1
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Kyriacou E, Heun P. Centromere structure and function: lessons from Drosophila. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad170. [PMID: 37931172 PMCID: PMC10697814 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serves as a powerful model organism for advancing our understanding of biological processes, not just by studying its similarities with other organisms including ourselves but also by investigating its differences to unravel the underlying strategies that evolved to achieve a common goal. This is particularly true for centromeres, specialized genomic regions present on all eukaryotic chromosomes that function as the platform for the assembly of kinetochores. These multiprotein structures play an essential role during cell division by connecting chromosomes to spindle microtubules in mitosis and meiosis to mediate accurate chromosome segregation. Here, we will take a historical perspective on the study of fly centromeres, aiming to highlight not only the important similarities but also the differences identified that contributed to advancing centromere biology. We will discuss the current knowledge on the sequence and chromatin organization of fly centromeres together with advances for identification of centromeric proteins. Then, we will describe both the factors and processes involved in centromere organization and how they work together to provide an epigenetic identity to the centromeric locus. Lastly, we will take an evolutionary point of view of centromeres and briefly discuss current views on centromere drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Kyriacou
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Heun
- Wellcome Centre of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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2
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Fellmeth JE, Jang JK, Persaud M, Sturm H, Changela N, Parikh A, McKim KS. A dynamic population of prophase CENP-C is required for meiotic chromosome segregation. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011066. [PMID: 38019881 PMCID: PMC10721191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The centromere is an epigenetic mark that is a loading site for the kinetochore during meiosis and mitosis. This mark is characterized by the H3 variant CENP-A, known as CID in Drosophila. In Drosophila, CENP-C is critical for maintaining CID at the centromeres and directly recruits outer kinetochore proteins after nuclear envelope break down. These two functions, however, happen at different times in the cell cycle. Furthermore, in Drosophila and many other metazoan oocytes, centromere maintenance and kinetochore assembly are separated by an extended prophase. We have investigated the dynamics of function of CENP-C during the extended meiotic prophase of Drosophila oocytes and found that maintaining high levels of CENP-C for metaphase I requires expression during prophase. In contrast, CID is relatively stable and does not need to be expressed during prophase to remain at high levels in metaphase I of meiosis. Expression of CID during prophase can even be deleterious, causing ectopic localization to non-centromeric chromatin, abnormal meiosis and sterility. CENP-C prophase loading is required for multiple meiotic functions. In early meiotic prophase, CENP-C loading is required for sister centromere cohesion and centromere clustering. In late meiotic prophase, CENP-C loading is required to recruit kinetochore proteins. CENP-C is one of the few proteins identified in which expression during prophase is required for meiotic chromosome segregation. An implication of these results is that the failure to maintain recruitment of CENP-C during the extended prophase in oocytes would result in chromosome segregation errors in oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Fellmeth
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Janet K. Jang
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Manisha Persaud
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hannah Sturm
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Neha Changela
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Aashka Parikh
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kim S. McKim
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
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3
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Fellmeth JE, Jang J, Persaud M, Sturm H, Changela N, Parikh A, McKim KS. A Dynamic population of prophase CENP-C is required for meiotic chromosome segregation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532437. [PMID: 36993339 PMCID: PMC10054979 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The centromere is an epigenetic mark that is a loading site for the kinetochore during meiosis and mitosis. This mark is characterized by the H3 variant CENP-A, known as CID in Drosophila. In Drosophila, CENP-C is critical for maintaining CID at the centromeres and directly recruits outer kinetochore proteins after nuclear envelope break down. It is not known, however, if these two functions require the same CENP-C molecules. Furthermore, in Drosophila and many other metazoan oocytes, centromere maintenance and kinetochore assembly are separated by an extended prophase. Consistent with studies in mammals, CID is relatively stable and does not need to be expressed during prophase to remain at high levels in metaphase I of meiosis. Expression of CID during prophase can even be deleterious, causing ectopic localization to non-centromeric chromatin, abnormal meiosis and sterility. In contrast to CID, maintaining high levels of CENP-C requires expression during prophase. Confirming the importance of this loading, we found CENP-C prophase loading is required for multiple meiotic functions. In early meiotic prophase, CENP-C loading is required for sister centromere cohesion and centromere clustering. In late meiotic prophase, CENP-C loading is required to recruit kinetochore proteins. CENP-C is one of the few proteins identified in which expression during prophase is required for meiotic chromosome segregation. An implication of these results is that the failure to maintain recruitment of CENP-C during the extended prophase in oocytes would result in chromosome segregation errors in oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Fellmeth
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Janet Jang
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Manisha Persaud
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hannah Sturm
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Neha Changela
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Aashka Parikh
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kim S McKim
- Waksman Institute and Department of Genetics, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
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4
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Kitaoka M, Smith OK, Straight AF, Heald R. Molecular conflicts disrupting centromere maintenance contribute to Xenopus hybrid inviability. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3939-3951.e6. [PMID: 35973429 PMCID: PMC9529917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although central to evolution, the causes of hybrid inviability that drive reproductive isolation are poorly understood. Embryonic lethality occurs when the eggs of the frog X. tropicalis are fertilized with either X. laevis or X. borealis sperm. We observed that distinct subsets of paternal chromosomes failed to assemble functional centromeres, causing their mis-segregation during embryonic cell divisions. Core centromere DNA sequence analysis revealed little conservation among the three species, indicating that epigenetic mechanisms that normally operate to maintain centromere integrity are disrupted on specific paternal chromosomes in hybrids. In vitro reactions combining X. tropicalis egg extract with either X. laevis or X. borealis sperm chromosomes revealed that paternally matched or overexpressed centromeric histone CENP-A and its chaperone HJURP could rescue centromere assembly on affected chromosomes in interphase nuclei. However, although the X. laevis chromosomes maintained centromeric CENP-A in metaphase, X. borealis chromosomes did not and also displayed ultra-thin regions containing ribosomal DNA. Both centromere assembly and morphology of X. borealis mitotic chromosomes could be rescued by inhibiting RNA polymerase I or preventing the collapse of stalled DNA replication forks. These results indicate that specific paternal centromeres are inactivated in hybrids due to the disruption of associated chromatin regions that interfere with CENP-A incorporation, at least in some cases due to conflicts between replication and transcription machineries. Thus, our findings highlight the dynamic nature of centromere maintenance and its susceptibility to disruption in vertebrate interspecies hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Kitaoka
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Owen K Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Aaron F Straight
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA
| | - Rebecca Heald
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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5
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Ghosh S, Lehner CF. Incorporation of CENP-A/CID into centromeres during early Drosophila embryogenesis does not require RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription. Chromosoma 2022; 131:1-17. [PMID: 35015118 PMCID: PMC9079035 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-022-00767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In many species, centromere identity is specified epigenetically by special nucleosomes containing a centromere-specific histone H3 variant, designated as CENP-A in humans and CID in Drosophila melanogaster. After partitioning of centromere-specific nucleosomes onto newly replicated sister centromeres, loading of additional CENP-A/CID into centromeric chromatin is required for centromere maintenance in proliferating cells. Analyses with cultured cells have indicated that transcription of centromeric DNA by RNA polymerase II is required for deposition of new CID into centromere chromatin. However, a dependence of centromeric CID loading on transcription is difficult to reconcile with the notion that the initial embryonic stages appear to proceed in the absence of transcription in Drosophila, as also in many other animal species. To address the role of RNA polymerase II–mediated transcription for CID loading in early Drosophila embryos, we have quantified the effects of alpha-amanitin and triptolide on centromeric CID-EGFP levels. Our analyses demonstrate that microinjection of these two potent inhibitors of RNA polymerase II–mediated transcription has at most a marginal effect on centromeric CID deposition during progression through the early embryonic cleavage cycles. Thus, we conclude that at least during early Drosophila embryogenesis, incorporation of CID into centromeres does not depend on RNA polymerase II–mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samadri Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian F Lehner
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Chang CH, Gregory LE, Gordon KE, Meiklejohn CD, Larracuente AM. Unique structure and positive selection promote the rapid divergence of Drosophila Y chromosomes. eLife 2022; 11:e75795. [PMID: 34989337 PMCID: PMC8794474 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Y chromosomes across diverse species convergently evolve a gene-poor, heterochromatic organization enriched for duplicated genes, LTR retrotransposons, and satellite DNA. Sexual antagonism and a loss of recombination play major roles in the degeneration of young Y chromosomes. However, the processes shaping the evolution of mature, already degenerated Y chromosomes are less well-understood. Because Y chromosomes evolve rapidly, comparisons between closely related species are particularly useful. We generated de novo long-read assemblies complemented with cytological validation to reveal Y chromosome organization in three closely related species of the Drosophila simulans complex, which diverged only 250,000 years ago and share >98% sequence identity. We find these Y chromosomes are divergent in their organization and repetitive DNA composition and discover new Y-linked gene families whose evolution is driven by both positive selection and gene conversion. These Y chromosomes are also enriched for large deletions, suggesting that the repair of double-strand breaks on Y chromosomes may be biased toward microhomology-mediated end joining over canonical non-homologous end-joining. We propose that this repair mechanism contributes to the convergent evolution of Y chromosome organization across organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ho Chang
- Department of Biology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Lauren E Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Kathleen E Gordon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincolnUnited States
| | - Colin D Meiklejohn
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincolnUnited States
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7
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Kochendoerfer AM, Modafferi F, Dunleavy EM. Centromere function in asymmetric cell division in Drosophila female and male germline stem cells. Open Biol 2021; 11:210107. [PMID: 34727723 PMCID: PMC8564616 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The centromere is the constricted chromosomal region required for the correct separation of the genetic material at cell division. The kinetochore protein complex assembles at the centromere and captures microtubules emanating from the centrosome to orchestrate chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis. Asymmetric cell division (ACD) is a special type of mitosis that generates two daughter cells with different fates. Epigenetic mechanisms operating at the centromere have been proposed to contribute to ACD. Recent studies have shown that an asymmetric distribution of CENP-A-the centromere-specific histone H3 variant-between sister chromatids can bias chromosome segregation in ACD. In stem cells, this leads to non-random sister chromatid segregation, which can affect cell fate. These findings support the 'silent sister' hypothesis, according to which the mechanisms of ACD are epigenetically regulated through centromeres. Here, we review the recent data implicating centromeres in ACDs and cell fate in Drosophila melanogaster female and male germline stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje M. Kochendoerfer
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Federica Modafferi
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Elaine M. Dunleavy
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
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8
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Dong Q, Yang J, Gao J, Li F. Recent insights into mechanisms preventing ectopic centromere formation. Open Biol 2021; 11:210189. [PMID: 34493071 PMCID: PMC8424319 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The centromere is a specialized chromosomal structure essential for chromosome segregation. Centromere dysfunction leads to chromosome segregation errors and genome instability. In most eukaryotes, centromere identity is specified epigenetically by CENP-A, a centromere-specific histone H3 variant. CENP-A replaces histone H3 in centromeres, and nucleates the assembly of the kinetochore complex. Mislocalization of CENP-A to non-centromeric regions causes ectopic assembly of CENP-A chromatin, which has a devastating impact on chromosome segregation and has been linked to a variety of human cancers. How non-centromeric regions are protected from CENP-A misincorporation in normal cells is largely unexplored. Here, we review the most recent advances on the mechanisms underlying the prevention of ectopic centromere formation, and discuss the implications in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhua Dong
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003-6688, USA
| | - Jinpu Yang
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003-6688, USA
| | - Jinxin Gao
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003-6688, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003-6688, USA
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9
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Carty BL, Dattoli AA, Dunleavy EM. CENP-C functions in centromere assembly, the maintenance of CENP-A asymmetry and epigenetic age in Drosophila germline stem cells. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009247. [PMID: 34014920 PMCID: PMC8136707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline stem cells divide asymmetrically to produce one new daughter stem cell and one daughter cell that will subsequently undergo meiosis and differentiate to generate the mature gamete. The silent sister hypothesis proposes that in asymmetric divisions, the selective inheritance of sister chromatids carrying specific epigenetic marks between stem and daughter cells impacts cell fate. To facilitate this selective inheritance, the hypothesis specifically proposes that the centromeric region of each sister chromatid is distinct. In Drosophila germ line stem cells (GSCs), it has recently been shown that the centromeric histone CENP-A (called CID in flies)—the epigenetic determinant of centromere identity—is asymmetrically distributed between sister chromatids. In these cells, CID deposition occurs in G2 phase such that sister chromatids destined to end up in the stem cell harbour more CENP-A, assemble more kinetochore proteins and capture more spindle microtubules. These results suggest a potential mechanism of ‘mitotic drive’ that might bias chromosome segregation. Here we report that the inner kinetochore protein CENP-C, is required for the assembly of CID in G2 phase in GSCs. Moreover, CENP-C is required to maintain a normal asymmetric distribution of CID between stem and daughter cells. In addition, we find that CID is lost from centromeres in aged GSCs and that a reduction in CENP-C accelerates this loss. Finally, we show that CENP-C depletion in GSCs disrupts the balance of stem and daughter cells in the ovary, shifting GSCs toward a self-renewal tendency. Ultimately, we provide evidence that centromere assembly and maintenance via CENP-C is required to sustain asymmetric divisions in female Drosophila GSCs. Stem cells can divide in an asymmetric fashion giving rise to two daughter cells with different fates. One daughter remains a stem cell, while the other can differentiate and adopt a new cell fate. Germline stem cells in the testes and ovaries give rise to differentiating daughter cells that eventually form the gametes, eggs and sperm. Here we investigate mechanisms controlling germline stem cell divisions occurring in the ovary of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Centromeres are epigenetically specified loci on chromosomes that make essential connections to the cell division machinery. Our study is focused on the centromere component CENP-C. We show that CENP-C is critical for the correct assembly of centromeres that occurs prior to cell division in germline stem cells. In addition, we find that CENP-C is asymmetrically distributed between stem and daughter cells, with more CENP-C at stem cell centromeres. Finally, we show that CENP-C depletion in germline stem cells disrupts the balance of stem and daughter cells in the developing ovary, impacting on cell fate. Taken together, we propose that CENP-C level and function at centromeres plays an important role in determining cell fate upon asymmetric division occurring in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben L. Carty
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Anna A. Dattoli
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Elaine M. Dunleavy
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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10
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de Groot C, Houston J, Davis B, Gerson-Gurwitz A, Monen J, Lara-Gonzalez P, Oegema K, Shiau AK, Desai A. The N-terminal tail of C. elegans CENP-A interacts with KNL-2 and is essential for centromeric chromatin assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:1193-1201. [PMID: 33852350 PMCID: PMC8351560 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-12-0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are epigenetically defined by the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CENP-A. Specialized loading machinery, including the histone chaperone HJURP/Scm3, participates in CENP-A nucleosome assembly. However, Scm3/HJURP is missing from multiple lineages, including nematodes, with CENP-A-dependent centromeres. Here, we show that the extended N-terminal tail of Caenorhabditis elegans CENP-A contains a predicted structured region that is essential for centromeric chromatin assembly; removal of this region prevents CENP-A loading, resulting in failure of kinetochore assembly and defective chromosome condensation. By contrast, the N-tail mutant CENP-A localizes normally in the presence of endogenous CENP-A. The portion of the N-tail containing the predicted structured region binds to KNL-2, a conserved SANTA domain and Myb domain-containing protein (referred to as M18BP1 in vertebrates) specifically involved in CENP-A chromatin assembly. This direct interaction is conserved in the related nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae, despite divergence of the N-tail and KNL-2 primary sequences. Thus, the extended N-tail of CENP-A is essential for CENP-A chromatin assembly in C. elegans and partially substitutes for the function of Scm3/HJURP, in that it mediates a direct interaction between CENP-A and KNL-2. These results highlight an evolutionary variation on centromeric chromatin assembly in the absence of a dedicated CENP-A–specific chaperone/targeting factor of the Scm3/HJURP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian de Groot
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jack Houston
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Bethany Davis
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301
| | - Adina Gerson-Gurwitz
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Joost Monen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093.,School of Theoretical & Applied Science, Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, NJ 07430
| | | | - Karen Oegema
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences and.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Andrew K Shiau
- Small Molecule Discovery Program, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences and
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences and.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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11
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Navarro AP, Cheeseman IM. Kinetochore assembly throughout the cell cycle. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:62-74. [PMID: 33753005 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The kinetochore plays an essential role in facilitating chromosome segregation during cell division. This massive protein complex assembles onto the centromere of chromosomes and enables their attachment to spindle microtubules during mitosis. The kinetochore also functions as a signaling hub to regulate cell cycle progression, and is crucial to ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation. Despite the fact that kinetochores are large and robust molecular assemblies, they are also highly dynamic structures that undergo structural and organizational changes throughout the cell cycle. This review will highlight our current understanding of kinetochore structure and function, focusing on the dynamic processes that underlie kinetochore assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra P Navarro
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Iain M Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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12
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Centromere assembly and non-random sister chromatid segregation in stem cells. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:223-232. [PMID: 32406510 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) produces daughter cells with separate distinct cell fates and is critical for the development and regulation of multicellular organisms. Epigenetic mechanisms are key players in cell fate determination. Centromeres, epigenetically specified loci defined by the presence of the histone H3-variant, centromere protein A (CENP-A), are essential for chromosome segregation at cell division. ACDs in stem cells and in oocyte meiosis have been proposed to be reliant on centromere integrity for the regulation of the non-random segregation of chromosomes. It has recently been shown that CENP-A is asymmetrically distributed between the centromeres of sister chromatids in male and female Drosophila germline stem cells (GSCs), with more CENP-A on sister chromatids to be segregated to the GSC. This imbalance in centromere strength correlates with the temporal and asymmetric assembly of the mitotic spindle and potentially orientates the cell to allow for biased sister chromatid retention in stem cells. In this essay, we discuss the recent evidence for asymmetric sister centromeres in stem cells. Thereafter, we discuss mechanistic avenues to establish this sister centromere asymmetry and how it ultimately might influence cell fate.
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13
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Dattoli AA, Carty BL, Kochendoerfer AM, Morgan C, Walshe AE, Dunleavy EM. Asymmetric assembly of centromeres epigenetically regulates stem cell fate. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133868. [PMID: 32328637 PMCID: PMC7147107 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are epigenetically defined by CENP-A–containing chromatin and are essential for cell division. Previous studies suggest asymmetric inheritance of centromeric proteins upon stem cell division; however, the mechanism and implications of selective chromosome segregation remain unexplored. We show that Drosophila female germline stem cells (GSCs) and neuroblasts assemble centromeres after replication and before segregation. Specifically, CENP-A deposition is promoted by CYCLIN A, while excessive CENP-A deposition is prevented by CYCLIN B, through the HASPIN kinase. Furthermore, chromosomes inherited by GSCs incorporate more CENP-A, making stronger kinetochores that capture more spindle microtubules and bias segregation. Importantly, symmetric incorporation of CENP-A on sister chromatids via HASPIN knockdown or overexpression of CENP-A, either alone or together with its assembly factor CAL1, drives stem cell self-renewal. Finally, continued CENP-A assembly in differentiated cells is nonessential for egg development. Our work shows that centromere assembly epigenetically drives GSC maintenance and occurs before oocyte meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ada Dattoli
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK
| | - Ben L Carty
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK
| | - Antje M Kochendoerfer
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK
| | - Conall Morgan
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK
| | - Annie E Walshe
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK
| | - Elaine M Dunleavy
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, UK
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14
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Willms RJ, Zeng J, Campbell SD. Myt1 Kinase Couples Mitotic Cell Cycle Exit with Differentiation in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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15
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Meiotic CENP-C is a shepherd: bridging the space between the centromere and the kinetochore in time and space. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:251-261. [PMID: 32794572 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
While many of the proteins involved in the mitotic centromere and kinetochore are conserved in meiosis, they often gain a novel function due to the unique needs of homolog segregation during meiosis I (MI). CENP-C is a critical component of the centromere for kinetochore assembly in mitosis. Recent work, however, has highlighted the unique features of meiotic CENP-C. Centromere establishment and stability require CENP-C loading at the centromere for CENP-A function. Pre-meiotic loading of proteins necessary for homolog recombination as well as cohesion also rely on CENP-C, as do the main scaffolding components of the kinetochore. Much of this work relies on new technologies that enable in vivo analysis of meiosis like never before. Here, we strive to highlight the unique role of this highly conserved centromere protein that loads on to centromeres prior to M-phase onset, but continues to perform critical functions through chromosome segregation. CENP-C is not merely a structural link between the centromere and the kinetochore, but also a functional one joining the processes of early prophase homolog synapsis to late metaphase kinetochore assembly and signaling.
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16
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Torras-Llort M, Medina-Giró S, Escudero-Ferruz P, Lipinszki Z, Moreno-Moreno O, Karman Z, Przewloka MR, Azorín F. A fraction of barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF) associates with centromeres and controls mitosis progression. Commun Biol 2020; 3:454. [PMID: 32814801 PMCID: PMC7438335 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Barrier-to-Autointegration Factor (BAF) is a conserved nuclear envelope (NE) component that binds chromatin and helps its anchoring to the NE. Cycles of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation control BAF function. Entering mitosis, phosphorylation releases BAF from chromatin and facilitates NE-disassembly. At mitotic exit, PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation restores chromatin binding and nucleates NE-reassembly. Here, we show that in Drosophila a small fraction of BAF (cenBAF) associates with centromeres. We also find that PP4 phosphatase, which is recruited to centromeres by CENP-C, prevents phosphorylation and release of cenBAF during mitosis. cenBAF is necessary for proper centromere assembly and accurate chromosome segregation, being critical for mitosis progression. Disrupting cenBAF localization prevents PP2A inactivation in mitosis compromising global BAF phosphorylation, which in turn leads to its persistent association with chromatin, delays anaphase onset and causes NE defects. These results suggest that, together with PP4 and CENP-C, cenBAF forms a centromere-based mechanism that controls chromosome segregation and mitosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Torras-Llort
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sònia Medina-Giró
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Escudero-Ferruz
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zoltan Lipinszki
- MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation and Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Olga Moreno-Moreno
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zoltan Karman
- MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation and Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Marcin R Przewloka
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Fernando Azorín
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Palladino J, Chavan A, Sposato A, Mason TD, Mellone BG. Targeted De Novo Centromere Formation in Drosophila Reveals Plasticity and Maintenance Potential of CENP-A Chromatin. Dev Cell 2020; 52:379-394.e7. [PMID: 32049040 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Centromeres are essential for accurate chromosome segregation and are marked by centromere protein A (CENP-A) nucleosomes. Mis-targeted CENP-A chromatin has been shown to seed centromeres at non-centromeric DNA. However, the requirements for such de novo centromere formation and transmission in vivo remain unknown. Here, we employ Drosophila melanogaster and the LacI/lacO system to investigate the ability of targeted de novo centromeres to assemble and be inherited through development. De novo centromeres form efficiently at six distinct genomic locations, which include actively transcribed chromatin and heterochromatin, and cause widespread chromosomal instability. During tethering, de novo centromeres sometimes prevail, causing the loss of the endogenous centromere via DNA breaks and HP1-dependent epigenetic inactivation. Transient induction of de novo centromeres and chromosome healing in early embryogenesis show that, once established, these centromeres can be maintained through development. Our results underpin the ability of CENP-A chromatin to establish and sustain mitotic centromere function in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Palladino
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ankita Chavan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Anthony Sposato
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Timothy D Mason
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Barbara G Mellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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18
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Leo L, Marchetti M, Giunta S, Fanti L. Epigenetics as an Evolutionary Tool for Centromere Flexibility. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070809. [PMID: 32708654 PMCID: PMC7397245 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are the complex structures responsible for the proper segregation of chromosomes during cell division. Structural or functional alterations of the centromere cause aneuploidies and other chromosomal aberrations that can induce cell death with consequences on health and survival of the organism as a whole. Because of their essential function in the cell, centromeres have evolved high flexibility and mechanisms of tolerance to preserve their function following stress, whether it is originating from within or outside the cell. Here, we review the main epigenetic mechanisms of centromeres’ adaptability to preserve their functional stability, with particular reference to neocentromeres and holocentromeres. The centromere position can shift in response to altered chromosome structures, but how and why neocentromeres appear in a given chromosome region are still open questions. Models of neocentromere formation developed during the last few years will be hereby discussed. Moreover, we will discuss the evolutionary significance of diffuse centromeres (holocentromeres) in organisms such as nematodes. Despite the differences in DNA sequences, protein composition and centromere size, all of these diverse centromere structures promote efficient chromosome segregation, balancing genome stability and adaptability, and ensuring faithful genome inheritance at each cellular generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Leo
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.L.); (M.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Marcella Marchetti
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.L.); (M.M.); (S.G.)
| | - Simona Giunta
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.L.); (M.M.); (S.G.)
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Laura Fanti
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.L.); (M.M.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Das A, Black BE, Lampson MA. Maternal inheritance of centromeres through the germline. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 140:35-54. [PMID: 32591081 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The centromere directs chromosome segregation but is not itself genetically encoded. In most species, centromeres are epigenetically defined by the presence of a histone H3 variant CENP-A, independent of the underlying DNA sequence. Therefore, to maintain centromeres and ensure accurate chromosome segregation, CENP-A nucleosomes must be inherited across generations through the germline. In this chapter we discuss three aspects of maternal centromere inheritance. First, we propose mechanisms for maintaining CENP-A nucleosomes through the prolonged prophase arrest in mammalian oocytes. Second, we review mechanisms by which selfish centromeres bias their transmission through female meiosis. Third, we discuss regulation of centromere size through early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunika Das
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ben E Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Michael A Lampson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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20
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Wong CYY, Ling YH, Mak JKH, Zhu J, Yuen KWY. "Lessons from the extremes: Epigenetic and genetic regulation in point monocentromere and holocentromere establishment on artificial chromosomes". Exp Cell Res 2020; 390:111974. [PMID: 32222413 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The formation of de novo centromeres on artificial chromosomes in humans (HACs) and fission yeast (SpYACs) has provided much insights to the epigenetic and genetic control on regional centromere establishment and maintenance. Similarly, the use of artificial chromosomes in point centromeric budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScYACs) and holocentric Caenorhabditis elegans (WACs) has revealed epigenetic regulation in the originally thought purely genetically-determined point centromeres and some centromeric DNA sequence features in holocentromeres, respectively. These relatively extreme and less characterized centromere organizations, on the endogenous chromosomes and artificial chromosomes, will be discussed and compared to the more well-studied regional centromere systems. This review will highlight some of the common epigenetic and genetic features in different centromere architectures, including the presence of the centromeric histone H3 variant, CENP-A or CenH3, centromeric and pericentric transcription, AT-richness and repetitiveness of centromeric DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Yan Yu Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Yick Hin Ling
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Jason Ka Ho Mak
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Karen Wing Yee Yuen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.
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21
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Demirdizen E, Spiller-Becker M, Förtsch A, Wilhelm A, Corless S, Bade D, Bergner A, Hessling B, Erhardt S. Localization of Drosophila CENP-A to non-centromeric sites depends on the NuRD complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:11589-11608. [PMID: 31713634 PMCID: PMC7145711 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromere function requires the presence of the histone H3 variant CENP-A in most eukaryotes. The precise localization and protein amount of CENP-A are crucial for correct chromosome segregation, and misregulation can lead to aneuploidy. To characterize the loading of CENP-A to non-centromeric chromatin, we utilized different truncation- and localization-deficient CENP-A mutant constructs in Drosophila melanogaster cultured cells, and show that the N-terminus of Drosophila melanogaster CENP-A is required for nuclear localization and protein stability, and that CENP-A associated proteins, rather than CENP-A itself, determine its localization. Co-expression of mutant CENP-A with its loading factor CAL1 leads to exclusive centromere loading of CENP-A whereas co-expression with the histone-binding protein RbAp48 leads to exclusive non-centromeric CENP-A incorporation. Mass spectrometry analysis of non-centromeric CENP-A interacting partners identified the RbAp48-containing NuRD chromatin remodeling complex. Further analysis confirmed that NuRD is required for ectopic CENP-A incorporation, and RbAp48 and MTA1-like subunits of NuRD together with the N-terminal tail of CENP-A mediate the interaction. In summary, our data show that Drosophila CENP-A has no intrinsic specificity for centromeric chromatin and utilizes separate loading mechanisms for its incorporation into centromeric and ectopic sites. This suggests that the specific association and availability of CENP-A interacting factors are the major determinants of CENP-A loading specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Demirdizen
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance and CellNetworks - Cluster of Excellence, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Spiller-Becker
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance and CellNetworks - Cluster of Excellence, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arion Förtsch
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance and CellNetworks - Cluster of Excellence, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Wilhelm
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance and CellNetworks - Cluster of Excellence, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Samuel Corless
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance and CellNetworks - Cluster of Excellence, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Debora Bade
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance and CellNetworks - Cluster of Excellence, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Bergner
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance and CellNetworks - Cluster of Excellence, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Hessling
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance and CellNetworks - Cluster of Excellence, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Erhardt
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance and CellNetworks - Cluster of Excellence, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 6221 54 6898; Fax: +49 6221 54 5892;
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22
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Kochanova NY, Schauer T, Mathias GP, Lukacs A, Schmidt A, Flatley A, Schepers A, Thomae AW, Imhof A. A multi-layered structure of the interphase chromocenter revealed by proximity-based biotinylation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:4161-4178. [PMID: 32182352 PMCID: PMC7192626 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During interphase centromeres often coalesce into a small number of chromocenters, which can be visualized as distinct, DAPI dense nuclear domains. Intact chromocenters play a major role in maintaining genome stability as they stabilize the transcriptionally silent state of repetitive DNA while ensuring centromere function. Despite its biological importance, relatively little is known about the molecular composition of the chromocenter or the processes that mediate chromocenter formation and maintenance. To provide a deeper molecular insight into the composition of the chromocenter and to demonstrate the usefulness of proximity-based biotinylation as a tool to investigate those questions, we performed super resolution microscopy and proximity-based biotinylation experiments of three distinct proteins associated with the chromocenter in Drosophila. Our work revealed an intricate internal architecture of the chromocenter suggesting a complex multilayered structure of this intranuclear domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Y Kochanova
- Biomedical Center, Chromatin Proteomics Group, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tamas Schauer
- Biomedical Center, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Grusha Primal Mathias
- Biomedical Center, Core Facility Bioimaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andrea Lukacs
- Biomedical Center, Chromatin Proteomics Group, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Biomedical Center, Protein Analysis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andrew Flatley
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility and Research Group Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Aloys Schepers
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility and Research Group Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas W Thomae
- Biomedical Center, Core Facility Bioimaging, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Axel Imhof
- Biomedical Center, Chromatin Proteomics Group, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Biomedical Center, Protein Analysis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 9, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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23
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Medina‐Pritchard B, Lazou V, Zou J, Byron O, Abad MA, Rappsilber J, Heun P, Jeyaprakash AA. Structural basis for centromere maintenance by Drosophila CENP-A chaperone CAL1. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103234. [PMID: 32134144 PMCID: PMC7110144 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are microtubule attachment sites on chromosomes defined by the enrichment of histone variant CENP-A-containing nucleosomes. To preserve centromere identity, CENP-A must be escorted to centromeres by a CENP-A-specific chaperone for deposition. Despite this essential requirement, many eukaryotes differ in the composition of players involved in centromere maintenance, highlighting the plasticity of this process. In humans, CENP-A recognition and centromere targeting are achieved by HJURP and the Mis18 complex, respectively. Using X-ray crystallography, we here show how Drosophila CAL1, an evolutionarily distinct CENP-A histone chaperone, binds both CENP-A and the centromere receptor CENP-C without the requirement for the Mis18 complex. While an N-terminal CAL1 fragment wraps around CENP-A/H4 through multiple physical contacts, a C-terminal CAL1 fragment directly binds a CENP-C cupin domain dimer. Although divergent at the primary structure level, CAL1 thus binds CENP-A/H4 using evolutionarily conserved and adaptive structural principles. The CAL1 binding site on CENP-C is strategically positioned near the cupin dimerisation interface, restricting binding to just one CAL1 molecule per CENP-C dimer. Overall, by demonstrating how CAL1 binds CENP-A/H4 and CENP-C, we provide key insights into the minimalistic principles underlying centromere maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasiliki Lazou
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Juan Zou
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Olwyn Byron
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Maria A Abad
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Institute of BiotechnologyTechnische Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Patrick Heun
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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24
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Singh PP, Shukla M, White SA, Lafos M, Tong P, Auchynnikava T, Spanos C, Rappsilber J, Pidoux AL, Allshire RC. Hap2-Ino80-facilitated transcription promotes de novo establishment of CENP-A chromatin. Genes Dev 2020; 34:226-238. [PMID: 31919190 PMCID: PMC7000912 DOI: 10.1101/gad.332536.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Centromeres are maintained epigenetically by the presence of CENP-A, an evolutionarily conserved histone H3 variant, which directs kinetochore assembly and hence centromere function. To identify factors that promote assembly of CENP-A chromatin, we affinity-selected solubilized fission yeast CENP-ACnp1 chromatin. All subunits of the Ino80 complex were enriched, including the auxiliary subunit Hap2. Chromatin association of Hap2 is Ies4-dependent. In addition to a role in maintenance of CENP-ACnp1 chromatin integrity at endogenous centromeres, Hap2 is required for de novo assembly of CENP-ACnp1 chromatin on naïve centromere DNA and promotes H3 turnover on centromere regions and other loci prone to CENP-ACnp1 deposition. Prior to CENP-ACnp1 chromatin assembly, Hap2 facilitates transcription from centromere DNA. These analyses suggest that Hap2-Ino80 destabilizes H3 nucleosomes on centromere DNA through transcription-coupled histone H3 turnover, driving the replacement of resident H3 nucleosomes with CENP-ACnp1 nucleosomes. These inherent properties define centromere DNA by directing a program that mediates CENP-ACnp1 assembly on appropriate sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet P. Singh
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Manu Shukla
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon A. White
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Lafos
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Pin Tong
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Tatsiana Auchynnikava
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Spanos
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom;,Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alison L. Pidoux
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Robin C. Allshire
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
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25
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Mitra S, Bodor DL, David AF, Abdul-Zani I, Mata JF, Neumann B, Reither S, Tischer C, Jansen LET. Genetic screening identifies a SUMO protease dynamically maintaining centromeric chromatin. Nat Commun 2020; 11:501. [PMID: 31980633 PMCID: PMC6981222 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14276-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are defined by a self-propagating chromatin structure based on stable inheritance of CENP-A containing nucleosomes. Here, we present a genetic screen coupled to pulse-chase labeling that allow us to identify proteins selectively involved in deposition of nascent CENP-A or in long-term transmission of chromatin-bound CENP-A. These include factors with known roles in DNA replication, repair, chromatin modification, and transcription, revealing a broad set of chromatin regulators that impact on CENP-A dynamics. We further identify the SUMO-protease SENP6 as a key factor, not only controlling CENP-A stability but virtually the entire centromere and kinetochore. Loss of SENP6 results in hyper-SUMOylation of CENP-C and CENP-I but not CENP-A itself. SENP6 activity is required throughout the cell cycle, suggesting that a dynamic SUMO cycle underlies a continuous surveillance of the centromere complex that in turn ensures stable transmission of CENP-A chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreyoshi Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Dani L Bodor
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ana F David
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Izma Abdul-Zani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - João F Mata
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Beate Neumann
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Reither
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Tischer
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars E T Jansen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
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26
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Huang A, Kremser L, Schuler F, Wilflingseder D, Lindner H, Geley S, Lusser A. Phosphorylation of Drosophila CENP-A on serine 20 regulates protein turn-over and centromere-specific loading. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:10754-10770. [PMID: 31535131 PMCID: PMC6847487 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are specialized chromosomal regions epigenetically defined by the presence of the histone H3 variant CENP-A. CENP-A is required for kinetochore formation which is essential for chromosome segregation during mitosis. Spatial restriction of CENP-A to the centromere is tightly controlled. Its overexpression results in ectopic incorporation and the formation of potentially deleterious neocentromeres in yeast, flies and in various human cancers. While the contribution of posttranslational modifications of CENP-A to these processes has been studied in yeast and mammals to some extent, very little is known about Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we show that CENP-A is phosphorylated at serine 20 (S20) by casein kinase II and that in mitotic cells, the phosphorylated form is enriched on chromatin. Importantly, our results reveal that S20 phosphorylation regulates the turn-over of prenucleosomal CENP-A by the SCFPpa-proteasome pathway and that phosphorylation promotes removal of CENP-A from ectopic but not from centromeric sites in chromatin. We provide multiple lines of evidence for a crucial role of S20 phosphorylation in controlling restricted incorporation of CENP-A into centromeric chromatin in flies. Modulation of the phosphorylation state of S20 may provide the cells with a means to fine-tune CENP-A levels in order to prevent deleterious loading to extra-centromeric sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anming Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Schuler
- Institute of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Geley
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Lusser
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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27
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Moreno-Moreno O, Torras-Llort M, Azorin F. The E3-ligases SCFPpa and APC/CCdh1 co-operate to regulate CENP-ACID expression across the cell cycle. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3395-3406. [PMID: 30753559 PMCID: PMC6468245 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromere identity is determined by the specific deposition of CENP-A, a histone H3 variant localizing exclusively at centromeres. Increased CENP-A expression, which is a frequent event in cancer, causes mislocalization, ectopic kinetochore assembly and genomic instability. Proteolysis regulates CENP-A expression and prevents its misincorporation across chromatin. How proteolysis restricts CENP-A localization to centromeres is not well understood. Here we report that, in Drosophila, CENP-ACID expression levels are regulated throughout the cell cycle by the combined action of SCFPpa and APC/CCdh1. We show that SCFPpa regulates CENP-ACID expression in G1 and, importantly, in S-phase preventing its promiscuous incorporation across chromatin during replication. In G1, CENP-ACID expression is also regulated by APC/CCdh1. We also show that Cal1, the specific chaperone that deposits CENP-ACID at centromeres, protects CENP-ACID from SCFPpa-mediated degradation but not from APC/CCdh1-mediated degradation. These results suggest that, whereas SCFPpa targets the fraction of CENP-ACID that is not in complex with Cal1, APC/CCdh1 mediates also degradation of the Cal1-CENP-ACID complex and, thus, likely contributes to the regulation of centromeric CENP-ACID deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Moreno-Moreno
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, IBMB, CSIC. Baldiri Reixac 4. 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine, IRB Barcelona. The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology. Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Torras-Llort
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, IBMB, CSIC. Baldiri Reixac 4. 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine, IRB Barcelona. The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology. Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Azorin
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, IBMB, CSIC. Baldiri Reixac 4. 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine, IRB Barcelona. The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology. Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Roure V, Medina-Pritchard B, Lazou V, Rago L, Anselm E, Venegas D, Jeyaprakash AA, Heun P. Reconstituting Drosophila Centromere Identity in Human Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 29:464-479.e5. [PMID: 31597104 PMCID: PMC6900781 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The centromere is an essential chromosomal region required for accurate chromosome segregation. Most eukaryotic centromeres are defined epigenetically by the histone H3 variant, centromere protein (CENP)-A, yet how its self-propagation is achieved remains poorly understood. Here, we develop a heterologous system to reconstitute epigenetic inheritance of centromeric chromatin by ectopically targeting the Drosophila centromere proteins dCENP-A, dCENP-C, and CAL1 to LacO arrays in human cells. Dissecting the function of these three components uncovers the key role of self-association of dCENP-C and CAL1 for their mutual interaction and dCENP-A deposition. Importantly, we identify CAL1 to be required for dCENP-C loading onto chromatin in cooperation with dCENP-A nucleosomes, thus closing the epigenetic loop to ensure dCENP-C and dCENP-A replenishment during the cell division cycle. Finally, we show that all three factors are sufficient for dCENP-A propagation and propose a model for the epigenetic inheritance of Drosophila centromere identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Roure
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3QR, UK
| | - Bethan Medina-Pritchard
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3QR, UK
| | - Vasiliki Lazou
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3QR, UK
| | - Luciano Rago
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eduard Anselm
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3QR, UK
| | - Daniela Venegas
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3QR, UK
| | - A. Arockia Jeyaprakash
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3QR, UK
| | - Patrick Heun
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3QR, UK.
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29
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Asymmetric Centromeres Differentially Coordinate with Mitotic Machinery to Ensure Biased Sister Chromatid Segregation in Germline Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:666-681.e5. [PMID: 31564548 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many stem cells utilize asymmetric cell division (ACD) to produce a self-renewed stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell. How non-genic information could be inherited differentially to establish distinct cell fates is not well understood. Here, we report a series of spatiotemporally regulated asymmetric components, which ensure biased sister chromatid attachment and segregation during ACD of Drosophila male germline stem cells (GSCs). First, sister centromeres are differentially enriched with proteins involved in centromere specification and kinetochore function. Second, temporally asymmetric microtubule activities and polarized nuclear envelope breakdown allow for the preferential recognition and attachment of microtubules to asymmetric sister kinetochores and sister centromeres. Abolishment of either the asymmetric sister centromeres or the asymmetric microtubule activities results in randomized sister chromatid segregation. Together, these results provide the cellular basis for partitioning epigenetically distinct sister chromatids during stem cell ACDs, which opens new directions to study these mechanisms in other biological contexts.
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30
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Pauleau AL, Bergner A, Kajtez J, Erhardt S. The checkpoint protein Zw10 connects CAL1-dependent CENP-A centromeric loading and mitosis duration in Drosophila cells. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008380. [PMID: 31553715 PMCID: PMC6779278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A defining feature of centromeres is the presence of the histone H3 variant CENP-A that replaces H3 in a subset of centromeric nucleosomes. In Drosophila cultured cells CENP-A deposition at centromeres takes place during the metaphase stage of the cell cycle and strictly depends on the presence of its specific chaperone CAL1. How CENP-A loading is restricted to mitosis is unknown. We found that overexpression of CAL1 is associated with increased CENP-A levels at centromeres and uncouples CENP-A loading from mitosis. Moreover, CENP-A levels inversely correlate with mitosis duration suggesting crosstalk of CENP-A loading with the regulatory machinery of mitosis. Mitosis length is influenced by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), and we found that CAL1 interacts with the SAC protein and RZZ complex component Zw10 and thus constitutes the anchor for the recruitment of RZZ. Therefore, CAL1 controls CENP-A incorporation at centromeres both quantitatively and temporally, connecting it to the SAC to ensure mitotic fidelity. Segregation of DNA during mitosis is a highly regulated process necessary to ensure the faithful transmission of genetic material to new daughter cells. Centromeric chromatin, which is defined by the presence of the histone H3 variant CENP-A, mediates the interaction of chromosomes with the spindle apparatus. In most organisms, CENP-A incorporation into centromeric chromatin is uncoupled from DNA replication and depends on specialized loading mechanisms and chaperones. In Drosophila cells, CENP-A loading takes place during mitosis and is mediated by its loading factor CAL1. We show that CAL1 controls the amount as well as the timing of CENP-A incorporation into centromeric chromatin. Moreover, CENP-A loading inversely correlates with the duration of mitosis. Mitosis length is influenced by the spindle assembly checkpoint, which ensures that all centromeres are attached correctly to the microtubule spindle. We identified the checkpoint protein and RZZ component Zw10 as a new interactor of CAL1. This interaction establishes a connection between CENP-A loading and mitosis control. We hypothesize that this crosstalk between CENP-A loading and spindle assembly checkpoint ensures that mitosis does not proceed until a sufficient amount of CENP-A is incorporated, thereby safeguarding centromere function and chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Pauleau
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks Excellence Cluster, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Bergner
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks Excellence Cluster, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Janko Kajtez
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Erhardt
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks Excellence Cluster, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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31
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Tan HL, Lim KK, Yang Q, Fan JS, Sayed AMM, Low LS, Ren B, Lim TK, Lin Q, Mok YK, Liou YC, Chen ES. Prolyl isomerization of the CENP-A N-terminus regulates centromeric integrity in fission yeast. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:1167-1179. [PMID: 29194511 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Centromeric identity and chromosome segregation are determined by the precise centromeric targeting of CENP-A, the centromere-specific histone H3 variant. The significance of the amino-terminal domain (NTD) of CENP-A in this process remains unclear. Here, we assessed the functional significance of each residue within the NTD of CENP-A from Schizosaccharomyces pombe (SpCENP-A) and identified a proline-rich 'GRANT' (Genomic stability-Regulating site within CENP-A N-Terminus) motif that is important for CENP-A function. Through sequential mutagenesis, we show that GRANT proline residues are essential for coordinating SpCENP-A centromeric targeting. GRANT proline-15 (P15), in particular, undergoes cis-trans isomerization to regulate chromosome segregation fidelity, which appears to be carried out by two FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family prolyl cis-trans isomerases. Using proteomics analysis, we further identified the SpCENP-A-localizing chaperone Sim3 as a SpCENP-A NTD interacting protein that is dependent on GRANT proline residues. Ectopic expression of sim3+ complemented the chromosome segregation defect arising from the loss of these proline residues. Overall, cis-trans proline isomerization is a post-translational modification of the SpCENP-A NTD that confers precise propagation of centromeric integrity in fission yeast, presumably via targeting SpCENP-A to the centromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwei Ling Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Kim Kiat Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Qiaoyun Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Jing-Song Fan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | | | - Liy Sim Low
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Bingbing Ren
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Teck Kwang Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Yu-Keung Mok
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Yih-Cherng Liou
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore
| | - Ee Sin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore
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32
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García Del Arco A, Edgar BA, Erhardt S. In Vivo Analysis of Centromeric Proteins Reveals a Stem Cell-Specific Asymmetry and an Essential Role in Differentiated, Non-proliferating Cells. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1982-1993. [PMID: 29466727 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells of the Drosophila midgut (ISCs) are the only mitotically dividing cells of the epithelium and, therefore, presumably the only epithelial cells that require functional kinetochores for microtubule spindle attachment during mitosis. The histone variant CENP-A marks centromeric chromatin as the site of kinetochore formation and spindle attachment during mitotic chromosome segregation. Here, we show that centromeric proteins distribute asymmetrically during ISC division. Whereas newly synthesized CENP-A is enriched in differentiating progeny, CENP-C is undetectable in these cells. Remarkably, CENP-A persists in ISCs for weeks without being replaced, consistent with it being an epigenetic mark responsible for maintaining stem cell properties. Furthermore, CENP-A and its loading factor CAL1 were found to be essential for post-mitotic, differentiating cells; removal of any of these factors interferes with endoreduplication. Taken together, we propose two additional roles of CENP-A: to maintain stem cell-unique properties and to regulate post-mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana García Del Arco
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, and CellNetworks, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, and CellNetworks, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sylvia Erhardt
- ZMBH, DKFZ-ZMBH-Alliance, and CellNetworks, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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33
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Chang CH, Chavan A, Palladino J, Wei X, Martins NMC, Santinello B, Chen CC, Erceg J, Beliveau BJ, Wu CT, Larracuente AM, Mellone BG. Islands of retroelements are major components of Drosophila centromeres. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000241. [PMID: 31086362 PMCID: PMC6516634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are essential chromosomal regions that mediate kinetochore assembly and spindle attachments during cell division. Despite their functional conservation, centromeres are among the most rapidly evolving genomic regions and can shape karyotype evolution and speciation across taxa. Although significant progress has been made in identifying centromere-associated proteins, the highly repetitive centromeres of metazoans have been refractory to DNA sequencing and assembly, leaving large gaps in our understanding of their functional organization and evolution. Here, we identify the sequence composition and organization of the centromeres of Drosophila melanogaster by combining long-read sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation for the centromeric histone CENP-A, and high-resolution chromatin fiber imaging. Contrary to previous models that heralded satellite repeats as the major functional components, we demonstrate that functional centromeres form on islands of complex DNA sequences enriched in retroelements that are flanked by large arrays of satellite repeats. Each centromere displays distinct size and arrangement of its DNA elements but is similar in composition overall. We discover that a specific retroelement, G2/Jockey-3, is the most highly enriched sequence in CENP-A chromatin and is the only element shared among all centromeres. G2/Jockey-3 is also associated with CENP-A in the sister species D. simulans, revealing an unexpected conservation despite the reported turnover of centromeric satellite DNA. Our work reveals the DNA sequence identity of the active centromeres of a premier model organism and implicates retroelements as conserved features of centromeric DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ho Chang
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester; Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Ankita Chavan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jason Palladino
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Xiaolu Wei
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Nuno M. C. Martins
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bryce Santinello
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Chin-Chi Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jelena Erceg
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Beliveau
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chao-Ting Wu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda M. Larracuente
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester; Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Barbara G. Mellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
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34
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Remnant L, Booth DG, Vargiu G, Spanos C, Kerr ARW, Earnshaw WC. In vitro BioID: mapping the CENP-A microenvironment with high temporal and spatial resolution. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1314-1325. [PMID: 30892990 PMCID: PMC6724601 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-12-0799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The centromere is located at the primary constriction of condensed chromosomes where it acts as a platform regulating chromosome segregation. The histone H3 variant CENP-A is the foundation for kinetochore formation. CENP-A directs the formation of a highly dynamic molecular neighborhood whose temporal characterization during mitosis remains a challenge due to limitations in available techniques. BioID is a method that exploits a “promiscuous” biotin ligase (BirA118R or BirA*) to identify proteins within close proximity to a fusion protein of interest. As originally described, cells expressing BirA* fusions were exposed to high biotin concentrations for 24 h during which the ligase transferred activated biotin (BioAmp) to other proteins within the immediate vicinity. The protein neighborhood could then be characterized by streptavidin-based purification and mass spectrometry. Here we describe a further development to this technique, allowing CENP-A interactors to be characterized within only a few minutes, in an in vitro reaction in lysed cells whose physiological progression is “frozen.” This approach, termed in vitro BioID (ivBioID), has the potential to study the molecular neighborhood of any structural protein whose interactions change either during the cell cycle or in response to other changes in cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Remnant
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology and
| | - Daniel G Booth
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology and.,Centre for Brain Discovery Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Giulia Vargiu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology and
| | - Christos Spanos
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology and
| | - Alastair R W Kerr
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology and
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35
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Smurova K, De Wulf P. Centromere and Pericentromere Transcription: Roles and Regulation … in Sickness and in Health. Front Genet 2018; 9:674. [PMID: 30627137 PMCID: PMC6309819 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomal loci known as centromeres (CEN) mediate the equal distribution of the duplicated genome between both daughter cells. Specifically, centromeres recruit a protein complex named the kinetochore, that bi-orients the replicated chromosome pairs to the mitotic or meiotic spindle structure. The paired chromosomes are then separated, and the individual chromosomes segregate in opposite direction along the regressing spindle into each daughter cell. Erroneous kinetochore assembly or activity produces aneuploid cells that contain an abnormal number of chromosomes. Aneuploidy may incite cell death, developmental defects (including genetic syndromes), and cancer (>90% of all cancer cells are aneuploid). While kinetochores and their activities have been preserved through evolution, the CEN DNA sequences have not. Hence, to be recognized as sites for kinetochore assembly, CEN display conserved structural themes. In addition, CEN nucleosomes enclose a CEN-exclusive variant of histone H3, named CENP-A, and carry distinct epigenetic labels on CENP-A and the other CEN histone proteins. Through the cell cycle, CEN are transcribed into non-coding RNAs. After subsequent processing, they become key components of the CEN chromatin by marking the CEN locus and by stably anchoring the CEN-binding kinetochore proteins. CEN transcription is tightly regulated, of low intensity, and essential for differentiation and development. Under- or overexpression of CEN transcripts, as documented for myriad cancers, provoke chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy. CEN are genetically stable and fully competent only when they are insulated from the surrounding, pericentromeric chromatin, which must be silenced. We will review CEN transcription and its contribution to faithful kinetochore function. We will further discuss how pericentromeric chromatin is silenced by RNA processing and transcriptionally repressive chromatin marks. We will report on the transcriptional misregulation of (peri)centromeres during stress, natural aging, and disease and reflect on whether their transcripts can serve as future diagnostic tools and anti-cancer targets in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Smurova
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Peter De Wulf
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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Zasadzińska E, Huang J, Bailey AO, Guo LY, Lee NS, Srivastava S, Wong KA, French BT, Black BE, Foltz DR. Inheritance of CENP-A Nucleosomes during DNA Replication Requires HJURP. Dev Cell 2018; 47:348-362.e7. [PMID: 30293838 PMCID: PMC6219920 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Centromeric chromatin defines the site of kinetochore formation and ensures faithful chromosome segregation. Centromeric identity is epigenetically specified by the incorporation of CENP-A nucleosomes. DNA replication presents a challenge for inheritance of centromeric identity because nucleosomes are removed to allow for replication fork progression. Despite this challenge, CENP-A nucleosomes are stably retained through S phase. We used BioID to identify proteins transiently associated with CENP-A during DNA replication. We found that during S phase, HJURP transiently associates with centromeres and binds to pre-existing CENP-A, suggesting a distinct role for HJURP in CENP-A retention. We demonstrate that HJURP is required for centromeric nucleosome inheritance during S phase. HJURP co-purifies with the MCM2-7 helicase complex and, together with the MCM2 subunit, binds CENP-A simultaneously. Therefore, pre-existing CENP-A nucleosomes require an S phase function of the HJURP chaperone and interaction with MCM2 to ensure faithful inheritance of centromere identity through DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Zasadzińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jiehuan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Lucie Y Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nancy S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Shashank Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kelvin A Wong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bradley T French
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ben E Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel R Foltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation is a fundamental process in cell biology. During mitosis, chromosomes are segregated into daughter cells through interactions between centromeres and microtubules in the mitotic spindle. Centromere domains have evolved to nucleate formation of the kinetochore, which is essential for establishing connections between chromosomal DNA and microtubules during mitosis. Centromeres are typically formed on highly repetitive DNA that is not conserved in sequence or size among organisms and can differ substantially between individuals within the same organism. However, transcription of repetitive DNA has emerged as a highly conserved property of the centromere. Recent work has shown that both the topological effect of transcription on chromatin and the nascent noncoding RNAs contribute to multiple aspects of centromere function. In this review, we discuss the fundamental aspects of centromere transcription, i.e., its dual role in chromatin remodeling/CENP-A deposition and kinetochore assembly during mitosis, from a cell cycle perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Perea-Resa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael D Blower
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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38
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Srivastava S, Foltz DR. Posttranslational modifications of CENP-A: marks of distinction. Chromosoma 2018; 127:279-290. [PMID: 29569072 PMCID: PMC6082721 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-018-0665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Centromeres are specialized chromosome domain that serve as the site for kinetochore assembly and microtubule attachment during cell division, to ensure proper segregation of chromosomes. In higher eukaryotes, the identity of active centromeres is marked by the presence of CENP-A (centromeric protein-A), a histone H3 variant. CENP-A forms a centromere-specific nucleosome that acts as a foundation for centromere assembly and function. The posttranslational modification (PTM) of histone proteins is a major mechanism regulating the function of chromatin. While a few CENP-A site-specific modifications are shared with histone H3, the majority are specific to CENP-A-containing nucleosomes, indicating that modification of these residues contribute to centromere-specific function. CENP-A undergoes posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, and ubiquitylation. Work from many laboratories have uncovered the importance of these CENP-A modifications in its deposition at centromeres, protein stability, and recruitment of the CCAN (constitutive centromere-associated network). Here, we discuss the PTMs of CENP-A and their biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Daniel R Foltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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39
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Collins CM, Malacrida B, Burke C, Kiely PA, Dunleavy EM. ATP synthase F 1 subunits recruited to centromeres by CENP-A are required for male meiosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2702. [PMID: 30006572 PMCID: PMC6045659 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The histone H3 variant CENP-A epigenetically defines the centromere and is critical for chromosome segregation. Here we report an interaction between CENP-A and subunits of the mitochondrial ATP synthase complex in the germline of male Drosophila. Furthermore, we report that knockdown of CENP-A, as well as subunits ATPsyn-α, -βlike (a testis-specific paralogue of ATPsyn-β) and -γ disrupts sister centromere cohesion in meiotic prophase I. We find that this disruption is likely independent of reduced ATP levels. We identify that ATPsyn-α and -βlike localise to meiotic centromeres and that this localisation is dependent on the presence of CENP-A. We show that ATPsyn-α directly interacts with the N-terminus of CENP-A in vitro and that truncation of its N terminus perturbs sister centromere cohesion in prophase I. We propose that the CENP-A N-terminus recruits ATPsyn-α and -βlike to centromeres to promote sister centromere cohesion in a nuclear function that is independent of oxidative phosphorylation. The histone H3 CENP-A is known to play a role during meiosis but its role in the testes in the fly is unknown. Here, the authors identify the mitochondrial metabolic protein complex ATP synthase F1 as interacting with CENP-A, promoting centromere cohesion during meiosis and affecting fly fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitríona M Collins
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, H91TK33
| | - Beatrice Malacrida
- Graduate Entry Medical School and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Colin Burke
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, H91TK33.,Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Patrick A Kiely
- Graduate Entry Medical School and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Elaine M Dunleavy
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland, H91TK33.
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40
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Caridi CP, D'Agostino C, Ryu T, Zapotoczny G, Delabaere L, Li X, Khodaverdian VY, Amaral N, Lin E, Rau AR, Chiolo I. Nuclear F-actin and myosins drive relocalization of heterochromatic breaks. Nature 2018; 559:54-60. [PMID: 29925946 PMCID: PMC6051730 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterochromatin mainly comprises repeated DNA sequences that are prone to ectopic recombination. In Drosophila cells, 'safe' repair of heterochromatic double-strand breaks by homologous recombination relies on the relocalization of repair sites to the nuclear periphery before strand invasion. The mechanisms responsible for this movement were unknown. Here we show that relocalization occurs by directed motion along nuclear actin filaments assembled at repair sites by the Arp2/3 complex. Relocalization requires nuclear myosins associated with the heterochromatin repair complex Smc5/6 and the myosin activator Unc45, which is recruited to repair sites by Smc5/6. ARP2/3, actin nucleation and myosins also relocalize heterochromatic double-strand breaks in mouse cells. Defects in this pathway result in impaired heterochromatin repair and chromosome rearrangements. These findings identify de novo nuclear actin filaments and myosins as effectors of chromatin dynamics for heterochromatin repair and stability in multicellular eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Caridi
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carla D'Agostino
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Taehyun Ryu
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Grzegorz Zapotoczny
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laetitia Delabaere
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Varandt Y Khodaverdian
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nuno Amaral
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emily Lin
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alesandra R Rau
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Irene Chiolo
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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41
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Concurrent Duplication of Drosophila Cid and Cenp-C Genes Resulted in Accelerated Evolution and Male Germline-Biased Expression of the New Copies. J Mol Evol 2018; 86:353-364. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-018-9851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Bobkov GOM, Gilbert N, Heun P. Centromere transcription allows CENP-A to transit from chromatin association to stable incorporation. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:1957-1972. [PMID: 29626011 PMCID: PMC5987708 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201611087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How transcription contributes to the loading of the centromere histone CENP-A is unclear. Bobkov et al. report that transcription-mediated chromatin remodeling enables the transition of centromeric CENP-A from chromatin association to full nucleosome incorporation. Centromeres are essential for chromosome segregation and are specified epigenetically by the presence of the histone H3 variant CENP-A. In flies and humans, replenishment of the centromeric mark is uncoupled from DNA replication and requires the removal of H3 “placeholder” nucleosomes. Although transcription at centromeres has been previously linked to the loading of new CENP-A, the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we used Drosophila melanogaster tissue culture cells to show that centromeric presence of actively transcribing RNA polymerase II temporally coincides with de novo deposition of dCENP-A. Using a newly developed dCENP-A loading system that is independent of acute transcription, we found that short inhibition of transcription impaired dCENP-A incorporation into chromatin. Interestingly, initial targeting of dCENP-A to centromeres was unaffected, revealing two stability states of newly loaded dCENP-A: a salt-sensitive association with the centromere and a salt-resistant chromatin-incorporated form. This suggests that transcription-mediated chromatin remodeling is required for the transition of dCENP-A to fully incorporated nucleosomes at the centromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg O M Bobkov
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology and Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.,Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nick Gilbert
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Patrick Heun
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology and Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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43
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Das A, Smoak EM, Linares-Saldana R, Lampson MA, Black BE. Centromere inheritance through the germline. Chromosoma 2017; 126:595-604. [PMID: 28791511 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-017-0640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The centromere directs chromosome segregation and genetic inheritance but is not itself heritable in a canonical, DNA-based manner. In most species, centromeres are epigenetically defined by the presence of a histone H3 variant centromere protein A (CENP-A), independent of underlying DNA sequence. Therefore, centromere inheritance depends on maintaining the CENP-A nucleosome mark across generations. Experiments in cycling somatic cells have led to a model in which centromere identity is maintained by a cell cycle-coupled CENP-A chromatin assembly pathway. However, the processes of animal gametogenesis pose unique challenges to centromere inheritance because of the extended cell cycle arrest and the massive genome reorganization in the female and male germline, respectively. Here, we review our current understanding of germline centromere inheritance and highlight outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunika Das
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Evan M Smoak
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ricardo Linares-Saldana
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael A Lampson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Ben E Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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44
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Centromeres are maintained by fastening CENP-A to DNA and directing an arginine anchor-dependent nucleosome transition. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15775. [PMID: 28598437 PMCID: PMC5472775 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining centromere identity relies upon the persistence of the epigenetic mark provided by the histone H3 variant, centromere protein A (CENP-A), but the molecular mechanisms that underlie its remarkable stability remain unclear. Here, we define the contributions of each of the three candidate CENP-A nucleosome-binding domains (two on CENP-C and one on CENP-N) to CENP-A stability using gene replacement and rapid protein degradation. Surprisingly, the most conserved domain, the CENP-C motif, is dispensable. Instead, the stability is conferred by the unfolded central domain of CENP-C and the folded N-terminal domain of CENP-N that becomes rigidified 1,000-fold upon crossbridging CENP-A and its adjacent nucleosomal DNA. Disrupting the ‘arginine anchor' on CENP-C for the nucleosomal acidic patch disrupts the CENP-A nucleosome structural transition and removes CENP-A nucleosomes from centromeres. CENP-A nucleosome retention at centromeres requires a core centromeric nucleosome complex where CENP-C clamps down a stable nucleosome conformation and CENP-N fastens CENP-A to the DNA. Centromere maintenance depends on the persistence of the histone variant CENP-A at the centromeres. Here, the authors characterize the core centromeric nucleosome complex wherein CENP-C confers a stable CENP-A nucleosome conformation and CENP-N fastens CENP-A to the DNA.
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45
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Chen CC, Mellone BG. Chromatin assembly: Journey to the CENter of the chromosome. J Cell Biol 2017; 214:13-24. [PMID: 27377247 PMCID: PMC4932374 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201605005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
All eukaryotic genomes are packaged into basic units of DNA wrapped around histone proteins called nucleosomes. The ability of histones to specify a variety of epigenetic states at defined chromatin domains is essential for cell survival. The most distinctive type of chromatin is found at centromeres, which are marked by the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CENP-A. Many of the factors that regulate CENP-A chromatin have been identified; however, our understanding of the mechanisms of centromeric nucleosome assembly, maintenance, and reorganization remains limited. This review discusses recent insights into these processes and draws parallels between centromeric and noncentromeric chromatin assembly mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chi Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Barbara G Mellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
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46
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Nötzold L, Frank L, Gandhi M, Polycarpou-Schwarz M, Groß M, Gunkel M, Beil N, Erfle H, Harder N, Rohr K, Trendel J, Krijgsveld J, Longerich T, Schirmacher P, Boutros M, Erhardt S, Diederichs S. The long non-coding RNA LINC00152 is essential for cell cycle progression through mitosis in HeLa cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2265. [PMID: 28536419 PMCID: PMC5442156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) research has identified essential roles of these transcripts in virtually all physiological cellular processes including tumorigenesis, but their functions and molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we performed a high-throughput siRNA screen targeting 638 lncRNAs deregulated in cancer entities to analyse their impact on cell division by using time-lapse microscopy. We identified 26 lncRNAs affecting cell morphology and cell cycle including LINC00152. This transcript was ubiquitously expressed in many human cell lines and its RNA levels were significantly upregulated in lung, liver and breast cancer tissues. A comprehensive sequence analysis of LINC00152 revealed a highly similar paralog annotated as MIR4435-2HG and several splice variants of both transcripts. The shortest and most abundant isoform preferentially localized to the cytoplasm. Cells depleted of LINC00152 arrested in prometaphase of mitosis and showed reduced cell viability. In RNA affinity purification (RAP) studies, LINC00152 interacted with a network of proteins that were associated with M phase of the cell cycle. In summary, we provide new insights into the properties and biological function of LINC00152 suggesting that this transcript is crucial for cell cycle progression through mitosis and thus, could act as a non-coding oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nötzold
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and CellNetworks Excellence Cluster, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg University, 69129, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Frank
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Minakshi Gandhi
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Polycarpou-Schwarz
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Groß
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Gunkel
- ViroQuant-CellNetworks RNAi Screening Facility, BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Beil
- ViroQuant-CellNetworks RNAi Screening Facility, BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger Erfle
- ViroQuant-CellNetworks RNAi Screening Facility, BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Harder
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Heidelberg University, BioQuant, IPMB, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Definiens AG, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Rohr
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Heidelberg University, BioQuant, IPMB, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jakob Trendel
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Excellence Cluster CellNetworks, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Excellence Cluster CellNetworks, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Erhardt
- Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and CellNetworks Excellence Cluster, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg University, 69129, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Diederichs
- Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Molecular and Cellular Biology (HBIGS), Heidelberg University, 69129, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Division of Cancer Research, Dept. of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79085, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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47
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Musacchio A, Desai A. A Molecular View of Kinetochore Assembly and Function. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:E5. [PMID: 28125021 PMCID: PMC5371998 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kinetochores are large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles in order to distribute the replicated genome from a mother cell to its daughters. Kinetochores also control feedback mechanisms responsible for the correction of incorrect microtubule attachments, and for the coordination of chromosome attachment with cell cycle progression. Finally, kinetochores contribute to their own preservation, across generations, at the specific chromosomal loci devoted to host them, the centromeres. They achieve this in most species by exploiting an epigenetic, DNA-sequence-independent mechanism; notable exceptions are budding yeasts where a specific sequence is associated with centromere function. In the last 15 years, extensive progress in the elucidation of the composition of the kinetochore and the identification of various physical and functional modules within its substructure has led to a much deeper molecular understanding of kinetochore organization and the origins of its functional output. Here, we provide a broad summary of this progress, focusing primarily on kinetochores of humans and budding yeast, while highlighting work from other models, and present important unresolved questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Straße 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany.
| | - Arshad Desai
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Zasadzińska E, Foltz DR. Orchestrating the Specific Assembly of Centromeric Nucleosomes. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 56:165-192. [PMID: 28840237 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Centromeres are chromosomal loci that are defined epigenetically in most eukaryotes by incorporation of a centromere-specific nucleosome in which the canonical histone H3 variant is replaced by Centromere Protein A (CENP-A). Therefore, the assembly and propagation of centromeric nucleosomes are critical for maintaining centromere identify and ensuring genomic stability. Centromeres direct chromosome segregation (during mitosis and meiosis) by recruiting the constitutive centromere-associated network of proteins throughout the cell cycle that in turn recruits the kinetochore during mitosis. Assembly of centromere-specific nucleosomes in humans requires the dedicated CENP-A chaperone HJURP, and the Mis18 complex to couple the deposition of new CENP-A to the site of the pre-existing centromere, which is essential for maintaining centromere identity. Human CENP-A deposition occurs specifically in early G1, into pre-existing chromatin, and several additional chromatin-associated complexes regulate CENP-A nucleosome deposition and stability. Here we review the current knowledge on how new CENP-A nucleosomes are assembled selectively at the existing centromere in different species and how this process is controlled to ensure stable epigenetic inheritance of the centromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Zasadzińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Daniel R Foltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Liu Y, Petrovic A, Rombaut P, Mosalaganti S, Keller J, Raunser S, Herzog F, Musacchio A. Insights from the reconstitution of the divergent outer kinetochore of Drosophila melanogaster. Open Biol 2016; 6:150236. [PMID: 26911624 PMCID: PMC4772808 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis is crucial for cellular and organismal viability. Kinetochores connect chromosomes with spindle microtubules and are essential for chromosome segregation. These large protein scaffolds emerge from the centromere, a specialized region of the chromosome enriched with the histone H3 variant CENP-A. In most eukaryotes, the kinetochore core consists of the centromere-proximal constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN), which binds CENP-A and contains 16 subunits, and of the centromere-distal Knl1 complex, Mis12 complex, Ndc80 complex (KMN) network, which binds microtubules and contains 10 subunits. In the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, the kinetochore underwent remarkable simplifications. All CCAN subunits, with the exception of centromeric protein C (CENP-C), and two KMN subunits, Dsn1 and Zwint, cannot be identified in this organism. In addition, two paralogues of the KMN subunit Nnf1 (Nnf1a and Nnf1b) are present. Finally, the Spc105R subunit, homologous to human Knl1/CASC5, underwent considerable sequence changes in comparison with other organisms. We combined biochemical reconstitution with biophysical and structural methods to investigate how these changes reflect on the organization of the Drosophila KMN network. We demonstrate that the Nnf1a and Nnf1b paralogues are subunits of distinct complexes, both of which interact directly with Spc105R and with CENP-C, for the latter of which we identify a binding site on the Mis12 subunit. Our studies shed light on the structural and functional organization of a highly divergent kinetochore particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Liu
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arsen Petrovic
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pascaline Rombaut
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Shyamal Mosalaganti
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jenny Keller
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Franz Herzog
- Gene Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Mellone BG. Winged migration. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:3189-3191. [PMID: 27799491 PMCID: PMC5170848 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is an honor to become a part of the talented group of cell biologists who have received this award before me. While running a research group certainly has its ups and downs, I love being a faculty member and am continuously excited by the prospect of scientific discoveries yet to be made. I have benefited from the support of many people over the years and hope to be able to do the same for others through my mentoring and teaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Mellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
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