated toward a GABAergic fate. This touch-induced neurogenesis reflected the novelty of the stimuli, its diversity, as well as stimulus duration. Introducing adult neurogenesis as a potential mechanism of response to a novel stimulus and for habituation to repeated sensory exposures opens up potential new directions in treating hypersensitivity, pain and other mechanosensory disorders.
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Abstract
During normal and diseased aging, it is thought the capacity for tissue regeneration and repair in neuronal tissues diminishes. In the peripheral olfactory system, stem cell reservoirs permit regeneration of olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons, a unique capacity among neurons. Following injury, a large number of new neurons can be regenerated in a young animal. However, it is unknown whether this capacity for renewal exists in aged proliferative populations. Here, we report that neuronal replacement-associated proliferation continues in the vomeronasal organ of aged (18-24 months) mice. In addition, the potential for the aged stem cell to yield a mature neuron persisted at the same rate as that observed in young animals. Furthermore, the robust regenerative capacity to respond to both acute and sustained injury following olfactory bulbectomy remains intact even in very old animals. Hence, the neuronal epithelium lining the vomeronasal organ is unique in that it contains stem cells capable of generating functional neurons throughout life and in the aged animal in particular. This persistent regenerative capacity provides hope for neuronal replacement therapies in the aged nervous system.
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Chen N, Newcomb J, Garbuzova-Davis S, Sanberg CD, Sanberg PR, Willing AE. Human Umbilical Cord Blood Cells Have Trophic Effects on Young and Aging Hippocampal Neurons in Vitro. Aging Dis 2010; 1:173-190. [PMID: 21234285 PMCID: PMC3018847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In experimental models of central nervous system (CNS) aging, injury and disease, administering human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) cells induce recovery, most likely by interacting with multiple cellular processes. The aim of this study was to examine whether the HUCB cells produce trophic factors that may enhance survival and maturation of hippocampal neurons in an in vitro test system. We co-cultured the mononuclear fraction of HUCB cells with hippocampal neurons isolated from either young (7-months of age) or aging (21 month of age) rat brain for 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days in vitro (DIV), respectively. Immunocytochemistry was then employed to identify neurons (MAP2(+)) and glial cells (GFAP(+)) as well as arborization of neurites. The average number of MAP2(+) hippocampal neurons cells in both young and aging neuronal-HUCB co-cultures was significantly higher than in the control cultures (hippocampal mono-cultures). These MAP2(+) neurons in co-culture were richly arborized, especially in 21 and 28 DIV co-cultures, and expressed functional enzymes (Synaptophysin, tyrosine hydryoxlase (TH)), gamma amino butyric acid receptor (GABAAr) and glutamate transporter (EAAC1). The majority of hippocampal neurons in both co-culture systems grew very well and survived for up to 42 DIV with an increment of immature neurons which were positive for Nestin and TuJ1. Using a multiplex protein array, a number of secreted proteins that could have trophic effects on the neurons were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair
| | - Jennifer Newcomb
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair
| | | | | | - Paul R. Sanberg
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair
- Pathology and Cell Biology
- Saneron CCEL Therapeutics, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alison E. Willing
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa FL, USA
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Sullivan JM, Borecki AA, Oleskevich S. Stem and progenitor cell compartments within adult mouse taste buds. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 31:1549-60. [PMID: 20525068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adult taste buds are maintained by the lifelong proliferation of epithelial stem and progenitor cells, the identities of which have remained elusive. It has been proposed that these cells reside either within the taste bud (intragemmal) or in the surrounding epithelium (perigemmal). Here, we apply three different in vivo approaches enabling single-cell resolution of proliferative history to identify putative stem and progenitor cells associated with adult mouse taste buds. Experiments were performed across the circadian peak in oral epithelial proliferation (04:00 h), a time period in which mitotic activity in taste buds has not yet been detailed. Using double label pulse-chase experiments, we show that defined intragemmal cells (taste and basal) and perigemmal cells undergo rapid, sequential cell divisions and thus represent potential progenitor cells. Strikingly, mitotic activity was observed in taste cells previously thought to be postmitotic (labelled cells occur in 30% of palatal taste buds after 1 h of BrdU exposure). Basal cells showed expression of the transcription factor p63, required for maintaining the self-renewal potential of various epithelial stem cell types. Candidate taste stem cells were identified almost exclusively as basal cells using the label-retaining cell approach to localize slow-cycling cells (0.06 +/- 0.01 cells per taste bud; n = 436 taste buds). Together, these results indicate that both stem- and progenitor-like cells reside within the mammalian taste bud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Sullivan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Prajerova I, Honsa P, Chvatal A, Anderova M. Distinct effects of sonic hedgehog and Wnt-7a on differentiation of neonatal neural stem/progenitor cells in vitro. Neuroscience 2010; 171:693-711. [PMID: 20868729 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Wnt-7a are morphogens involved in embryonic as well as ongoing adult neurogenesis. Their effects on the differentiation and membrane properties of neonatal neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) were studied in vitro using NS/PCs transduced with either Shh or Wnt-7a. Eight days after the onset of in vitro differentiation the cells were analyzed for the expression of neuronal and glial markers using immunocytochemical and Western blot analysis, and their membrane properties were characterized using the patch-clamp technique. Our results showed that both Shh and Wnt-7a increased the numbers of cells expressing neuronal markers; however, quantitative immunocytochemical analysis showed that only Wnt-7a enhanced the outgrowth and the development of processes in these cells. In addition, Wnt-7a markedly suppressed gliogenesis. The electrophysiological analysis revealed that Wnt-7a increased, while Shh decreased the incidence of cells displaying a neuron-like current pattern, represented by outwardly rectifying K(+) currents and tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na(+) currents. Additionally, Wnt-7a increased cell proliferation only at the early stages of differentiation, while Shh promoted proliferation within the entire course of differentiation. Thus we can conclude that Shh and Wnt-7a interfere differently with the process of neuronal differentiation and that they promote distinct stages of neuronal differentiation in neonatal NS/PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Prajerova
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Adult neurogenesis occurs in primate sensorimotor cortex following cervical dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosci 2010; 30:8613-23. [PMID: 20573907 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5272-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis remains controversial in the cerebral cortex. We have previously shown in monkeys and rats that reactive neurogenesis occurs in the spinal dorsal horn 6-8 weeks after a cervical dorsal rhizotomy. Here, in three monkeys with the same lesion, we asked whether it also occurs coincidentally in the corresponding primary somatosensory and motor cortex, where significant topographic and neuronal reorganization is known to occur. Monkeys (male Macaca fascicularis) were given 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) injections 2-3 weeks after the rhizotomy, and were perfused 4-6 weeks later. Cells colabeled for BrdU and five different neuronal markers were observed within the primary somatosensory and motor cortex, and their distributions were compared bilaterally. Cells colabeled with BrdU and the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were also quantified for comparison. A significant number of BrdU/NeuN- and BrdU/calbindin-colabeled cells were observed in topographically reorganized cortex. Small numbers of BrdU/GFAP-colabeled cells were also consistently observed bilaterally, but these cells were never colabeled with any of the neuronal markers. Of the cells colabeled with BrdU and a neuronal marker, at least half had an inhibitory phenotype. However, excitatory pyramidal neurons were also identified with classic pyramidal morphology. Cortical neurogenesis was not observed in other cortical regions. It was also not observed in the primary sensorimotor, prefrontal, or posterior parietal cortex in an additional control monkey (male Macaca fascicularis) that had no surgical intervention. Our findings provide evidence for reactive endogenous cortical neurogenesis after a dorsal rhizotomy, which may play a role in functional recovery.
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Habisch HJ, Liebau S, Lenk T, Ludolph AC, Brenner R, Storch A. Neuroectodermally converted human mesenchymal stromal cells provide cytoprotective effects on neural stem cells and inhibit their glial differentiation. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:491-504. [DOI: 10.3109/14653241003649502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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