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Gao W, Lu J, Yang Z, Li E, Cao Y, Xie L. Mitotic Functions and Characters of KIF11 in Cancers. Biomolecules 2024; 14:386. [PMID: 38672404 PMCID: PMC11047945 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitosis mediates the accurate separation of daughter cells, and abnormalities are closely related to cancer progression. KIF11, a member of the kinesin family, plays a vital role in the formation and maintenance of the mitotic spindle. Recently, an increasing quantity of data have demonstrated the upregulated expression of KIF11 in various cancers, promoting the emergence and progression of cancers. This suggests the great potential of KIF11 as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target. However, the molecular mechanisms of KIF11 in cancers have not been systematically summarized. Therefore, we first discuss the functions of the protein encoded by KIF11 during mitosis and connect the abnormal expression of KIF11 with its clinical significance. Then, we elucidate the mechanism of KIF11 to promote various hallmarks of cancers. Finally, we provide an overview of KIF11 inhibitors and outline areas for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yufei Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (W.G.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (E.L.)
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (W.G.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (E.L.)
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2
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Qi X, Liu Y, Peng Y, Fu Y, Fu Y, Yin L, Li X. UHRF1 promotes spindle assembly and chromosome congression by catalyzing EG5 polyubiquitination. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202210093. [PMID: 37728657 PMCID: PMC10510743 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202210093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
UHRF1 is an epigenetic coordinator bridging DNA methylation and histone modifications. Additionally, UHRF1 regulates DNA replication and cell cycle, and its deletion induces G1/S or G2/M cell cycle arrest. The roles of UHRF1 in the regulation of G2/M transition remain poorly understood. UHRF1 depletion caused chromosome misalignment, thereby inducing cell cycle arrest at mitotic metaphase, and these cells exhibited the defects of spindle geometry, prominently manifested as shorter spindles. Mechanistically, UHRF1 protein directly interacts with EG5, a kinesin motor protein, during mitosis. Furthermore, UHRF1 induced EG5 polyubiquitination at the site of K1034 and further promoted the interaction of EG5 with spindle assembly factor TPX2, thereby ensuring accurate EG5 distribution to the spindles during metaphase. Our study clarifies a novel UHRF1 function as a nuclear protein catalyzing EG5 polyubiquitination for proper spindle architecture and faithful genomic transmission, which is independent of its roles in epigenetic regulation and DNA damage repair inside the nucleus. These findings revealed a previously unknown mechanism of UHRF1 in controlling mitotic spindle architecture and chromosome behavior and provided mechanistic evidence for UHRF1 deletion-mediated G2/M arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuli Qi
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Youhong Liu
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuchong Peng
- Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Fu
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongming Fu
- Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linglong Yin
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Zimyanin V, Magaj M, Yu CH, Gibney T, Mustafa B, Horton X, Siller K, Cueff L, Bouvrais H, Pécréaux J, Needleman D, Redemann S. Lack of chromokinesin Klp-19 creates a more rigid midzone and affects force transmission during anaphase in C. elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.26.564275. [PMID: 37961478 PMCID: PMC10634869 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the significance of the spindle midzone - the region positioned between chromosomes - in ensuring proper chromosome segregation. By combining advanced 3D electron tomography and cutting-edge light microscopy we have discovered a previously unknown role of the regulation of microtubule dynamics within the spindle midzone of C. elegans. Using Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and a combination of second harmonic generation and two-photon fluorescence microscopy, we found that the length of the antiparallel microtubule overlap zone in the spindle midzone is constant throughout anaphase, and independent of cortical pulling forces as well as the presence of the microtubule bundling protein SPD-1. Further investigations of SPD-1 and the chromokinesin KLP-19 in C. elegans suggest that KLP-19 regulates the overlap length and functions independently of SPD-1. Our data shows that KLP-19 plays an active role in regulating the length and turn-over of microtubules within the midzone as well as the size of the antiparallel overlap region throughout mitosis. Depletion of KLP-19 in mitosis leads to an increase in microtubule length in the spindle midzone, which also leads to increased microtubule - microtubule interaction, thus building up a more robust microtubule network. The spindle is globally stiffer and more stable, which has implications for the transmission of forces within the spindle affecting chromosome segregation dynamics. Our data shows that by localizing KLP-19 to the spindle midzone in anaphase microtubule dynamics can be locally controlled allowing the formation of a functional midzone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Zimyanin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Magdalena Magaj
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Che-Hang Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Gibney
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Basaran Mustafa
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xavier Horton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Karsten Siller
- IT-Research Computing, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Louis Cueff
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Dévelopement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Hélène Bouvrais
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Dévelopement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jacques Pécréaux
- CNRS, Univ Rennes, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Dévelopement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Daniel Needleman
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefanie Redemann
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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4
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Chen D, Wang J, Li Y, Xu C, Fanzheng M, Zhang P, Liu L. LncRNA NEAT1 suppresses cellular senescence in hepatocellular carcinoma via KIF11-dependent repression of CDKN2A. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1418. [PMID: 37752791 PMCID: PMC10522973 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Therapeutic options for advanced HCC are limited, which is due to a lack of full understanding of pathogenesis. Cellular senescence is a state of cell cycle arrest, which plays important roles in the pathogenesis of HCC. Mechanisms underlying hepatocellular senescence are not fully understood. LncRNA NEAT1 acts as an oncogene and contributes to the development of HCC. Whether NEAT1 modulates hepatocellular senescence in HCC is unknown. METHODS The role of NEAT1 and KIF11 in cellular senescence and tumor growth in HCC was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. RNA pulldown, mass spectrometry, Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), luciferase reporter assays, RNA FISH and immunofluorescence (IF) staining were used to explore the detailed molecular mechanism of NEAT1 and KIF11 in cellular senescence of HCC. RESULTS We found that NEAT1 was upregulated in tumor tissues and hepatoma cells, which negatively correlated with a senescence biomarker CDKN2A encoding p16INK4a and p14ARF proteins. NEAT1 was reduced in senescent hepatoma cells induced by doxorubicin (DOXO) or serum starvation. Furthermore, NEAT1 deficiency caused senescence in cultured hepatoma cells, and protected against the progression of HCC in a mouse model. During senescence, NEAT1 translocated into cytosol and interacted with a motor protein KIF11, resulting in KIF11 protein degradation and subsequent increased expression of CDKN2A in cultured hepatoma cells. Furthermore, KIF11 knockdown caused senescence in cultured hepatoma cells. Genetic deletion of Kif11 in hepatocytes inhibited the development of HCC in a mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Conclusively, NEAT1 overexpression reduces senescence and promotes tumor progression in HCC tissues and hepatoma cells, whereas NEAT1 deficiency causes senescence and inhibits tumor progression in HCC. This is associated with KIF11-dependent repression of CDKN2A. These findings lay the foundation to develop potential therapies for HCC by inhibiting NEAT1 and KIF11 or inducing senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTCDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryHefeiAnhuiChina
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary DiseasesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Jinghao Wang
- Zhejiang Cancer HospitalHangzhou Institute of MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yang Li
- Zhejiang Cancer HospitalHangzhou Institute of MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Chenglin Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTCDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Meng Fanzheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTCDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryHefeiAnhuiChina
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary DiseasesHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTCDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
- Zhejiang Cancer HospitalHangzhou Institute of MedicineChinese Academy of SciencesHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Lianxin Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTCDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary SurgeryHefeiAnhuiChina
- Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary DiseasesHefeiAnhuiChina
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5
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Sladewski TE, Campbell PC, Billington N, D'Ordine A, Cole JL, de Graffenried CL. Cytokinesis in Trypanosoma brucei relies on an orphan kinesin that dynamically crosslinks microtubules. Curr Biol 2023; 33:899-911.e5. [PMID: 36787745 PMCID: PMC10023446 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Many single-celled eukaryotes have complex cell morphologies defined by microtubules arranged into higher-order structures. The auger-like shape of the parasitic protist Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) is mediated by a parallel array of microtubules that underlies the plasma membrane. The subpellicular array must be partitioned and segregated using a microtubule-based mechanism during cell division. We previously identified an orphan kinesin, KLIF, that localizes to the ingressing cleavage furrow and is essential for the completion of cytokinesis. We have characterized the biophysical properties of a truncated KLIF construct in vitro to gain mechanistic insight into the function of this novel kinesin. We find that KLIF is a non-processive dimeric kinesin that dynamically crosslinks microtubules. Microtubules crosslinked by KLIF in an antiparallel orientation are translocated relative to one another, while microtubules crosslinked parallel to one another remain static, resulting in the formation of organized parallel bundles. In addition, we find that KLIF stabilizes the alignment of microtubule plus ends. These features provide a mechanistic understanding for how KLIF functions to form a new pole of aligned microtubule plus ends that defines the shape of the new cell posterior, which is an essential requirement for the completion of cytokinesis in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Sladewski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Paul C Campbell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Neil Billington
- Laboratory of Physiology, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda 20892, USA
| | - Alexandra D'Ordine
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - James L Cole
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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6
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Indorato RL, DeBonis S, Garcia-Saez I, Skoufias DA. Drug resistance dependent on allostery: A P-loop rigor Eg5 mutant exhibits resistance to allosteric inhibition by STLC. Front Oncol 2022; 12:965455. [PMID: 36313676 PMCID: PMC9597087 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.965455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic kinesin Eg5 has emerged as a potential anti-mitotic target for the purposes of cancer chemotherapy. Whether clinical resistance to these inhibitors can arise is unclear. We exploited HCT116 cancer cell line to select resistant clones to S-trityl-L-cysteine (STLC), an extensively studied Eg5 loop-L5 binding inhibitor. The STLC resistant clones differed in their resistance to other loop-L5 binding inhibitors but remained sensitive to the ATP class of competitive Eg5 specific inhibitors. Eg5 is still necessary for bipolar spindle formation in the resistant clones since the cells were sensitive to RNAi mediated depletion of Eg5. One clone expressing Eg5(T107N), a dominant point mutation in the P-loop of the ATP binding domain of the motor, appeared to be not only resistant but also dependent on the presence of STLC. Eg5(T107N) expression was associated also with resistance to the clinical relevant loop-L5 Eg5 inhibitors, Arry-520 and ispinesib. Ectopic expression of the Eg5(T107N) mutant in the absence of STLC was associated with strong non-exchangeable binding to microtubules causing them to bundle. Biochemical assays showed that in contrast to the wild type Eg5-STLC complex, the ATP binding site of the Eg5(T107N) is accessible for nucleotide exchange only when the inhibitor is present. We predict that resistance can be overcome by inhibitors that bind to other than the Eg5 loop-L5 binding site having different chemical scaffolds, and that allostery-dependent resistance to Eg5 inhibitors may also occur in cells and may have positive implications in chemotherapy since once diagnosed may be beneficial following cessation of the chemotherapeutic regimen.
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7
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Cross-linker design determines microtubule network organization by opposing motors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206398119. [PMID: 35960844 PMCID: PMC9388136 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206398119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inheritance of genetic material following chromosome duplication in eukaryotic cell division is coordinated by the spindle apparatus. The spindle is a highly interconnected network of microtubule filaments that are cross-linked by different types of molecular motors. How the different motors cooperate to organize the spindle network is not understood. Here, we show that an asymmetric cross-linker design can confer bifunctionality to a mitotic motor in the presence of other motors. The asymmetric motor supports both extensile and contractile microtubule network behaviors as observed in different parts of the spindle. These findings define rules controlling the generation of active microtubule networks and allow us to better understand how motors cooperate to organize the correct spindle architecture when a cell divides. During cell division, cross-linking motors determine the architecture of the spindle, a dynamic microtubule network that segregates the chromosomes in eukaryotes. It is unclear how motors with opposite directionality coordinate to drive both contractile and extensile behaviors in the spindle. Particularly, the impact of different cross-linker designs on network self-organization is not understood, limiting our understanding of self-organizing structures in cells but also our ability to engineer new active materials. Here, we use experiment and theory to examine active microtubule networks driven by mixtures of motors with opposite directionality and different cross-linker design. We find that although the kinesin-14 HSET causes network contraction when dominant, it can also assist the opposing kinesin-5 KIF11 to generate extensile networks. This bifunctionality results from HSET’s asymmetric design, distinct from symmetric KIF11. These findings expand the set of rules underlying patterning of active microtubule assemblies and allow a better understanding of motor cooperation in the spindle.
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8
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Hwang W, Toda T, Yukawa M. Complementation of fission yeast kinesin-5/Cut7 with human Eg5 provides a versatile platform for screening of anticancer compounds. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:254-259. [PMID: 34864879 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Kinesin-5 family proteins are essential for bipolar spindle assembly to ensure mitotic fidelity. Here, we demonstrate evolutionary functional conservation of kinesin-5 between human and fission yeast. Human Eg5 expressed in the nucleus replaces fission yeast counterpart Cut7. Intriguingly, Eg5 overproduction results in cytotoxicity. This phenotype provides a useful platform for the development of novel kinesin-5 inhibitors as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosang Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Toda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masashi Yukawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Cell Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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9
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Cook AD, Roberts AJ, Atherton J, Tewari R, Topf M, Moores CA. Cryo-EM structure of a microtubule-bound parasite kinesin motor and implications for its mechanism and inhibition. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101063. [PMID: 34375637 PMCID: PMC8526983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites cause malaria and are responsible annually for hundreds of thousands of deaths. Kinesins are a superfamily of microtubule-dependent ATPases that play important roles in the parasite replicative machinery, which is a potential target for antiparasite drugs. Kinesin-5, a molecular motor that cross-links microtubules, is an established antimitotic target in other disease contexts, but its mechanism in Plasmodium falciparum is unclear. Here, we characterized P. falciparum kinesin-5 (PfK5) using cryo-EM to determine the motor's nucleotide-dependent microtubule-bound structure and introduced 3D classification of individual motors into our microtubule image processing pipeline to maximize our structural insights. Despite sequence divergence in PfK5, the motor exhibits classical kinesin mechanochemistry, including ATP-induced subdomain rearrangement and cover neck bundle formation, consistent with its plus-ended directed motility. We also observed that an insertion in loop5 of the PfK5 motor domain creates a different environment in the well-characterized human kinesin-5 drug-binding site. Our data reveal the possibility for selective inhibition of PfK5 and can be used to inform future exploration of Plasmodium kinesins as antiparasite targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Cook
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J Roberts
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Atherton
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Tewari
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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10
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Goldstein-Levitin A, Pandey H, Allhuzaeel K, Kass I, Gheber L. Intracellular functions and motile properties of bi-directional kinesin-5 Cin8 are regulated by neck linker docking. eLife 2021; 10:71036. [PMID: 34387192 PMCID: PMC8456603 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed intracellular functions and motile properties of neck-linker (NL) variants of the bi-directional S. cerevisiae kinesin-5 motor, Cin8. We also examined – by modeling – the configuration of H-bonds during NL docking. Decreasing the number of stabilizing H-bonds resulted in partially functional variants, as long as a conserved backbone H-bond at the N-latch position (proposed to stabilize the docked conformation of the NL) remained intact. Elimination of this conserved H-bond resulted in production of a non-functional Cin8 variant. Surprisingly, additional H-bond stabilization of the N-latch position, generated by replacement of the NL of Cin8 by sequences of the plus-end directed kinesin-5 Eg5, also produced a nonfunctional variant. In that variant, a single replacement of N-latch asparagine with glycine, as present in Cin8, eliminated the additional H-bond stabilization and rescued the functional defects. We conclude that exact N-latch stabilization during NL docking is critical for the function of bi-directional kinesin-5 Cin8.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Kanary Allhuzaeel
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Itamar Kass
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,InterX LTD, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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11
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Pandey H, Singh SK, Sadan M, Popov M, Singh M, Davidov G, Inagaki S, Al-Bassam J, Zarivach R, Rosenfeld SS, Gheber L. Flexible microtubule anchoring modulates the bi-directional motility of the kinesin-5 Cin8. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6051-6068. [PMID: 34274977 PMCID: PMC11072411 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two modes of motility have been reported for bi-directional kinesin-5 motors: (a) context-dependent directionality reversal, a mode in which motors undergo persistent minus-end directed motility at the single-molecule level and switch to plus-end directed motility in different assays or under different conditions, such as during MT gliding or antiparallel sliding or as a function of motor clustering; and (b) bi-directional motility, defined as movement in two directions in the same assay, without persistent unidirectional motility. Here, we examine how modulation of motor-microtubule (MT) interactions affects these two modes of motility for the bi-directional kinesin-5, Cin8. We report that the large insert in loop 8 (L8) within the motor domain of Cin8 increases the MT affinity of Cin8 in vivo and in vitro and is required for Cin8 intracellular functions. We consistently found that recombinant purified L8 directly binds MTs and L8 induces single Cin8 motors to behave according to context-dependent directionality reversal and bi-directional motility modes at intermediate ionic strength and according to a bi-directional motility mode in an MT surface-gliding assay under low motor density conditions. We propose that the largely unstructured L8 facilitates flexible anchoring of Cin8 to the MTs. This flexible anchoring enables the direct observation of bi-directional motility in motility assays. Remarkably, although L8-deleted Cin8 variants exhibit a strong minus-end directed bias at the single-molecule level, they also exhibit plus-end directed motility in an MT-gliding assay. Thus, L8-induced flexible MT anchoring is required for bi-directional motility of single Cin8 molecules but is not necessary for context-dependent directionality reversal of Cin8 in an MT-gliding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sudhir Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Mayan Sadan
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Mary Popov
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Meenakshi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Geula Davidov
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sayaka Inagaki
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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12
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Pandey H, Popov M, Goldstein-Levitin A, Gheber L. Mechanisms by Which Kinesin-5 Motors Perform Their Multiple Intracellular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6420. [PMID: 34203964 PMCID: PMC8232732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar kinesin-5 motor proteins perform multiple intracellular functions, mainly during mitotic cell division. Their specialized structural characteristics enable these motors to perform their essential functions by crosslinking and sliding apart antiparallel microtubules (MTs). In this review, we discuss the specialized structural features of kinesin-5 motors, and the mechanisms by which these features relate to kinesin-5 functions and motile properties. In addition, we discuss the multiple roles of the kinesin-5 motors in dividing as well as in non-dividing cells, and examine their roles in pathogenetic conditions. We describe the recently discovered bidirectional motility in fungi kinesin-5 motors, and discuss its possible physiological relevance. Finally, we also focus on the multiple mechanisms of regulation of these unique motor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (H.P.); (M.P.); (A.G.-L.)
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13
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Mani N, Wijeratne SS, Subramanian R. Micron-scale geometrical features of microtubules as regulators of microtubule organization. eLife 2021; 10:e63880. [PMID: 34114950 PMCID: PMC8195601 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of micron-sized, multi-microtubule arrays from individual microtubules is essential for diverse cellular functions. The microtubule polymer is largely viewed as a passive building block during the organization process. An exception is the 'tubulin code' where alterations to tubulin at the amino acid level can influence the activity of microtubule-associated proteins. Recent studies reveal that micron-scale geometrical features of individual microtubules and polymer networks, such as microtubule length, overlap length, contact angle, and lattice defects, can also regulate the activity of microtubule-associated proteins and modulate polymer dynamics. We discuss how the interplay between such geometrical properties of the microtubule lattice and the activity of associated proteins direct multiple aspects of array organization, from microtubule nucleation and coalignment to specification of array dimensions and remodeling of dynamic networks. The mechanisms reviewed here highlight micron-sized features of microtubules as critical parameters to be routinely investigated in the study of microtubule self-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Mani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Sithara S Wijeratne
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Radhika Subramanian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
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14
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Al Azzam O, Trussell CL, Reinemann DN. Measuring force generation within reconstituted microtubule bundle assemblies using optical tweezers. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:111-125. [PMID: 34051127 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Kinesins and microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) are critical to sustain life, facilitating cargo transport, cell division, and motility. To interrogate the mechanistic underpinnings of their function, these microtubule-based motors and proteins have been studied extensively at the single molecule level. However, a long-standing issue in the single molecule biophysics field has been how to investigate motors and associated proteins within a physiologically relevant environment in vitro. While the one motor/one filament orientation of a traditional optical trapping assay has revolutionized our knowledge of motor protein mechanics, this reductionist geometry does not reflect the structural hierarchy in which many motors work within the cellular environment. Here, we review approaches that combine the precision of optical tweezers with reconstituted ensemble systems of microtubules, MAPs, and kinesins to understand how each of these unique elements work together to perform large scale cellular tasks, such as but not limited to building the mitotic spindle. Not only did these studies develop novel techniques for investigating motor proteins in vitro, but they also illuminate ensemble filament and motor synergy that helps bridge the mechanistic knowledge gap between previous single molecule and cell level studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayma Al Azzam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Cameron Lee Trussell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Dana N Reinemann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
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15
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Pandey H, Reithmann E, Goldstein-Levitin A, Al-Bassam J, Frey E, Gheber L. Drag-induced directionality switching of kinesin-5 Cin8 revealed by cluster-motility analysis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/6/eabc1687. [PMID: 33547070 PMCID: PMC7864582 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Directed active motion of motor proteins is a vital process in virtually all eukaryotic cells. Nearly a decade ago, the discovery of directionality switching of mitotic kinesin-5 motors challenged the long-standing paradigm that individual kinesin motors are characterized by an intrinsic directionality. The underlying mechanism, however, remains unexplained. Here, we studied clustering-induced directionality switching of the bidirectional kinesin-5 Cin8. Based on the characterization of single-molecule and cluster motility, we developed a model that predicts that directionality switching of Cin8 is caused by an asymmetric response of its active motion to opposing forces, referred to as drag. The model shows excellent quantitative agreement with experimental data obtained under high and low ionic strength conditions. Our analysis identifies a robust and general mechanism that explains why bidirectional motor proteins reverse direction in response to seemingly unrelated experimental factors including changes in motor density and molecular crowding, and in multimotor motility assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Emanuel Reithmann
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Alina Goldstein-Levitin
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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16
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Zeeshan M, Brady D, Stanway RR, Moores CA, Holder AA, Tewari R. Plasmodium berghei Kinesin-5 Associates With the Spindle Apparatus During Cell Division and Is Important for Efficient Production of Infectious Sporozoites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:583812. [PMID: 33154955 PMCID: PMC7591757 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.583812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-5 motors play essential roles in spindle apparatus assembly during cell division, by generating forces to establish and maintain the spindle bipolarity essential for proper chromosome segregation. Kinesin-5 is largely conserved structurally and functionally in model eukaryotes, but its role is unknown in the Plasmodium parasite, an evolutionarily divergent organism with several atypical features of both mitotic and meiotic cell division. We have investigated the function and subcellular location of kinesin-5 during cell division throughout the Plasmodium berghei life cycle. Deletion of kinesin-5 had little visible effect at any proliferative stage except sporozoite production in oocysts, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of motile sporozoites in mosquito salivary glands, which were able to infect a new vertebrate host. Live-cell imaging showed kinesin-5-GFP located on the spindle and at spindle poles during both atypical mitosis and meiosis. Fixed-cell immunofluorescence assays revealed kinesin-5 co-localized with α-tubulin and centrin-2 and a partial overlap with kinetochore marker NDC80 during early blood stage schizogony. Dual-color live-cell imaging showed that kinesin-5 is closely associated with NDC80 during male gametogony, but not with kinesin-8B, a marker of the basal body and axonemes of the forming flagella. Treatment of gametocytes with microtubule-specific inhibitors confirmed kinesin-5 association with nuclear spindles and not cytoplasmic axonemal microtubules. Altogether, our results demonstrate that kinesin-5 is associated with the spindle apparatus, expressed in proliferating parasite stages, and important for efficient production of infectious sporozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zeeshan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Declan Brady
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carolyn A. Moores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony A. Holder
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Tewari
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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17
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Pisa R, Phua DYZ, Kapoor TM. Distinct Mechanisms of Resistance to a CENP-E Inhibitor Emerge in Near-Haploid and Diploid Cancer Cells. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:850-857.e6. [PMID: 32442423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant chromosome numbers in cancer cells may impose distinct constraints on the emergence of drug resistance-a major factor limiting the long-term efficacy of molecularly targeted therapeutics. However, for most anticancer drugs we lack analyses of drug-resistance mechanisms in cells with different karyotypes. Here, we focus on GSK923295, a mitotic kinesin CENP-E inhibitor that was evaluated in clinical trials as a cancer therapeutic. We performed unbiased selections to isolate inhibitor-resistant clones in diploid and near-haploid cancer cell lines. In diploid cells we identified single-point mutations that can suppress inhibitor binding. In contrast,transcriptome analyses revealed that the C-terminus of CENP-E was disrupted in GSK923295-resistant near-haploid cells. While chemical inhibition of CENP-E is toxic to near-haploid cells, knockout of the CENPE gene does not suppress haploid cell proliferation, suggesting that deletion of the CENP-E C-terminus can confer resistance to GSK923295. Together, these findings indicate that different chromosome copy numbers in cells can alter epistatic dependencies and lead to distinct modes of chemotype-specific resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Pisa
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Donovan Y Z Phua
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tarun M Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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18
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Bodrug T, Wilson-Kubalek EM, Nithianantham S, Thompson AF, Alfieri A, Gaska I, Major J, Debs G, Inagaki S, Gutierrez P, Gheber L, McKenney RJ, Sindelar CV, Milligan R, Stumpff J, Rosenfeld SS, Forth ST, Al-Bassam J. The kinesin-5 tail domain directly modulates the mechanochemical cycle of the motor domain for anti-parallel microtubule sliding. eLife 2020; 9:e51131. [PMID: 31958056 PMCID: PMC7015671 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-5 motors organize mitotic spindles by sliding apart microtubules. They are homotetramers with dimeric motor and tail domains at both ends of a bipolar minifilament. Here, we describe a regulatory mechanism involving direct binding between tail and motor domains and its fundamental role in microtubule sliding. Kinesin-5 tails decrease microtubule-stimulated ATP-hydrolysis by specifically engaging motor domains in the nucleotide-free or ADP states. Cryo-EM reveals that tail binding stabilizes an open motor domain ATP-active site. Full-length motors undergo slow motility and cluster together along microtubules, while tail-deleted motors exhibit rapid motility without clustering. The tail is critical for motors to zipper together two microtubules by generating substantial sliding forces. The tail is essential for mitotic spindle localization, which becomes severely reduced in tail-deleted motors. Our studies suggest a revised microtubule-sliding model, in which kinesin-5 tails stabilize motor domains in the microtubule-bound state by slowing ATP-binding, resulting in high-force production at both homotetramer ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Bodrug
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Elizabeth M Wilson-Kubalek
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyScripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Stanley Nithianantham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Alex F Thompson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
| | - April Alfieri
- Department of Biological SciencesRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyUnited States
| | - Ignas Gaska
- Department of Biological SciencesRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyUnited States
| | - Jennifer Major
- Department of Cancer BiologyLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicLorainUnited States
- Department of PharmacologyMayo ClinicJacksonvilleUnited States
| | - Garrett Debs
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and BiochemistryYale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Sayaka Inagaki
- Department of PharmacologyMayo ClinicJacksonvilleUnited States
| | - Pedro Gutierrez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and TechnologyBen-Gurion University of the NegevNegevIsrael
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | | | - Ronald Milligan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyScripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Jason Stumpff
- Department of Molecular Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of VermontBurlingtonUnited States
| | - Steven S Rosenfeld
- Department of Cancer BiologyLerner Research Institute, Cleveland ClinicLorainUnited States
- Department of PharmacologyMayo ClinicJacksonvilleUnited States
| | - Scott T Forth
- Department of Biological SciencesRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroyUnited States
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
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19
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Gicking AM, Qiu W, Hancock WO. Mitotic kinesins in action: diffusive searching, directional switching, and ensemble coordination. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 29:1153-1156. [PMID: 29757705 PMCID: PMC5935065 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-10-0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle assembly requires the collective action of multiple microtubule motors that coordinate their activities in ensembles. However, despite significant advances in our understanding of mitotic kinesins at the single-motor level, multi-motor systems are challenging to reconstitute in vitro and thus less well understood. Recent findings highlighted in this perspective demonstrate how various properties of kinesin-5 and -14 motors—diffusive searching, directional switching, and multivalent interactions—allow them to achieve their physiological roles of cross-linking parallel microtubules and sliding antiparallel ones during cell division. Additionally, we highlight new experimental techniques that will help bridge the gap between in vitro biophysical studies and in vivo cell biology investigations and provide new insights into how specific single-molecule mechanisms generate complex cellular behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Gicking
- Department of Physics and, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Weihong Qiu
- Department of Physics and, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - William O Hancock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802.,Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Bioengineering, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802
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20
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Ughy B, Schmidthoffer I, Szilak L. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) can take part in cell division: inside and outside. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:865-871. [PMID: 30465083 PMCID: PMC11105504 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the cytokinesis, the cell-matrix interactions should be disrupted, and the mitotic cells round up. Prerequisite of mitosis, the centrosomes duplicate, spindle fibers are generated and move away from each other to opposite sides of the cells marking the cell poles. Later, an invagination in the plasma membrane is formed a few minutes after anaphase. This furrow ingression is driven by a contractile actomyosin ring, whose assembly is regulated by RhoA GTPase. At the completion of cytokinesis, the two daughter cells are still connected by a thin intercellular bridge, which is subjected to abscission, as the terminal step of cytokinesis. Here, it is overviewed, how syndecan-4, a transmembrane, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, can contribute to these processes in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Ughy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Ildiko Schmidthoffer
- Antal Wittmann Crop, Animal and Food Sciences Multidisciplinary Doctoral School, Mosonmagyaróvár, 9200, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Szilak
- Szilak Laboratories Bioinformatics and Molecule-Design Ltd., Szeged, 6723, Hungary.
- Cereal Research Non-profit Ltd., Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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21
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Krüger LK, Sanchez JL, Paoletti A, Tran PT. Kinesin-6 regulates cell-size-dependent spindle elongation velocity to keep mitosis duration constant in fission yeast. eLife 2019; 8:42182. [PMID: 30806623 PMCID: PMC6391065 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The length of the mitotic spindle scales with cell size in a wide range of organisms during embryonic development. Interestingly, in C. elegans embryos, this goes along with temporal regulation: larger cells speed up spindle assembly and elongation. We demonstrate that, similarly in fission yeast, spindle length and spindle dynamics adjust to cell size, which allows to keep mitosis duration constant. Since prolongation of mitosis was shown to affect cell viability, this may resemble a mechanism to regulate mitosis duration. We further reveal how the velocity of spindle elongation is regulated: coupled to cell size, the amount of kinesin-6 Klp9 molecules increases, resulting in an acceleration of spindle elongation in anaphase B. In addition, the number of Klp9 binding sites to microtubules increases overproportionally to Klp9 molecules, suggesting that molecular crowding inversely correlates to cell size and might have an impact on spindle elongation velocity control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Paoletti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France
| | - Phong Thanh Tran
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris, France.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
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22
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Liang YJ, Yang WX. Kinesins in MAPK cascade: How kinesin motors are involved in the MAPK pathway? Gene 2019; 684:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Mann BJ, Wadsworth P. Kinesin-5 Regulation and Function in Mitosis. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:66-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Liu M, Ran J, Zhou J. Non-canonical functions of the mitotic kinesin Eg5. Thorac Cancer 2018; 9:904-910. [PMID: 29927078 PMCID: PMC6068462 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesins are widely expressed, microtubule-dependent motors that play vital roles in microtubule-associated cellular activities, such as cell division and intracellular transport. Eg5, also known as kinesin-5 or kinesin spindle protein, is a member of the kinesin family that contributes to the formation and maintenance of the bipolar mitotic spindle during cell division. Small-molecule compounds that inhibit Eg5 activity have been shown to impair spindle assembly, block mitotic progression, and possess anti-cancer activity. Recent studies focusing on the localization and functions of Eg5 in plants have demonstrated that in addition to spindle organization, this motor protein has non-canonical functions, such as chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, that have not been observed in animals. In this review, we discuss the structure, function, and localization of Eg5 in various organisms, highlighting the specific role of this protein in plants. We also propose directions for the future studies of novel Eg5 functions based on the lessons learned from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance BiologyShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Jie Ran
- College of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance BiologyShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance BiologyShandong Normal UniversityJinanChina
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25
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Tan R, Foster PJ, Needleman DJ, McKenney RJ. Cooperative Accumulation of Dynein-Dynactin at Microtubule Minus-Ends Drives Microtubule Network Reorganization. Dev Cell 2018; 44:233-247.e4. [PMID: 29401420 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 is a minus-end-directed motor protein that transports cargo over long distances and organizes the intracellular microtubule (MT) network. How dynein motor activity is harnessed for these diverse functions remains unknown. Here, we have uncovered a mechanism for how processive dynein-dynactin complexes drive MT-MT sliding, reorganization, and focusing, activities required for mitotic spindle assembly. We find that motors cooperatively accumulate, in limited numbers, at MT minus-ends. Minus-end accumulations drive MT-MT sliding, independent of MT orientation, resulting in the clustering of MT minus-ends. At a mesoscale level, activated dynein-dynactin drives the formation and coalescence of MT asters. Macroscopically, dynein-dynactin activity leads to bulk contraction of millimeter-scale MT networks, suggesting that minus-end accumulations of motors produce network-scale contractile stresses. Our data provide a model for how localized dynein activity is harnessed by cells to produce contractile stresses within the cytoskeleton, for example, during mitotic spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruensern Tan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter J Foster
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Daniel J Needleman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Richard J McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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26
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Singh SK, Pandey H, Al-Bassam J, Gheber L. Bidirectional motility of kinesin-5 motor proteins: structural determinants, cumulative functions and physiological roles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1757-1771. [PMID: 29397398 PMCID: PMC11105280 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic kinesin-5 bipolar motor proteins perform essential functions in mitotic spindle dynamics by crosslinking and sliding antiparallel microtubules (MTs) apart within the mitotic spindle. Two recent studies have indicated that single molecules of Cin8, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-5 homolog, are minus end-directed when moving on single MTs, yet switch directionality under certain experimental conditions (Gerson-Gurwitz et al., EMBO J 30:4942-4954, 2011; Roostalu et al., Science 332:94-99, 2011). This finding was unexpected since the Cin8 catalytic motor domain is located at the N-terminus of the protein, and such kinesins have been previously thought to be exclusively plus end-directed. In addition, the essential intracellular functions of kinesin-5 motors in separating spindle poles during mitosis can only be accomplished by plus end-directed motility during antiparallel sliding of the spindle MTs. Thus, the mechanism and possible physiological role of the minus end-directed motility of kinesin-5 motors remain unclear. Experimental and theoretical studies from several laboratories in recent years have identified additional kinesin-5 motors that are bidirectional, revealed structural determinants that regulate directionality, examined the possible mechanisms involved and have proposed physiological roles for the minus end-directed motility of kinesin-5 motors. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the remarkable ability of certain kinesin-5 motors to switch directionality when moving along MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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27
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Bell KM, Cha HK, Sindelar CV, Cochran JC. The yeast kinesin-5 Cin8 interacts with the microtubule in a noncanonical manner. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14680-14694. [PMID: 28701465 PMCID: PMC5582858 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.797662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin motors play central roles in establishing and maintaining the mitotic spindle during cell division. Unlike most other kinesins, Cin8, a kinesin-5 motor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can move bidirectionally along microtubules, switching directionality according to biochemical conditions, a behavior that remains largely unexplained. To this end, we used biochemical rate and equilibrium constant measurements as well as cryo-electron microscopy methodologies to investigate the microtubule interactions of the Cin8 motor domain. These experiments unexpectedly revealed that, whereas Cin8 ATPase kinetics fell within measured ranges for kinesins (especially kinesin-5 proteins), approximately four motors can bind each αβ-tubulin dimer within the microtubule lattice. This result contrasted with those observations on other known kinesins, which can bind only a single "canonical" site per tubulin dimer. Competition assays with human kinesin-5 (Eg5) only partially abrogated this behavior, indicating that Cin8 binds microtubules not only at the canonical site, but also one or more separate ("noncanonical") sites. Moreover, we found that deleting the large, class-specific insert in the microtubule-binding loop 8 reverts Cin8 to one motor per αβ-tubulin in the microtubule. The novel microtubule-binding mode of Cin8 identified here provides a potential explanation for Cin8 clustering along microtubules and potentially may contribute to the mechanism for direction reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M Bell
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Hyo Keun Cha
- the Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, and
| | - Charles V Sindelar
- the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Jared C Cochran
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405,
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28
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She ZY, Yang WX. Molecular mechanisms of kinesin-14 motors in spindle assembly and chromosome segregation. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2097-2110. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
During eukaryote cell division, molecular motors are crucial regulators of microtubule organization, spindle assembly, chromosome segregation and intracellular transport. The kinesin-14 motors are evolutionarily conserved minus-end-directed kinesin motors that occur in diverse organisms from simple yeasts to higher eukaryotes. Members of the kinesin-14 motor family can bind to, crosslink or slide microtubules and, thus, regulate microtubule organization and spindle assembly. In this Commentary, we present the common subthemes that have emerged from studies of the molecular kinetics and mechanics of kinesin-14 motors, particularly with regard to their non-processive movement, their ability to crosslink microtubules and interact with the minus- and plus-ends of microtubules, and with microtubule-organizing center proteins. In particular, counteracting forces between minus-end-directed kinesin-14 and plus-end-directed kinesin-5 motors have recently been implicated in the regulation of microtubule nucleation. We also discuss recent progress in our current understanding of the multiple and fundamental functions that kinesin-14 motors family members have in important aspects of cell division, including the spindle pole, spindle organization and chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu She
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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29
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Torisawa T, Taniguchi D, Ishihara S, Oiwa K. Spontaneous Formation of a Globally Connected Contractile Network in a Microtubule-Motor System. Biophys J 2017; 111:373-385. [PMID: 27463139 PMCID: PMC4968425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule (MT) networks play key roles in cell division, intracellular transport, and cell motility. These functions of MT networks occur through interactions between MTs and various associated proteins, notably motor proteins that bundle and slide MTs. Our objective in this study was to address the question of how motors determine the nature of MT networks. We conducted in vitro assays using homotetrameric kinesin Eg5, a motor protein involved in the formation and maintenance of the mitotic spindle. The mixing of Eg5 and MTs produced a range of spatiotemporal dynamics depending on the motor/filament ratio. Low motor/filament ratios produced globally connected static MT networks with sparsely distributed contractile active nodes (motor-accumulating points with radially extending MTs). Increasing the motor/filament ratio facilitated the linking of contractile active nodes and led to a global contraction of the network. When the motor/filament ratio was further increased, densely distributed active nodes formed local clusters and segmented the network into pieces with their strong contractile forces. Altering the properties of the motor through the use of chimeric Eg5, which has kinesin-1 heads, resulted in the generation of many isolated asters. These results suggest that the spatial distribution of contractile active nodes determines the dynamics of MT-motor networks. We then developed a coarse-grained model of MT-motor networks and identified two essential features for reproducing the experimentally observed patterns: an accumulation of motors that form the active nodes necessary to generate contractile forces, and a nonlinear dependency of contractile force on motor densities. Our model also enabled us to characterize the mechanical properties of the contractile network. Our study provides insight into how local motor-MT interactions generate the spatiotemporal dynamics of macroscopic network structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Torisawa
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Advanced ICT Research Institute, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Shuji Ishihara
- Department of Physics, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Oiwa
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Advanced ICT Research Institute, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
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30
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Kapoor TM. Metaphase Spindle Assembly. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6010008. [PMID: 28165376 PMCID: PMC5372001 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A microtubule-based bipolar spindle is required for error-free chromosome segregation during cell division. In this review I discuss the molecular mechanisms required for the assembly of this dynamic micrometer-scale structure in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun M Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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31
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Mohapatra S, Saha A, Mondal P, Jana B, Ghosh S, Biswas A, Ghosh S. Synergistic Anticancer Effect of Peptide-Docetaxel Nanoassembly Targeted to Tubulin: Toward Development of Dual Warhead Containing Nanomedicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 27782376 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule dynamics play a crucial role in cancer cell division. Various drugs are developed to target microtubule. Although a few of them show potential in treatment of cancer, but success rate is limited due to their poor bioavailability and lack of specificity. Thus, development of highly bioavailable and target specific anticancer drug is extremely necessary. To address these key issues, here, a combination of approaches such as development of a dodecapeptide-docetaxel nanoassembly targeted to tubulin and MUC1 (mucin 1, cell surface associated glycoprotein) targeting oligonucleotide aptamer conjugated liposome for delivering peptide-docetaxel nanoassembly into the breast cancer cell have been demonstrated. These studies reveal that the peptide forms nanoassembly and entraps docetaxel drug. Further, the liposomal formulation of peptide-docetaxel exerts synergistic anticancer effect, activates key mitotic check point proteins, and inhibits bipolar spindle formation, metastatic cancer cell migration, and growth of tumor mimicking 3D multicellular spheroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswat Mohapatra
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Campus; 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700 032 West Bengal India
| | - Abhijit Saha
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Prasenjit Mondal
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Campus; 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700 032 West Bengal India
| | - Batakrishna Jana
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Subhajit Ghosh
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Atanu Biswas
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB); 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 West Bengal India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Campus; 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700 032 West Bengal India
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32
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Blackwell R, Edelmaier C, Sweezy-Schindler O, Lamson A, Gergely ZR, O’Toole E, Crapo A, Hough LE, McIntosh JR, Glaser MA, Betterton MD. Physical determinants of bipolar mitotic spindle assembly and stability in fission yeast. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601603. [PMID: 28116355 PMCID: PMC5249259 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic spindles use an elegant bipolar architecture to segregate duplicated chromosomes with high fidelity. Bipolar spindles form from a monopolar initial condition; this is the most fundamental construction problem that the spindle must solve. Microtubules, motors, and cross-linkers are important for bipolarity, but the mechanisms necessary and sufficient for spindle assembly remain unknown. We describe a physical model that exhibits de novo bipolar spindle formation. We began with physical properties of fission-yeast spindle pole body size and microtubule number, kinesin-5 motors, kinesin-14 motors, and passive cross-linkers. Our model results agree quantitatively with our experiments in fission yeast, thereby establishing a minimal system with which to interrogate collective self-assembly. By varying the features of our model, we identify a set of functions essential for the generation and stability of spindle bipolarity. When kinesin-5 motors are present, their bidirectionality is essential, but spindles can form in the presence of passive cross-linkers alone. We also identify characteristic failed states of spindle assembly-the persistent monopole, X spindle, separated asters, and short spindle, which are avoided by the creation and maintenance of antiparallel microtubule overlaps. Our model can guide the identification of new, multifaceted strategies to induce mitotic catastrophes; these would constitute novel strategies for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Blackwell
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- PULS Group, Department of Physics and Cluster of Excellence: Engineering of Advanced Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnberg, Nagelsbachstr. 49b, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Adam Lamson
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Zachary R. Gergely
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Eileen O’Toole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ammon Crapo
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Loren E. Hough
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - J. Richard McIntosh
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Matthew A. Glaser
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Meredith D. Betterton
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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33
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Chatterjee C, Benoit MPMH, DePaoli V, Diaz-Valencia JD, Asenjo AB, Gerfen GJ, Sharp DJ, Sosa H. Distinct Interaction Modes of the Kinesin-13 Motor Domain with the Microtubule. Biophys J 2016; 110:1593-1604. [PMID: 27074684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesins-13s are members of the kinesin superfamily of motor proteins that depolymerize microtubules (MTs) and have no motile activity. Instead of generating unidirectional movement over the MT lattice, like most other kinesins, kinesins-13s undergo one-dimensional diffusion (ODD) and induce depolymerization at the MT ends. To understand the mechanism of ODD and the origin of the distinct kinesin-13 functionality, we used ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence polarization microscopy to analyze the behavior and conformation of Drosophila melanogaster kinesin-13 KLP10A protein constructs bound to the MT lattice. We found that KLP10A interacts with the MT in two coexisting modes: one in which the motor domain binds with a specific orientation to the MT lattice and another where the motor domain is very mobile and able to undergo ODD. By comparing the orientation and dynamic behavior of mutated and deletion constructs we conclude that 1) the Kinesin-13 class specific neck domain and loop-2 help orienting the motor domain relative to the MT. 2) During ODD the KLP10A motor-domain changes orientation rapidly (rocks or tumbles). 3) The motor domain alone is capable of undergoing ODD. 4) A second tubulin binding site in the KLP10A motor domain is not critical for ODD. 5) The neck domain is not the element preventing KLP10A from binding to the MT lattice like motile kinesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrima Chatterjee
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Matthieu P M H Benoit
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Vania DePaoli
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Juan D Diaz-Valencia
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ana B Asenjo
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Gary J Gerfen
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - David J Sharp
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Hernando Sosa
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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34
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Schizosaccharomyces pombe kinesin-5 switches direction using a steric blocking mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7483-E7489. [PMID: 27834216 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611581113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cut7, the sole kinesin-5 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is essential for mitosis. Like other yeast kinesin-5 motors, Cut7 can reverse its stepping direction, by mechanisms that are currently unclear. Here we show that for full-length Cut7, the key determinant of stepping direction is the degree of motor crowding on the microtubule lattice, with greater crowding converting the motor from minus end-directed to plus end-directed stepping. To explain how high Cut7 occupancy causes this reversal, we postulate a simple proximity sensing mechanism that operates via steric blocking. We propose that the minus end-directed stepping action of Cut7 is selectively inhibited by collisions with neighbors under crowded conditions, whereas its plus end-directed action, being less space-hungry, is not. In support of this idea, we show that the direction of Cut7-driven microtubule sliding can be reversed by crowding it with non-Cut7 proteins. Thus, crowding by either dynein microtubule binding domain or Klp2, a kinesin-14, converts Cut7 from net minus end-directed to net plus end-directed stepping. Biochemical assays confirm that the Cut7 N terminus increases Cut7 occupancy by binding directly to microtubules. Direct observation by cryoEM reveals that this occupancy-enhancing N-terminal domain is partially ordered. Overall, our data point to a steric blocking mechanism for directional reversal through which collisions of Cut7 motor domains with their neighbors inhibit their minus end-directed stepping action, but not their plus end-directed stepping action. Our model can potentially reconcile a number of previous, apparently conflicting, observations and proposals for the reversal mechanism of yeast kinesins-5.
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35
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Vleugel M, Roth S, Groenendijk CF, Dogterom M. Reconstitution of Basic Mitotic Spindles in Spherical Emulsion Droplets. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27584979 DOI: 10.3791/54278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle assembly, positioning and orientation depend on the combined forces generated by microtubule dynamics, microtubule motor proteins and cross-linkers. Growing microtubules can generate pushing forces, while depolymerizing microtubules can convert the energy from microtubule shrinkage into pulling forces, when attached, for example, to cortical dynein or chromosomes. In addition, motor proteins and diffusible cross-linkers within the spindle contribute to spindle architecture by connecting and sliding anti-parallel microtubules. In vivo, it has proven difficult to unravel the relative contribution of individual players to the overall balance of forces. Here we present the methods that we recently developed in our efforts to reconstitute basic mitotic spindles bottom-up in vitro. Using microfluidic techniques, centrosomes and tubulin are encapsulated in water-in-oil emulsion droplets, leading to the formation of geometrically confined (double) microtubule asters. By additionally introducing cortically anchored dynein, plus-end directed microtubule motors and diffusible cross-linkers, this system is used to reconstitute spindle-like structures. The methods presented here provide a starting point for reconstitution of more complete mitotic spindles, allowing for a detailed study of the contribution of each individual component, and for obtaining an integrated quantitative view of the force-balance within the mitotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Vleugel
- Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology
| | - Sophie Roth
- Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology
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36
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Shapira O, Gheber L. Motile properties of the bi-directional kinesin-5 Cin8 are affected by phosphorylation in its motor domain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25597. [PMID: 27216310 PMCID: PMC4877575 DOI: 10.1038/srep25597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-5 Cin8 performs essential mitotic functions in spindle assembly and anaphase B spindle elongation. Recent work has shown that Cin8 is a bi-directional motor which moves towards the minus-end of microtubules (MTs) under high ionic strength (IS) conditions and changes directionality in low IS conditions and when bound between anti-parallel microtubules. Previous work from our laboratory has also indicated that Cin8 is differentially phosphorylated during late anaphase at cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1)-specific sites located in its motor domain. In vivo, such phosphorylation causes Cin8 detachment from spindles and reduces the spindle elongation rate, while maintaining proper spindle morphology. To study the effect of phosphorylation on Cin8 motor function, we examined in vitro motile properties of wild type Cin8, as well as its phosphorylation using phospho-deficient and phospho-mimic variants, in a single molecule fluorescence motility assay. Analysis was performed on whole cell extracts and on purified Cin8 samples. We found that addition of negative charges in the phospho-mimic mutant weakened the MT-motor interaction, increased motor velocity and promoted minus-end-directed motility. These results indicate that phosphorylation in the catalytic domain of Cin8 regulates its motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Shapira
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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37
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The natural diterpene tonantzitlolone A and its synthetic enantiomer inhibit cell proliferation and kinesin-5 function. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 112:164-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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38
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Kinesin-12 motors cooperate to suppress microtubule catastrophes and drive the formation of parallel microtubule bundles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1635-44. [PMID: 26969727 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516370113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Kinesin-12 (hKif15) plays a crucial role in assembly and maintenance of the mitotic spindle. These functions of hKif15 are partially redundant with Kinesin-5 (Eg5), which can cross-link and drive the extensile sliding of antiparallel microtubules. Although both motors are known to be tetramers, the functional properties of hKif15 are less well understood. Here we reveal how single or multiple Kif15 motors can cross-link, transport, and focus the plus-ends of intersecting microtubules. During transport, Kif15 motors step simultaneously along both microtubules with relative microtubule transport driven by a velocity differential between motor domain pairs. Remarkably, this differential is affected by the underlying intersection geometry: the differential is low on parallel and extreme on antiparallel microtubules where one motor domain pair becomes immobile. As a result, when intersecting microtubules are antiparallel, canonical transport of one microtubule along the other is allowed because one motor is firmly attached to one microtubule while it is stepping on the other. When intersecting microtubules are parallel, however, Kif15 motors can drive (biased) parallel sliding because the motor simultaneously steps on both microtubules that it cross-links. These microtubule rearrangements will focus microtubule plus-ends and finally lead to the formation of parallel bundles. At the same time, Kif15 motors cooperate to suppress catastrophe events at polymerizing microtubule plus-ends, raising the possibility that Kif15 motors may synchronize the dynamics of bundles that they have assembled. Thus, Kif15 is adapted to operate on parallel microtubule substrates, a property that clearly distinguishes it from the other tetrameric spindle motor, Eg5.
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39
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Hueschen CL, Long AF, Dumont S. Kinesin-5: A Team Is Just the Sum of Its Parts. Dev Cell 2016; 34:609-10. [PMID: 26418291 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
How the cell builds a spindle remains an open question. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Shimamoto, Forth, and Kapoor (2015) show that kinesin-5 motor ensembles can exert sliding forces that scale with microtubule overlap length. This behavior could allow microtubule architecture-dependent modulation of force and contribute to spindle self-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Hueschen
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexandra F Long
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sophie Dumont
- Department of Cell & Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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40
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Shimamoto Y, Forth S, Kapoor TM. Measuring Pushing and Braking Forces Generated by Ensembles of Kinesin-5 Crosslinking Two Microtubules. Dev Cell 2016; 34:669-81. [PMID: 26418296 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The proper organization of the microtubule-based mitotic spindle is proposed to depend on nanometer-sized motor proteins generating forces that scale with a micron-sized geometric feature, such as microtubule overlap length. However, it is unclear whether such regulation can be achieved by any mitotic motor protein. Here, we employ an optical-trap- and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF)-based assay to show that ensembles of kinesin-5, a conserved mitotic motor protein, can push apart overlapping antiparallel microtubules to generate a force whose magnitude scales with filament overlap length. We also find that kinesin-5 can produce overlap-length-dependent "brake-like" resistance against relative microtubule sliding in both parallel and antiparallel geometries, an activity that has been suggested by cell biological studies but had not been directly measured. Together, these findings, along with numerical simulations, reveal how a motor protein can function as an analog converter, "reading" simple geometric and dynamic features in cytoskeletal networks to produce regulated force outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Shimamoto
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; JST PRESTO, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Scott Forth
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tarun M Kapoor
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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41
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Jakobs M, Franze K, Zemel A. Force Generation by Molecular-Motor-Powered Microtubule Bundles; Implications for Neuronal Polarization and Growth. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:441. [PMID: 26617489 PMCID: PMC4639704 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavily cross-linked microtubule (MT) bundles found in neuronal processes play a central role in the initiation, growth and maturation of axons and dendrites; however, a quantitative understanding of their mechanical function is still lacking. We here developed computer simulations to investigate the dynamics of force generation in 1D bundles of MTs that are cross-linked and powered by molecular motors. The motion of filaments and the forces they exert are investigated as a function of the motor type (unipolar or bipolar), MT density and length, applied load, and motor connectivity. We demonstrate that only unipolar motors (e.g., kinesin-1) can provide the driving force for bundle expansion, while bipolar motors (e.g., kinesin-5) oppose it. The force generation capacity of the bundles is shown to depend sharply on the fraction of unipolar motors due to a percolation transition that must occur in the bundle. Scaling laws between bundle length, force, MT length and motor fraction are presented. In addition, we investigate the dynamics of growth in the presence of a constant influx of MTs. Beyond a short equilibration period, the bundles grow linearly in time. In this growth regime, the bundle extends as one mass forward with most filaments sliding with the growth velocity. The growth velocity is shown to be dictated by the inward flux of MTs, to inversely scale with the load and to be independent of the free velocity of the motors. These findings provide important molecular-level insights into the mechanical function of the MT cytoskeleton in normal axon growth and regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Jakobs
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Bonn Cologne Graduate School of Physics and Astronomy, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Assaf Zemel
- Institute of Dental Sciences and Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem, Israel
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42
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Abstract
Kinesin-5 slides antiparallel microtubules during spindle assembly, and regulates the branching of growing axons. Besides the mechanical activities enabled by its tetrameric configuration, the specific motor properties of kinesin-5 that underlie its cellular function remain unclear. Here by engineering a stable kinesin-5 dimer and reconstituting microtubule dynamics in vitro, we demonstrate that kinesin-5 promotes microtubule polymerization by increasing the growth rate and decreasing the catastrophe frequency. Strikingly, microtubules growing in the presence of kinesin-5 have curved plus ends, suggesting that the motor stabilizes growing protofilaments. Single-molecule fluorescence experiments reveal that kinesin-5 remains bound to the plus ends of static microtubules for 7 s, and tracks growing microtubule plus ends in a manner dependent on its processivity. We propose that kinesin-5 pauses at microtubule plus ends and enhances polymerization by stabilizing longitudinal tubulin-tubulin interactions, and that these activities underlie the ability kinesin-5 to slide and stabilize microtubule bundles in cells.
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43
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Biased Brownian motion as a mechanism to facilitate nanometer-scale exploration of the microtubule plus end by a kinesin-8. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3826-35. [PMID: 26150501 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500272112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-8s are plus-end-directed motors that negatively regulate microtubule (MT) length. Well-characterized members of this subfamily (Kip3, Kif18A) exhibit two important properties: (i) They are "ultraprocessive," a feature enabled by a second MT-binding site that tethers the motors to a MT track, and (ii) they dissociate infrequently from the plus end. Together, these characteristics combined with their plus-end motility cause Kip3 and Kif18A to enrich preferentially at the plus ends of long MTs, promoting MT catastrophes or pausing. Kif18B, an understudied human kinesin-8, also limits MT growth during mitosis. In contrast to Kif18A and Kip3, localization of Kif18B to plus ends relies on binding to the plus-end tracking protein EB1, making the relationship between its potential plus-end-directed motility and plus-end accumulation unclear. Using single-molecule assays, we show that Kif18B is only modestly processive and that the motor switches frequently between directed and diffusive modes of motility. Diffusion is promoted by the tail domain, which also contains a second MT-binding site that decreases the off rate of the motor from the MT lattice. In cells, Kif18B concentrates at the extreme tip of a subset of MTs, superseding EB1. Our data demonstrate that kinesin-8 motors use diverse design principles to target MT plus ends, which likely target them to the plus ends of distinct MT subpopulations in the mitotic spindle.
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44
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Balchand SK, Mann BJ, Titus J, Ross JL, Wadsworth P. TPX2 Inhibits Eg5 by Interactions with Both Motor and Microtubule. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17367-79. [PMID: 26018074 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein, TPX2, regulates the activity of the mitotic kinesin, Eg5, but the mechanism of regulation is not established. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we observed that Eg5, in extracts of mammalian cells expressing Eg5-EGFP, moved processively toward the microtubule plus-end at an average velocity of 14 nm/s. TPX2 bound to microtubules with an apparent dissociation constant of ∼ 200 nm, and microtubule binding was not dependent on the C-terminal tails of tubulin. Using single molecule assays, we found that full-length TPX2 dramatically reduced Eg5 velocity, whereas truncated TPX2, which lacks the domain that is required for the interaction with Eg5, was a less effective inhibitor at the same concentration. To determine the region(s) of Eg5 that is required for interaction with TPX2, we performed microtubule gliding assays. Dimeric, but not monomeric, Eg5 was differentially inhibited by full-length and truncated TPX2, demonstrating that dimerization or residues in the neck region are important for the interaction of TPX2 with Eg5. These results show that both microtubule binding and interaction with Eg5 contribute to motor inhibition by TPX2 and demonstrate the utility of mammalian cell extracts for biophysical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai K Balchand
- the Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Barbara J Mann
- the Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Janel Titus
- the Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- the Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 Physics and
| | - Patricia Wadsworth
- the Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 From the Departments of Biology and
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45
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Düselder A, Fridman V, Thiede C, Wiesbaum A, Goldstein A, Klopfenstein DR, Zaitseva O, Janson ME, Gheber L, Schmidt CF. Deletion of the Tail Domain of the Kinesin-5 Cin8 Affects Its Directionality. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16841-50. [PMID: 25991727 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The bipolar kinesin-5 motors are one of the major players that govern mitotic spindle dynamics. Their bipolar structure enables them to cross-link and slide apart antiparallel microtubules (MTs) emanating from the opposing spindle poles. The budding yeast kinesin-5 Cin8 was shown to switch from fast minus-end- to slow plus-end-directed motility upon binding between antiparallel MTs. This unexpected finding revealed a new dimension of cellular control of transport, the mechanism of which is unknown. Here we have examined the role of the C-terminal tail domain of Cin8 in regulating directionality. We first constructed a stable dimeric Cin8/kinesin-1 chimera (Cin8Kin), consisting of head and neck linker of Cin8 fused to the stalk of kinesin-1. As a single dimeric motor, Cin8Kin switched frequently between plus and minus directionality along single MTs, demonstrating that the Cin8 head domains are inherently bidirectional, but control over directionality was lost. We next examined the activity of a tetrameric Cin8 lacking only the tail domains (Cin8Δtail). In contrast to wild-type Cin8, the motility of single molecules of Cin8Δtail in high ionic strength was slow and bidirectional, with almost no directionality switches. Cin8Δtail showed only a weak ability to cross-link MTs in vitro. In vivo, Cin8Δtail exhibited bias toward the plus-end of the MTs and was unable to support viability of cells as the sole kinesin-5 motor. We conclude that the tail of Cin8 is not necessary for bidirectional processive motion, but is controlling the switch between plus- and minus-end-directed motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Düselder
- From the Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Christina Thiede
- From the Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alice Wiesbaum
- From the Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Dieter R Klopfenstein
- From the Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olga Zaitseva
- the Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E Janson
- the Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Larisa Gheber
- the Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel, and
| | - Christoph F Schmidt
- From the Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, 37077 Göttingen, Germany,
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46
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Yount AL, Zong H, Walczak CE. Regulatory mechanisms that control mitotic kinesins. Exp Cell Res 2015; 334:70-7. [PMID: 25576382 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis, the mitotic spindle is assembled to align chromosomes at the spindle equator in metaphase, and to separate the genetic material equally to daughter cells in anaphase. The spindle itself is a macromolecular machine composed of an array of dynamic microtubules and associated proteins that coordinate the diverse events of mitosis. Among the microtubule associated proteins are a plethora of molecular motor proteins that couple the energy of ATP hydrolysis to force production. These motors, including members of the kinesin superfamily, must function at the right time and in the right place to insure the fidelity of mitosis. Misregulation of mitotic motors in disease states, such as cancer, underlies their potential utility as targets for antitumor drug development and highlights the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms for regulating their function. Here, we focus on recent progress about regulatory mechanisms that control the proper function of mitotic kinesins and highlight new findings that lay the path for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Yount
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Hailing Zong
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Claire E Walczak
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University, Myers Hall 262, 915 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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47
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Thiede C, Fridman V, Gerson-Gurwitz A, Gheber L, Schmidt CF. Regulation of bi-directional movement of single kinesin-5 Cin8 molecules. BIOARCHITECTURE 2014; 2:70-74. [PMID: 22754632 PMCID: PMC3383724 DOI: 10.4161/bioa.20395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin-5 mechanoenzymes drive mitotic spindle dynamics as slow, processive microtubule (MT)-plus-end directed motors. Surprisingly, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-5 Cin8 was recently found to be bi-directional: it can move processively in both directions on MTs. Two hypotheses have been suggested for the mechanism of the directionality switch: (1) single molecules of Cin8 are intrinsically minus-end directed, but mechanical coupling between two or more motors triggers the switch; (2) a single motor can switch direction, and "cargo binding" i.e., binding between two MTs triggers the switch to plus-end motility. Single-molecule fluorescence data we published recently, and augment here, favor hypothesis (2). In low-ionic-strength conditions, single molecules of Cin8 move in both minus- and plus-end directions. Fluorescence photo bleaching data rule out aggregation of Cin8 while they move in the plus and in the minus direction. The evidence thus points toward cargo regulation of directionality, which is likely to be related to cargo regulation in other kinesins. The molecular mechanisms of this regulation, however, remain to be elucidated.
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48
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Laflamme G, Tremblay-Boudreault T, Roy MA, Andersen P, Bonneil É, Atchia K, Thibault P, D'Amours D, Kwok BH. Structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) proteins link microtubule stability to genome integrity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27418-31. [PMID: 25135640 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) proteins are key organizers of chromosome architecture and are essential for genome integrity. They act by binding to chromatin and connecting distinct parts of chromosomes together. Interestingly, their potential role in providing connections between chromatin and the mitotic spindle has not been explored. Here, we show that yeast SMC proteins bind directly to microtubules and can provide a functional link between microtubules and DNA. We mapped the microtubule-binding region of Smc5 and generated a mutant with impaired microtubule binding activity. This mutant is viable in yeast but exhibited a cold-specific conditional lethality associated with mitotic arrest, aberrant spindle structures, and chromosome segregation defects. In an in vitro reconstitution assay, this Smc5 mutant also showed a compromised ability to protect microtubules from cold-induced depolymerization. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that SMC proteins can bind to and stabilize microtubules and that SMC-microtubule interactions are essential to establish a robust system to maintain genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Laflamme
- From the Chemical Biology of Cell Division Laboratory, the Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation and Chromosome Structure, and
| | | | - Marc-André Roy
- the Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation and Chromosome Structure, and
| | | | - Éric Bonneil
- the Laboratory of Proteomics and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and
| | - Kaleem Atchia
- From the Chemical Biology of Cell Division Laboratory
| | - Pierre Thibault
- the Laboratory of Proteomics and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, and the Departments of Chemistry
| | - Damien D'Amours
- the Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation and Chromosome Structure, and Pathology and Cellular Biology, and
| | - Benjamin H Kwok
- From the Chemical Biology of Cell Division Laboratory, Medicine, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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49
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Abstract
Vesicles, organelles and other intracellular cargo are transported by kinesin and dynein motors, which move in opposite directions along microtubules. This bidirectional cargo movement is frequently described as a 'tug of war' between oppositely directed molecular motors attached to the same cargo. However, although many experimental and modelling studies support the tug-of-war paradigm, numerous knockout and inhibition studies in various systems have found that inhibiting one motor leads to diminished motility in both directions, which is a 'paradox of co-dependence' that challenges the paradigm. In an effort to resolve this paradox, three classes of bidirectional transport models--microtubule tethering, mechanical activation and steric disinhibition--are proposed, and a general mathematical modelling framework for bidirectional cargo transport is put forward to guide future experiments.
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50
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Arora K, Talje L, Asenjo AB, Andersen P, Atchia K, Joshi M, Sosa H, Allingham JS, Kwok BH. KIF14 binds tightly to microtubules and adopts a rigor-like conformation. J Mol Biol 2014; 426:2997-3015. [PMID: 24949858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic kinesin motor protein KIF14 is essential for cytokinesis during cell division and has been implicated in cerebral development and a variety of human cancers. Here we show that the mouse KIF14 motor domain binds tightly to microtubules and does not display typical nucleotide-dependent changes in this affinity. It also has robust ATPase activity but very slow motility. A crystal structure of the ADP-bound form of the KIF14 motor domain reveals a dramatically opened ATP-binding pocket, as if ready to exchange its bound ADP for Mg·ATP. In this state, the central β-sheet is twisted ~10° beyond the maximal amount observed in other kinesins. This configuration has only been seen in the nucleotide-free states of myosins-known as the "rigor-like" state. Fitting of this atomic model to electron density maps from cryo-electron microscopy indicates a distinct binding configuration of the motor domain to microtubules. We postulate that these properties of KIF14 are well suited for stabilizing midbody microtubules during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritica Arora
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St., Rm. 652, Kingston, ON K7L 3 N6, Canada
| | - Lama Talje
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Ana B Asenjo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Parker Andersen
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Kaleem Atchia
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Monika Joshi
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St., Rm. 652, Kingston, ON K7L 3 N6, Canada
| | - Hernando Sosa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - John S Allingham
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart St., Rm. 652, Kingston, ON K7L 3 N6, Canada.
| | - Benjamin H Kwok
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3 J7, Canada.
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