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Ramayo-Caldas Y, Crespo-Piazuelo D, Morata J, González-Rodríguez O, Sebastià C, Castello A, Dalmau A, Ramos-Onsins S, Alexiou KG, Folch JM, Quintanilla R, Ballester M. Copy Number Variation on ABCC2-DNMBP Loci Affects the Diversity and Composition of the Fecal Microbiota in Pigs. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0527122. [PMID: 37255458 PMCID: PMC10433821 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05271-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in the pig genome partially modulates the composition of porcine gut microbial communities. Previous studies have been focused on the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the gut microbiota, but little is known about the relationship between structural variants and fecal microbial traits. The main goal of this study was to explore the association between porcine genome copy number variants (CNVs) and the diversity and composition of pig fecal microbiota. For this purpose, we used whole-genome sequencing data to undertake a comprehensive identification of CNVs followed by a genome-wide association analysis between the estimated CNV status and the fecal bacterial diversity in a commercial Duroc pig population. A CNV predicted as gain (DUP) partially harboring ABCC2-DNMBP loci was associated with richness (P = 5.41 × 10-5, false discovery rate [FDR] = 0.022) and Shannon α-diversity (P = 1.42 × 10-4, FDR = 0.057). The in silico predicted gain of copies was validated by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and its segregation, and positive association with the richness and Shannon α-diversity of the porcine fecal bacterial ecosystem was confirmed in an unrelated F1 (Duroc × Iberian) cross. Our results advise the relevance of considering the role of host-genome structural variants as potential modulators of microbial ecosystems and suggest the ABCC2-DNMBP CNV as a host-genetic factor for the modulation of the diversity and composition of the fecal microbiota in pigs. IMPORTANCE A better understanding of the environmental and host factors modulating gut microbiomes is a topic of greatest interest. Recent evidence suggests that genetic variation in the pig genome partially controls the composition of porcine gut microbiota. However, since previous studies have been focused on the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms and the fecal microbiota, little is known about the relationship between other sources of genetic variation, like the structural variants and microbial traits. Here, we identified, experimentally validated, and replicated in an independent population a positive link between the gain of copies of ABCC2-DNMBP loci and the diversity and composition of pig fecal microbiota. Our results advise the relevance of considering the role of host-genome structural variants as putative modulators of microbial ecosystems and open the possibility of implementing novel holobiont-based management strategies in breeding programs for the simultaneous improvement of microbial traits and host performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliaxis Ramayo-Caldas
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Daniel Crespo-Piazuelo
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Jordi Morata
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga González-Rodríguez
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Cristina Sebastià
- Plant and Animal Genomics Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology-Autonomous University of Barcelona-UB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Animal and Food Science Department, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Castello
- Plant and Animal Genomics Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology-Autonomous University of Barcelona-UB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Animal and Food Science Department, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antoni Dalmau
- Animal Welfare Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Girona, Spain
| | - Sebastian Ramos-Onsins
- Plant and Animal Genomics Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology-Autonomous University of Barcelona-UB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Konstantinos G. Alexiou
- Plant and Animal Genomics Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology-Autonomous University of Barcelona-UB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josep M. Folch
- Plant and Animal Genomics Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology-Autonomous University of Barcelona-UB, Bellaterra, Spain
- Animal and Food Science Department, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Raquel Quintanilla
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Maria Ballester
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
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Camacho-Gomez D, Sorzabal-Bellido I, Ortiz-de-Solorzano C, Garcia-Aznar JM, Gomez-Benito MJ. A hybrid physics-based and data-driven framework for cellular biological systems: Application to the morphogenesis of organoids. iScience 2023; 26:107164. [PMID: 37485358 PMCID: PMC10359941 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
How cells orchestrate their cellular functions remains a crucial question to unravel how they organize in different patterns. We present a framework based on artificial intelligence to advance the understanding of how cell functions are coordinated spatially and temporally in biological systems. It consists of a hybrid physics-based model that integrates both mechanical interactions and cell functions with a data-driven model that regulates the cellular decision-making process through a deep learning algorithm trained on image data metrics. To illustrate our approach, we used data from 3D cultures of murine pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (PDAC) grown in Matrigel as tumor organoids. Our approach allowed us to find the underlying principles through which cells activate different cell processes to self-organize in different patterns according to the specific microenvironmental conditions. The framework proposed here expands the tools for simulating biological systems at the cellular level, providing a novel perspective to unravel morphogenetic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Camacho-Gomez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ioritz Sorzabal-Bellido
- Solid Tumors and Biomarkers Program, IDISNA, and CIBERONC, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Ortiz-de-Solorzano
- Solid Tumors and Biomarkers Program, IDISNA, and CIBERONC, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Aznar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Gomez-Benito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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3
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Crellin HA, Buckley CE. Using Optogenetics to Investigate the Shared Mechanisms of Apical-Basal Polarity and Mitosis. Cells Tissues Organs 2023; 213:161-180. [PMID: 36599311 DOI: 10.1159/000528796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation of apical-basal (AB) polarity and the process of mitotic cell division are both characterised by the generation of specialised plasma membrane and cortical domains. These are generated using shared mechanisms, such as asymmetric protein accumulation, Rho GTPase signalling, cytoskeletal reorganisation, vesicle trafficking, and asymmetric phosphoinositide distribution. In epithelial tissue, the coordination of AB polarity and mitosis in space and time is important both during initial epithelial development and to maintain tissue integrity and ensure appropriate cell differentiation at later stages. Whilst significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying cell division and AB polarity, it has so far been challenging to fully unpick the complex interrelationship between polarity, signalling, morphogenesis, and cell division. However, the recent emergence of optogenetic protein localisation techniques is now allowing researchers to reversibly control protein activation, localisation, and signalling with high spatiotemporal resolution. This has the potential to revolutionise our understanding of how subcellular processes such as AB polarity are integrated with cell behaviours such as mitosis and how these processes impact whole tissue morphogenesis. So far, these techniques have been used to investigate processes such as cleavage furrow ingression, mitotic spindle positioning, and in vivo epithelial morphogenesis. This review describes some of the key shared mechanisms of cell division and AB polarity establishment, how they are coordinated during development and how the advance of optogenetic techniques is furthering this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena A Crellin
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clare E Buckley
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Listeria monocytogenes-How This Pathogen Uses Its Virulence Mechanisms to Infect the Hosts. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121491. [PMID: 36558825 PMCID: PMC9783847 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is a serious food-borne illness, especially in susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women, and elderlies. The disease can occur in two forms: non-invasive febrile gastroenteritis and severe invasive listeriosis with septicemia, meningoencephalitis, perinatal infections, and abortion. Expression of each symptom depends on various bacterial virulence factors, immunological status of the infected person, and the number of ingested bacteria. Internalins, mainly InlA and InlB, invasins (invasin A, LAP), and other surface adhesion proteins (InlP1, InlP4) are responsible for epithelial cell binding, whereas internalin C (InlC) and actin assembly-inducing protein (ActA) are involved in cell-to-cell bacterial spread. L. monocytogenes is able to disseminate through the blood and invade diverse host organs. In persons with impaired immunity, the elderly, and pregnant women, the pathogen can also cross the blood-brain and placental barriers, which results in the invasion of the central nervous system and fetus infection, respectively. The aim of this comprehensive review is to summarize the current knowledge on the epidemiology of listeriosis and L. monocytogenes virulence mechanisms that are involved in host infection, with a special focus on their molecular and cellular aspects. We believe that all this information is crucial for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes infection.
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Lobert VH, Skardal ML, Malerød L, Simensen JE, Algra HA, Andersen AN, Fleischer T, Enserink HA, Liestøl K, Heath JK, Rusten TE, Stenmark HA. PHLPP1 regulates CFTR activity and lumen expansion through AMPK. Development 2022; 149:276412. [PMID: 35997536 PMCID: PMC9534488 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Complex organ development depends on single lumen formation and its expansion during tubulogenesis. This can be achieved by correct mitotic spindle orientation during cell division, combined with luminal fluid filling that generates hydrostatic pressure. Using a human 3D cell culture model, we have identified two regulators of these processes. We find that pleckstrin homology leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) 2 regulates mitotic spindle orientation, and thereby midbody positioning and maintenance of a single lumen. Silencing the sole PHLPP family phosphatase in Drosophila melanogaster, phlpp, resulted in defective spindle orientation in Drosophila neuroblasts. Importantly, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is the main channel regulating fluid transport in this system, stimulated by phosphorylation by protein kinase A and inhibited by the AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK. During lumen expansion, CFTR remains open through the action of PHLPP1, which stops activated AMPK from inhibiting ion transport through CFTR. In the absence of PHLPP1, the restraint on AMPK activity is lost and this tips the balance in the favour of channel closing, resulting in the lack of lumen expansion and accumulation of mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola H. Lobert
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital 1 Department of Molecular Cell Biology , , Montebello, Oslo 0379 , Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
- University of Oslo 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
| | - Maren L. Skardal
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital 1 Department of Molecular Cell Biology , , Montebello, Oslo 0379 , Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
- University of Oslo 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
| | - Lene Malerød
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital 1 Department of Molecular Cell Biology , , Montebello, Oslo 0379 , Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
- University of Oslo 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
| | - Julia E. Simensen
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital 1 Department of Molecular Cell Biology , , Montebello, Oslo 0379 , Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
- University of Oslo 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
| | - Hermine A. Algra
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital 1 Department of Molecular Cell Biology , , Montebello, Oslo 0379 , Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
- University of Oslo 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
| | - Aram N. Andersen
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital 1 Department of Molecular Cell Biology , , Montebello, Oslo 0379 , Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
- University of Oslo 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
| | - Thomas Fleischer
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital 3 Department of Cancer Genetics , , Montebello, Oslo 0379 , Norway
| | - Hilde A. Enserink
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital 1 Department of Molecular Cell Biology , , Montebello, Oslo 0379 , Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
- University of Oslo 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
| | - Knut Liestøl
- University of Oslo 4 Department of Informatics , , Oslo 0316 , Norway
| | - Joan K. Heath
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research 5 Epigenetics and Development Division , , Parkville, Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Tor Erik Rusten
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital 1 Department of Molecular Cell Biology , , Montebello, Oslo 0379 , Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
- University of Oslo 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
| | - Harald A. Stenmark
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital 1 Department of Molecular Cell Biology , , Montebello, Oslo 0379 , Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
- University of Oslo 2 , Faculty of Medicine , , Oslo 0379 , Norway
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6
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Camacho-Gómez D, García-Aznar JM, Gómez-Benito MJ. A 3D multi-agent-based model for lumen morphogenesis: the role of the biophysical properties of the extracellular matrix. ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS 2022; 38:4135-4149. [PMID: 36397878 PMCID: PMC9653332 DOI: 10.1007/s00366-022-01654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The correct function of many organs depends on proper lumen morphogenesis, which requires the orchestration of both biological and mechanical aspects. However, how these factors coordinate is not yet fully understood. Here, we focus on the development of a mechanistic model for computationally simulating lumen morphogenesis. In particular, we consider the hydrostatic pressure generated by the cells' fluid secretion as the driving force and the density of the extracellular matrix as regulators of the process. For this purpose, we develop a 3D agent-based-model for lumen morphogenesis that includes cells' fluid secretion and the density of the extracellular matrix. Moreover, this computer-based model considers the variation in the biological behavior of cells in response to the mechanical forces that they sense. Then, we study the formation of the lumen under different-mechanical scenarios and conclude that an increase in the matrix density reduces the lumen volume and hinders lumen morphogenesis. Finally, we show that the model successfully predicts normal lumen morphogenesis when the matrix density is physiological and aberrant multilumen formation when the matrix density is excessive. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00366-022-01654-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Camacho-Gómez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Aznar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María José Gómez-Benito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragon Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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7
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Donà F, Eli S, Mapelli M. Insights Into Mechanisms of Oriented Division From Studies in 3D Cellular Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:847801. [PMID: 35356279 PMCID: PMC8959941 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.847801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, epithelial cells are key elements of tissue organization. In developing tissues, cellular proliferation and differentiation are under the tight regulation of morphogenetic programs, that ensure the correct organ formation and functioning. In these processes, mitotic rates and division orientation are crucial in regulating the velocity and the timing of the forming tissue. Division orientation, specified by mitotic spindle placement with respect to epithelial apico-basal polarity, controls not only the partitioning of cellular components but also the positioning of the daughter cells within the tissue, and hence the contacts that daughter cells retain with the surrounding microenvironment. Daughter cells positioning is important to determine signal sensing and fate, and therefore the final function of the developing organ. In this review, we will discuss recent discoveries regarding the mechanistics of planar divisions in mammalian epithelial cells, summarizing technologies and model systems used to study oriented cell divisions in vitro such as three-dimensional cysts of immortalized cells and intestinal organoids. We also highlight how misorientation is corrected in vivo and in vitro, and how it might contribute to the onset of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Donà
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Eli
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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8
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Wang X, Wang W, Wang X, Wang M, Zhu L, Garba F, Fu C, Zieger B, Liu X, Liu X, Yao X. The septin complex links the catenin complex to the actin cytoskeleton for establishing epithelial cell polarity. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:395-408. [PMID: 34143183 PMCID: PMC8436676 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is essential for spatially regulating of physiological processes in metazoans by which hormonal stimulation‒secretion coupling is precisely coupled for tissue homeostasis and organ communications. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying epithelial cell polarity establishment remain elusive. Here, we show that septin cytoskeleton interacts with catenin complex to organize a functional domain to separate apical from basal membranes in polarized epithelial cells. Using polarized epithelial cell monolayer as a model system with transepithelial electrical resistance as functional readout, our studies show that septins are essential for epithelial cell polarization. Our proteomic analyses discovered a novel septin‒catenin complex during epithelial cell polarization. The functional relevance of septin‒catenin complex was then examined in three-dimensional (3D) culture in which suppression of septins resulted in deformation of apical lumen in cysts, a hallmark seen in polarity-deficient 3D cultures and animals. Mechanistically, septin cytoskeleton stabilizes the association of adherens catenin complex with actin cytoskeleton, and depletion or disruption of septin cytoskeleton liberates adherens junction and polarity complexes into the cytoplasm. Together, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for septin cytoskeleton in the polarization of the apical‒basal axis and lumen formation in polarized epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Keck Center for Organoids Plasticity Control, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Wenwen Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei 230027, China.,Keck Center for Organoids Plasticity Control, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Xiwei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Keck Center for Organoids Plasticity Control, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Ming Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Lijuan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Fatima Garba
- Keck Center for Organoids Plasticity Control, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Chuanhai Fu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Barbara Zieger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Keck Center for Organoids Plasticity Control, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Xing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics & Chemical Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Hefei 230027, China
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9
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Michaud A, Swider ZT, Landino J, Leda M, Miller AL, von Dassow G, Goryachev AB, Bement WM. Cortical excitability and cell division. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R553-R559. [PMID: 34033789 PMCID: PMC8358936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As the interface between the cell and its environment, the cell cortex must be able to respond to a variety of external stimuli. This is made possible in part by cortical excitability, a behavior driven by coupled positive and negative feedback loops that generate propagating waves of actin assembly in the cell cortex. Cortical excitability is best known for promoting cell protrusion and allowing the interpretation of and response to chemoattractant gradients in migrating cells. It has recently become apparent, however, that cortical excitability is involved in the response of the cortex to internal signals from the cell-cycle regulatory machinery and the spindle during cell division. Two overlapping functions have been ascribed to cortical excitability in cell division: control of cell division plane placement, and amplification of the activity of the small GTPase Rho at the equatorial cortex during cytokinesis. Here, we propose that cortical excitability explains several important yet poorly understood features of signaling during cell division. We also consider the potential advantages that arise from the use of cortical excitability as a signaling mechanism to regulate cortical dynamics in cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Michaud
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zachary T Swider
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jennifer Landino
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, 5264 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Marcin Leda
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, 2.03 C.H. Waddington Building, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, 5264 Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - George von Dassow
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, University of Oregon, 63466 Boat Basin Road, Charleston, OR 97420, USA
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, University of Edinburgh, 2.03 C.H. Waddington Building, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - William M Bement
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1117 West Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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10
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Fic W, Bastock R, Raimondi F, Los E, Inoue Y, Gallop JL, Russell RB, St Johnston D. RhoGAP19D inhibits Cdc42 laterally to control epithelial cell shape and prevent invasion. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211832. [PMID: 33646271 PMCID: PMC7927664 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202009116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdc42-GTP is required for apical domain formation in epithelial cells, where it recruits and activates the Par-6-aPKC polarity complex, but how the activity of Cdc42 itself is restricted apically is unclear. We used sequence analysis and 3D structural modeling to determine which Drosophila GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) are likely to interact with Cdc42 and identified RhoGAP19D as the only high-probability Cdc42GAP required for polarity in the follicular epithelium. RhoGAP19D is recruited by α-catenin to lateral E-cadherin adhesion complexes, resulting in exclusion of active Cdc42 from the lateral domain. rhogap19d mutants therefore lead to lateral Cdc42 activity, which expands the apical domain through increased Par-6/aPKC activity and stimulates lateral contractility through the myosin light chain kinase, Genghis khan (MRCK). This causes buckling of the epithelium and invasion into the adjacent tissue, a phenotype resembling that of precancerous breast lesions. Thus, RhoGAP19D couples lateral cadherin adhesion to the apical localization of active Cdc42, thereby suppressing epithelial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Fic
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Bastock
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- BioQuant and Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erinn Los
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yoshiko Inoue
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer L. Gallop
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert B. Russell
- BioQuant and Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel St Johnston
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Correspondence to Daniel St Johnston:
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11
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Tuba Activates Cdc42 during Neuronal Polarization Downstream of the Small GTPase Rab8a. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1636-1649. [PMID: 33478991 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0633-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of neuronal polarity is a complex molecular process that depends on changes in cytoskeletal dynamics and directed membrane traffic, regulated by the Rho and Rab families of small GTPases, respectively. However, during axon specification, a molecular link that couples these protein families has yet to be identified. In this paper, we describe a new positive feedback loop between Rab8a and Cdc42, coupled by Tuba, a Cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF), that ensures a single axon generation in rodent hippocampal neurons from embryos of either sex. Accordingly, Rab8a or Tuba gain-of-function generates neurons with supernumerary axons whereas Rab8a or Tuba loss-of-function abrogated axon specification, phenocopying the well-established effect of Cdc42 on neuronal polarity. Although Rab8 and Tuba do not interact physically, the activity of Rab8 is essential to generate a proximal to distal axonal gradient of Tuba in cultured neurons. Tuba-associated and Rab8a-associated polarity defects are also evidenced in vivo, since dominant negative (DN) Rab8a or Tuba knock-down impairs cortical neuronal migration in mice. Our results suggest that Tuba coordinates directed vesicular traffic and cytoskeleton dynamics during neuronal polarization.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The morphologic, biochemical, and functional differences observed between axon and dendrites, require dramatic structural changes. The extension of an axon that is 1 µm in diameter and grows at rates of up to 500 µm/d, demands the confluence of two cellular processes: directed membrane traffic and fine-tuned cytoskeletal dynamics. In this study, we show that both processes are integrated in a positive feedback loop, mediated by the guanine nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) Tuba. Tuba connects the activities of the Rab GTPase Rab8a and the Rho GTPase Cdc42, ensuring the generation of a single axon in cultured hippocampal neurons and controlling the migration of cortical neurons in the developing brain. Finally, we provide compelling evidence that Tuba is the GEF that mediates Cdc42 activation during the development of neuronal polarity.
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12
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Díaz-Díaz C, Baonza G, Martín-Belmonte F. The vertebrate epithelial apical junctional complex: Dynamic interplay between Rho GTPase activity and cell polarization processes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Gubar O, Croisé P, Kropyvko S, Gryaznova T, Tóth P, Blangy A, Vitale N, Rynditch A, Gasman S, Ory S. The atypical Rho GTPase RhoU interacts with intersectin-2 to regulate endosomal recycling pathways. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs234104. [PMID: 32737221 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases play a key role in various membrane trafficking processes. RhoU is an atypical small Rho GTPase related to Rac/Cdc42, which possesses unique N- and C-terminal domains that regulate its function and its subcellular localization. RhoU localizes at the plasma membrane, on endosomes and in cell adhesion structures where it governs cell signaling, differentiation and migration. However, despite its endomembrane localization, RhoU function in vesicular trafficking has been unexplored. Here, we identified intersectins (ITSNs) as new binding partners for RhoU and showed that the second PxxP motif at the N terminus of RhoU mediated interactions with the SH3 domains of ITSNs. To evaluate the function of RhoU and ITSNs in vesicular trafficking, we used fluorescent transferrin as a cargo for uptake experiments. We showed that silencing of either RhoU or ITSN2, but not ITSN1, increased transferrin accumulation in early endosomes, resulting from a defect in fast vesicle recycling. Concomitantly, RhoU and ITSN2 colocalized to a subset of Rab4-positive vesicles, suggesting that a RhoU-ITSN2 interaction may occur on fast recycling endosomes to regulate the fate of vesicular cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gubar
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Pauline Croisé
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sergii Kropyvko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Gryaznova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Petra Tóth
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Blangy
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Vitale
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alla Rynditch
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
| | - Stéphane Gasman
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Ory
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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14
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Bisi S, Marchesi S, Rizvi A, Carra D, Beznoussenko GV, Ferrara I, Deflorian G, Mironov A, Bertalot G, Pisati F, Oldani A, Cattaneo A, Saberamoli G, Pece S, Viale G, Bachi A, Tripodo C, Scita G, Disanza A. IRSp53 controls plasma membrane shape and polarized transport at the nascent lumen in epithelial tubules. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3516. [PMID: 32665580 PMCID: PMC7360740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether the establishment of apical–basal cell polarity during the generation of epithelial lumens requires molecules acting at the plasma membrane/actin interface. Here, we show that the I-BAR-containing IRSp53 protein controls lumen formation and the positioning of the polarity determinants aPKC and podocalyxin. Molecularly, IRSp53 acts by regulating the localization and activity of the small GTPase RAB35, and by interacting with the actin capping protein EPS8. Using correlative light and electron microscopy, we further show that IRSp53 ensures the shape and continuity of the opposing plasma membrane of two daughter cells, leading to the formation of a single apical lumen. Genetic removal of IRSp53 results in abnormal renal tubulogenesis, with altered tubular polarity and architectural organization. Thus, IRSp53 acts as a membrane curvature-sensing platform for the assembly of multi-protein complexes that control the trafficking of apical determinants and the integrity of the luminal plasma membrane. The I-BAR protein IRSp53 senses membrane curvature but its physiological role is unclear. Here, the authors show that during early lumen morphogenesis, IRSp53 controls the shape of the apical plasma membrane and polarized trafficking and ensures the correct epithelial tubular architecture and if deleted, affects renal tubules morphogenesis in various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bisi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Marchesi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Abrar Rizvi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Carra
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Galina V Beznoussenko
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Ines Ferrara
- Department of Health Sciences, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Alexander Mironov
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertalot
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Amanda Oldani
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ghazaleh Saberamoli
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pece
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia 9/1, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Via del Vespro 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia 9/1, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
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15
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Listeria monocytogenes Interferes with Host Cell Mitosis through Its Virulence Factors InlC and ActA. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060411. [PMID: 32575670 PMCID: PMC7354435 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is among the best-characterized intracellular pathogens. Its virulence factors, and the way they interfere with host cells to hijack host functions and promote the establishment and dissemination of the infection, have been the focus of multiple studies over the last 30 years. During cellular infection, L. monocytogenes was shown to induce host DNA damage and delay the host cell cycle to its own benefit. However, whether the cell cycle stage would interfere with the capacity of Listeria to infect human cultured cell lines was never assessed. We found here that L. monocytogenes preferentially infects cultured cells in G2/M phases. Inside G2/M cells, the bacteria lead to an increase in the overall mitosis duration by delaying the mitotic exit. We showed that L. monocytogenes infection causes a sustained activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, which we correlated with the increase in the percentage of misaligned chromosomes detected in infected cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that chromosome misalignment in Listeria-infected cells required the function of two Listeria virulence factors, ActA and InlC. Our findings show the pleiotropic role of Listeria virulence factors and their cooperative action in successfully establishing the cellular infection.
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16
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Abstract
Small GTPases are organizers of a plethora of cellular processes. The time and place of their activation are tightly controlled by the localization and activation of their regulators, guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Remarkably, in some systems, the upstream regulators of GTPases are also found downstream of their activity. Resulting feedback loops can generate complex spatiotemporal dynamics of GTPases with important functional consequences. Here we discuss the concept of positive autoregulation of small GTPases by the GEF-effector feedback modules and survey recent developments in this exciting area of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Goryachev
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Marcin Leda
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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17
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Awadia S, Huq F, Arnold TR, Goicoechea SM, Sun YJ, Hou T, Kreider-Letterman G, Massimi P, Banks L, Fuentes EJ, Miller AL, Garcia-Mata R. SGEF forms a complex with Scribble and Dlg1 and regulates epithelial junctions and contractility. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2699-2725. [PMID: 31248911 PMCID: PMC6683736 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201811114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Scribble polarity complex is implicated in regulation of epithelial junctions and apical polarity. Here, we show that SGEF, a RhoG-specific GEF, forms a ternary complex with Scribble and Dlg1, two members of the Scribble complex. SGEF targets to apical junctions in a Scribble-dependent fashion and functions in the regulation of actomyosin-based contractility and barrier function at tight junctions as well as E-cadherin-mediated formation of adherens junctions. Surprisingly, SGEF does not control the establishment of polarity. However, in 3D cysts, SGEF regulates the formation of a single open lumen. Interestingly, SGEF's nucleotide exchange activity regulates the formation and maintenance of adherens junctions, and in cysts the number of lumens formed, whereas SGEF's scaffolding activity is critical for regulation of actomyosin contractility and lumen opening. We propose that SGEF plays a key role in coordinating junctional assembly and actomyosin contractility by bringing together Scribble and Dlg1 and targeting RhoG activation to cell-cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahezeel Awadia
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
| | - Farah Huq
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Torey R Arnold
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Young Joo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Titus Hou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Paola Massimi
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lawrence Banks
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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18
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Pichaud F, Walther RF, Nunes de Almeida F. Regulation of Cdc42 and its effectors in epithelial morphogenesis. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/10/jcs217869. [PMID: 31113848 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdc42 - a member of the small Rho GTPase family - regulates cell polarity across organisms from yeast to humans. It is an essential regulator of polarized morphogenesis in epithelial cells, through coordination of apical membrane morphogenesis, lumen formation and junction maturation. In parallel, work in yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans has provided important clues as to how this molecular switch can generate and regulate polarity through localized activation or inhibition, and cytoskeleton regulation. Recent studies have revealed how important and complex these regulations can be during epithelial morphogenesis. This complexity is mirrored by the fact that Cdc42 can exert its function through many effector proteins. In epithelial cells, these include atypical PKC (aPKC, also known as PKC-3), the P21-activated kinase (PAK) family, myotonic dystrophy-related Cdc42 binding kinase beta (MRCKβ, also known as CDC42BPB) and neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASp, also known as WASL). Here, we review how the spatial regulation of Cdc42 promotes polarity and polarized morphogenesis of the plasma membrane, with a focus on the epithelial cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Pichaud
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK .,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rhian F Walther
- MRC - Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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19
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Bazzoun D, Adissu HA, Wang L, Urazaev A, Tenvooren I, Fostok SF, Chittiboyina S, Sturgis J, Hodges K, Chandramouly G, Vidi PA, Talhouk RS, Lelièvre SA. Connexin 43 maintains tissue polarity and regulates mitotic spindle orientation in the breast epithelium. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.223313. [PMID: 30992345 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.223313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is essential for tissue homeostasis, but its contribution to disease prevention remains to be understood. We demonstrate the involvement of connexin 43 (Cx43, also known as GJA1) and related gap junction in epithelial homeostasis, illustrated by polarity-mediated cell cycle entry and mitotic spindle orientation (MSO). Cx43 localization is restricted to the apicolateral membrane of phenotypically normal breast luminal epithelial cells in 3D culture and in vivo Chemically induced blockade of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC), as well as the absence of Cx43, disrupt the apicolateral distribution of polarity determinant tight junction marker ZO-1 (also known as TJP1) and lead to random MSO and cell multilayering. Induced expression of Cx43 in cells that normally lack this protein reestablishes polarity and proper MSO in 3D culture. Cx43-directed MSO implicates PI3K-aPKC signaling, and Cx43 co-precipitates with signaling node proteins β-catenin (CTNNB1) and ZO-2 (also known as TJP2) in the polarized epithelium. The distribution of Cx43 is altered by pro-inflammatory breast cancer risk factors such as leptin and high-fat diet, as shown in cell culture and on tissue biopsy sections. The control of polarity-mediated quiescence and MSO may contribute to the tumor-suppressive role of Cx43.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bazzoun
- Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - H A Adissu
- Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - L Wang
- Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - A Urazaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - I Tenvooren
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - S F Fostok
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - S Chittiboyina
- Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J Sturgis
- Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - K Hodges
- Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - G Chandramouly
- Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - P-A Vidi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - R S Talhouk
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - S A Lelièvre
- Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA .,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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20
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Nakajima YI, Lee ZT, McKinney SA, Swanson SK, Florens L, Gibson MC. Junctional tumor suppressors interact with 14-3-3 proteins to control planar spindle alignment. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1824-1838. [PMID: 31088859 PMCID: PMC6548121 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201803116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nakajima et al. reveal a novel mechanism of planar spindle alignment through junctional tumor suppressors Scrib/Dlg and 14-3-3 proteins in the Drosophila wing disc epithelium. Their results suggest that 14-3-3 proteins interact with Scrib/Dlg to control planar spindle orientation and maintain epithelial architecture. Proper orientation of the mitotic spindle is essential for cell fate determination, tissue morphogenesis, and homeostasis. During epithelial proliferation, planar spindle alignment ensures the maintenance of polarized tissue architecture, and aberrant spindle orientation can disrupt epithelial integrity. Nevertheless, in vivo mechanisms that restrict the mitotic spindle to the plane of the epithelium remain poorly understood. Here we show that the junction-localized tumor suppressors Scribbled (Scrib) and Discs large (Dlg) control planar spindle orientation via Mud and 14-3-3 proteins in the Drosophila wing disc epithelium. During mitosis, Scrib is required for the junctional localization of Dlg, and both affect mitotic spindle movements. Using coimmunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we identify 14-3-3 proteins as Dlg-interacting partners and further report that loss of 14-3-3s causes both abnormal spindle orientation and disruption of epithelial architecture as a consequence of basal cell delamination and apoptosis. Combined, these biochemical and genetic analyses indicate that 14-3-3s function together with Scrib, Dlg, and Mud during planar cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ichiro Nakajima
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO .,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Zachary T Lee
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO
| | | | | | | | - Matthew C Gibson
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS
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21
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DeLay BD, Baldwin TA, Miller RK. Dynamin Binding Protein Is Required for Xenopus laevis Kidney Development. Front Physiol 2019; 10:143. [PMID: 30863317 PMCID: PMC6399408 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult human kidney contains over one million nephrons, with each nephron consisting of a tube containing segments that have specialized functions in nutrient and water absorption and waste excretion. The embryonic kidney of Xenopus laevis consists of a single functional nephron composed of regions that are analogous to those found in the human nephron, making it a simple model for the study of nephrogenesis. The exocyst complex, which traffics proteins to the cell membrane in vesicles via CDC42, is essential for normal kidney development. Here, we show that the CDC42-GEF, dynamin binding protein (Dnmbp/Tuba), is essential for nephrogenesis in Xenopus. dnmbp is expressed in Xenopus embryo kidneys during development, and knockdown of Dnmbp using two separate morpholino antisense oligonucleotides results in reduced expression of late pronephric markers, whereas the expression of early markers of nephrogenesis remains unchanged. A greater reduction in expression of markers of differentiated distal and connecting tubules was seen in comparison to proximal tubule markers, indicating that Dnmbp reduction may have a greater impact on distal and connecting tubule differentiation. Additionally, Dnmbp reduction results in glomus and ciliary defects. dnmbp knockout using CRISPR results in a similar reduction of late markers of pronephric tubulogenesis and also results in edema formation in later stage embryos. Overexpression of dnmbp in the kidney also resulted in disrupted pronephric tubules, suggesting that dnmbp levels in the developing kidney are tightly regulated, with either increased or decreased levels leading to developmental defects. Together, these data suggest that Dnmbp is required for nephrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget D. DeLay
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tanya A. Baldwin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rachel K. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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22
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Oncogenic KRas mobility in the membrane and signaling response. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 54:109-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Pei D, Shu X, Gassama-Diagne A, Thiery JP. Mesenchymal–epithelial transition in development and reprogramming. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:44-53. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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24
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Bruurs LJM, van der Net MC, Zwakenberg S, Zwartkruis FJT, Bos JL. A Tuba/Cdc42/Par6A complex is required to ensure singularity in apical domain formation during enterocyte polarization. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207159. [PMID: 30408122 PMCID: PMC6224091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Apico-basal polarity establishment is a seminal process in tissue morphogenesis. To function properly it is often imperative that epithelial cells limit apical membrane formation to a single domain. We previously demonstrated that signaling by the small GTPase Cdc42, together with its guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Tuba, is required to prevent the formation of multiple apical domains in polarized Ls174T:W4 cells, a single cell model for enterocyte polarization. To further chart the molecular signaling mechanisms that safeguard singularity during enterocyte polarization we generated knockout cells for the Cdc42 effector protein Par6A. Par6A loss results in the formation of multiple apical domains, similar to loss of Cdc42. In Par6A knockout cells, we find that active Cdc42 is more mobile at the apical membrane compared to control cells and that wild type Cdc42 is more diffusely localized throughout the cell, indicating that Par6A is required to restrict Cdc42 signaling. Par6A, Cdc42 and its GEF Tuba bind in a co-immunoprecipitation experiment and they partially colocalize at the apical membrane in polarized Ls174T:W4 cells, suggesting the formation of a trimeric complex. Indeed, in a rescue experiment using Par6A mutants, we show that the ability to establish this trimeric complex correlates with the ability to restore singularity in Par6A knockout cells. Together, these experiments therefore indicate that a Tuba/Cdc42/Par6A complex is required to ensure the formation of a single apical domain during enterocyte polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. M. Bruurs
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam C. van der Net
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Zwakenberg
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fried J. T. Zwartkruis
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L. Bos
- Oncode Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Campbell FC, Loughrey MB, McClements J, Deevi RK, Javadi A, Rainey L. Mechanistic Insights into Colorectal Cancer Phenomics from Fundamental and Organotypic Model Studies. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1936-1948. [PMID: 30028958 PMCID: PMC6240511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis and prognostic stratification are based on histopathologic assessment of cell or nuclear pleomorphism, aberrant mitotic figures, altered glandular architecture, and other phenomic abnormalities. This complexity is driven by oncogenic perturbation of tightly coordinated spatiotemporal signaling to disrupt multiple scales of tissue organization. This review clarifies molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying common CRC histologic features and helps understand how the CRC genome controls core aspects of tumor aggressiveness. It further explores a spatiotemporal framework for CRC phenomics based on regulation of living cells in fundamental and organotypic model systems. The review also discusses tissue homeostasis, considers distinct classes of oncogenic perturbations, and evolution of cellular or multicellular cancer phenotypes. It further explores the molecular controls of cribriform, micropapillary, and high-grade CRC morphology in organotypic culture models and assesses relevant translational studies. In addition, the review delves into complexities of morphologic plasticity whereby a single molecular signature generates heterogeneous cancer phenotypes, and, conversely, morphologically homogeneous tumors show substantive molecular diversity. Principles outlined may aid mechanistic interpretation of omics data in a setting of cancer pathology, provide insight into CRC consensus molecular subtypes, and better define principles for CRC prognostic stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick C Campbell
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - Maurice Bernard Loughrey
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom; Northern Ireland Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Jane McClements
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ravi Kiran Deevi
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Arman Javadi
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Rainey
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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26
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Clancy JW, Sheehan CS, Tricarico CJ, D'Souza-Schorey C. Aberrant endocytosis leads to the loss of normal mitotic spindle orientation during epithelial glandular morphogenesis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12095-12104. [PMID: 29903910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells form tissues with many functions, including secretion and environmental separation and protection. Glandular epithelial tissues comprise cysts and tubules that are formed from a polarized, single-epithelial cell layer surrounding a central, fluid-filled lumen. The pathways regulating key processes in epithelial tissue morphogenesis such as mitotic spindle formation are incompletely understood, but are important to investigate, as their dysregulation is a signature of epithelial tumors. Here, we describe a signaling axis that manifests in a defect in mitotic spindle orientation during epithelial growth and cystogenesis. We found that activation of the small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) results in the sustained internalization of cell-surface components such as the cMet receptor and the cell-adhesion molecule E-cadherin. The spindle orientation defect arising from elevated levels of ARF6-GTP required an increase in cMet endocytosis, but was independent of E-cadherin internalization or elevated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity resulting from internalized receptor signaling on endosomes. Misorientation of the mitotic spindle resulted in the development of epithelial cysts with structural abnormalities, the most conspicuous of which was the presence of multiple intercellular lumens. Abnormal mitotic spindle orientation was necessary but insufficient to disrupt glandular development, as blocking the strong prosurvival signal resulting from ERK hyperactivation yielded structurally normal cysts despite continued manifestation of spindle orientation defects. Our findings highlight a previously unknown link between ARF6 activation, cMet receptor internalization, and mitotic spindle orientation during epithelial glandular morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Clancy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Colin S Sheehan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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27
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Tay YD, Leda M, Goryachev AB, Sawin KE. Local and global Cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factors for fission yeast cell polarity are coordinated by microtubules and the Tea1-Tea4-Pom1 axis. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.216580. [PMID: 29930085 PMCID: PMC6080602 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved Rho-family GTPase Cdc42 plays a central role in eukaryotic cell polarity. The rod-shaped fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has two Cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), Scd1 and Gef1, but little is known about how they are coordinated in polarized growth. Although the microtubule cytoskeleton is normally not required for polarity maintenance in fission yeast, we show here that when scd1 function is compromised, disruption of microtubules or the polarity landmark proteins Tea1, Tea4 or Pom1 leads to disruption of polarized growth. Instead, cells adopt an isotropic-like pattern of growth, which we term PORTLI growth. Surprisingly, PORTLI growth is caused by spatially inappropriate activity of Gef1. Although most Cdc42 GEFs are membrane associated, we find that Gef1 is a broadly distributed cytosolic protein rather than a membrane-associated protein at cell tips like Scd1. Microtubules and the Tea1–Tea4–Pom1 axis counteract inappropriate Gef1 activity by regulating the localization of the Cdc42 GTPase-activating protein Rga4. Our results suggest a new model of fission yeast cell polarity regulation, involving coordination of ‘local’ (Scd1) and ‘global’ (Gef1) Cdc42 GEFs via microtubules and microtubule-dependent polarity landmarks. Highlighted Article: Cell polarity in fission yeast is regulated by two different Cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factors, coordinated by the microtubule-dependent landmark system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Dee Tay
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Marcin Leda
- SynthSys - Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, CH Waddington Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- SynthSys - Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, CH Waddington Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Kenneth E Sawin
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Michael Swann Building, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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28
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Jewett CE, Prekeris R. Insane in the apical membrane: Trafficking events mediating apicobasal epithelial polarity during tube morphogenesis. Traffic 2018; 19:10.1111/tra.12579. [PMID: 29766620 PMCID: PMC6239989 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The creation of cellular tubes is one of the most vital developmental processes, resulting in the formation of most organ types. Cells have co-opted a number of different mechanisms for tube morphogenesis that vary among tissues and organisms; however, generation and maintenance of cell polarity is fundamental for successful lumenogenesis. Polarized membrane transport has emerged as a key driver not only for establishing individual epithelial cell polarity, but also for coordination of epithelial polarization during apical lumen formation and tissue morphogenesis. In recent years, much work has been dedicated to identifying membrane trafficking regulators required for lumenogenesis. In this review we will summarize the findings from the past couple of decades in defining the molecular machinery governing lumenogenesis both in 3D tissue culture models and during organ development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cayla E. Jewett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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29
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Aspenström P. BAR Domain Proteins Regulate Rho GTPase Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1111:33-53. [PMID: 30151649 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs (BAR) domain is a membrane lipid binding domain present in a wide variety of proteins, often proteins with a role in Rho-regulated signaling pathways. BAR domains do not only confer binding to lipid bilayers, they also possess a membrane sculpturing ability and thereby directly control the topology of biomembranes. BAR domain-containing proteins participate in a plethora of physiological processes but the common denominator is their capacity to link membrane dynamics to actin dynamics and thereby integrate processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, vesicle trafficking, cell morphogenesis and cell migration. The Rho family of small GTPases constitutes an important bridging theme for many BAR domain-containing proteins. This review article will focus predominantly on the role of BAR proteins as regulators or effectors of Rho GTPases and it will only briefly discuss the structural and biophysical function of the BAR domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Aspenström
- Department of Microbiology, and Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Sakamoto I, Ueyama T, Hayashibe M, Nakamura T, Mohri H, Kiyonari H, Shigyo M, Tohda C, Saito N. Roles of Cdc42 and Rac in Bergmann glia during cerebellar corticogenesis. Exp Neurol 2017; 302:57-67. [PMID: 29253508 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bergmann glia (BG) are important in the inward type of radial migration of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). However, details regarding the functions of Cdc42 and Rac in BG for radial migration of CGN are unknown. To examine the roles of Cdc42 and Rac in BG during cerebellar corticogenesis, mice with a single deletion of Cdc42 or Rac1 and those with double deletions of Cdc42 and Rac1 under control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter: GFAP-Cre;Cdc42flox/flox (Cdc42-KO), GFAP-Cre;Rac1flox/flox (Rac1-KO), and GFAP-Cre; Cdc42flox/flox;Rac1flox/flox (Cdc42/Rac1-DKO) mice, were generated. Both Cdc42-KO and Rac1-KO mice, but more obviously Cdc42-KO mice, had disturbed alignment of BG in the Purkinje cell layer (PCL). We found that Cdc42-KO, but not Rac1-KO, induced impaired radial migration of CGNs in the late phase of radial migration, leading to retention of CGNs in the lower half of the molecular layer (ML). Cdc42-KO, but not Rac1-KO, mice also showed aberrantly aligned Purkinje cells (PCs). These phenotypes were exacerbated in Cdc42/Rac1-DKO mice. Alignment of BG radial fibers in the ML and BG endfeet at the pial surface of the cerebellum evaluated by GFAP staining was disturbed and weak in Cdc42/Rac1-DKO mice, respectively. Our data indicate that Cdc42 and Rac, but predominantly Cdc42, in BG play important roles during the late phase of radial migration of CGNs. We also report here that Cdc42 is involved in gliophilic migration of CGNs, in contrast to Rac, which is more closely connected to regulating neurophilic migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Hayashibe
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mohri
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit and Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Michiko Shigyo
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tohda
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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31
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Bruurs LJM, Zwakenberg S, van der Net MC, Zwartkruis FJ, Bos JL. A Two-Tiered Mechanism Enables Localized Cdc42 Signaling during Enterocyte Polarization. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:e00547-16. [PMID: 28069739 PMCID: PMC5359428 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00547-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by the small GTPase Cdc42 governs a diverse set of cellular processes that contribute to tissue morphogenesis. Since these processes often require highly localized signaling, Cdc42 activity must be clustered in order to prevent ectopic signaling. During cell polarization, apical Cdc42 signaling directs the positioning of the nascent apical membrane. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive Cdc42 clustering during polarity establishment are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that during cell polarization localized Cdc42 signaling is enabled via activity-dependent control of Cdc42 mobility. By performing photoconversion experiments, we show that inactive Cdc42-GDP is 30-fold more mobile than active Cdc42-GTP. This switch in apical mobility originates from a dual mechanism involving RhoGDI-mediated membrane dissociation of Cdc42-GDP and Tuba-mediated immobilization of Cdc42-GTP. Interference with either mechanism affects Cdc42 clustering and as a consequence impairs Cdc42-mediated apical membrane clustering. We therefore identify a molecular network, comprised of Cdc42, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Tuba, and RhoGDI, that enables differential diffusion of inactive and active Cdc42 and is required to establish localized Cdc42 signaling during enterocyte polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J M Bruurs
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Zwakenberg
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam C van der Net
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fried J Zwartkruis
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Bos
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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32
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Chishiki K, Kamakura S, Hayase J, Sumimoto H. Ric-8A, an activator protein of Gαi, controls mammalian epithelial cell polarity for tight junction assembly and cystogenesis. Genes Cells 2017; 22:293-309. [PMID: 28185378 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Correct cyst morphogenesis of epithelial cells requires apical-basal polarization, which is partly regulated by mitotic spindle orientation, a process dependent on the heterotrimeric G protein subunit Gαi and its binding protein LGN. Here, we show that in three-dimensional culture of mammalian epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, the Gαi-activating protein Ric-8A is crucial for orientation of the mitotic spindle and formation of normal cysts that comprise a single layer of polarized cells with their apical surfaces lining an inner lumen. Consistent with the involvement of LGN, cystogenesis can be well organized by ADP-ribosylated Gαi, retaining the ability to interact with LGN, but not by the interaction-defective mutant protein Gαi2 (N150I). In monolayer culture of MDCK cells, functional tight junction (TJ) assembly, a process associated with epithelial cell polarization, is significantly delayed in Ric-8A-depleted cells as well as in Gαi-depleted cells in a mitosis-independent manner. Ric-8A knockdown results in a delayed cortical delivery of Gαi and the apical membrane protein gp135, and an increased formation of intercellular lumens surrounded by membranes rich in Gαi3 and gp135. TJ development also involves LGN and its related protein AGS3. Thus, Ric-8A regulates mammalian epithelial cell polarity for TJ assembly and cystogenesis probably in concert with Gαi and LGN/AGS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Chishiki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kamakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junya Hayase
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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33
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Lu R, Wilson JM. Rab14 specifies the apical membrane through Arf6-mediated regulation of lipid domains and Cdc42. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38249. [PMID: 27901125 PMCID: PMC5128791 DOI: 10.1038/srep38249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of cell polarity is essential for the development of multi-cellular organisms as well as for the function of epithelial organs in the mature animal. Small GTPases regulate the establishment and maintenance of polarity through effects on cytoskeleton, membrane trafficking, and signaling. Using short-term 3-dimensional culture of MDCK cells, we find that the small GTPase Rab14 is required for apical membrane specification. Rab14 knockdown results in disruption of polarized lipid domains and failure of the Par/aPKC/Cdc42 polarity complex to localize to the apical membrane. These effects are mediated through tight control of lipid localization, as overexpression of the phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase α [PtdIns(4)P5K] activator Arf6 or PtdIns(4)P5K alone, or treatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdInsI3K) inhibitor wortmannin, rescued the multiple-apical domain phenotype observed after Rab14 knockdown. Rab14 also co-immunoprecipitates and colocalizes with the small GTPase Cdc42, and Rab14 knockdown results in increased Cdc42 activity. Furthermore, Rab14 regulates trafficking of vesicles to the apical domain, mitotic spindle orientation, and midbody position, consistent with Rab14’s reported localization to the midbody as well as its effects upon Cdc42. These results position Rab14 at the top of a molecular cascade that regulates the establishment of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Lu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jean M Wilson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Odenwald MA, Choi W, Buckley A, Shashikanth N, Joseph NE, Wang Y, Warren MH, Buschmann MM, Pavlyuk R, Hildebrand J, Margolis B, Fanning AS, Turner JR. ZO-1 interactions with F-actin and occludin direct epithelial polarization and single lumen specification in 3D culture. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:243-259. [PMID: 27802160 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia within tubular organs form and expand lumens. Failure of these processes can result in serious developmental anomalies. Although tight junction assembly is crucial to epithelial polarization, the contribution of specific tight junction proteins to lumenogenesis is undefined. Here, we show that ZO-1 (also known as TJP1) is necessary for the formation of single lumens. Epithelia lacking this tight junction scaffolding protein form cysts with multiple lumens and are defective in the earliest phases of polarization, both in two and three dimensions. Expression of ZO-1 domain-deletion mutants demonstrated that the actin-binding region and U5-GuK domain are crucial to single lumen development. For actin-binding region, but not U5-GuK domain, mutants, this could be overcome by strong polarization cues from the extracellular matrix. Analysis of the U5-GuK binding partners shroom2, α-catenin and occludin showed that only occludin deletion led to multi-lumen cysts. Like ZO-1-deficiency, occludin deletion led to mitotic spindle orientation defects. Single lumen formation required the occludin OCEL domain, which binds to ZO-1. We conclude that ZO-1-occludin interactions regulate multiple phases of epithelial polarization by providing cell-intrinsic signals that are required for single lumen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wangsun Choi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron Buckley
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nitesh Shashikanth
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nora E Joseph
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Yitang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael H Warren
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mary M Buschmann
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Roman Pavlyuk
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hildebrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ben Margolis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alan S Fanning
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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35
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Deevi RK, McClements J, McCloskey KD, Fatehullah A, Tkocz D, Javadi A, Higginson R, Durban VM, Jansen M, Clarke A, Loughrey MB, Campbell FC. Vitamin D3 suppresses morphological evolution of the cribriform cancerous phenotype. Oncotarget 2016; 7:49042-49064. [PMID: 27119498 PMCID: PMC5226489 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of cribriform morphology (CM) heralds malignant change in human colon but lack of mechanistic understanding hampers preventive therapy. This study investigated CM pathobiology in three-dimensional (3D) Caco-2 culture models of colorectal glandular architecture, assessed translational relevance and tested effects of 1,25(OH)2D3,theactive form of vitamin D. CM evolution was driven by oncogenic perturbation of the apical polarity (AP) complex comprising PTEN, CDC42 and PRKCZ (phosphatase and tensin homolog, cell division cycle 42 and protein kinase C zeta). Suppression of AP genes initiated a spatiotemporal cascade of mitotic spindle misorientation, apical membrane misalignment and aberrant epithelial configuration. Collectively, these events promoted "Swiss cheese-like" cribriform morphology (CM) comprising multiple abnormal "back to back" lumens surrounded by atypical stratified epithelium, in 3D colorectal gland models. Intestinal cancer driven purely by PTEN-deficiency in transgenic mice developed CM and in human CRC, CM associated with PTEN and PRKCZ readouts. Treatment of PTEN-deficient 3D cultures with 1,25(OH)2D3 upregulated PTEN, rapidly activated CDC42 and PRKCZ, corrected mitotic spindle alignment and suppressed CM development. Conversely, mutationally-activated KRAS blocked1,25(OH)2D3 rescue of glandular architecture. We conclude that 1,25(OH)2D3 upregulates AP signalling to reverse CM in a KRAS wild type (wt), clinically predictive CRC model system. Vitamin D could be developed as therapy to suppress inception or progression of a subset of colorectal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K. Deevi
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Jane McClements
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Karen D. McCloskey
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Aliya Fatehullah
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Dorota Tkocz
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Arman Javadi
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Robyn Higginson
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Marnix Jansen
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, London, UK
| | - Alan Clarke
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Maurice B. Loughrey
- Northern Ireland Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast and Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Frederick C. Campbell
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
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36
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Balda MS, Matter K. Tight junctions as regulators of tissue remodelling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 42:94-101. [PMID: 27236618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Formation of tissue barriers by epithelial and endothelial cells requires neighbouring cells to interact via intercellular junctions, which includes tight junctions. Tight junctions form a semipermeable paracellular diffusion barrier and act as signalling hubs that guide cell behaviour and differentiation. Components of tight junctions are also expressed in cell types not forming tight junctions, such as cardiomyocytes, where they associate with facia adherens and/or gap junctions. This review will focus on tight junction proteins and their importance in tissue homeostasis and remodelling with a particular emphasis on what we have learned from animal models and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Balda
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Karl Matter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Tuncay H, Ebnet K. Cell adhesion molecule control of planar spindle orientation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1195-207. [PMID: 26698907 PMCID: PMC11108431 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polarized epithelial cells align the mitotic spindle in the plane of the sheet to maintain tissue integrity and to prevent malignant transformation. The orientation of the spindle apparatus is regulated by the immobilization of the astral microtubules at the lateral cortex and depends on the precise localization of the dynein-dynactin motor protein complex which captures microtubule plus ends and generates pulling forces towards the centrosomes. Recent developments indicate that signals derived from intercellular junctions are required for the stable interaction of the dynein-dynactin complex with the cortex. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate planar spindle orientation in polarized epithelial cells and we illustrate how different cell adhesion molecules through distinct and non-overlapping mechanisms instruct the cells to align the mitotic spindle in the plane of the sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Tuncay
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, 48419, Muenster, Germany.
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38
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Baek JI, Kwon SH, Zuo X, Choi SY, Kim SH, Lipschutz JH. Dynamin Binding Protein (Tuba) Deficiency Inhibits Ciliogenesis and Nephrogenesis in Vitro and in Vivo. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8632-43. [PMID: 26895965 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.688663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of renal primary cilia leads to polycystic kidney disease. We previously showed that the exocyst, a protein trafficking complex, is essential for ciliogenesis and regulated by multiple Rho and Rab family GTPases, such as Cdc42. Cdc42 deficiency resulted in a disruption of renal ciliogenesis and a polycystic kidney disease phenotype in zebrafish and mice. Here we investigate the role of Dynamin binding protein (also known as Tuba), a Cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, in ciliogenesis and nephrogenesis using Tuba knockdown Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and tuba knockdown in zebrafish. Tuba depletion resulted in an absence of cilia, with impaired apical polarization and inhibition of hepatocyte growth factor-induced tubulogenesis in Tuba knockdown Madin-Darby canine kidney cell cysts cultured in a collagen gel. In zebrafish, tuba was expressed in multiple ciliated organs, and, accordingly, tuba start and splice site morphants showed various ciliary mutant phenotypes in these organs. Co-injection of tuba and cdc42 morpholinos at low doses, which alone had no effect, resulted in genetic synergy and led to abnormal kidney development with highly disorganized pronephric duct cilia. Morpholinos targeting two other guanine nucleotide exchange factors not known to be in the Cdc42/ciliogenesis pathway and a scrambled control morpholino showed no phenotypic effect. Given the molecular nature of Cdc42 and Tuba, our data strongly suggest that tuba and cdc42 act in the same ciliogenesis pathway. Our study demonstrates that Tuba deficiency causes an abnormal renal ciliary and morphogenetic phenotype. Tuba most likely plays a critical role in ciliogenesis and nephrogenesis by regulating Cdc42 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-In Baek
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Sang-Ho Kwon
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Xiaofeng Zuo
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Soo Young Choi
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - Joshua H Lipschutz
- From the Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and the Department of Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29401
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39
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Worzfeld T, Schwaninger M. Apicobasal polarity of brain endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:340-62. [PMID: 26661193 PMCID: PMC4759676 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15608644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Normal brain homeostasis depends on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier that controls the access of nutrients, humoral factors, and immune cells to the CNS. The blood-brain barrier is composed mainly of brain endothelial cells. Forming the interface between two compartments, they are highly polarized. Apical/luminal and basolateral/abluminal membranes differ in their lipid and (glyco-)protein composition, allowing brain endothelial cells to secrete or transport soluble factors in a polarized manner and to maintain blood flow. Here, we summarize the basic concepts of apicobasal cell polarity in brain endothelial cells. To address potential molecular mechanisms underlying apicobasal polarity in brain endothelial cells, we draw on investigations in epithelial cells and discuss how polarity may go awry in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Worzfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research, DZHK, Lübeck, Germany
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40
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Tien SC, Lee HH, Yang YC, Lin MH, Chen YJ, Chang ZF. The Shp2-induced epithelial disorganization defect is reversed by HDAC6 inhibition independent of Cdc42. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10420. [PMID: 26783207 PMCID: PMC4735695 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of Shp2, a tyrosine phosphatase, critically influences the development of various diseases. Its role in epithelial lumenogenesis is not clear. Here we show that oncogenic Shp2 dephosphorylates Tuba to decrease Cdc42 activation, leading to the abnormal multi-lumen formation of epithelial cells. HDAC6 suppression reverses oncogenic Shp2-induced multiple apical domains and spindle mis-orientation during division in cysts to acquire normal lumenogenesis. Intriguingly, Cdc42 activity is not restored in this rescued process. We present evidence that simultaneous reduction in myosin II and ERK1/2 activity by HDAC6 inhibition is responsible for the reversion. In HER2-positive breast cancer cells, Shp2 also mediates Cdc42 repression, and HDAC6 inhibition or co-suppression of ERK/myosin II promotes normal epithelial lumen phenotype without increasing Cdc42 activity. Our data suggest a mechanism of epithelial disorganization by Shp2 deregulation, and reveal the cellular context where HDAC6 suppression is capable of establishing normal epithelial lumenogenesis independent of Cdc42. Cdc42 activity is important for apical-basal epithelial polarity. Here, the authors show that Shp2 disrupts Cdc42 activation, and by reducing the expression of histone deactylase 6, restores epithelial lumen formation in a cdc42-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui-Chih Tien
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street,Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hui Lee
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street,Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chi Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street,Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Hsia Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Zee-Fen Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street,Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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41
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Kim M, M Shewan A, Ewald AJ, Werb Z, Mostov KE. p114RhoGEF governs cell motility and lumen formation during tubulogenesis through a ROCK-myosin-II pathway. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4317-27. [PMID: 26483385 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.172361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulogenesis is fundamental to the development of many epithelial organs. Although lumen formation in cysts has received considerable attention, less is known about lumenogenesis in tubes. Here, we utilized tubulogenesis induced by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in MDCK cells, which form tubes enclosing a single lumen. We report the mechanism that controls tubular lumenogenesis and limits each tube to a single lumen. Knockdown of p114RhoGEF (also known as ARHGEF18), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RhoA, did not perturb the early stages of tubulogenesis induced by HGF. However, this knockdown impaired later stages of tubulogenesis, resulting in multiple lumens in a tube. Inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK) or myosin IIA, which are downstream of RhoA, led to formation of multiple lumens. We studied lumen formation by live-cell imaging, which revealed that inhibition of this pathway blocked cell movement, suggesting that cell movement is necessary for consolidating multiple lumens into a single lumen. Lumen formation in tubules is mechanistically quite different from lumenogenesis in cysts. Thus, we demonstrate a new pathway that regulates directed cell migration and formation of a single lumen during epithelial tube morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Annette M Shewan
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J Ewald
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Keith E Mostov
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA Department of Biochemistry/Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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42
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Hernández-García R, Iruela-Arispe ML, Reyes-Cruz G, Vázquez-Prado J. Endothelial RhoGEFs: A systematic analysis of their expression profiles in VEGF-stimulated and tumor endothelial cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 74:60-72. [PMID: 26471833 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) integrate cell signaling inputs into morphological and functional responses. However, little is known about the endothelial repertoire of RhoGEFs and their regulation. Thus, we assessed the expression of 81 RhoGEFs (70 homologous to Dbl and 11 of the DOCK family) in endothelial cells. Further, in the case of DH-RhoGEFs, we also determined their responses to VEGF exposure in vitro and in the context of tumors. A phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of four groups of DH-RhoGEFs and two of the DOCK family. Among them, we found that the most abundant endothelial RhoGEFs were: Tuba, FGD5, Farp1, ARHGEF17, TRIO, P-Rex1, ARHGEF15, ARHGEF11, ABR, Farp2, ARHGEF40, ALS, DOCK1, DOCK7 and DOCK6. Expression of RASGRF2 and PREX2 increased significantly in response to VEGF, but most other RhoGEFs were unaffected. Interestingly murine endothelial cells isolated from tumors showed that all four phylogenetic subgroups of DH-RhoGEFs were altered when compared to non-tumor endothelial cells. In summary, our results provide a detailed assessment of RhoGEFs expression profiles in the endothelium and set the basis to systematically address their regulation in vascular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and Molecular Biology Institute,University of California,Los Angeles, CA,USA
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43
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Tuncay H, Brinkmann BF, Steinbacher T, Schürmann A, Gerke V, Iden S, Ebnet K. JAM-A regulates cortical dynein localization through Cdc42 to control planar spindle orientation during mitosis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8128. [PMID: 26306570 PMCID: PMC4560831 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Planar spindle orientation in polarized epithelial cells depends on the precise localization of the dynein–dynactin motor protein complex at the lateral cortex. The contribution of cell adhesion molecules to the cortical localization of the dynein–dynactin complex is poorly understood. Here we find that junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) regulates the planar orientation of the mitotic spindle during epithelial morphogenesis. During mitosis, JAM-A triggers a transient activation of Cdc42 and PI(3)K, generates a gradient of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 at the cortex and regulates the formation of the cortical actin cytoskeleton. In the absence of functional JAM-A, dynactin localization at the cortex is reduced, the mitotic spindle apparatus is misaligned and epithelial morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture is compromised. Our findings indicate that a PI(3)K- and cortical F-actin-dependent pathway of planar spindle orientation operates in polarized epithelial cells to regulate epithelial morphogenesis, and we identify JAM-A as a junctional regulator of this pathway. Polarized epithelial cells orient their mitotic spindles in the plane of the sheet but the role of cell adhesion molecules in this process is poorly understood. Here Tuncay et al. show that JAM-A regulates spindle orientation by creating a gradient of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, regulating cortical actin assembly and localizing dynactin to the cell cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Tuncay
- Institute-Associated Research Group 'Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity', University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin F Brinkmann
- Institute-Associated Research Group 'Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity', University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Steinbacher
- Institute-Associated Research Group 'Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity', University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Annika Schürmann
- Institute-Associated Research Group 'Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity', University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sandra Iden
- Institute-Associated Research Group 'Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity', University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group 'Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity', University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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44
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Abstract
Signaling via the Rho GTPases provides crucial regulation of numerous cell polarization events, including apicobasal (AB) polarity, polarized cell migration, polarized cell division and neuronal polarity. Here we review the relationships between the Rho family GTPases and epithelial AB polarization events, focusing on the 3 best-characterized members: Rho, Rac and Cdc42. We discuss a multitude of processes that are important for AB polarization, including lumen formation, apical membrane specification, cell-cell junction assembly and maintenance, as well as tissue polarity. Our discussions aim to highlight the immensely complex regulatory mechanisms that encompass Rho GTPase signaling during AB polarization. More specifically, in this review we discuss several emerging common themes, that include: 1) the need for Rho GTPase activities to be carefully balanced in both a spatial and temporal manner through a multitude of mechanisms; 2) the existence of signaling feedback loops and crosstalk to create robust cellular responses; and 3) the frequent multifunctionality that exists among AB polarity regulators. Regarding this latter theme, we provide further discussion of the potential plasticity of the cell polarity machinery and as a result the possible implications for human disease.
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Key Words
- AB, Apicobasal
- AJ, Adherens junction
- Amot, Angiomotin
- Arp2/3, Actin-related protein-2/3
- Baz, Bazooka
- C. elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans
- CA, Constitutively-active
- CD2AP, CD2-associated protein
- Caco2, Human colon carcinoma
- Cdc42
- Cora, Coracle
- Crb, Crumbs
- DN, Dominant-negative
- Dia1, Diaphanous-related formin 1
- Dlg, Discs large
- Drosophila, Drosophila melanogaster
- Dys-β, Dystrobrevin-β
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- Ect2, Epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 oncogene
- Eya1, Eyes absent 1
- F-actin, Filamentous actin
- FRET, Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- GAP, GTPase-activating protein
- GDI, Guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor
- GEF, Guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GTPases
- JACOP, Junction-associated coiled-coiled protein
- JAM, Junctional adhesion molecule
- LKB1, Liver kinase B1
- Lgl, Lethal giant larvae
- MDCK, Madin-Darby canine kidney
- MTOC, Microtubule-organizing center
- NrxIV, Neurexin IV
- Pals1, Protein associated with Lin-7 1
- Par, Partitioning-defective
- Patj, Pals1-associated TJ protein
- ROCK, Rho-associated kinase
- Rac
- Rho
- Rich1, RhoGAP interacting with CIP4 homologues
- S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- S. pombe, Schizosaccharomyces pombe
- SH3BP1, SH3-domain binding protein 1
- Scrib, Scribble
- Std, Stardust
- TEM4, Tumor endothelial marker 4
- TJ, Tight junction
- Tiam1, T-cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis-inducing protein 1
- WASp, Wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein
- Yrt, Yurt
- ZA, zonula adherens
- ZO, Zonula occludens
- aPKC, Atypical Protein Kinase C
- apicobasal
- epithelia
- junction
- par
- polarity
- α-cat, Alpha-catenin
- β-cat, Beta-Catenin
- β2-syn, Beta-2-syntrophin
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Ann Mack
- a School of Life Sciences; Queens Medical Center ; University of Nottingham ; Nottingham , UK
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45
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Manninen A. Epithelial polarity – Generating and integrating signals from the ECM with integrins. Exp Cell Res 2015; 334:337-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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46
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van Buul JD, Geerts D, Huveneers S. Rho GAPs and GEFs: controling switches in endothelial cell adhesion. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:108-24. [PMID: 24622613 PMCID: PMC4049857 DOI: 10.4161/cam.27599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Within blood vessels, endothelial cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesions are crucial to preserve barrier function, and these adhesions are tightly controlled during vascular development, angiogenesis, and transendothelial migration of inflammatory cells. Endothelial cellular signaling that occurs via the family of Rho GTPases coordinates these cell adhesion structures through cytoskeletal remodelling. In turn, Rho GTPases are regulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). To understand how endothelial cells initiate changes in the activity of Rho GTPases, and thereby regulate cell adhesion, we will discuss the role of Rho GAPs and GEFs in vascular biology. Many potentially important Rho regulators have not been studied in detail in endothelial cells. We therefore will first overview which GAPs and GEFs are highly expressed in endothelium, based on comparative gene expression analysis of human endothelial cells compared with other tissue cell types. Subsequently, we discuss the relevance of Rho GAPs and GEFs for endothelial cell adhesion in vascular homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap D van Buul
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sanquin Research and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Geerts
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Sanquin Research and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences; University of Amsterdam; The Netherlands
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47
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Zihni C, Balda MS, Matter K. Signalling at tight junctions during epithelial differentiation and microbial pathogenesis. J Cell Sci 2015; 127:3401-13. [PMID: 25125573 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.145029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are a component of the epithelial junctional complex, and they form the paracellular diffusion barrier that enables epithelial cells to create cellular sheets that separate compartments with different compositions. The assembly and function of tight junctions are intimately linked to the actomyosin cytoskeleton and, hence, are under the control of signalling mechanisms that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics. Tight junctions not only receive signals that guide their assembly and function, but transmit information to the cell interior to regulate cell proliferation, migration and survival. As a crucial component of the epithelial barrier, they are often targeted by pathogenic viruses and bacteria, aiding infection and the development of disease. In this Commentary, we review recent progress in the understanding of the molecular signalling mechanisms that drive junction assembly and function, and the signalling processes by which tight junctions regulate cell behaviour and survival. We also discuss the way in which junctional components are exploited by pathogenic viruses and bacteria, and how this might affect junctional signalling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceniz Zihni
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Maria S Balda
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Karl Matter
- Department of Cell Biology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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48
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Xia J, Swiercz JM, Bañón-Rodríguez I, Matković I, Federico G, Sun T, Franz T, Brakebusch CH, Kumanogoh A, Friedel RH, Martín-Belmonte F, Gröne HJ, Offermanns S, Worzfeld T. Semaphorin-Plexin Signaling Controls Mitotic Spindle Orientation during Epithelial Morphogenesis and Repair. Dev Cell 2015; 33:299-313. [PMID: 25892012 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis, homeostasis, and regeneration of epithelial tissues rely on the accurate orientation of cell divisions, which is specified by the mitotic spindle axis. To remain in the epithelial plane, symmetrically dividing epithelial cells align their mitotic spindle axis with the plane. Here, we show that this alignment depends on epithelial cell-cell communication via semaphorin-plexin signaling. During kidney morphogenesis and repair, renal tubular epithelial cells lacking the transmembrane receptor Plexin-B2 or its semaphorin ligands fail to correctly orient the mitotic spindle, leading to severe defects in epithelial architecture and function. Analyses of a series of transgenic and knockout mice indicate that Plexin-B2 controls the cell division axis by signaling through its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain and Cdc42. Our data uncover semaphorin-plexin signaling as a central regulatory mechanism of mitotic spindle orientation necessary for the alignment of epithelial cell divisions with the epithelial plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jakub M Swiercz
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | | | - Ivana Matković
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Federico
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tianliang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Timo Franz
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Cord H Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Medical Faculty, University of Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Worzfeld
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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49
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Lázaro-Diéguez F, Ispolatov I, Müsch A. Cell shape impacts on the positioning of the mitotic spindle with respect to the substratum. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1286-95. [PMID: 25657320 PMCID: PMC4454176 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spindle confinement within the x-z plane occurs in cultured MDCK and HeLa cells due to incomplete cell rounding and yields nonrandom x-z spindle orientation when astral MTs are absent. On the other hand, astral MT–based rotation forces disrupt the core metaphase spindle in situations in which the metaphase plate does not clear the cortex. All known mechanisms of mitotic spindle orientation rely on astral microtubules. We report that even in the absence of astral microtubules, metaphase spindles in MDCK and HeLa cells are not randomly positioned along their x-z dimension, but preferentially adopt shallow β angles between spindle pole axis and substratum. The nonrandom spindle positioning is due to constraints imposed by the cell cortex in flat cells that drive spindles that are longer and/or wider than the cell's height into a tilted, quasidiagonal x-z position. In rounder cells, which are taller, fewer cortical constraints make the x-z spindle position more random. Reestablishment of astral microtubule–mediated forces align the spindle poles with cortical cues parallel to the substratum in all cells. However, in flat cells, they frequently cause spindle deformations. Similar deformations are apparent when confined spindles rotate from tilted to parallel positions while MDCK cells progress from prometaphase to metaphase. The spindle disruptions cause the engagement of the spindle assembly checkpoint. We propose that cell rounding serves to maintain spindle integrity during its positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Lázaro-Diéguez
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
| | - Iaroslav Ispolatov
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 9170124 Santiago, Chile
| | - Anne Müsch
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461
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50
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Gianfelice A, Le PHB, Rigano LA, Saila S, Dowd GC, McDivitt T, Bhattacharya N, Hong W, Stagg SM, Ireton K. Host endoplasmic reticulum COPII proteins control cell-to-cell spread of the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:876-92. [PMID: 25529574 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen that uses actin-dependent motility to spread between human cells. Cell-to-cell spread involves the formation by motile bacteria of plasma membrane-derived structures termed 'protrusions'. In cultured enterocytes, the secreted Listeria protein InlC promotes protrusion formation by binding and inhibiting the human scaffolding protein Tuba. Here we demonstrate that protrusions are controlled by human COPII components that direct trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. Co-precipitation experiments indicated that the COPII proteins Sec31A and Sec13 interact directly with a Src homology 3 domain in Tuba. This interaction was antagonized by InlC. Depletion of Sec31A or Sec13 restored normal protrusion formation to a Listeria mutant lacking inlC, without affecting spread of wild-type bacteria. Genetic impairment of the COPII component Sar1 or treatment of cells with brefeldin A affected protrusions similarly to Sec31A or Sec13 depletion. These findings indicated that InlC relieves a host-mediated restriction of Listeria spread otherwise imposed by COPII. Inhibition of Sec31A, Sec13 or Sar1 or brefeldin A treatment also perturbed the structure of cell-cell junctions. Collectively, these findings demonstrate an important role for COPII in controlling Listeria spread. We propose that COPII may act by delivering host proteins that generate tension at cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Gianfelice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Phuong H B Le
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Luciano A Rigano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Susan Saila
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Georgina C Dowd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tina McDivitt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nilakshee Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore
| | - Scott M Stagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Keith Ireton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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