1
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Radziejewska I. Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens of MUC1 - Implication in cancer development. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116619. [PMID: 38643541 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of cancerous epithelial MUC1 protein is specifically altered in comparison to that which is presented by healthy cells. One of such changes is appearing tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) which are rare in normal tissues and are highly correlated with poor clinical outcomes and cancer progression. This review summarizes and describes the role of Tn, T antigens, their sialylated forms as well as fucosylated Lewis epitopes in different aspects of tumor development, progression, and metastasis. Finally, applications of MUC1 glycan epitopes as potential targets for therapeutic strategy of cancers are notified. One of the novelties of this review is presentation of TACAs as inherently connected with MUC1 mucin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Radziejewska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2, Białystok 15-222, Poland.
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2
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Tumoglu B, Keelaghan A, Avci FY. Tn antigen interactions of macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) in immune function and disease. Glycobiology 2023; 33:879-887. [PMID: 37847609 PMCID: PMC10859631 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-carbohydrate interactions are essential in maintaining immune homeostasis and orchestrating inflammatory and regulatory immune processes. This review elucidates the immune interactions of macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL, CD301) and Tn carbohydrate antigen. MGL is a C-type lectin receptor (CLR) primarily expressed by myeloid cells such as macrophages and immature dendritic cells. MGL recognizes terminal O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residue on the surface proteins, also known as Tn antigen (Tn). Tn is a truncated form of the elongated cell surface O-glycan. The hypoglycosylation leading to Tn may occur when the enzyme responsible for O-glycan elongation-T-synthase-or its associated chaperone-Cosmc-becomes functionally inhibited. As reviewed here, Tn expression is observed in many different neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases, and the recognition of Tn by MGL plays an important role in regulating effector T cells, immune suppression, and the recognition of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Tumoglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Aidan Keelaghan
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Fikri Y Avci
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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3
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Li R, Dong X, Chen S, Tan J, Chen X, Liu J, Wen T, Ru X. Tn antigen promotes breast cancer metastasis via impairment of CASC4. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1854-1867. [PMID: 37493437 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most serious and deadly cancers in women worldwide, with distant metastases being the leading cause of death. Tn antigen, a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen, was frequently detected in breast cancer, but its exact role in breast cancer metastasis has not been well elucidated. Here we investigated the impact of Tn antigen expression on breast cancer metastasis and its underlying mechanisms. The expression of Tn antigen was induced in two breast cancer cell lines by deleting T-synthase or Cosmc, both of which are required for normal O-glycosylation. It showed that Tn-expressing cancer cells promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastatic features as compared to Tn(-) control cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that cancer susceptibility candidate 4 (CASC4), a heavily O-glycosylated protein, was significantly downregulated in both Tn(+) cells. Overexpression of CASC4 suppressed Tn-induced activation of EMT and cancer metastasis via inhibition of Cdc42 signaling. Furthermore, we confirmed that O-glycosylation is essential for the functional role of CASC4 because defective O-glycosylated CASC4 (mutant CASC4, which lacks nine O-glycosylation sites) exerted marginal metastatic-suppressing effects in comparison with WT CASC4. Collectively, these data suggest that Tn-mediated aberrant O-glycosylation contributes to breast cancer metastasis via impairment of CASC4 expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Li
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xichen Dong
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibin Chen
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Tan
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wen
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Ru
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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4
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Inaba R, Vujakovic S, Bergstrom K. The gut mucus network: A dynamic liaison between microbes and the immune system. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101807. [PMID: 37478802 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
A complex mucus network made up of large polymers of the mucin-family glycoprotein MUC2 exists between the large intestinal microbial mass and epithelial and immune cells. This has long been understood as an innate immune defense barrier against the microbiota and other luminal threats that reinforces the barrier function of the epithelium and limits microbiota contact with the tissues. However, past and recent studies have provided new evidence of how critical the mucus network is to act as a 'liaison' between host and microbe to mediate anti-inflammatory, mutualistic interactions with the microbiota and protection from pathogens. This review summarizes historical and recent insights into the formation of the gut mucus network, how the microbes and immune system influence mucus, and in turn, how the mucus influences immune responses to the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rain Inaba
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna V1V 1V7, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sara Vujakovic
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna V1V 1V7, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kirk Bergstrom
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna V1V 1V7, British Columbia, Canada.
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5
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Erger F, Aryal RP, Reusch B, Matsumoto Y, Meyer R, Zeng J, Knopp C, Noel M, Muerner L, Wenzel A, Kohl S, Tschernoster N, Rappl G, Rouvet I, Schröder-Braunstein J, Seibert FS, Thiele H, Häusler MG, Weber LT, Büttner-Herold M, Elbracht M, Cummings SF, Altmüller J, Habbig S, Cummings RD, Beck BB. Germline C1GALT1C1 mutation causes a multisystem chaperonopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211087120. [PMID: 37216524 PMCID: PMC10235935 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211087120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding molecular chaperones can lead to chaperonopathies, but none have so far been identified causing congenital disorders of glycosylation. Here we identified two maternal half-brothers with a novel chaperonopathy, causing impaired protein O-glycosylation. The patients have a decreased activity of T-synthase (C1GALT1), an enzyme that exclusively synthesizes the T-antigen, a ubiquitous O-glycan core structure and precursor for all extended O-glycans. The T-synthase function is dependent on its specific molecular chaperone Cosmc, which is encoded by X-chromosomal C1GALT1C1. Both patients carry the hemizygous variant c.59C>A (p.Ala20Asp; A20D-Cosmc) in C1GALT1C1. They exhibit developmental delay, immunodeficiency, short stature, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury (AKI) resembling atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Their heterozygous mother and maternal grandmother show an attenuated phenotype with skewed X-inactivation in blood. AKI in the male patients proved fully responsive to treatment with the complement inhibitor Eculizumab. This germline variant occurs within the transmembrane domain of Cosmc, resulting in dramatically reduced expression of the Cosmc protein. Although A20D-Cosmc is functional, its decreased expression, though in a cell or tissue-specific manner, causes a large reduction of T-synthase protein and activity, which accordingly leads to expression of varied amounts of pathological Tn-antigen (GalNAcα1-O-Ser/Thr/Tyr) on multiple glycoproteins. Transient transfection of patient lymphoblastoid cells with wild-type C1GALT1C1 partially rescued the T-synthase and glycosylation defect. Interestingly, all four affected individuals have high levels of galactose-deficient IgA1 in sera. These results demonstrate that the A20D-Cosmc mutation defines a novel O-glycan chaperonopathy and causes the altered O-glycosylation status in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Erger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
| | - Rajindra P. Aryal
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
| | - Björn Reusch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
| | - Yasuyuki Matsumoto
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
| | - Robert Meyer
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Junwei Zeng
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
- Medical Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, 510080Guangzhou, China
| | - Cordula Knopp
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Maxence Noel
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
| | - Lukas Muerner
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, 3010Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Wenzel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Kohl
- Children’s and Adolescents’ Hospital, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolai Tschernoster
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
| | - Gunter Rappl
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabelle Rouvet
- Centre de Biotechnologie Cellulaire and CBC BioTec Biobank, Centre de Ressources Biologiques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69229Lyon, France
| | | | - Felix S. Seibert
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44625Herne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin G. Häusler
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Lutz T. Weber
- Children’s and Adolescents’ Hospital, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937Cologne, Germany
| | - Maike Büttner-Herold
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miriam Elbracht
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Medical Faculty, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Sandra F. Cummings
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Facility Genomics, 10178Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Habbig
- Children’s and Adolescents’ Hospital, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02215
| | - Bodo B. Beck
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931Cologne, Germany
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6
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Wiertelak W, Chabowska K, Szulc B, Zadorozhna Y, Olczak M, Maszczak-Seneczko D. SLC35A2 deficiency reduces protein levels of core 1 β-1,3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GalT1) and its chaperone Cosmc and affects their subcellular localization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119462. [PMID: 36933771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugar transporters (NSTs) are multitransmembrane proteins, localized in the Golgi apparatus and/or endoplasmic reticulum, which provide glycosylation enzymes with their substrates. It has been demonstrated that NSTs may form complexes with functionally related glycosyltransferases, especially in the N-glycosylation pathway. However, potential interactions of NSTs with enzymes mediating the biosynthesis of mucin-type O-glycans have not been addressed to date. Here we report that UDP-galactose transporter (UGT; SLC35A2) associates with core 1 β-1,3-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GalT1; T-synthase). This provides the first example of an interaction between an enzyme that acts exclusively in the O-glycosylation pathway and an NST. We also found that SLC35A2 associated with the C1GalT1-specific chaperone Cosmc, and that the endogenous Cosmc was localized in both the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of wild-type HEK293T cells. Furthermore, in SLC35A2-deficient cells protein levels of C1GalT1 and Cosmc were decreased and their Golgi localization was less pronounced. Finally, we identified SLC35A2 as a novel molecular target for the antifungal agent itraconazole. Based on our findings we propose that NSTs may contribute to the stabilization of their interaction partners and help them to achieve target localization in the cell, most likely by facilitating their assembly into larger functional units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Wiertelak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Chabowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Szulc
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Yelyzaveta Zadorozhna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Olczak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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7
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Han P, Yu Y, Zhang L, Ruan Z. Citrus peel ameliorates mucus barrier damage in HFD-fed mice. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 112:109206. [PMID: 36370925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Citrus peel is rich in bioactive components, especially polyphenols, which are considered to have great potential in the prevention of intestinal diseases. The intestinal mucus barrier is the first defense against the invasion of foreign substances. In this study, we aimed to explore the possibility and mechanism of citrus peel in alleviating the mucus barrier damage in high-fat-diet (HFD) mice. We found that citrus peel powder (CPP) supplementation effectively reduced body weight, fat weight, intestinal permeability, hyperlipidemia, and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice. In particular, CPP increased the number of goblet cells, the protein expression of Mucin-2 (Muc2), and the thickness of the mucus layer, thereby strengthening the colonic mucus barrier function. Moreover, CPP supplementation also reduced the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) proteins (GRP78 and CHOP) and increased the expression of T-synthase (O-glycosylation rate-limiting enzyme) and its chaperone protein (Cosmc) in the colon of HFD-fed mice, which suggested that CPP could improve the abnormal protein folding and O-glycosylation of Muc2 during processing and modification. In summary, our study indicates that CPP plays an effective role in relieving mucus barrier damage by improving the production and properties of Muc2, providing new perspectives on the development of CPP as a dietary supplement for strengthening the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Nutrition and School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P R China
| | - Yujuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Nutrition and School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P R China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Nutrition and School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P R China.
| | - Zheng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Nutrition and School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P R China
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8
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Xiang T, Qiao M, Xie J, Li Z, Xie H. Emerging Roles of the Unique Molecular Chaperone Cosmc in the Regulation of Health and Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121732. [PMID: 36551160 PMCID: PMC9775496 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The core-1 β1-3galactosyltransferase-specific chaperone 1 (Cosmc) is a unique molecular chaperone of core-1 β1-3galactosyltransferase(C1GALT1), which typically functions inside the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Cosmc helps C1GALT1 to fold correctly and maintain activity. It also participates in the synthesis of the T antigen, O-glycan, together with C1GALT1. Cosmc is a multifaceted molecule with a wide range of roles and functions. It involves platelet production and the regulation of immune cell function. Besides that, the loss of function of Cosmc also facilitates the development of several diseases, such as inflammation diseases, immune-mediated diseases, and cancer. It suggests that Cosmc is a critical control point in diseases and that it should be regarded as a potential target for oncotherapy. It is essential to fully comprehend Cosmc's roles, as they may provide critical information about its involvement in disease development and pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the role of Cosmc in normal development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor cellular Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Heng yang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China
| | - Muchuan Qiao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor cellular Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Heng yang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China
| | - Jiangbo Xie
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (H.X.)
| | - Hailong Xie
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor cellular Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Heng yang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang 421009, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (H.X.)
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9
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Si-Wu Water Extracts Protect against Colonic Mucus Barrier Damage by Regulating Muc2 Mucin Expression in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162499. [PMID: 36010498 PMCID: PMC9407452 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) could cause gut barrier damage. The herbs in si-wu (SW) include dang gui (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels), shu di huang (the processed root of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.), chuan xiong (rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.), and bai shao (the root of Paeonia lactiflora f. pilosella (Nakai) Kitag.). Si-wu water extracts (SWE) have been used to treat blood deficiency. Components of one herb from SW have been reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity activities. However, there have been no reports about the effects of SWE on gut barrier damage. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore the effect of SWE on gut barrier damage. In this study, we found that SWE effectively controlled body weight, liver weight, and feed efficiency, as well as decreased the serum TC level in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, SWE and rosiglitazone (Ros, positive control) increased the colonic alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level, down-regulated serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and reduced intestinal permeability. In addition, SWE increased goblet cell numbers and mucus layer thickness to strengthen the mucus barrier. After supplementation with SWE and rosiglitazone, the protein expression of CHOP and GRP78 displayed a decrease, which improved the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress condition. Meanwhile, the increase in Cosmc and C1GALT1 improved the O-glycosylation process for correct protein folding. These results collectively demonstrated that SWE improved the mucus barrier, focusing on Muc2 mucin expression, in a prolonged high-fat diet, and provides evidence for the potential of SWE in the treatment of intestinal disease-associated mucus barrier damage.
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10
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Xia T, Xiang T, Xie H. Update on the role of C1GALT1 in cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 23:97. [PMID: 35154428 PMCID: PMC8822393 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most difficult diseases to treat. In the quest for early diagnoses to improve patient survival and prognosis, targeted therapies have become a hot research topic in recent years. Glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification in mammalian cells. Core 1β1,3-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1) is a key glycosyltransferase in the glycosylation process and is the key enzyme in the formation of the core 1 structure on which most complex and branched O-glycans are formed. A recent study reported that C1GALT1 was aberrantly expressed in tumors. In cancer cells, C1GALT1 is regulated by different factors. In the present review, the expression of C1GALT1 in different tumors and its possible molecular mechanisms of action are described and the role of C1GALT1 in cancer development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xia
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xiang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Xie
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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11
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OUP accepted manuscript. Glycobiology 2022; 32:556-579. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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12
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Expression and Impact of C1GalT1 in Cancer Development and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246305. [PMID: 34944925 PMCID: PMC8699795 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary C1GalT1 is one of the enzymes that catalyze the addition of sugar residues to proteins (protein glycosylation). It specifically controls the synthesis and formation of a special disaccharide structure Galβ1,3GalNAcα-, which occurs predominately in cancer but rarely in normal cells. Recent studies have shown that C1GalT1 is overexpressed in many common cancers including colon, breast, gastric, lung, head and neck, pancreatic, esophageal, prostate, and hepatocellular cancer. C1GalT1 overexpression is also often associated with poorer prognosis and poorer patient survival. This review summarizes our current understanding of the expression of C1GalT1 in various cancers and discusses the impact of C1GalT change on cancer cell activities in cancer development and progression. Abstract C1GalT1 (T-synthase) is one of the key glycosyltransferases in the biosynthesis of O-linked mucin-type glycans of glycoproteins. It controls the formation of Core-1 disaccharide Galβ1,3GalNAcα- (Thomsen–Friedenreich oncofetal antigen, T or TF antigen) and Core-1-associated carbohydrate structures. Recent studies have shown that C1GalT1 is overexpressed in many cancers of epithelial origin including colon, breast, gastric, head and neck, pancreatic, esophageal, prostate, and hepatocellular cancer. Overexpression of C1GalT1 is often seen to also be associated with poorer prognosis and poorer patient survival. Change of C1GalT1 expression causes glycosylation changes of many cell membrane glycoproteins including mucin proteins, growth factor receptors, adhesion molecules, and death receptors. This leads to alteration of the interactions of these cell surface molecules with their binding ligands, resulting in changes of cancer cell activity and behaviors. This review summarizes our current understanding of the expression of C1GalT1 in various cancers and discusses the impact of C1GalT change on cancer cell activities in cancer development and progression.
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Stergiou N, Urschbach M, Gabba A, Schmitt E, Kunz H, Besenius P. The Development of Vaccines from Synthetic Tumor-Associated Mucin Glycopeptides and their Glycosylation-Dependent Immune Response. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3313-3331. [PMID: 34812564 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens are overexpressed as altered-self in most common epithelial cancers. Their glycosylation patterns differ from those of healthy cells, functioning as an ID for cancer cells. Scientists have been developing anti-cancer vaccines based on mucin glycopeptides, yet the interplay of delivery system, adjuvant and tumor associated MUC epitopes in the induced immune response is not well understood. The current state of the art suggests that the identity, abundancy and location of the glycans on the MUC backbone are all key parameters in the cellular and humoral response. This review shares lessons learned by us in over two decades of research in glycopeptide vaccines. By bridging synthetic chemistry and immunology, we discuss efforts in designing synthetic MUC1/4/16 vaccines and focus on the role of glycosylation patterns. We provide a brief introduction into the mechanisms of the immune system and aim to promote the development of cancer subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Stergiou
- Radionuclide Center, Radiology and Nuclear medicine Amsterdam UMC, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085c, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Moritz Urschbach
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Adele Gabba
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Horst Kunz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pol Besenius
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Zeng J, Aryal RP, Stavenhagen K, Luo C, Liu R, Wang X, Chen J, Li H, Matsumoto Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Ju T, Cummings RD. Cosmc deficiency causes spontaneous autoimmunity by breaking B cell tolerance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg9118. [PMID: 34613773 PMCID: PMC8494437 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg9118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Factors regulating the induction and development of B cell–mediated autoimmunity are not well understood. Here, we report that targeted deletion in murine B cells of X-linked Cosmc, encoding the chaperone required for expression of core 1 O-glycans, causes the spontaneous development of autoimmune pathologies due to a breakdown of B cell tolerance. BC-CosmcKO mice display multiple phenotypic abnormalities, including severe weight loss, ocular manifestations, lymphadenopathy, and increased female-associated mortality. Disruption of B cell tolerance in BC-CosmcKO mice is manifested as elevated self-reactive IgM and IgG autoantibodies. Cosmc-deficient B cells exhibit enhanced basal activation and responsiveness to stimuli. There is also an elevated frequency of spontaneous germinal center B cells in BC-CosmcKO mice. Mechanistically, loss of Cosmc confers enhanced B cell receptor (BCR) signaling through diminished BCR internalization. The results demonstrate that Cosmc, through control of core 1 O-glycans, is a previously unidentified immune checkpoint gene in maintaining B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Zeng
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rajindra P. Aryal
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathrin Stavenhagen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chi Luo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Renyan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Jia W, Zou X, Xu Z, Bai L, Shan A, Li Y, Shi J, Yang F, Ding C, Narimatsu H, Zhang Y. Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 18 retains in endoplasmic reticulum depending on its luminal regions interacting with ER resident UGGT1, PLOD3 and LPCAT1. Glycobiology 2021; 31:947-958. [PMID: 33909026 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin-type O-glycosylation is initiated by the polypeptide: N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (ppGalNAc-T) family of enzymes, which consists of 20 members in humans. Among them, unlike other ppGalNAc-Ts located in Golgi apparatus, ppGalNAc-T18 distributes primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and non-catalytically regulates ER homeostasis and O-glycosylation. Here, we report the mechanism for ppGalNAc-T18 ER localization and the function of each structural domain of ppGalNAc-T18. By using ppGalNAc-T18 truncation mutants, we revealed that the luminal stem region and catalytic domain of ppGalNAc-T18 are essential for ER localization, whereas the lectin domain and N-glycosylation of ppGalNAc-T18 are not required. In the absence of the luminal region (i.e., stem region, catalytic and lectin domains), the conserved Golgi retention motif RKTK within the cytoplasmic tail combined with the transmembrane domain ensure ER export and Golgi retention, as observed for other Golgi resident ppGalNAc-Ts. Results from coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that the luminal region interacts with ER resident proteins UGGT1, PLOD3 and LPCAT1. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis showed that the entire luminal region is required for the non-catalytic O-GalNAc glycosylation activity of ppGalNAc-T18. The findings reveal a novel subcellular localization mechanism of ppGalNAc-Ts and provide a foundation to further characterize the function of ppGalNAc-T18 in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xia Zou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhijue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Lin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Aidong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yankun Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hisashi Narimatsu
- Molecular and Cellular Glycoproteomics Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
- SCSB (China)-AIST (Japan) Joint Medical Glycomics Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
- SCSB (China)-AIST (Japan) Joint Medical Glycomics Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Groux-Degroote S, Foulquier F, Cavdarli S, Delannoy P. [Reticular and Golgi glycosylation: Advances and associated diseases]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:609-617. [PMID: 34180820 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the essential modifications of proteins and lipids. It is carried out mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and requires a specific molecular machinery associating several hundreds of glycosyltransferases, glycosidases, transporters and regulating proteins. Modifications of glycosylation are found in numerous diseases, notably in cancers. All types of glycosylation can be affected and this leads to dysfunctions of cellular metabolism. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the regulation of glycosylation mechanisms and illustrate how the alteration of these regulatory mechanisms can lead to abnormal protein and lipid glycosylation, and take part in the development of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Groux-Degroote
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de glycobiologie structurale et fonctionnelle, Avenue Mendeleïev, 59655 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - François Foulquier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de glycobiologie structurale et fonctionnelle, Avenue Mendeleïev, 59655 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Sumeyye Cavdarli
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de glycobiologie structurale et fonctionnelle, Avenue Mendeleïev, 59655 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Philippe Delannoy
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de glycobiologie structurale et fonctionnelle, Avenue Mendeleïev, 59655 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
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17
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Sun X, Zhan M, Sun X, Liu W, Meng X. C1GALT1 in health and disease. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:589. [PMID: 34149900 PMCID: PMC8200938 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
O-linked glycosylation (O-glycosylation) and N-linked glycosylation (N-glycosylation) are the two most important forms of protein glycosylation, which is an important post-translational modification. The regulation of protein function involves numerous mechanisms, among which protein glycosylation is one of the most important. Core 1 synthase glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-β-galactosyltransferase 1 (C1GALT1) serves an important role in the regulation of O-glycosylation and is an essential enzyme for synthesizing the core 1 structure of mucin-type O-glycans. Furthermore, C1GALT1 serves a vital role in a number of biological functions, such as angiogenesis, platelet production and kidney development. Impaired C1GALT1 expression activity has been associated with different types of human diseases, including inflammatory or immune-mediated diseases, and cancer. O-glycosylation exists in normal tissues, as well as in tumor tissues. Previous studies have revealed that changes in the level of glycosyltransferase in different types of cancer may be used as potential therapeutic targets. Currently, numerous studies have reported the dual role of C1GALT1 in tumors (carcinogenesis and cancer suppression). The present review reports the role of C1GALT1 in normal development and human diseases. Since the mechanism and regulation of C1GALT1 and O-glycosylation remain elusive, further studies are required to elucidate their effects on development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Mengru Zhan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Wanqi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiangwei Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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18
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Gravdal A, Xiao X, Cnop M, El Jellas K, Johansson S, Njølstad PR, Lowe ME, Johansson BB, Molven A, Fjeld K. The position of single-base deletions in the VNTR sequence of the carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) gene determines proteotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100661. [PMID: 33862081 PMCID: PMC8692231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) sequences in the genome can have functional consequences that contribute to human disease. This is the case for the CEL gene, which is specifically expressed in pancreatic acinar cells and encodes the digestive enzyme carboxyl ester lipase. Rare single-base deletions (DELs) within the first (DEL1) or fourth (DEL4) VNTR segment of CEL cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young, type 8 (MODY8), an inherited disorder characterized by exocrine pancreatic dysfunction and diabetes. Studies on the DEL1 variant have suggested that MODY8 is initiated by CEL protein misfolding and aggregation. However, it is unclear how the position of single-base deletions within the CEL VNTR affects pathogenic properties of the protein. Here, we investigated four naturally occurring CEL variants, arising from single-base deletions in different VNTR segments (DEL1, DEL4, DEL9, and DEL13). When the four variants were expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, only DEL1 and DEL4 led to significantly reduced secretion, increased intracellular aggregation, and increased endoplasmic reticulum stress compared with normal CEL protein. The level of O-glycosylation was affected in all DEL variants. Moreover, all variants had enzymatic activity comparable with that of normal CEL. We conclude that the longest aberrant protein tails, resulting from single-base deletions in the proximal VNTR segments, have highest pathogenic potential, explaining why DEL1 and DEL4 but not DEL9 and DEL13 have been observed in patients with MODY8. These findings further support the view that CEL mutations cause pancreatic disease through protein misfolding and proteotoxicity, leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of the unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Gravdal
- The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xunjun Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Endocrinology, ULB Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Khadija El Jellas
- The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Johansson
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mark E Lowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Bente B Johansson
- Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Molven
- The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Karianne Fjeld
- The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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19
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Narimatsu Y, Büll C, Chen YH, Wandall HH, Yang Z, Clausen H. Genetic glycoengineering in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100448. [PMID: 33617880 PMCID: PMC8042171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in nuclease-based gene-editing technologies have enabled precise, stable, and systematic genetic engineering of glycosylation capacities in mammalian cells, opening up a plethora of opportunities for studying the glycome and exploiting glycans in biomedicine. Glycoengineering using chemical, enzymatic, and genetic approaches has a long history, and precise gene editing provides a nearly unlimited playground for stable engineering of glycosylation in mammalian cells to explore and dissect the glycome and its many biological functions. Genetic engineering of glycosylation in cells also brings studies of the glycome to the single cell level and opens up wider use and integration of data in traditional omics workflows in cell biology. The last few years have seen new applications of glycoengineering in mammalian cells with perspectives for wider use in basic and applied glycosciences, and these have already led to discoveries of functions of glycans and improved designs of glycoprotein therapeutics. Here, we review the current state of the art of genetic glycoengineering in mammalian cells and highlight emerging opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; GlycoDisplay ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christian Büll
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Hans H Wandall
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zhang Yang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; GlycoDisplay ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Mucin-Type O-GalNAc Glycosylation in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1325:25-60. [PMID: 34495529 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70115-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mucin-type GalNAc O-glycosylation is one of the most abundant and unique post-translational modifications. The combination of proteome-wide mapping of GalNAc O-glycosylation sites and genetic studies with knockout animals and genome-wide analyses in humans have been instrumental in our understanding of GalNAc O-glycosylation. Combined, such studies have revealed well-defined functions of O-glycans at single sites in proteins, including the regulation of pro-protein processing and proteolytic cleavage, as well as modulation of receptor functions and ligand binding. In addition to isolated O-glycans, multiple clustered O-glycans have an important function in mammalian biology by providing structural support and stability of mucins essential for protecting our inner epithelial surfaces, especially in the airways and gastrointestinal tract. Here the many O-glycans also provide binding sites for both endogenous and pathogen-derived carbohydrate-binding proteins regulating critical developmental programs and helping maintain epithelial homeostasis with commensal organisms. Finally, O-glycan changes have been identified in several diseases, most notably in cancer and inflammation, where the disease-specific changes can be used for glycan-targeted therapies. This chapter will review the biosynthesis, the biology, and the translational perspectives of GalNAc O-glycans.
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21
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O-glycan recognition and function in mice and human cancers. Biochem J 2020; 477:1541-1564. [PMID: 32348475 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation represents a nearly ubiquitous post-translational modification, and altered glycosylation can result in clinically significant pathological consequences. Here we focus on O-glycosylation in tumor cells of mice and humans. O-glycans are those linked to serine and threonine (Ser/Thr) residues via N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), which are oligosaccharides that occur widely in glycoproteins, such as those expressed on the surfaces and in secretions of all cell types. The structure and expression of O-glycans are dependent on the cell type and disease state of the cells. There is a great interest in O-glycosylation of tumor cells, as they typically express many altered types of O-glycans compared with untransformed cells. Such altered expression of glycans, quantitatively and/or qualitatively on different glycoproteins, is used as circulating tumor biomarkers, such as CA19-9 and CA-125. Other tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), such as the Tn antigen and sialyl-Tn antigen (STn), are truncated O-glycans commonly expressed by carcinomas on multiple glycoproteins; they contribute to tumor development and serve as potential biomarkers for tumor presence and stage, both in immunohistochemistry and in serum diagnostics. Here we discuss O-glycosylation in murine and human cells with a focus on colorectal, breast, and pancreatic cancers, centering on the structure, function and recognition of O-glycans. There are enormous opportunities to exploit our knowledge of O-glycosylation in tumor cells to develop new diagnostics and therapeutics.
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22
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Jiang Y, Wen T, Yan R, Kim SR, Stowell SR, Wang W, Wang Y, An G, Cummings RD, Ju T. O-glycans on death receptors in cells modulate their sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through affecting on their stability and oligomerization. FASEB J 2020; 34:11786-11801. [PMID: 32692906 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900053rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) triggers apoptosis in cells by signaling through the O-glycosylated death receptors (DR4 and DR5), but the sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis of cells varies, and the attributes of this phenomenon are complex. Human carcinoma cells often express truncated O-glycans, Tn (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr), and Sialyl-Tn (Siaα2-6GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr, STn) on their surface glycoproteins, yet molecular mechanisms in terms of advantages for tumor cells to have these truncated O-glycans remain elusive. Normal extended O-glycan biosynthesis is regulated by a specific molecular chaperone Cosmc through assisting of the correct folding of Core 1 β3 Galactosyltransferase (T-synthase). Here, we use tumor cell lines harboring mutations in Cosmc, and therefore expressing Tn and STn antigens to study the role of O-glycans in TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Expression of Tn and STn in tumor cells attenuates their sensitivity to TRAIL treatment; when transfected with wild-type Cosmc, these tumor cells thus express normal extended O-glycans and become more sensitive to TRAIL treatment. Mechanistically, Tn/STn antigens impair homo-oligomerization and stability of DR4 and DR5. These results represent the first mechanistic insight into how O-glycan structures on cell surface modulate their sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli, suggesting expression of Tn/STn may offer tumor cell survival advantages through altering DR4 and/or DR5 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Oncology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wen
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Ryun Kim
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guangyu An
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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23
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The Cosmc-mediated effects of neutrophil elastase on T antigen expression in BEAS-2B cells. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 281:103496. [PMID: 32683071 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) is a highly O-glycosylated mucin secreted by human bronchial epithelial cells during pulmonary inflammatory diseases. T antigen, a component of the MUC5AC glycans, is the product of the O-glycosylation transferase T-synthase and its chaperone Cosmc. Since the expression of Cosmc is mediated by signaling pathways and inflammatory factors affecting mucin O-glycosylation, we analyzed the impact of neutrophil elastase (NE)-mediated Cosmc and T antigen expression in BEAS-2B cells derived from human bronchial epithelial cells. The expression of Cosmc and T antigen in human lung tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Cellular immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis demonstrated elevated expression of T antigen in BEAS-2B cells after NE stimulation. Altered Cosmc expression in BEAS-2B cells after NE stimulation was analyzed by confocal microscopy, western blot analysis and quantitative RT-PCR. To assess the biological implications of Cosmc function for T-synthase activity and T antigen synthesis after NE stimulation, BEAS-2B cells were transfected with shRNA to silence the expression of Cosmc. The changes in signaling pathways were analyzed by western blotting. The expression of Cosmc and T antigen increased in lung tissue exposed to chronic inflammation. The expression of Cosmc and T antigen increased in NE-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. NE induced increases in T antigen expression and T-synthase transferase activity in BEAS-2B cells expressing Cosmc, highlighting the importance of Cosmc in the relationship between NE and T antigen. Cosmc and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) played important roles in the signaling pathway that stimulated hyperexpression of T antigen.
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24
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Lee-Sundlov MM, Stowell SR, Hoffmeister KM. Multifaceted role of glycosylation in transfusion medicine, platelets, and red blood cells. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:1535-1547. [PMID: 32350996 PMCID: PMC7336546 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is highly prevalent, and also one of the most complex and varied posttranslational modifications. This large glycan diversity results in a wide range of biological functions. Functional diversity includes protein degradation, protein clearance, cell trafficking, cell signaling, host-pathogen interactions, and immune defense, including both innate and acquired immunity. Glycan-based ABO(H) antigens are critical in providing compatible products in the setting of transfusion and organ transplantation. However, evidence also suggests that ABO expression may influence cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, and hemostasis disorders, including alterations in platelet function and von Willebrand factor blood levels. Glycans also regulate immune and hemostasis function beyond ABO(H) antigens. Mutations in glycogenes (PIGA, COSMC) lead to serious blood disorders, including Tn syndrome associated with hyperagglutination, hemolysis, and thrombocytopenia. Alterations in genes responsible for sialic acids (Sia) synthesis (GNE) and UDP-galactose (GALE) and lactosamine (LacNAc) (B4GALT1) profoundly affect circulating platelet counts. Desialylation (removal of Sia) is affected by human and pathogenic neuraminidases. This review addresses the role of glycans in transfusion medicine, hemostasis and thrombosis, and red blood cell and platelet survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Lee-Sundlov
- Translational Glycomics Center, Blood Research Institute Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sean R. Stowell
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Karin M. Hoffmeister
- Translational Glycomics Center, Blood Research Institute Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Center for Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapies, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI, United States
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25
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Du T, Jia X, Dong X, Ru X, Li L, Wang Y, Liu J, Feng G, Wen T. Cosmc Disruption-Mediated Aberrant O-glycosylation Suppresses Breast Cancer Cell Growth via Impairment of CD44. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:511-522. [PMID: 32158257 PMCID: PMC6986418 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s234735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer remains the most lethal malignancy in women worldwide. Aberrant O-glycosylation is closely related to many human diseases, including breast carcinoma; however, its precise role in cancer development is insufficiently understood. Cosmc is an endoplasmic reticulum-localized chaperone that regulates the O-glycosylation of proteins. Cosmc dysfunction results in inactive T-synthase and expression of truncated O-glycans such as Tn antigen. Here we investigated the impact of Cosmc disruption-mediated aberrant O-glycosylation on breast cancer cell development through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Materials and Methods We deleted the Cosmc gene in two breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, T47D) using the CRISPR/Cas-9 system and then measured the expression levels of Tn antigen. The proliferation of Tn-positive cells was examined by RTCA, colony formation and in vivo experiments. The effects of Cosmc deficiency on glycoprotein CD44 and MAPK pathway were also determined. Results Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that Cosmc deficiency markedly suppressed breast cancer cell growth compared with the corresponding controls. Mechanistically, Cosmc disruption impaired the protein expression of CD44 and the associated MAPK signaling pathway; the latter plays a crucial role in cell proliferation. Reconstitution of CD44 substantially reversed the observed alterations, confirming that CD44 requires normal O-glycosylation for its proper expression and activation of the related signaling pathway. Conclusion This study showed that Cosmc deficiency-mediated aberrant O-glycosylation suppressed breast cancer cell growth, which was likely mediated by the impairment of CD44 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Du
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyuan Jia
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Xichen Dong
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Ru
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Li
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yakun Wang
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Guosheng Feng
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wen
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
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26
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Liu F, Fu J, Bergstrom K, Shan X, McDaniel JM, McGee S, Bai X, Chen W, Xia L. Core 1-derived mucin-type O-glycosylation protects against spontaneous gastritis and gastric cancer. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20182325. [PMID: 31645367 PMCID: PMC7037257 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Core 1-derived mucin-type O-glycans (O-glycans) are a major component of gastric mucus with an unclear role. To address this, we generated mice lacking gastric epithelial O-glycans (GEC C1galt1-/-). GEC C1galt1-/- mice exhibited spontaneous gastritis that progressed to adenocarcinoma with ∼80% penetrance by 1 yr. GEC C1galt1-/- gastric epithelium exhibited defective expression of a major mucus forming O-glycoprotein Muc5AC relative to WT controls, which was associated with impaired gastric acid homeostasis. Inflammation and tumorigenesis in GEC C1galt1-/- stomach were concurrent with activation of caspases 1 and 11 (Casp1/11)-dependent inflammasome. GEC C1galt1-/- mice genetically lacking Casp1/11 had reduced gastritis and gastric cancer progression. Notably, expression of Tn antigen, a truncated form of O-glycan, and CASP1 activation was associated with tumor progression in gastric cancer patients. These results reveal a critical role of O-glycosylation in gastric homeostasis and the protection of the gastric mucosa from Casp1-mediated gastric inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Jianxin Fu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Kirk Bergstrom
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Xindi Shan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - J. Michael McDaniel
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Samuel McGee
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Xia Bai
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weichang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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27
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Zhang Q, Li Z, Chernova T, Saikam V, Cummings R, Song X, Ju T, Smith DF, Wang PG. Synthesis and Characterization of Versatile O-Glycan Precursors for Cellular O-Glycomics. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:2507-2513. [PMID: 31638776 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein O-glycosylation is a universal post-translational modification and plays essential roles in many biological processes. Recently we reported a technology termed cellular O-glycome reporter/amplification (CORA) to amplify and profile mucin-type O-glycans of living cells growing in the presence of peracetylated Benzyl-α-GalNAc (Ac3GalNAc-α-Bn). However, the application and development of the CORA method are limited by the properties of the precursor benzyl aglycone, which is relatively inert to further chemical modifications. Here we described a rapid parallel microwave-assisted synthesis of Ac3GalNAc-α-Bn derivatives to identify versatile precursors for cellular O-glycomics. In total, 26 derivatives, including fluorescent and bioorthogonal reactive ones, were successfully synthesized. The precursors were evaluated for their activity as acceptors for T-synthase and for their ability to function as CORA precursors. Several of the precursors possessing useful functional groups were more efficient than Ac3GalNAc-α-Bn as T-synthase acceptors and cellular O-glycome reporters. These precursors will advance the CORA technology for studies of functional O-glycomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Zhonghua Li
- Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tatiana Chernova
- Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Varma Saikam
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
| | - Richard Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xuezheng Song
- Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - David F. Smith
- Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Peng G. Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302, United States
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28
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Cummings RD. "Stuck on sugars - how carbohydrates regulate cell adhesion, recognition, and signaling". Glycoconj J 2019; 36:241-257. [PMID: 31267247 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-019-09876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have explored the fundamental biological processes by which complex carbohydrates expressed on cellular glycoproteins and glycolipids and in secretions of cells promote cell adhesion and signaling. We have also explored processes by which animal pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites adhere to glycans of animal cells and initiate disease. Glycans important in cell signaling and adhesion, such as key O-glycans, are essential for proper animal development and cellular differentiation, but they are also involved in many pathogenic processes, including inflammation, tumorigenesis and metastasis, and microbial and parasitic pathogenesis. The overall hypothesis guiding these studies is that glycoconjugates are recognized and bound by a growing class of proteins called glycan-binding proteins (GBPs or lectins) expressed by all types of cells. There is an incredible variety and diversity of GBPs in animal cells involved in binding N- and O-glycans, glycosphingolipids, and proteoglycan/glycosaminoglycans. We have specifically studied such molecular determinants recognized by selectins, galectins, and many other C-type lectins, involved in leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation in human tissues, lymphocyte trafficking, adhesion of human viruses to human cells, structure and immunogenicity of glycoproteins on the surfaces of human parasites. We have also explored the molecular basis of glycoconjugate biosynthesis by exploring the enzymes and molecular chaperones required for correct protein glycosylation. From these studies opportunities for translational biology have arisen, involving production of function-blocking antibodies, anti-glycan specific antibodies, and synthetic glycoconjugates, e.g. glycosulfopeptides, that specifically are recognized by GBPs. This invited short review is based in part on my presentation for the IGO Award 2019 given by the International Glycoconjugate Organization in Milan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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29
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Hossain F, Andreana PR. Developments in Carbohydrate-Based Cancer Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020084. [PMID: 31167407 PMCID: PMC6631729 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells of diverse origins express extracellular tumor-specific carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) because of aberrant glycosylation. Overexpressed TACAs on the surface of tumor cells are considered biomarkers for cancer detection and have always been prioritized for the development of novel carbohydrate-based anti-cancer vaccines. In recent years, progress has been made in developing synthetic, carbohydrate-based antitumor vaccines to improve immune responses associated with targeting these specific antigens. Tumor cells also exhaust more energy for proliferation than normal cells, by consuming excessive amounts of glucose via overexpressed sugar binding or transporting receptors located in the cellular membrane. Furthermore, inspired by the Warburg effect, glycoconjugation strategies of anticancer drugs have gained considerable attention from the scientific community. This review highlights a small cohort of recent efforts which have been made in carbohydrate-based cancer treatments, including vaccine design and the development of glycoconjugate prodrugs, glycosidase inhibiting iminosugars, and early cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
| | - Peter R Andreana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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30
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Liu Z, Liu J, Dong X, Hu X, Jiang Y, Li L, Du T, Yang L, Wen T, An G, Feng G. Tn antigen promotes human colorectal cancer metastasis via H-Ras mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition activation. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2083-2092. [PMID: 30637914 PMCID: PMC6378212 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tn antigen is a truncated O-glycan, frequently detected in colorectal cancer (CRC), but its precise role in CRC metastasis is not well addressed. Here we investigated the effects of Core 1 β3Gal-T specific molecular chaperone (Cosmc) deletion-mediated Tn antigen exposure on CRC metastasis and its underlying mechanism. We first used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knockout Cosmc, which is required for normal O-glycosylation, and thereby obtained Tn-positive CRC cells. We then investigated the biological consequences of Tn antigen expression in CRC. The results showed that Tn-positive cells exhibited an enhanced metastatic capability both in vitro and in vivo. A further analysis indicated that Tn antigen expression induced typical activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, we found that H-Ras, which is known to drive EMT, was markedly up-regulated in Tn-positive cells, whereas knockdown of H-Ras suppressed Tn antigen induced activation of EMT. Furthermore, we confirmed that LS174T cells (Tn-positive) transfected with wild-type Cosmc, thus expressing no Tn antigen, had down-regulation of H-Ras expression and subsequent inhibition of EMT process. In addition, analysis of 438 samples in TCGA cohort demonstrated that Cosmc expression was reversely correlated with H-Ras, underscoring the significance of Tn antigen-H-Ras signalling in CRC patients. These data demonstrated that Cosmc deletion-mediated Tn antigen exposure promotes CRC metastasis, which is possibly mediated by H-Ras-induced EMT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of OncologyBeijing Chao‐Yang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jian Liu
- Medical Research CenterBeijing Chao‐Yang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xichen Dong
- Medical Research CenterBeijing Chao‐Yang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of OncologyBeijing Chao‐Yang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yuliang Jiang
- Department of OncologyBeijing Chao‐Yang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lina Li
- Department of OncologyBeijing Chao‐Yang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tan Du
- Department of OncologyBeijing Chao‐Yang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lei Yang
- Medical Research CenterBeijing Chao‐Yang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tao Wen
- Medical Research CenterBeijing Chao‐Yang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Guangyu An
- Department of OncologyBeijing Chao‐Yang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Guosheng Feng
- Department of OncologyBeijing Chao‐Yang HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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31
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Tian S, Muneeruddin K, Choi MY, Tao L, Bhuiyan RH, Ohmi Y, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Boland S, Shaffer SA, Adam RM, Dong M. Genome-wide CRISPR screens for Shiga toxins and ricin reveal Golgi proteins critical for glycosylation. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006951. [PMID: 30481169 PMCID: PMC6258472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a fundamental modification of proteins and membrane lipids. Toxins that utilize glycans as their receptors have served as powerful tools to identify key players in glycosylation processes. Here, we carried out Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9-mediated genome-wide loss-of-function screens using two related bacterial toxins, Shiga-like toxins (Stxs) 1 and 2, which use a specific glycolipid, globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), as receptors, and the plant toxin ricin, which recognizes a broad range of glycans. The Stxs screens identified major glycosyltransferases (GTs) and transporters involved in Gb3 biosynthesis, while the ricin screen identified GTs and transporters involved in N-linked protein glycosylation and fucosylation. The screens also identified lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 4 alpha (LAPTM4A), a poorly characterized four-pass membrane protein, as a factor specifically required for Stxs. Mass spectrometry analysis of glycolipids and their precursors demonstrates that LAPTM4A knockout (KO) cells lack Gb3 biosynthesis. This requirement of LAPTM4A for Gb3 synthesis is not shared by its homolog lysosomal-associated protein transmembrane 4 beta (LAPTM4B), and switching the domains between them determined that the second luminal domain of LAPTM4A is required, potentially acting as a specific "activator" for the GT that synthesizes Gb3. These screens also revealed two Golgi proteins, Transmembrane protein 165 (TMEM165) and Transmembrane 9 superfamily member 2 (TM9SF2), as shared factors required for both Stxs and ricin. TMEM165 KO and TM9SF2 KO cells both showed a reduction in not only Gb3 but also other glycosphingolipids, suggesting that they are required for maintaining proper levels of glycosylation in general in the Golgi. In addition, TM9SF2 KO cells also showed defective endosomal trafficking. These studies reveal key Golgi proteins critical for regulating glycosylation and glycolipid synthesis and provide novel therapeutic targets for blocking Stxs and ricin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhai Tian
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Khaja Muneeruddin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mei Yuk Choi
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robiul H. Bhuiyan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuhsuke Ohmi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sebastian Boland
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Shaffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rosalyn M. Adam
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Urology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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32
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Dwivedi V, Saini P, Tasneem A, Agarwal K, Sampathkumar SG. Differential inhibition of mucin-type O-glycosylation (MTOG) induced by peracetyl N-thioglycolyl-d-galactosamine (Ac 5GalNTGc) in myeloid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:60-65. [PMID: 30336974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigations on the structure and functional roles of glycosylation - an intricate, complex, and dynamic post translational modification on proteins - in biological processes has been a challenging task. Glycan modifications vary depending on the specific cell type, its developmental stage, and resting or activated state. In the present study, we aim to understand the differences between the mucin-type O-glycosylation (MTOG) of two functionally divergent human cell lines, K562 (chronic myeloid leukemia) and U937 (histiocytic lymphoma), having myeloid origins. MTOG is initiated by the addition of N-acetyl-α-d-galactosamine (GalNAc) to Ser/Thr of glycoproteins. We exploited the metabolic glycan engineering (MGE) strategy using the peracetyl N-thioglycolyl-d-galactosamine (Ac5GalNTGc), a synthetic GalNAc analogue, to engineer the glycoconjugates. Ac5GalNTGc was metabolized and incorporated as N-thioglycolyl-d-galactosamine (GalNTGc) in cell surface glycoproteins in both the cell lines with varying degrees of efficiency. Notably, metabolic incorporation of GalNTGc resulted in differential inhibition of MTOG. It was observed that endogenous glycosylation machinery of K562 is relatively more stringent for selecting GalNTGc whereas U937 is flexible towards this selection. Additionally, we studied how the glycan modifications vary on a given CD antigen in these cell lines. Particularly, MTOG on CD43 was differentially inhibited in K562 and U937 as revealed by glycan-dependent and glycan-independent antibodies. It was observed that the effect of MGE on CD43 was similar to global effects on both cell lines. Consequences of MGE using GalNAc analogues depend on the expression and activity of various glycosyl transferases which determine global glycosylation on cell surface as well as on specific glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandita Dwivedi
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pratima Saini
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Anam Tasneem
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kavita Agarwal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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33
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Wolters-Eisfeld G, Mercanoglu B, Hofmann BT, Wolpers T, Schnabel C, Harder S, Steffen P, Bachmann K, Steglich B, Schrader J, Gagliani N, Schlüter H, Güngör C, Izbicki JR, Wagener C, Bockhorn M. Loss of complex O-glycosylation impairs exocrine pancreatic function and induces MODY8-like diabetes in mice. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-13. [PMID: 30305605 PMCID: PMC6180059 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cosmc is ubiquitously expressed and acts as a specific molecular chaperone assisting the folding and stability of core 1 synthase. Thus, it plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of O-linked glycosylation of proteins. Here, we show that ablation of Cosmc in the exocrine pancreas of mice causes expression of truncated O-glycans (Tn antigen), resulting in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency with decreased activities of digestive enzymes and diabetes. To understand the molecular causes of the pleiotropic phenotype, we used Vicia villosa agglutinin to enrich Tn antigen-modified proteins from Cosmc-KO pancreatic lysates and performed a proteomic analysis. Interestingly, a variety of proteins were identified, of which bile salt-activated lipase (also denoted carboxyl-ester lipase, Cel) was the most abundant. In humans, frameshift mutations in CEL cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 8 (MODY8), a monogenic syndrome of diabetes and pancreatic exocrine dysfunction. Here, we provide data suggesting that differentially O-glycosylated Cel could negatively affect beta cell function. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the importance of correct O-glycan formation for normal exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function, implying that aberrant O-glycans might be relevant for pathogenic mechanisms of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Wolters-Eisfeld
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Baris Mercanoglu
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bianca T Hofmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolpers
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Schnabel
- Metabolic Laboratory and Newborn Screening, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Harder
- Mass Spectrometric Proteomics-Institute for Clinical Chemistry & Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Steffen
- Mass Spectrometric Proteomics-Institute for Clinical Chemistry & Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Bachmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Babett Steglich
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Schrader
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Mass Spectrometric Proteomics-Institute for Clinical Chemistry & Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cenap Güngör
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Wagener
- Center for Diagnostics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bockhorn
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg- Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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Sahasrabudhe NM, Lenos K, van der Horst JC, Rodríguez E, van Vliet SJ. Oncogenic BRAFV600E drives expression of MGL ligands in the colorectal cancer cell line HT29 through N-acetylgalactosamine-transferase 3. Biol Chem 2018; 399:649-659. [PMID: 29894293 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer type worldwide. It is characterized by a high expression of aberrantly glycosylated ligands, such as the Tn antigen (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr), which is a major ligand for the C-type lectin macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL). We have previously determined that a high level of MGL ligands in colorectal tumors is associated with lower disease-free survival in patients with late stage disease, which we could attribute to the presence of oncogenic BRAFV600E mutations. Here we aimed to elucidate the downstream pathway of BRAFV600E governing high MGL ligand and Tn antigen expression. We focused on glycosylation-related enzymes involved in the synthesis or elongation of Tn antigen, N-acetylgalactosamine-transferases (GALNTs) and C1GalT1/COSMC, respectively. Both the activity and expression of C1GalT1 and COSMC were unrelated to the BRAF mutational status. In contrast, GALNT3, GALNT7 and GALNT12 were increased in colorectal cancer cells harboring the BRAFV600E mutation. Through CRISPR-Cas9 gene knockouts we could establish that GALNT3 increased MGL ligand synthesis in the HT29 cell line, while GALNT7 and GALNT12 appeared to have redundant roles. Together our results highlight a novel mechanistic pathway connecting BRAFV600E to aberrant glycosylation in colorectal cancer through GALNT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha M Sahasrabudhe
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan Lenos
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost C van der Horst
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ernesto Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Blidner AG, Mariño KV, Rabinovich GA. Driving CARs into Sweet Roads: Targeting Glycosylated Antigens in Cancer. Immunity 2017; 44:1248-50. [PMID: 27332727 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Engineering T cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has demonstrated remarkable success in eradicating hematological malignancies. In this issue of Immunity, June and colleagues demonstrate the broad antitumor efficacy of a newly-designed CAR targeting the O-linked hypoglycosylated epitopes Tn and sialyl-Tn on cancer-associated MUC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada G Blidner
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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36
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Shi C, Xu X, Yu X, Du Z, Luan X, Liu D, Hu T. CD3/CD28 dynabeads induce expression of tn antigen in human t cells accompanied by hypermethylation of the cosmc promoter. Mol Immunol 2017; 90:98-105. [PMID: 28708980 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.06.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important protein post-translational modification. In this process, the intermediate product, Tn antigen, arises from somatic mutations in core1β3-galactosyltransferase-specific molecular chaperone (Cosmc), which is required for the formation of active core1β3-galactosyltransferase (T-synthase). As a type of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen, Tn antigen is mainly expressed in many human tumor cells and is absent in normal cells. Surprisingly, it is also expressed in normal activated T cells after in vitro stimulation, but the mechanism underlying its expression remains unclear. This study demonstrated that Tn antigen was expressed in activated T cells and that the percentage of positive (Tn+) cells increased and subsequently decreased within 72h after stimulation with CD3/CD28 Dynabeads, with peak expression occurring at 48h. During activation, interleukin-4 (IL-4) expression in the T-cell supernatant consistently increased with Tn+ cells, and was inversely correlated with serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels. Compared with unactivated (without CD3/CD28 Dynabead stimulation) T cells, the level of T-synthase transcription in activated T cells did not significantly change, whereas T-synthase activity and Cosmc transcription significantly decreased, accompanied by a further increase in methylation of the Cosmc promoter. The results also showed that Cosmc transcription and translation decreased and then increased, and that Cosmc promoter methylation was a dynamic process during T cell activation. These data suggest that hypermethylation of the Cosmc promoter may induce the expression of Tn antigen in activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqin Shi
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Xue Xu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Linzi District People's Hospital, Linzi, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Du
- Department of Pathogen biology Laboratory, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Xiying Luan
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Dachang Liu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China.
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Hanes MS, Moremen KW, Cummings RD. Biochemical characterization of functional domains of the chaperone Cosmc. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180242. [PMID: 28665962 PMCID: PMC5493369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cosmc is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone necessary for normal protein O-GalNAc glycosylation through regulation of T-synthase, its single client. Loss-of-function of Cosmc results in expression of the Tn antigen, which is associated with multiple human diseases including cancer. Despite intense interest in dysregulated expression of the Tn antigen, little is known about the structure and function of Cosmc, including domain organization, secondary structure, oligomerization, and co-factors. Limited proteolysis experiments show that Cosmc contains a structured N-terminal domain (CosmcΔ256), and biochemical characterization of CosmcΔ256 reveals wild type chaperone activity. Interestingly, CosmcE152K, which shows loss of function in vivo, exhibits wild type-like activity in vitro. Cosmc and CosmcE152K heterogeneously oligomerize and form monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, and tetrameric species, while CosmcΔ256 is predominantly monomeric as characterized by chemical crosslinking and blue native page electrophoresis. Additionally, Cosmc selectively binds divalent cations in thermal shift assays and metal binding is abrogated by the CosmcΔ256 truncation, and perturbed by the E152K mutation. Therefore, the N-terminal domain of Cosmc mediates T-synthase binding and chaperone function, whereas the C-terminal domain is necessary for oligomerization and metal binding. Our results provide new structure-function insight to Cosmc, indicate that Cosmc behaves as a modular protein and suggests points of modulation or regulation of in vivo chaperone function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda S. Hanes
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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38
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Santos SN, Junqueira MS, Francisco G, Vilanova M, Magalhães A, Baruffi MD, Chammas R, Harris AL, Reis CA, Bernardes ES. O-glycan sialylation alters galectin-3 subcellular localization and decreases chemotherapy sensitivity in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:83570-83587. [PMID: 27835877 PMCID: PMC5347789 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ST6GalNAc-I, the sialyltransferase responsible for sialyl-Tn (sTn) synthesis, has been previously reported to be positively associated with cancer aggressiveness. Here we describe a novel sTn-dependent mechanism for chemotherapeutic resistance. We show that sTn protects cancer cells against chemotherapeutic-induced cell death by decreasing the interaction of cell surface glycan receptors with galectin-3 and increasing its intracellular accumulation. Moreover, exogenously added galectin-3 potentiated the chemotherapeutics-induced cytotoxicity in sTn non-expressing cells, while sTn overexpressing cells were protected. We also found that the expression of sTn was associated with a reduction in galectin-3-binding sites in human gastric samples tumors. ST6GalNAc-I knockdown restored galectin-3-binding sites on the cell surface and chemotherapeutics sensibility. Our results clearly demonstrate that an interruption of O-glycans extension caused by ST6GalNAc-I enzymatic activity leads to tumor cells resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, highlighting the need for the development of novel strategies to target galectin-3 and/or ST6GalNAc-I.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/genetics
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Blood Proteins
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Galectin 3/metabolism
- Galectins
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Transport
- RNA Interference
- Sialyltransferases/genetics
- Sialyltransferases/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tumor Burden
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia N. Santos
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Nuclear Energy Research Institute, Radiopharmacy Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara S. Junqueira
- Department of Center for Translational Oncology Cellular, Biology Group, Center for Translational Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of Sao Paulo-ICESP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Francisco
- Department of Center for Translational Oncology Cellular, Biology Group, Center for Translational Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of Sao Paulo-ICESP, Brazil
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- IBMC Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-UP – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Magalhães
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Department of Glycobiology in Cancer, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology from the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Dias Baruffi
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculdade de Ciências Farmaceuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Department of Center for Translational Oncology Cellular, Biology Group, Center for Translational Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of Sao Paulo-ICESP, Brazil
| | - Adrian L. Harris
- Department of Medical Oncology, Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Celso A. Reis
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-UP – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Glycobiology in Cancer, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology from the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Emerson S. Bernardes
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Nuclear Energy Research Institute, Radiopharmacy Center, São Paulo, Brazil
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Jacobs JP, Lin L, Goudarzi M, Ruegger P, McGovern DPB, Fornace AJ, Borneman J, Xia L, Braun J. Microbial, metabolomic, and immunologic dynamics in a relapsing genetic mouse model of colitis induced by T-synthase deficiency. Gut Microbes 2016; 8:1-16. [PMID: 27874308 PMCID: PMC5341916 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1257469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis is thought to confer susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but it is unknown whether dynamic changes in the microbiome contribute to fluctuations in disease activity. We explored this question using mice with intestine-specific deletion of C1galt1 (also known as T-synthase) (Tsyn mice). These mice develop spontaneous microbiota-dependent colitis with a remitting/relapsing course due to loss of mucin core-1 derived O-glycans. 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics demonstrated age-specific perturbations in the intestinal microbiome and metabolome of Tsyn mice compare with littermate controls at weeks 3 (disease onset), 5 (during remission), and 9 (after relapse). Colitis remission corresponded to increased levels of FoxP3+RORγt+CD4+ T cells in the colonic lamina propria that were positively correlated with operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the S24-7 family and negatively correlated with OTUs in the Clostridiales order. Relapse was characterized by marked expansion of FoxP3-RORγt+CD4+ T cells expressing IFNγ and IL17A, which were associated with Clostridiales OTUs distinct from those negatively correlated with FoxP3+RORγt+CD4+ T cells. Our findings suggest that colitis remission and relapse in the Tsyn model may reflect alterations in the microbiome due to reduced core-1 O-glycosylation that shift the balance of regulatory and pro-inflammatory T cell subsets. We investigated whether genetic variation in C1galt1 correlated with the microbiome in a cohort of 78 Crohn's disease patients and 101 healthy controls. Polymorphisms near C1galt1 (rs10486157) and its molecular chaperone, Cosmc (rs4825729), were associated with altered composition of the colonic mucosal microbiota, supporting the relevance of core-1 O-glycosylation to host regulation of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P. Jacobs
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maryam Goudarzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Paul Ruegger
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Dermot P. B. McGovern
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Albert J. Fornace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - James Borneman
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Lijun Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Department of Pathology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Fu C, Zhao H, Wang Y, Cai H, Xiao Y, Zeng Y, Chen H. Tumor-associated antigens: Tn antigen, sTn antigen, and T antigen. HLA 2016; 88:275-286. [PMID: 27679419 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the major posttranslational modifications of proteins. N-glycosylation (Asn-linked) and O-glycosylation (Ser/Thr-linked) are the two main forms. Abnormal O-glycosylation is frequently observed on the surface of tumor cells, and is associated with an adverse outcome and poor prognosis in patients with cancer. O-glycans (Tn, sTn, and T antigen) can be synthesized in the Golgi apparatus with the aid of several glycosyltransferases (such as T-synthase and ST6GalNAc-I) in a suitable environment. The unique molecular chaperone of T-synthase is Cosmc, which helps T-synthase to fold correctly in the endoplasmic reticulum. Dysregulation of these glycosyltransferases, molecular chaperones, or the environment is involved in the dysregulation of O-glycans. Tn, sTn, and T antigen neo- or over-expression occurs in many types of cancer including gastric, colon, breast, lung, esophageal, prostate, and endometrial cancer. This review discusses the major synthetic pathway of O-glycans and the mechanism by which Tn, sTn, and T antigens promote tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fu
- Institute of Spinal Medicine and Trauma, Department of Spinal Surgery Ward/Center for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - H Zhao
- Institute of Spinal Medicine and Trauma, Department of Spinal Surgery Ward/Center for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Y Wang
- The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - H Cai
- Department of Hematology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Y Xiao
- Institute of Spinal Medicine and Trauma, Department of Spinal Surgery Ward/Center for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Y Zeng
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - H Chen
- Institute of Spinal Medicine and Trauma, Department of Spinal Surgery Ward/Center for Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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Functional Consequences of Differential O-glycosylation of MUC1, MUC4, and MUC16 (Downstream Effects on Signaling). Biomolecules 2016; 6:biom6030034. [PMID: 27483328 PMCID: PMC5039420 DOI: 10.3390/biom6030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most abundant post-translational modifications that occur within the cell. Under normal physiological conditions, O-linked glycosylation of extracellular proteins is critical for both structure and function. During the progression of cancer, however, the expression of aberrant and truncated glycans is commonly observed. Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins that contain numerous sites of O-glycosylation within their extracellular domains. Transmembrane mucins also play a functional role in monitoring the surrounding microenvironment and transducing these signals into the cell. In cancer, these mucins often take on an oncogenic role and promote a number of pro-tumorigenic effects, including pro-survival, migratory, and invasive behaviors. Within this review, we highlight both the processes involved in the expression of aberrant glycan structures on mucins, as well as the potential downstream impacts on cellular signaling.
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Entirely Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines: An Emerging Field for Specific and Selective Immune Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4020019. [PMID: 27213458 PMCID: PMC4931636 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are regarded as promising targets for vaccine development against infectious disease because cell surface glycans on many infectious agents are attributed to playing an important role in pathogenesis. In addition, oncogenic transformation of normal cells, in many cases, is associated with aberrant glycosylation of the cell surface glycan generating tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs). Technological advances in glycobiology have added a new dimension to immunotherapy when considering carbohydrates as key targets in developing safe and effective vaccines to combat cancer, bacterial infections, viral infections, etc. Many consider effective vaccines induce T-cell dependent immunity with satisfactory levels of immunological memory that preclude recurrence. Unfortunately, carbohydrates alone are poorly immunogenic as they do not bind strongly to the MHCII complex and thus fail to elicit T-cell immunity. To increase immunogenicity, carbohydrates have been conjugated to carrier proteins, which sometimes can impede carbohydrate specific immunity as peptide-based immune responses can negate antibodies directed at the targeted carbohydrate antigens. To overcome many challenges in using carbohydrate-based vaccine design and development approaches targeting cancer and other diseases, zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs), isolated from the capsule of commensal anaerobic bacteria, will be discussed as promising carriers of carbohydrate antigens to achieve desired immunological responses.
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43
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Cracking the Glycome Encoder: Signaling, Trafficking, and Glycosylation. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:379-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Knoppova B, Reily C, Maillard N, Rizk DV, Moldoveanu Z, Mestecky J, Raska M, Renfrow MB, Julian BA, Novak J. The Origin and Activities of IgA1-Containing Immune Complexes in IgA Nephropathy. Front Immunol 2016; 7:117. [PMID: 27148252 PMCID: PMC4828451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis, frequently leading to end-stage renal disease, as there is no disease-specific therapy. IgAN is diagnosed from pathological assessment of a renal biopsy specimen based on predominant or codominant IgA-containing immunodeposits, usually with complement C3 co-deposits and with variable presence of IgG and/or IgM. The IgA in these renal deposits is galactose-deficient IgA1, with less than a full complement of galactose residues on the O-glycans in the hinge region of the heavy chains. Research from the past decade led to the definition of IgAN as an autoimmune disease with a multi-hit pathogenetic process with contributing genetic and environmental components. In this process, circulating galactose-deficient IgA1 (autoantigen) is bound by antiglycan IgG or IgA (autoantibodies) to form immune complexes. Some of these circulating complexes deposit in glomeruli, and thereby activate mesangial cells and induce renal injury through cellular proliferation and overproduction of extracellular matrix components and cytokines/chemokines. Glycosylation pathways associated with production of the autoantigen and the unique characteristics of the corresponding autoantibodies in patients with IgAN have been uncovered. Complement likely plays a significant role in the formation and the nephritogenic activities of these complexes. Complement activation is mediated through the alternative and lectin pathways and probably occurs systemically on IgA1-containing circulating immune complexes as well as locally in glomeruli. Incidence of IgAN varies greatly by geographical location; the disease is rare in central Africa but accounts for up to 40% of native-kidney biopsies in eastern Asia. Some of this variation may be explained by genetically determined influences on the pathogenesis of the disease. Genome-wide association studies to date have identified several loci associated with IgAN. Some of these loci are associated with the increased prevalence of IgAN, whereas others, such as deletion of complement factor H-related genes 1 and 3, are protective against the disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and genetic and biochemical factors involved in formation and activities of pathogenic IgA1-containing immune complexes will enable the development of future disease-specific therapies as well as identification of non-invasive disease-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Knoppova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Colin Reily
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nicolas Maillard
- Université Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France
- PRES Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Dana V. Rizk
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zina Moldoveanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jiri Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Milan Raska
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Matthew B. Renfrow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Bruce A. Julian
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Chia J, Goh G, Bard F. Short O-GalNAc glycans: regulation and role in tumor development and clinical perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1623-39. [PMID: 26968459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the underlying causes of cancer are genetic modifications, changes in cellular states mediate cancer development. Tumor cells display markedly changed glycosylation states, of which the O-GalNAc glycans called the Tn and TF antigens are particularly common. How these antigens get over-expressed is not clear. The expression levels of glycosylation enzymes fail to explain it. SCOPE OF REVIEW We describe the regulation of O-GalNAc glycosylation initiation and extension with emphasis on the initiating enzymes ppGalNAcTs (GALNTs), and introduce the GALA pathway--a change in GALNTs compartmentation within the secretory pathway that regulates Tn levels. We discuss the roles of O-GalNAc glycans and GALNTs in tumorigenic processes and finally consider diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Contrary to a common hypothesis, short O-glycans in tumors are not the result of an incomplete glycosylation process but rather reveal the activation of regulatory pathways. Surprisingly, high Tn levels reveal a major shift in the O-glycoproteome rather than a shortening of O-glycans. These changes are driven by membrane trafficking events. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Many attempts to use O-glycans for biomarker, antibody and therapeutic vaccine development have been made, but suffer limitations including poor sensitivity and/or specificity that may in part derive from lack of a mechanistic understanding. Deciphering how short O-GalNAc glycans are regulated would open new perspectives to exploit this biology for therapeutic usage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Chia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Germaine Goh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore
| | - Frederic Bard
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge, Road, 119077, Singapore.
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Abstract
Activation of an aberrant glycosylation pathway in cancer cells can lead to expression of the onco-foetal sialyl-Tn (sTn) antigen. STn is a truncated O-glycan containing a sialic acid α-2,6 linked to GalNAc α-O-Ser/Thr and is associated with an adverse outcome and poor prognosis in cancer patients. The biosynthesis of the sTn antigen has been linked to the expression of the sialytransferase ST6GalNAc1, and also to mutations in and loss of heterozygosity of the COSMC gene. sTn neo- or over-expression occurs in many types of epithelial cancer including gastric, colon, breast, lung, oesophageal, prostate and endometrial cancer. sTn is believed to be carried by a variety of glycoproteins and may influence protein function and be involved in tumour development. This review discusses how the role of sTn in cancer development and tumour cell invasiveness might be organ specific and occur through different mechanisms depending on each cancer type or subtype. As the sTn-antigen is expressed early in carcinogenesis targeting sTn in cancer may enable the targeting of tumours from the earliest stage.
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47
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Trabbic KR, Bourgault JP, Shi M, Clark M, Andreana PR. Immunological evaluation of the entirely carbohydrate-based Thomsen-Friedenreich – PS B conjugate. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3350-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00176a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PS B, a CD4+T-cell stimulating zwitterionic polysaccharide fromB. fragilis, was conjugated with aminooxy TF tumor antigen. Immunization revealed Ab specificity to TF. FACS revealed Ab binding to MCF-7 but not HCT-116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Trabbic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Toledo
- Toledo
- USA
| | | | - Mengchao Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Toledo
- Toledo
- USA
| | - Matthew Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Toledo
- Toledo
- USA
| | - Peter R. Andreana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Toledo
- Toledo
- USA
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48
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus-complex is a highly dynamic organelle which is considered the "heart" of intracellular transportation. Since its discovery by Camillo Golgi in 1873, who described it as the "black reaction," and despite the enormous volume of publications about Golgi, this apparatus remains one of the most enigmatic of the cytoplasmic organelles. A typical mammalian Golgi consists of a parallel series of flattened, disk-shaped cisternae which align into stacks. The tremendous volume of Golgi-related incoming and outgoing traffic is mediated by different motor proteins, including members of the dynein, kinesin, and myosin families. Yet in spite of the strenuous work it performs, Golgi contrives to maintain its monolithic morphology and orchestration of matrix and residential proteins. However, in response to stress, alcohol, and treatment with many pharmacological drugs over time, Golgi undergoes a kind of disorganization which ranges from mild enlargement to critical scattering. While fragmentation of the Golgi was confirmed in cancer by electron microscopy almost fifty years ago, it is only in recent years that we have begun to understand the significance of Golgi fragmentation in the biology of tumors. Below author would like to focus on how Golgi fragmentation opens the doors for cascades of fatal pathways which may facilitate cancer progression and metastasis. Among the issues addressed will be the most important cancer-specific hallmarks of Golgi fragmentation, including aberrant glycosylation, abnormal expression of the Ras GTPases, dysregulation of kinases, and hyperactivity of myosin motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen Petrosyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Zeng J, Mi R, Wang Y, Li Y, Lin L, Yao B, Song L, van Die I, Chapman AB, Cummings RD, Jin P, Ju T. Promoters of Human Cosmc and T-synthase Genes Are Similar in Structure, Yet Different in Epigenetic Regulation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19018-33. [PMID: 26063800 PMCID: PMC4521027 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.654244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The T-synthase (core 1 β3-galactosyltransferase) and its molecular chaperone Cosmc regulate the biosynthesis of mucin type O-glycans on glycoproteins, and evidence suggests that both T-synthase and Cosmc are transcriptionally suppressed in several human diseases, although the transcriptional regulation of these two genes is not understood. Here, we characterized the promoters essential for human Cosmc and T-synthase transcription. The upstream regions of the genes lack a conventional TATA box but contain CpG islands, cCpG-I and cCpG-II for Cosmc and tCpG for T-synthase. Using luciferase reporter assays, site-directed mutagenesis, ChIP assays, and mithramycin A treatment, we identified the core promoters within cCpG-II and tCpG, which contain two binding sites for Krüppel-like transcription factors, including SP1/SP3, respectively. Methylome analysis of Tn4 B cells, which harbor a silenced Cosmc, confirmed the hypermethylation of the Cosmc core promoter but not for T-synthase. These results demonstrate that Cosmc and T-synthase are transcriptionally regulated at a basal level by the specificity protein/Krüppel-like transcription factor family of members, which explains their ubiquitous and coordinated expression, and also indicate that they are differentially epigenetically regulated beyond X chromosome imprinting. These results are important in understanding the regulation of these genes that have roles in human diseases, such as IgA nephropathy and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lina Song
- From the Departments of Biochemistry
| | - Irma van Die
- the Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arlene B Chapman
- Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322 and
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50
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Campos D, Freitas D, Gomes J, Reis CA. Glycoengineered cell models for the characterization of cancer O-glycoproteome: an innovative strategy for biomarker discovery. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:337-42. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1059758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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