1
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Liu KT, Chen SF, Chan NL. Structural insights into the assembly of type IIA topoisomerase DNA cleavage-religation center. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae657. [PMID: 39077950 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to catalyze reversible DNA cleavage and religation is central to topoisomerases' role in regulating DNA topology. In type IIA topoisomerases (Top2), the formation of its DNA cleavage-religation center is driven by DNA-binding-induced structural rearrangements. These changes optimally position key catalytic modules, such as the active site tyrosine of the WHD domain and metal ion(s) chelated by the TOPRIM domain, around the scissile phosphodiester bond to perform reversible transesterification. To understand this assembly process in detail, we report the catalytic core structures of human Top2α and Top2β in an on-pathway conformational state. This state features an in trans formation of an interface between the Tower and opposing TOPRIM domain, revealing a groove for accommodating incoming G-segment DNA. Structural superimposition further unveils how subsequent DNA-binding-induced disengagement of the TOPRIM and Tower domains allows a firm grasp of the bound DNA for cleavage/religation. Notably, we identified a previously undocumented protein-DNA interaction, formed between an arginine-capped C-terminus of an α-helix in the TOPRIM domain and the DNA backbone, significantly contributing to Top2 function. This work uncovers a previously unrecognized role of the Tower domain, highlighting its involvement in anchoring and releasing the TOPRIM domain, thus priming Top2 for DNA binding and cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Ting Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Fu Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Nei-Li Chan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
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2
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Gong Y, Wang Z, Zong W, Shi R, Sun W, Wang S, Peng B, Takeda S, Wang ZQ, Xu X. PARP1 UFMylation ensures the stability of stalled replication forks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322520121. [PMID: 38657044 PMCID: PMC11066985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322520121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The S-phase checkpoint involving CHK1 is essential for fork stability in response to fork stalling. PARP1 acts as a sensor of replication stress and is required for CHK1 activation. However, it is unclear how the activity of PARP1 is regulated. Here, we found that UFMylation is required for the efficient activation of CHK1 by UFMylating PARP1 at K548 during replication stress. Inactivation of UFL1, the E3 enzyme essential for UFMylation, delayed CHK1 activation and inhibits nascent DNA degradation during replication blockage as seen in PARP1-deficient cells. An in vitro study indicated that PARP1 is UFMylated at K548, which enhances its catalytic activity. Correspondingly, a PARP1 UFMylation-deficient mutant (K548R) and pathogenic mutant (F553L) compromised CHK1 activation, the restart of stalled replication forks following replication blockage, and chromosome stability. Defective PARP1 UFMylation also resulted in excessive nascent DNA degradation at stalled replication forks. Finally, we observed that PARP1 UFMylation-deficient knock-in mice exhibited increased sensitivity to replication stress caused by anticancer treatments. Thus, we demonstrate that PARP1 UFMylation promotes CHK1 activation and replication fork stability during replication stress, thus safeguarding genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Gong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong518060, China
- Leibniz Institute on Aging–Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena07745, Germany
| | - Zhifeng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong518060, China
| | - Wen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Ruifeng Shi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong518060, China
- Leibniz Institute on Aging–Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena07745, Germany
| | - Wenli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong518060, China
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong518060, China
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging–Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena07745, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao266237, China
- Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena07743, Germany
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong518060, China
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3
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Zhang J, Qiu R, Bieger BD, Oakley CE, Oakley BR, Egan MJ, Xiang X. Aspergillus SUMOylation mutants exhibit chromosome segregation defects including chromatin bridges. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad169. [PMID: 37724751 PMCID: PMC10697819 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Functions of protein SUMOylation remain incompletely understood in different cell types. Via forward genetics, here we identified ubaBQ247*, a loss-of-function mutation in a SUMO activation enzyme UbaB in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. The ubaBQ247*, ΔubaB, and ΔsumO mutants all produce abnormal chromatin bridges, indicating the importance of SUMOylation in the completion of chromosome segregation. The bridges are enclosed by nuclear membrane containing peripheral nuclear pore complex proteins that normally get dispersed during mitosis, and the bridges are also surrounded by cytoplasmic microtubules typical of interphase cells. Time-lapse sequences further indicate that most bridges persist through interphase prior to the next mitosis, and anaphase chromosome segregation can produce new bridges that persist into the next interphase. When the first mitosis happens at a higher temperature of 42°C, SUMOylation deficiency produces not only chromatin bridges but also many abnormally shaped single nuclei that fail to divide. UbaB-GFP localizes to interphase nuclei just like the previously studied SumO-GFP, but the nuclear signals disappear during mitosis when the nuclear pores are partially open, and the signals reappear after mitosis. The nuclear localization is consistent with many SUMO targets being nuclear proteins. Finally, although the budding yeast SUMOylation machinery interacts with LIS1, a protein critical for dynein activation, loss of SUMOylation does not cause any obvious defect in dynein-mediated transport of nuclei and early endosomes, indicating that SUMOylation is unnecessary for dynein activation in A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Rongde Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Baronger D Bieger
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - C Elizabeth Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Berl R Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Martin J Egan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas Systems Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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4
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Soliman TN, Keifenheim D, Parker PJ, Clarke DJ. Cell cycle responses to Topoisomerase II inhibition: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202209125. [PMID: 37955972 PMCID: PMC10641588 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202209125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA Topoisomerase IIA (Topo IIA) is an enzyme that alters the topological state of DNA and is essential for the separation of replicated sister chromatids and the integrity of cell division. Topo IIA dysfunction activates cell cycle checkpoints, resulting in arrest in either the G2-phase or metaphase of mitosis, ultimately triggering the abscission checkpoint if non-disjunction persists. These events, which directly or indirectly monitor the activity of Topo IIA, have become of major interest as many cancers have deficiencies in Topoisomerase checkpoints, leading to genome instability. Recent studies into how cells sense Topo IIA dysfunction and respond by regulating cell cycle progression demonstrate that the Topo IIA G2 checkpoint is distinct from the G2-DNA damage checkpoint. Likewise, in mitosis, the metaphase Topo IIA checkpoint is separate from the spindle assembly checkpoint. Here, we integrate mechanistic knowledge of Topo IIA checkpoints with the current understanding of how cells regulate progression through the cell cycle to accomplish faithful genome transmission and discuss the opportunities this offers for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya N. Soliman
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Keifenheim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Duncan J. Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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5
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Di Cesare E, Moroni S, Bartoli J, Damizia M, Giubettini M, Koerner C, Krenn V, Musacchio A, Lavia P. Aurora B SUMOylation Is Restricted to Centromeres in Early Mitosis and Requires RANBP2. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030372. [PMID: 36766713 PMCID: PMC9913629 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugation with the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modulates protein interactions and localisation. The kinase Aurora B, a key regulator of mitosis, was previously identified as a SUMOylation target in vitro and in assays with overexpressed components. However, where and when this modification genuinely occurs in human cells was not ascertained. Here, we have developed intramolecular Proximity Ligation Assays (PLA) to visualise SUMO-conjugated Aurora B in human cells in situ. We visualised Aurora B-SUMO products at centromeres in prometaphase and metaphase, which declined from anaphase onwards and became virtually undetectable at cytokinesis. In the mitotic window in which Aurora B/SUMO products are abundant, Aurora B co-localised and interacted with NUP358/RANBP2, a nucleoporin with SUMO ligase and SUMO-stabilising activity. Indeed, in addition to the requirement for the previously identified PIAS3 SUMO ligase, we found that NUP358/RANBP2 is also implicated in Aurora B-SUMO PLA product formation and centromere localisation. In summary, SUMOylation marks a distinctive window of Aurora B functions at centromeres in prometaphase and metaphase while being dispensable for functions exerted in cytokinesis, and RANBP2 contributes to this control, adding a novel layer to modulation of Aurora B functions during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Di Cesare
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR National Research Council of Italy, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Moroni
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR National Research Council of Italy, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Bartoli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR National Research Council of Italy, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Damizia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR National Research Council of Italy, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carolin Koerner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Veronica Krenn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrizia Lavia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), CNR National Research Council of Italy, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: or
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6
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Regulation of the mitotic chromosome folding machines. Biochem J 2022; 479:2153-2173. [PMID: 36268993 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several years enormous progress has been made in identifying the molecular machines, including condensins and topoisomerases that fold mitotic chromosomes. The discovery that condensins generate chromatin loops through loop extrusion has revolutionized, and energized, the field of chromosome folding. To understand how these machines fold chromosomes with the appropriate dimensions, while disentangling sister chromatids, it needs to be determined how they are regulated and deployed. Here, we outline the current understanding of how these machines and factors are regulated through cell cycle dependent expression, chromatin localization, activation and inactivation through post-translational modifications, and through associations with each other, with other factors and with the chromatin template itself. There are still many open questions about how condensins and topoisomerases are regulated but given the pace of progress in the chromosome folding field, it seems likely that many of these will be answered in the years ahead.
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7
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Sun Y, Nitiss JL, Pommier Y. SUMO: A Swiss Army Knife for Eukaryotic Topoisomerases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:871161. [PMID: 35463961 PMCID: PMC9019546 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.871161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerases play crucial roles in DNA metabolism that include replication, transcription, recombination, and chromatin structure by manipulating DNA structures arising in double-stranded DNA. These proteins play key enzymatic roles in a variety of cellular processes and are also likely to play structural roles. Topoisomerases allow topological transformations by introducing transient breaks in DNA by a transesterification reaction between a tyrosine residue of the enzyme and DNA. The cleavage reaction leads to a unique enzyme intermediate that allows cutting DNA while minimizing the potential for damage-induced genetic changes. Nonetheless, topoisomerase-mediated cleavage has the potential for inducing genome instability if the enzyme-mediated DNA resealing is impaired. Regulation of topoisomerase functions is accomplished by post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, polyADP-ribosylation, ubiquitylation, and SUMOylation. These modifications modulate enzyme activity and likely play key roles in determining sites of enzyme action and enzyme stability. Topoisomerase-mediated DNA cleavage and rejoining are affected by a variety of conditions including the action of small molecules, topoisomerase mutations, and DNA structural forms which permit the conversion of the short-lived cleavage intermediate to persistent topoisomerase DNA-protein crosslink (TOP-DPC). Recognition and processing of TOP-DPCs utilizes many of the same post-translational modifications that regulate enzyme activity. This review focuses on SUMOylation of topoisomerases, which has been demonstrated to be a key modification of both type I and type II topoisomerases. Special emphasis is placed on recent studies that indicate how SUMOylation regulates topoisomerase function in unperturbed cells and the unique roles that SUMOylation plays in repairing damage arising from topoisomerase malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Sun
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John L. Nitiss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL, United States
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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8
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Crewe M, Madabhushi R. Topoisomerase-Mediated DNA Damage in Neurological Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:751742. [PMID: 34899270 PMCID: PMC8656403 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.751742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is vulnerable to genomic instability and mutations in DNA damage response factors lead to numerous developmental and progressive neurological disorders. Despite this, the sources and mechanisms of DNA damage that are most relevant to the development of neuronal dysfunction are poorly understood. The identification of primarily neurological abnormalities in patients with mutations in TDP1 and TDP2 suggest that topoisomerase-mediated DNA damage could be an important underlying source of neuronal dysfunction. Here we review the potential sources of topoisomerase-induced DNA damage in neurons, describe the cellular mechanisms that have evolved to repair such damage, and discuss the importance of these repair mechanisms for preventing neurological disorders.
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9
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Chanboonyasitt P, Chan YW. Regulation of mitotic chromosome architecture and resolution of ultrafine anaphase bridges by PICH. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:2077-2090. [PMID: 34530686 PMCID: PMC8565832 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1970877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure genome stability, chromosomes need to undergo proper condensation into two linked sister chromatids from prophase to prometaphase, followed by equal segregation at anaphase. Emerging evidence has shown that persistent DNA entanglements connecting the sister chromatids lead to the formation of ultrafine anaphase bridges (UFBs). If UFBs are not resolved soon after anaphase, they can induce chromosome missegregation. PICH (PLK1-interacting checkpoint helicase) is a DNA translocase that localizes on chromosome arms, centromeres and UFBs. It plays multiple essential roles in mitotic chromosome organization and segregation. PICH also recruits other associated proteins to UFBs, and together they mediate UFB resolution. Here, the proposed mechanism behind PICH's functions in chromosome organization and UFB resolution will be discussed. We summarize the regulation of PICH action at chromosome arms and centromeres, how PICH recognizes UFBs and recruits other UFB-associated factors, and finally how PICH promotes UFB resolution together with other DNA processing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Wai Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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10
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Ma Y, North BJ, Shu J. Regulation of topoisomerase II stability and activity by ubiquitination and SUMOylation: clinical implications for cancer chemotherapy. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6589-6601. [PMID: 34476738 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
DNA topoisomerases II (TOP2) are peculiar enzymes (TOP2α and TOP2β) that modulate the conformation of DNA by momentarily breaking double-stranded DNA to allow another strand to pass through, and then rejoins the DNA phosphodiester backbone. TOP2α and TOP2β play vital roles in nearly all events involving DNA metabolism, including DNA transcription, replication, repair, and chromatin remodeling. Beyond these vital functions, TOP2 enzymes are therapeutic targets for various anticancer drugs, termed TOP2 poisons, such as teniposide, etoposide, and doxorubicin. These drugs exert their antitumor activity by inhibiting the activity of TOP2-DNA cleavage complexes (TOP2ccs) containing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), subsequently leading to the degradation of TOP2 by the 26S proteasome, thereby exposing the DSBs and eliciting a DNA damage response. Failure of the DSBs to be appropriately repaired leads to genomic instability. Due to this mechanism, patients treated with TOP2-based drugs have a high incidence of secondary malignancies and cardiotoxicity. While the cytotoxicity associated with TOP2 poisons appears to be TOP2α-dependent, the DNA sequence rearrangements and formation of DSBs appear to be mediated primarily through TOP2β inhibition, likely due to the differential degradation patterns of TOP2α and TOP2β. Research over the past few decades has shown that under various conditions, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the SUMOylation pathway are primarily responsible for regulating the stability and activity of TOP2 and are therefore critical regulators of the therapeutic effect of TOP2-targeting drugs. In this review, we summarize the current progress on the regulation of TOP2α and TOP2β by ubiquitination and SUMOylation. By fully elucidating the basic biology of these essential and complex molecular mechanisms, better strategies may be developed to improve the therapeutic efficacy of TOP2 poisons and minimize the risks of therapy-related secondary malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Brian J North
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
| | - Jianfeng Shu
- HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315010, China.
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315020, China.
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11
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Choppakatla P, Dekker B, Cutts EE, Vannini A, Dekker J, Funabiki H. Linker histone H1.8 inhibits chromatin binding of condensins and DNA topoisomerase II to tune chromosome length and individualization. eLife 2021; 10:e68918. [PMID: 34406118 PMCID: PMC8416026 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA loop extrusion by condensins and decatenation by DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) are thought to drive mitotic chromosome compaction and individualization. Here, we reveal that the linker histone H1.8 antagonizes condensins and topo II to shape mitotic chromosome organization. In vitro chromatin reconstitution experiments demonstrate that H1.8 inhibits binding of condensins and topo II to nucleosome arrays. Accordingly, H1.8 depletion in Xenopus egg extracts increased condensins and topo II levels on mitotic chromatin. Chromosome morphology and Hi-C analyses suggest that H1.8 depletion makes chromosomes thinner and longer through shortening the average loop size and reducing the DNA amount in each layer of mitotic loops. Furthermore, excess loading of condensins and topo II to chromosomes by H1.8 depletion causes hyper-chromosome individualization and dispersion. We propose that condensins and topo II are essential for chromosome individualization, but their functions are tuned by the linker histone to keep chromosomes together until anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Choppakatla
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Bastiaan Dekker
- Program in Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Erin E Cutts
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Vannini
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
- Fondazione Human Technopole, Structural Biology Research Centre, 20157MilanItaly
| | - Job Dekker
- Program in Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
| | - Hironori Funabiki
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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12
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Ryu H, Sun XX, Chen Y, Li Y, Wang X, Dai RS, Zhu HM, Klimek J, David L, Fedorov LM, Azuma Y, Sears RC, Dai MS. The deubiquitinase USP36 promotes snoRNP group SUMOylation and is essential for ribosome biogenesis. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50684. [PMID: 33852194 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation plays a crucial role in regulating diverse cellular processes including ribosome biogenesis. Proteomic analyses and experimental evidence showed that a number of nucleolar proteins involved in ribosome biogenesis are modified by SUMO. However, how these proteins are SUMOylated in cells is less understood. Here, we report that USP36, a nucleolar deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), promotes nucleolar SUMOylation. Overexpression of USP36 enhances nucleolar SUMOylation, whereas its knockdown or genetic deletion reduces the levels of SUMOylation. USP36 interacts with SUMO2 and Ubc9 and directly mediates SUMOylation in cells and in vitro. We show that USP36 promotes the SUMOylation of the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) components Nop58 and Nhp2 in cells and in vitro and their binding to snoRNAs. It also promotes the SUMOylation of snoRNP components Nop56 and DKC1. Functionally, we show that knockdown of USP36 markedly impairs rRNA processing and translation. Thus, USP36 promotes snoRNP group SUMOylation and is critical for ribosome biogenesis and protein translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Ryu
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Xiao-Xin Sun
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yingxiao Chen
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Roselyn S Dai
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hong-Ming Zhu
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John Klimek
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,OHSU Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Larry David
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,OHSU Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lev M Fedorov
- OHSU Transgenic Mouse Models Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mu-Shui Dai
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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13
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Kroonen JS, Vertegaal ACO. Targeting SUMO Signaling to Wrestle Cancer. Trends Cancer 2020; 7:496-510. [PMID: 33353838 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) signaling cascade is critical for gene expression, genome integrity, and cell cycle progression. In this review, we discuss the important role SUMO may play in cancer and how to target SUMO signaling. Recently developed small molecule inhibitors enable therapeutic targeting of the SUMOylation pathway. Blocking SUMOylation not only leads to reduced cancer cell proliferation but also to an increased antitumor immune response by stimulating interferon (IFN) signaling, indicating that SUMOylation inhibitors have a dual mode of action that can be employed in the fight against cancer. The search for tumor types that can be treated with SUMOylation inhibitors is ongoing. Employing SUMO conjugation inhibitory drugs in the years to come has potential as a new therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie S Kroonen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred C O Vertegaal
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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14
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Tian T, Bu M, Chen X, Ding L, Yang Y, Han J, Feng XH, Xu P, Liu T, Ying S, Lei Y, Li Q, Huang J. The ZATT-TOP2A-PICH Axis Drives Extensive Replication Fork Reversal to Promote Genome Stability. Mol Cell 2020; 81:198-211.e6. [PMID: 33296677 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Replication fork reversal is a global response to replication stress in mammalian cells, but precisely how it occurs remains poorly understood. Here, we show that, upon replication stress, DNA topoisomerase IIalpha (TOP2A) is recruited to stalled forks in a manner dependent on the SNF2-family DNA translocases HLTF, ZRANB3, and SMARCAL1. This is accompanied by an increase in TOP2A SUMOylation mediated by the SUMO E3 ligase ZATT and followed by recruitment of a SUMO-targeted DNA translocase, PICH. Disruption of the ZATT-TOP2A-PICH axis results in accumulation of partially reversed forks and enhanced genome instability. These results suggest that fork reversal occurs via a sequential two-step process. First, HLTF, ZRANB3, and SMARCAL1 initiate limited fork reversal, creating superhelical strain in the newly replicated sister chromatids. Second, TOP2A drives extensive fork reversal by resolving the resulting topological barriers and via its role in recruiting PICH to stalled forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Min Bu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xu Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Linli Ding
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yulan Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jinhua Han
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Pinglong Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of General Surgery of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qing Li
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jun Huang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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15
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Sun Y, Miller Jenkins LM, Su YP, Nitiss KC, Nitiss JL, Pommier Y. A conserved SUMO pathway repairs topoisomerase DNA-protein cross-links by engaging ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/46/eaba6290. [PMID: 33188014 PMCID: PMC7673754 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerases form transient covalent DNA cleavage complexes to perform their reactions. Topoisomerase I cleavage complexes (TOP1ccs) are trapped by camptothecin and TOP2ccs by etoposide. Proteolysis of the trapped topoisomerase DNA-protein cross-links (TOP-DPCs) is a key step for some pathways to repair these lesions. We describe a pathway that features a prominent role of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification for both TOP1- and TOP2-DPC repair. Both undergo rapid and sequential SUMO-2/3 and SUMO-1 modifications in human cells. The SUMO ligase PIAS4 is required for these modifications. RNF4, a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL), then ubiquitylates the TOP-DPCs for their subsequent degradation by the proteasome. This pathway is conserved in yeast with Siz1 and Slx5-Slx8, the orthologs of human PIAS4 and RNF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Sun
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - Lisa M Miller Jenkins
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yijun P Su
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, MD 20892, USA
| | - Karin C Nitiss
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL 61107, USA
| | - John L Nitiss
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Rockford, IL 61107, USA.
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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16
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Hassebroek VA, Park H, Pandey N, Lerbakken BT, Aksenova V, Arnaoutov A, Dasso M, Azuma Y. PICH regulates the abundance and localization of SUMOylated proteins on mitotic chromosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2537-2556. [PMID: 32877270 PMCID: PMC7851874 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper chromosome segregation is essential for faithful cell division and if not maintained results in defective cell function caused by the abnormal distribution of genetic information. Polo-like kinase 1-interacting checkpoint helicase (PICH) is a DNA translocase essential for chromosome bridge resolution during mitosis. Its function in resolving chromosome bridges requires both DNA translocase activity and ability to bind chromosomal proteins modified by the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). However, it is unclear how these activities cooperate to resolve chromosome bridges. Here, we show that PICH specifically disperses SUMO2/3 foci on mitotic chromosomes. This PICH function is apparent toward SUMOylated topoisomerase IIα (TopoIIα) after inhibition of TopoIIα by ICRF-193. Conditional depletion of PICH using the auxin-inducible degron (AID) system resulted in the retention of SUMO2/3-modified chromosomal proteins, including TopoIIα, indicating that PICH functions to reduce the association of these proteins with chromosomes. Replacement of PICH with its translocase-deficient mutants led to increased SUMO2/3 foci on chromosomes, suggesting that the reduction of SUMO2/3 foci requires the remodeling activity of PICH. In vitro assays showed that PICH specifically attenuates SUMOylated TopoIIα activity using its SUMO-binding ability. Taking the results together, we propose a novel function of PICH in remodeling SUMOylated proteins to ensure faithful chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyewon Park
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Nootan Pandey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | | | - Vasilisa Aksenova
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alexei Arnaoutov
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mary Dasso
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045,*Address correspondence to: Yoshiaki Azuma ()
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17
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Finardi A, Massari LF, Visintin R. Anaphase Bridges: Not All Natural Fibers Are Healthy. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080902. [PMID: 32784550 PMCID: PMC7464157 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
At each round of cell division, the DNA must be correctly duplicated and distributed between the two daughter cells to maintain genome identity. In order to achieve proper chromosome replication and segregation, sister chromatids must be recognized as such and kept together until their separation. This process of cohesion is mainly achieved through proteinaceous linkages of cohesin complexes, which are loaded on the sister chromatids as they are generated during S phase. Cohesion between sister chromatids must be fully removed at anaphase to allow chromosome segregation. Other (non-proteinaceous) sources of cohesion between sister chromatids consist of DNA linkages or sister chromatid intertwines. DNA linkages are a natural consequence of DNA replication, but must be timely resolved before chromosome segregation to avoid the arising of DNA lesions and genome instability, a hallmark of cancer development. As complete resolution of sister chromatid intertwines only occurs during chromosome segregation, it is not clear whether DNA linkages that persist in mitosis are simply an unwanted leftover or whether they have a functional role. In this review, we provide an overview of DNA linkages between sister chromatids, from their origin to their resolution, and we discuss the consequences of a failure in their detection and processing and speculate on their potential role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Finardi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy;
| | - Lucia F. Massari
- The Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK;
| | - Rosella Visintin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5748-9859; Fax: +39-02-9437-5991
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18
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Pandey N, Keifenheim D, Yoshida MM, Hassebroek VA, Soroka C, Azuma Y, Clarke DJ. Topoisomerase II SUMOylation activates a metaphase checkpoint via Haspin and Aurora B kinases. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:jcb.201807189. [PMID: 31712254 PMCID: PMC7039214 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To prevent chromosome missegregation, a metaphase checkpoint is activated when topoisomerase II is catalytically inhibited and DNA catenations persist. Pandey et al. dissect the key molecular events triggering this regulatory system. Topoisomerase II (Topo II) is essential for mitosis since it resolves sister chromatid catenations. Topo II dysfunction promotes aneuploidy and drives cancer. To protect from aneuploidy, cells possess mechanisms to delay anaphase onset when Topo II is perturbed, providing additional time for decatenation. Molecular insight into this checkpoint is lacking. Here we present evidence that catalytic inhibition of Topo II, which activates the checkpoint, leads to SUMOylation of the Topo II C-terminal domain (CTD). This modification triggers mobilization of Aurora B kinase from inner centromeres to kinetochore proximal centromeres and the core of chromosome arms. Aurora B recruitment accompanies histone H3 threonine-3 phosphorylation and requires Haspin kinase. Strikingly, activation of the checkpoint depends both on Haspin and Aurora B. Moreover, mutation of the conserved CTD SUMOylation sites perturbs Aurora B recruitment and checkpoint activation. The data indicate that SUMOylated Topo II recruits Aurora B to ectopic sites, constituting the molecular trigger of the metaphase checkpoint when Topo II is catalytically inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nootan Pandey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Daniel Keifenheim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Caitlin Soroka
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Duncan J Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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19
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Lotz C, Lamour V. The interplay between DNA topoisomerase 2α post-translational modifications and drug resistance. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:149-160. [PMID: 35582608 PMCID: PMC9090595 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The type 2 DNA topoisomerases (Top2) are conserved enzymes and biomarkers for cell proliferation. The catalytic activities of the human isoform Top2α are essential for the regulation of DNA topology during DNA replication, transcription, and chromosome segregation. Top2α is a prominent target for anti-cancer drugs and is highly regulated by post-translational modifications (PTM). Despite an increasing number of proteomic studies, the extent of PTM in cancer cells and its importance in drug response remains largely uncharacterized. In this review, we highlight the different modifications affecting the human Top2α in healthy and cancer cells, taking advantage of the structure-function information accumulated in the past decades. We also overview the regulation of Top2α by PTM, the level of PTM in cancer cells, and the resistance to therapeutic compounds targeting the Top2 enzyme. Altogether, this review underlines the importance of future studies addressing more systematically the interplay between PTM and Top2 drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lotz
- Integrative Structural Biology Department, IGBMC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U1258, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Valérie Lamour
- Integrative Structural Biology Department, IGBMC, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U1258, Illkirch 67404, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
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20
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Riccio AA, Schellenberg MJ, Williams RS. Molecular mechanisms of topoisomerase 2 DNA-protein crosslink resolution. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:81-91. [PMID: 31728578 PMCID: PMC6960353 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The compaction of DNA and the continuous action of DNA transactions, including transcription and DNA replication, create complex DNA topologies that require Type IIA Topoisomerases, which resolve DNA topological strain and control genome dynamics. The human TOP2 enzymes catalyze their reactions via formation of a reversible covalent enzyme DNA-protein crosslink, the TOP2 cleavage complex (TOP2cc). Spurious interactions of TOP2 with DNA damage, environmental toxicants and chemotherapeutic "poisons" perturbs the TOP2 reaction cycle, leading to an accumulation of DNA-protein crosslinks, and ultimately, genomic instability and cell death. Emerging evidence shows that TOP2-DNA protein crosslink (DPC) repair entails multiple strand break repair activities, such as removal of the poisoned TOP2 protein and rejoining of the DNA ends through homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Herein, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of TOP2-DPC resolution, with specific emphasis on the recently uncovered ZATTZnf451-licensed TDP2-catalyzed TOP2-DPC reversal mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Riccio
- Department of Health and Human Services, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew J Schellenberg
- Department of Health and Human Services, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - R Scott Williams
- Department of Health and Human Services, Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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21
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Cell Cycle-Dependent Control and Roles of DNA Topoisomerase II. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110859. [PMID: 31671531 PMCID: PMC6896119 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes in all branches of life that can alter DNA superhelicity and unlink double-stranded DNA segments during processes such as replication and transcription. In cells, type II topoisomerases are particularly useful for their ability to disentangle newly-replicated sister chromosomes. Growing lines of evidence indicate that eukaryotic topoisomerase II (topo II) activity is monitored and regulated throughout the cell cycle. Here, we discuss the various roles of topo II throughout the cell cycle, as well as mechanisms that have been found to govern and/or respond to topo II function and dysfunction. Knowledge of how topo II activity is controlled during cell cycle progression is important for understanding how its misregulation can contribute to genetic instability and how modulatory pathways may be exploited to advance chemotherapeutic development.
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22
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Higuchi C, Yamamoto M, Shin SW, Miyamoto K, Matsumoto K. Perturbation of maternal PIASy abundance disrupts zygotic genome activation and embryonic development via SUMOylation pathway. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.048652. [PMID: 31640975 PMCID: PMC6826278 DOI: 10.1242/bio.048652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT), mRNAs and proteins stored in oocytes are degraded and zygotic genes are activated. We have previously shown that the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-mediated degradation of maternal proteins plays a role in the onset of zygotic transcription. However, it is still unclear which maternal proteins should be degraded for zygotic genome activation and ensuring subsequent embryonic development. In this study, we screen for these maternal factors that are degraded via the UPS. We thus identified a maternal protein PIASy (protein inhibitor of activated STATy), which is an E3 SUMO ligase. The overexpression of PIASy in fertilized embryos causes developmental arrest at the two-cell stage due to severe abnormal chromosome segregation and impaired zygotic transcription. We find that this developmental role of PIASy is related to its SUMOylation activity. Moreover, PIASy overexpression leads to increased trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3) in two-cell nuclei and enhanced translocation of H3K9me3 methyltransferase to the pronucleus. Hence, PIASy is a maternal factor that is degraded after fertilization and may be important for the proper induction of zygotic genome activation and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Higuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Mari Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Seung-Wook Shin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
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23
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Abrieu A, Liakopoulos D. How Does SUMO Participate in Spindle Organization? Cells 2019; 8:E801. [PMID: 31370271 PMCID: PMC6721559 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-like protein SUMO is a regulator involved in most cellular mechanisms. Recent studies have discovered new modes of function for this protein. Of particular interest is the ability of SUMO to organize proteins in larger assemblies, as well as the role of SUMO-dependent ubiquitylation in their disassembly. These mechanisms have been largely described in the context of DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, or signaling, while much less is known on how SUMO facilitates organization of microtubule-dependent processes during mitosis. Remarkably however, SUMO has been known for a long time to modify kinetochore proteins, while more recently, extensive proteomic screens have identified a large number of microtubule- and spindle-associated proteins that are SUMOylated. The aim of this review is to focus on the possible role of SUMOylation in organization of the spindle and kinetochore complexes. We summarize mitotic and microtubule/spindle-associated proteins that have been identified as SUMO conjugates and present examples regarding their regulation by SUMO. Moreover, we discuss the possible contribution of SUMOylation in organization of larger protein assemblies on the spindle, as well as the role of SUMO-targeted ubiquitylation in control of kinetochore assembly and function. Finally, we propose future directions regarding the study of SUMOylation in regulation of spindle organization and examine the potential of SUMO and SUMO-mediated degradation as target for antimitotic-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Abrieu
- CRBM, CNRS UMR5237, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Dimitris Liakopoulos
- CRBM, CNRS UMR5237, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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24
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Mirkovic M, Oliveira RA. Centromeric Cohesin: Molecular Glue and Much More. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 56:485-513. [PMID: 28840250 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58592-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion, mediated by the cohesin complex, is a prerequisite for faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis. Premature release of sister chromatid cohesion leads to random segregation of the genetic material and consequent aneuploidy. Multiple regulatory mechanisms ensure proper timing for cohesion establishment, concomitant with DNA replication, and cohesion release during the subsequent mitosis. Here we summarize the most important phases of the cohesin cycle and the coordination of cohesion release with the progression through mitosis. We further discuss recent evidence that has revealed additional functions for centromeric localization of cohesin in the fidelity of mitosis in metazoans. Beyond its well-established role as "molecular glue", centromeric cohesin complexes are now emerging as a scaffold for multiple fundamental processes during mitosis, including the formation of correct chromosome and kinetochore architecture, force balance with the mitotic spindle, and the association with key molecules that regulate mitotic fidelity, particularly at the chromosomal inner centromere. Centromeric chromatin may be thus seen as a dynamic place where cohesin ensures mitotic fidelity by multiple means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihailo Mirkovic
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Raquel A Oliveira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
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25
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Zhao X. SUMO-Mediated Regulation of Nuclear Functions and Signaling Processes. Mol Cell 2019; 71:409-418. [PMID: 30075142 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of SUMO twenty years ago, SUMO conjugation has become a widely recognized post-translational modification that targets a myriad of proteins in many processes. Great progress has been made in understanding the SUMO pathway enzymes, substrate sumoylation, and the interplay between sumoylation and other regulatory mechanisms in a variety of contexts. As these research directions continue to generate insights into SUMO-based regulation, several mechanisms by which sumoylation and desumoylation can orchestrate large biological effects are emerging. These include the ability to target multiple proteins within the same cellular structure or process, respond dynamically to external and internal stimuli, and modulate signaling pathways involving other post-translational modifications. Focusing on nuclear function and intracellular signaling, this review highlights a broad spectrum of historical data and recent advances with the aim of providing an overview of mechanisms underlying SUMO-mediated global effects to stimulate further inquiry into intriguing roles of SUMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhao
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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26
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Antoniou-Kourounioti M, Mimmack ML, Porter ACG, Farr CJ. The Impact of the C-Terminal Region on the Interaction of Topoisomerase II Alpha with Mitotic Chromatin. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051238. [PMID: 30871006 PMCID: PMC6429393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II topoisomerase enzymes are essential for resolving DNA topology problems arising through various aspects of DNA metabolism. In vertebrates two isoforms are present, one of which (TOP2A) accumulates on chromatin during mitosis. Moreover, TOP2A targets the mitotic centromere during prophase, persisting there until anaphase onset. It is the catalytically-dispensable C-terminal domain of TOP2 that is crucial in determining this isoform-specific behaviour. In this study we show that, in addition to the recently identified chromatin tether domain, several other features of the alpha-C-Terminal Domain (CTD). influence the mitotic localisation of TOP2A. Lysine 1240 is a major SUMOylation target in cycling human cells and the efficiency of this modification appears to be influenced by T1244 and S1247 phosphorylation. Replacement of K1240 by arginine results in fewer cells displaying centromeric TOP2A accumulation during prometaphase-metaphase. The same phenotype is displayed by cells expressing TOP2A in which either of the mitotic phosphorylation sites S1213 or S1247 has been substituted by alanine. Conversely, constitutive modification of TOP2A by fusion to SUMO2 exerts the opposite effect. FRAP analysis of protein mobility indicates that post-translational modification of TOP2A can influence the enzyme's residence time on mitotic chromatin, as well as its subcellular localisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Antoniou-Kourounioti
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Michael L Mimmack
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Andrew C G Porter
- Centre for Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Christine J Farr
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
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Chen B, Luo J, Zhou Y, Xin X, Cai R, Ling C. PIASy antagonizes Ras-driven NSCLC survival by promoting GATA2 SUMOylation. J Cancer 2018; 9:1689-1697. [PMID: 29760808 PMCID: PMC5950599 DOI: 10.7150/jca.24137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA2 regulated transcriptional network has been validated requisite for RAS oncogene-driven non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). GATA2 has been reported as a SUMOylated protein. In endothelial cells, its transcriptional activity is attenuated by SUMO-2 conjugation, which is specifically catalyzed by its E3 ligase PIASy. In this study, we found a decreased expression of PIASy in RAS mutant NSCLC cell lines and specimens with RAS mutations. Forced expression of PIASy in NSCLC cells inhibits their viability in vitro, as well as tumorigenesis and growth in vivo. Mechanistically, we demonstrated overexpression of PIASy in A549 cells altered the regulated transcriptional network of GATA2, including proteasome, IL-1-signaling, and Rho-signaling pathways. Forced expression of PIASy resulted in the accumulated SUMOylation of GATA2, attenuating its transcriptional activity in A549 cells. These results collectively suggest that PIASy plays an antagonistic role in RAS-driven NSCLC survival, by enhancing the SUMOylation of GATA2 and inhibiting its transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yirui Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xu Xin
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rong Cai
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chunhua Ling
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
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Abstract
The Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that functions as the gatekeeper to mitotic exit. APC/C activity is controlled by an interplay of multiple pathways during mitosis, including the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), that are not yet fully understood. Here, we show that sumoylation of the APC4 subunit of the APC/C peaks during mitosis and is critical for timely APC/C activation and anaphase onset. We have also identified a functionally important SUMO interacting motif in the cullin-homology domain of APC2 located near the APC4 sumoylation sites and APC/C catalytic core. Our findings provide evidence of an important regulatory role for SUMO modification and binding in affecting APC/C activation and mitotic exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Michael J Matunis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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29
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Feitosa WB, Hwang K, Morris PL. Temporal and SUMO-specific SUMOylation contribute to the dynamics of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and spindle integrity during mouse oocyte meiosis. Dev Biol 2018; 434:278-291. [PMID: 29269218 PMCID: PMC5805567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian meiosis, Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is essential during cell cycle progression. In oocyte maturation, PLK1 expression is well characterized but timing of posttranslational modifications regulating its activity and subcellular localization are less clear. Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) posttranslational modifier proteins have been detected in mammalian gametes but their precise function during gametogenesis is largely unknown. In the present paper we report for mouse oocytes that both PLK1 and phosphorylated PLK1 undergo SUMOylation in meiosis II (MII) oocytes using immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation and in vitro SUMOylation assays. At MII, PLK1 is phosphorylated at threonine-210 and serine-137. MII oocyte PLK1 and phosphorylated PLK1 undergo SUMOylation by SUMO-1, -2 and -3 as shown by individual in vitro assays. Using these assays, forms of phosphorylated PLK1 normalized to PLK1 increased significantly and correlated with SUMOylated PLK1 levels. During meiotic progression and maturation, SUMO-1-SUMOylation of PLK1 is involved in spindle formation whereas SUMO-2/3-SUMOylation may regulate PLK1 activity at kinetochore-spindle attachment sites. Microtubule integrity is required for PLK1 localization with SUMO-1 but not with SUMO-2/3. Inhibition of SUMOylation disrupts proper meiotic bipolar spindle organization and spindle-kinetochore attachment. The data show that both temporal and SUMO-specific-SUMOylation play important roles in orchestrating functional dynamics of PLK1 during mouse oocyte meiosis, including subcellular compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weber Beringui Feitosa
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - KeumSil Hwang
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Patricia L Morris
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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30
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Piskadlo E, Oliveira RA. A Topology-Centric View on Mitotic Chromosome Architecture. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2751. [PMID: 29258269 PMCID: PMC5751350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic chromosomes are long-known structures, but their internal organization and the exact process by which they are assembled are still a great mystery in biology. Topoisomerase II is crucial for various aspects of mitotic chromosome organization. The unique ability of this enzyme to untangle topologically intertwined DNA molecules (catenations) is of utmost importance for the resolution of sister chromatid intertwines. Although still controversial, topoisomerase II has also been proposed to directly contribute to chromosome compaction, possibly by promoting chromosome self-entanglements. These two functions raise a strong directionality issue towards topoisomerase II reactions that are able to disentangle sister DNA molecules (in trans) while compacting the same DNA molecule (in cis). Here, we review the current knowledge on topoisomerase II role specifically during mitosis, and the mechanisms that directly or indirectly regulate its activity to ensure faithful chromosome segregation. In particular, we discuss how the activity or directionality of this enzyme could be regulated by the SMC (structural maintenance of chromosomes) complexes, predominantly cohesin and condensin, throughout mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Piskadlo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Raquel A Oliveira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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31
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Clarke DJ, Azuma Y. Non-Catalytic Roles of the Topoisomerase IIα C-Terminal Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112438. [PMID: 29149026 PMCID: PMC5713405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA Topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα) is a ubiquitous enzyme in eukaryotes that performs the strand passage reaction where a double helix of DNA is passed through a second double helix. This unique reaction is critical for numerous cellular processes. However, the enzyme also possesses a C-terminal domain (CTD) that is largely dispensable for the strand passage reaction but is nevertheless important for the fidelity of cell division. Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the roles of the Topo IIα CTD, in particular in mitotic mechanisms where the CTD is modified by Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO), which in turn provides binding sites for key regulators of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, University of Minnesota, 420 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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32
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Schellenberg MJ, Lieberman JA, Herrero-Ruiz A, Butler LR, Williams JG, Muñoz-Cabello AM, Mueller GA, London RE, Cortés-Ledesma F, Williams RS. ZATT (ZNF451)-mediated resolution of topoisomerase 2 DNA-protein cross-links. Science 2017; 357:1412-1416. [PMID: 28912134 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam6468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase 2 (TOP2) DNA transactions proceed via formation of the TOP2 cleavage complex (TOP2cc), a covalent enzyme-DNA reaction intermediate that is vulnerable to trapping by potent anticancer TOP2 drugs. How genotoxic TOP2 DNA-protein cross-links are resolved is unclear. We found that the SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) ligase ZATT (ZNF451) is a multifunctional DNA repair factor that controls cellular responses to TOP2 damage. ZATT binding to TOP2cc facilitates a proteasome-independent tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 2 (TDP2) hydrolase activity on stalled TOP2cc. The ZATT SUMO ligase activity further promotes TDP2 interactions with SUMOylated TOP2, regulating efficient TDP2 recruitment through a "split-SIM" SUMO2 engagement platform. These findings uncover a ZATT-TDP2-catalyzed and SUMO2-modulated pathway for direct resolution of TOP2cc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Schellenberg
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jenna Ariel Lieberman
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Andrés Herrero-Ruiz
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Logan R Butler
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jason G Williams
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ana M Muñoz-Cabello
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Geoffrey A Mueller
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Robert E London
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Felipe Cortés-Ledesma
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - R Scott Williams
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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33
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Zilio N, Eifler-Olivi K, Ulrich HD. Functions of SUMO in the Maintenance of Genome Stability. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 963:51-87. [PMID: 28197906 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50044-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Like in most other areas of cellular metabolism, the functions of the ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO in the maintenance of genome stability are manifold and varied. Perturbations of global sumoylation causes a wide spectrum of phenotypes associated with defects in DNA maintenance, such as hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, gross chromosomal rearrangements and loss of entire chromosomes. Consistent with these observations, many key factors involved in various DNA repair pathways have been identified as SUMO substrates. However, establishing a functional connection between a given SUMO target, the cognate SUMO ligase and a relevant phenotype has remained a challenge, mainly because of the difficulties involved in identifying important modification sites and downstream effectors that specifically recognize the target in its sumoylated state. This review will give an overview over the major pathways of DNA repair and genome maintenance influenced by the SUMO system and discuss selected examples of SUMO's actions in these pathways where the biological consequences of the modification have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Zilio
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Helle D Ulrich
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D-55128, Mainz, Germany.
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34
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Gilistro E, de Turris V, Damizia M, Verrico A, Moroni S, De Santis R, Rosa A, Lavia P. Importin-β and CRM1 control a RANBP2 spatiotemporal switch essential for mitotic kinetochore function. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2564-2578. [PMID: 28600321 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.197905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein conjugation with small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is a post-translational modification that modulates protein interactions and localisation. RANBP2 is a large nucleoporin endowed with SUMO E3 ligase and SUMO-stabilising activity, and is implicated in some cancer types. RANBP2 is part of a larger complex, consisting of SUMO-modified RANGAP1, the GTP-hydrolysis activating factor for the GTPase RAN. During mitosis, the RANBP2-SUMO-RANGAP1 complex localises to the mitotic spindle and to kinetochores after microtubule attachment. Here, we address the mechanisms that regulate this localisation and how they affect kinetochore functions. Using proximity ligation assays, we find that nuclear transport receptors importin-β and CRM1 play essential roles in localising the RANBP2-SUMO-RANGAP1 complex away from, or at kinetochores, respectively. Using newly generated inducible cell lines, we show that overexpression of nuclear transport receptors affects the timing of RANBP2 localisation in opposite ways. Concomitantly, kinetochore functions are also affected, including the accumulation of SUMO-conjugated topoisomerase-IIα and stability of kinetochore fibres. These results delineate a novel mechanism through which nuclear transport receptors govern the functional state of kinetochores by regulating the timely deposition of RANBP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Gilistro
- CNR National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), ℅ Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via degli Apuli 4, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria de Turris
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Life Nanoscience@Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Damizia
- CNR National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), ℅ Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via degli Apuli 4, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Verrico
- CNR National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), ℅ Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via degli Apuli 4, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Moroni
- CNR National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), ℅ Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via degli Apuli 4, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo De Santis
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Life Nanoscience@Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rosa
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Life Nanoscience@Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lavia
- CNR National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), ℅ Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via degli Apuli 4, 00185 Rome, Italy
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35
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Reversible regulation of ORC2 SUMOylation by PIAS4 and SENP2. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70142-70155. [PMID: 29050267 PMCID: PMC5642542 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) system is essential for smooth progression of cell cycle at the G2/M phase. Many centromeric proteins are reversibly SUMOylated to ensure proper chromosome segregation at the mitosis. SUMOylation of centromeric Origin Recognition Complex subunit 2 (ORC2) at the G2/M phase is essential in maintaining genome integrity. However, how ORC2 SUMOylation is regulated remains largely unclear. Here we show that ORC2 SUMOylation is reversibly controlled by SUMO E3 ligase PIAS4 and De-SUMOylase SENP2. Either depletion of PIAS4 or overexpression of SENP2 eliminated SUMOylation of ORC2 at the G/M phase and consequently resulted in abnormal centromeric histone H3 lysine 4 methylation. Cells stably expressing SENP2 protein or small interfering RNA for PIAS4 bypassed mitosis and endoreduplicated their genome to become polyploidy. Furthermore, percentage of polyploid cells is reduced after coexpression of ORC2-SUMO2 fusion protein. Thus, the proper regulation of ORC2 SUMOylation at the G2/M phase by PIAS4 and SENP2 is critical for smooth progression of the mitotic cycle of cells.
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36
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Wei Y, Diao LX, Lu S, Wang HT, Suo F, Dong MQ, Du LL. SUMO-Targeted DNA Translocase Rrp2 Protects the Genome from Top2-Induced DNA Damage. Mol Cell 2017; 66:581-596.e6. [PMID: 28552615 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The action of DNA topoisomerase II (Top2) creates transient DNA breaks that are normally concealed inside Top2-DNA covalent complexes. Top2 poisons, including ubiquitously present natural compounds and clinically used anti-cancer drugs, trap Top2-DNA complexes. Here, we show that cells actively prevent Top2 degradation to avoid the exposure of concealed DNA breaks. A genome-wide screen revealed that fission yeast cells lacking Rrp2, an Snf2-family DNA translocase, are strongly sensitive to Top2 poisons. Loss of Rrp2 enhances SUMOylation-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of Top2, which in turn increases DNA damage at sites where Top2-DNA complexes are trapped. Rrp2 possesses SUMO-binding ability and prevents excessive Top2 degradation by competing against the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) for SUMO chain binding and by displacing SUMOylated Top2 from DNA. The budding yeast homolog of Rrp2, Uls1, plays a similar role, indicating that this genome protection mechanism is widely employed, a finding with implications for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Li-Xue Diao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shan Lu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fang Suo
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Li-Lin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
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37
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Yoshida MM, Ting L, Gygi SP, Azuma Y. SUMOylation of DNA topoisomerase IIα regulates histone H3 kinase Haspin and H3 phosphorylation in mitosis. J Cell Biol 2017; 213:665-78. [PMID: 27325792 PMCID: PMC4915188 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201511079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2) plays a pivotal role in faithful chromosome separation through its strand-passaging activity that resolves tangled genomic DNA during mitosis. Additionally, TOP2 controls progression of mitosis by activating cell cycle checkpoints. Recent work showed that the enzymatically inert C-terminal domain (CTD) of TOP2 and its posttranslational modification are critical to this checkpoint regulation. However, the molecular mechanism has not yet been determined. By using Xenopus laevis egg extract, we found that SUMOylation of DNA topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) CTD regulates the localization of the histone H3 kinase Haspin and phosphorylation of histone H3 at threonine 3 at the centromere, two steps known to be involved in the recruitment of the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) to kinetochores in mitosis. Robust centromeric Haspin localization requires SUMOylated TOP2A CTD binding activity through SUMO-interaction motifs and the phosphorylation of Haspin. We propose a novel mechanism through which the TOP2 CTD regulates the CPC via direct interaction with Haspin at mitotic centromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto M Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Lily Ting
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
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38
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Edgerton H, Johansson M, Keifenheim D, Mukherjee S, Chacón JM, Bachant J, Gardner MK, Clarke DJ. A noncatalytic function of the topoisomerase II CTD in Aurora B recruitment to inner centromeres during mitosis. J Cell Biol 2017; 213:651-64. [PMID: 27325791 PMCID: PMC4915189 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201511080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal domain (CTD) of Topo II is dispensable for its catalytic activity yet essential for Topo II function in chromosome segregation during mitosis. Here, Edgerton et al. resolve the role of the Topo II CTD during mitosis in yeast, showing that it functions noncatalytically via the Haspin-H3 T3-Phos pathway to recruit Ipl1/Aurora B to mitotic inner centromeres. Faithful chromosome segregation depends on the precise timing of chromatid separation, which is enforced by checkpoint signals generated at kinetochores. Here, we provide evidence that the C-terminal domain (CTD) of DNA topoisomerase IIα (Topo II) provides a novel function at inner centromeres of kinetochores in mitosis. We find that the yeast CTD is required for recruitment of the tension checkpoint kinase Ipl1/Aurora B to inner centromeres in metaphase but is not required in interphase. Conserved CTD SUMOylation sites are required for Ipl1 recruitment. This inner-centromere CTD function is distinct from the catalytic activity of Topo II. Genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that Topo II recruits Ipl1 via the Haspin–histone H3 threonine 3 phosphorylation pathway. Finally, Topo II and Sgo1 are equally important for Ipl1 recruitment to inner centromeres. This indicates H3 T3-Phos/H2A T120-Phos is a universal epigenetic signature that defines the eukaryotic inner centromere and provides the binding site for Ipl1/Aurora B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Edgerton
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Marnie Johansson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Daniel Keifenheim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jeremy M Chacón
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jeff Bachant
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Melissa K Gardner
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Duncan J Clarke
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Kaur K, Park H, Pandey N, Azuma Y, De Guzman RN. Identification of a new small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-interacting motif in the E3 ligase PIASy. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:10230-10238. [PMID: 28455449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.789982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation is a reversible post-translational modification process implicated in the regulation of gene transcription, DNA repair, and cell cycle. SUMOylation depends on the sequential activities of E1 activating, E2 conjugating, and E3 ligating enzymes. SUMO E3 ligases enhance transfer of SUMO from the charged E2 enzyme to the substrate. We have previously identified PIASy, a member of the Siz/protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) RING family of SUMO E3 ligases, as essential for mitotic chromosomal SUMOylation in frog egg extracts and demonstrated that it can mediate effective SUMOylation. To address how PIASy catalyzes SUMOylation, we examined various truncations of PIASy for their ability to mediate SUMOylation. Using NMR chemical shift mapping and mutagenesis, we identified a new SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) in PIASy. The new SIM and the currently known SIM are both located at the C terminus of PIASy, and both are required for the full ligase activity of PIASy. Our results provide novel insights into the mechanism of PIASy-mediated SUMOylation. PIASy adds to the growing list of SUMO E3 ligases containing multiple SIMs that play important roles in the E3 ligase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawaljit Kaur
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Hyewon Park
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Nootan Pandey
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Roberto N De Guzman
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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40
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Guturi KKN, Bohgaki M, Bohgaki T, Srikumar T, Ng D, Kumareswaran R, El Ghamrasni S, Jeon J, Patel P, Eldin MS, Bristow R, Cheung P, Stewart GS, Raught B, Hakem A, Hakem R. RNF168 and USP10 regulate topoisomerase IIα function via opposing effects on its ubiquitylation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12638. [PMID: 27558965 PMCID: PMC5007378 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase IIα (TOP2α) is essential for chromosomal condensation and segregation, as well as genomic integrity. Here we report that RNF168, an E3 ligase mutated in the human RIDDLE syndrome, interacts with TOP2α and mediates its ubiquitylation. RNF168 deficiency impairs decatenation activity of TOP2α and promotes mitotic abnormalities and defective chromosomal segregation. Our data also indicate that RNF168 deficiency, including in human breast cancer cell lines, confers resistance to the anti-cancer drug and TOP2 inhibitor etoposide. We also identify USP10 as a deubiquitylase that negatively regulates TOP2α ubiquitylation and restrains its chromatin association. These findings provide a mechanistic link between the RNF168/USP10 axis and TOP2α ubiquitylation and function, and suggest a role for RNF168 in the response to anti-cancer chemotherapeutics that target TOP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Naidu Guturi
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Miyuki Bohgaki
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Toshiyuki Bohgaki
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Tharan Srikumar
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Deborah Ng
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Ramya Kumareswaran
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Samah El Ghamrasni
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Justin Jeon
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Parasvi Patel
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Mohamed Saad Eldin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Rob Bristow
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Peter Cheung
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Grant S Stewart
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Brian Raught
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Anne Hakem
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Razqallah Hakem
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
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41
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Yoshida MM, Azuma Y. Mechanisms behind Topoisomerase II SUMOylation in chromosome segregation. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:3151-3152. [PMID: 27484981 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1216928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto M Yoshida
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
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42
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Sridharan V, Azuma Y. SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs) in Polo-like kinase 1-interacting checkpoint helicase (PICH) ensure proper chromosome segregation during mitosis. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2135-2144. [PMID: 27230136 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1191713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1)-interacting checkpoint helicase (PICH) localizes at the centromere and is critical for proper chromosome segregation during mitosis. However, the precise molecular mechanism of PICH's centromeric localization and function at the centromere is not yet fully understood. Recently, using Xenopus egg extract assays, we showed that PICH is a promiscuous SUMO binding protein. To further determine the molecular consequence of PICH/SUMO interaction on PICH function, we identified 3 SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs) on PICH and generated a SIM-deficient PICH mutant. Using the conditional expression of PICH in cells, we found distinct roles of PICH SIMs during mitosis. Although all SIMs are dispensable for PICH's localization on ultrafine anaphase DNA bridges, only SIM3 (third SIM, close to the C-terminus end of PICH) is critical for its centromeric localization. Intriguingly, the other 2 SIMs function in chromatin bridge prevention. With these results, we propose a novel SUMO-dependent regulation of PICH's function on mitotic centromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinidhra Sridharan
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- a Department of Molecular Biosciences , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
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43
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Chen YTS, Wu J, Modrich P, Hsieh TS. The C-terminal 20 Amino Acids of Drosophila Topoisomerase 2 Are Required for Binding to a BRCA1 C Terminus (BRCT) Domain-containing Protein, Mus101, and Fidelity of DNA Segregation. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13216-28. [PMID: 27129233 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic topoisomerase 2 (Top2) and one of its interacting partners, topoisomerase IIβ binding protein 1 (TopBP1) are two proteins performing essential cellular functions. We mapped the interacting domains of these two proteins using co-immunoprecipitation and pulldown experiments with truncated or mutant Drosophila Top2 with various Ser-to-Ala substitutions. We discovered that the last 20 amino acids of Top2 represent the key region for binding with Mus101 (the Drosophila homolog of TopBP1) and that phosphorylation of Ser-1428 and Ser-1443 is important for Top2 to interact with the N terminus of Mus101, which contains the BRCT1/2 domains. The interaction between Mus101 and the Top2 C-terminal regulatory domain is phosphorylation-dependent because treatment with phosphatase abolishes their association in pulldown assays. The binding affinity of N-terminal Mus101 with a synthetic phosphorylated peptide spanning the last 25 amino acids of Top2 (with Ser(P)-1428 and Ser(P)-1443) was determined by surface plasmon resonance with a Kd of 0.57 μm In an in vitro decatenation assay, Mus101 can specifically reduce the decatenation activity of Top2, and dephosphorylation of Top2 attenuates this response. Next, we endeavored to establish a cellular system for testing the biological function of Top2-Mus101 interaction. Top2-silenced S2 cells rescued by Top2Δ20, Top2 with 20 amino acids truncated from the C terminus, developed abnormally high chromosome numbers, which implies that Top2-Mus101 interaction is important for maintaining the fidelity of chromosome segregation during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tao-Shih Hsieh
- From the Department of Biochemistry and the Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710 and
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44
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Eifler K, Vertegaal ACO. SUMOylation-Mediated Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression and Cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:779-793. [PMID: 26601932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein conjugation with Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMOylation) has critical roles during cell cycle progression. Many important cell cycle regulators, including many oncogenes and tumor suppressors, are functionally regulated via SUMOylation. The dynamic SUMOylation pattern observed throughout the cell cycle is ensured via distinct spatial and temporal regulation of the SUMO machinery. Additionally, SUMOylation cooperates with other post-translational modifications to mediate cell cycle progression. Deregulation of these SUMOylation and deSUMOylation enzymes causes severe defects in cell proliferation and genome stability. Different types of cancer were recently shown to be dependent on a functioning SUMOylation system, a finding that could be exploited in anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Eifler
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Alfred C O Vertegaal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Ryu H, Yoshida MM, Sridharan V, Kumagai A, Dunphy WG, Dasso M, Azuma Y. SUMOylation of the C-terminal domain of DNA topoisomerase IIα regulates the centromeric localization of Claspin. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2777-84. [PMID: 26131587 PMCID: PMC4614044 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1066537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA topoisomerase II (TopoII) regulates DNA topology by its strand passaging reaction, which is required for genome maintenance by resolving tangled genomic DNA. In addition, TopoII contributes to the structural integrity of mitotic chromosomes and to the activation of cell cycle checkpoints in mitosis. Post-translational modification of TopoII is one of the key mechanisms by which its broad functions are regulated during mitosis. SUMOylation of TopoII is conserved in eukaryotes and plays a critical role in chromosome segregation. Using Xenopus laevis egg extract, we demonstrated previously that TopoIIα is modified by SUMO on mitotic chromosomes and that its activity is modulated via SUMOylation of its lysine at 660. However, both biochemical and genetic analyses indicated that TopoII has multiple SUMOylation sites in addition to Lys660, and the functions of the other SUMOylation sites were not clearly determined. In this study, we identified the SUMOylation sites on the C-terminal domain (CTD) of TopoIIα. CTD SUMOylation did not affect TopoIIα activity, indicating that its function is distinct from that of Lys660 SUMOylation. We found that CTD SUMOylation promotes protein binding and that Claspin, a well-established cell cycle checkpoint mediator, is one of the SUMOylation-dependent binding proteins. Claspin harbors 2 SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs), and its robust association to mitotic chromosomes requires both the SIMs and TopoIIα-CTD SUMOylation. Claspin localizes to the mitotic centromeres depending on mitotic SUMOylation, suggesting that TopoIIα-CTD SUMOylation regulates the centromeric localization of Claspin. Our findings provide a novel mechanistic insight regarding how TopoIIα-CTD SUMOylation contributes to mitotic centromere activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Ryu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; University of Kansas; Lawrence, KS USA
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development; NICHD, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Makoto M Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; University of Kansas; Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Vinidhra Sridharan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; University of Kansas; Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Akiko Kumagai
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, CA USA
| | - William G Dunphy
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Mary Dasso
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development; NICHD, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; University of Kansas; Lawrence, KS USA
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46
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He X, Riceberg J, Pulukuri SM, Grossman S, Shinde V, Shah P, Brownell JE, Dick L, Newcomb J, Bence N. Characterization of the loss of SUMO pathway function on cancer cells and tumor proliferation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123882. [PMID: 25860128 PMCID: PMC4393225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is a post-translational ubiquitin-like protein modification pathway that regulates important cellular processes including chromosome structure, kinetochore function, chromosome segregation, nuclear and sub-nuclear organization, transcription and DNA damage repair. There is increasing evidence that the SUMO pathway is dysregulated in cancer, raising the possibility that modulation of this pathway may have therapeutic potential. To investigate the importance of the SUMO pathway in the context of cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth, we applied lentivirus-based short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) to knockdown SUMO pathway genes in human cancer cells. shRNAs for SAE2 and UBC9 reduced SUMO conjugation activity and inhibited proliferation of human cancer cells. To expand upon these observations, we generated doxycycline inducible conditional shRNA cell lines for SAE2 to achieve acute and reversible SAE2 knockdown. Conditional SAE2 knockdown in U2OS and HCT116 cells slowed cell growth in vitro, and SAE2 knockdown induced multiple terminal outcomes including apoptosis, endoreduplication and senescence. Multinucleated cells became senescent and stained positive for the senescence marker, SA-β Gal, and displayed elevated levels of p53 and p21. In an attempt to explain these phenotypes, we confirmed that loss of SUMO pathway activity leads to a loss of SUMOylated Topoisomerase IIα and the appearance of chromatin bridges which can impair proper cytokinesis and lead to multinucleation. Furthermore, knockdown of SAE2 induces disruption of PML nuclear bodies which may further promote apoptosis or senescence. In an in vivo HCT116 xenograft tumor model, conditional SAE2 knockdown strongly impaired tumor growth. These data demonstrate that the SUMO pathway is required for cancer cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo, implicating the SUMO pathway as a potential cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue He
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XH); (NB)
| | - Jessica Riceberg
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Sai M. Pulukuri
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Steve Grossman
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Vaishali Shinde
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Pooja Shah
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, United States of America
| | - James E. Brownell
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Larry Dick
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, United States of America
| | - John Newcomb
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Neil Bence
- Nurix, Inc. San Francisco, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XH); (NB)
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47
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Sridharan V, Park H, Ryu H, Azuma Y. SUMOylation regulates polo-like kinase 1-interacting checkpoint helicase (PICH) during mitosis. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:3269-76. [PMID: 25564610 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c114.601906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic SUMOylation has an essential role in faithful chromosome segregation in eukaryotes, although its molecular consequences are not yet fully understood. In Xenopus egg extract assays, we showed that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is modified by SUMO2/3 at mitotic centromeres and that its enzymatic activity could be regulated by SUMOylation. To determine the molecular consequence of mitotic SUMOylation, we analyzed SUMOylated PARP1-specific binding proteins. We identified Polo-like kinase 1-interacting checkpoint helicase (PICH) as an interaction partner of SUMOylated PARP1 in Xenopus egg extract. Interestingly, PICH also bound to SUMOylated topoisomerase IIα (TopoIIα), a major centromeric small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) substrate. Purified recombinant human PICH interacted with SUMOylated substrates, indicating that PICH directly interacts with SUMO, and this interaction is conserved among species. Further analysis of mitotic chromosomes revealed that PICH localized to the centromere independent of mitotic SUMOylation. Additionally, we found that PICH is modified by SUMO2/3 on mitotic chromosomes and in vitro. PICH SUMOylation is highly dependent on protein inhibitor of activated STAT, PIASy, consistent with other mitotic chromosomal SUMO substrates. Finally, the SUMOylation of PICH significantly reduced its DNA binding capability, indicating that SUMOylation might regulate its DNA-dependent ATPase activity. Collectively, our findings suggest a novel SUMO-mediated regulation of the function of PICH at mitotic centromeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinidhra Sridharan
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Hyewon Park
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Hyunju Ryu
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Yoshiaki Azuma
- From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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48
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Farr CJ, Antoniou-Kourounioti M, Mimmack ML, Volkov A, Porter ACG. The α isoform of topoisomerase II is required for hypercompaction of mitotic chromosomes in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:4414-26. [PMID: 24476913 PMCID: PMC3985649 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As proliferating cells transit from interphase into M-phase, chromatin undergoes extensive reorganization, and topoisomerase (topo) IIα, the major isoform of this enzyme present in cycling vertebrate cells, plays a key role in this process. In this study, a human cell line conditional null mutant for topo IIα and a derivative expressing an auxin-inducible degron (AID)-tagged version of the protein have been used to distinguish real mitotic chromosome functions of topo IIα from its more general role in DNA metabolism and to investigate whether topo IIβ makes any contribution to mitotic chromosome formation. We show that topo IIβ does contribute, with endogenous levels being sufficient for the initial stages of axial shortening. However, a significant effect of topo IIα depletion, seen with or without the co-depletion of topo IIβ, is the failure of chromosomes to hypercompact when delayed in M-phase. This requires much higher levels of topo II protein and is impaired by drugs or mutations that affect enzyme activity. A prolonged delay at the G2/M border results in hyperefficient axial shortening, a process that is topo IIα-dependent. Rapid depletion of topo IIα has allowed us to show that its function during late G2 and M-phase is truly required for shaping mitotic chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Farr
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK and Centre for Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, UK
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49
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Bolaños-Villegas P, Yang X, Wang HJ, Juan CT, Chuang MH, Makaroff CA, Jauh GY. Arabidopsis CHROMOSOME TRANSMISSION FIDELITY 7 (AtCTF7/ECO1) is required for DNA repair, mitosis and meiosis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:927-40. [PMID: 23750584 PMCID: PMC3824207 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The proper transmission of DNA in dividing cells is crucial for the survival of eukaryotic organisms. During cell division, faithful segregation of replicated chromosomes requires their tight attachment, known as sister chromatid cohesion, until anaphase. Sister chromatid cohesion is established during S-phase in a process requiring an acetyltransferase that in yeast is known as Establishment of cohesion 1 (Eco1). Inactivation of Eco1 typically disrupts chromosome segregation and homologous recombination-dependent DNA repair in dividing cells, ultimately resulting in lethality. We report here the isolation and detailed characterization of two homozygous T-DNA insertion mutants for the Arabidopsis thaliana Eco1 homolog, CHROMOSOME TRANSMISSION FIDELITY 7/ESTABLISHMENT OF COHESION 1 (CTF7/ECO1), called ctf7-1 and ctf7-2. Mutants exhibited dwarfism, poor anther development and sterility. Analysis of somatic tissues by flow cytometry, scanning electron microscopy and quantitative real-time PCR identified defects in DNA repair and cell division, including an increase in the area of leaf epidermal cells, an increase in DNA content and the upregulation of genes involved in DNA repair including BRCA1 and PARP2. No significant change was observed in the expression of genes that influence entry into the endocycle. Analysis of meiocytes identified changes in chromosome morphology and defective segregation; the abundance of chromosomal-bound cohesion subunits was also reduced. Transcript levels for several meiotic genes, including the recombinase genes DMC1 and RAD51C and the S-phase licensing factor CDC45 were elevated in mutant anthers. Taken together our results demonstrate that Arabidopsis CTF7/ECO1 plays important roles in the preservation of genome integrity and meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Bolaños-Villegas
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia SinicaTaipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University and Academia SinicaTaipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami UniversityOxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Huei-Jing Wang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia SinicaTaipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ta Juan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia SinicaTaipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsiang Chuang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia SinicaTaipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | | | - Guang-Yuh Jauh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia SinicaTaipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung-Hsing University and Academia SinicaTaipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing UniversityTaichung, 402, Taiwan
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50
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Funabiki H, Wynne DJ. Making an effective switch at the kinetochore by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Chromosoma 2013; 122:135-58. [PMID: 23512483 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-013-0401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore, the proteinaceous structure on the mitotic centromere, functions as a mechanical latch that hooks onto microtubules to support directional movement of chromosomes. The structure also brings in a number of signaling molecules, such as kinases and phosphatases, which regulate microtubule dynamics and cell cycle progression. Erroneous microtubule attachment is destabilized by Aurora B-mediated phosphorylation of multiple microtubule-binding protein complexes at the kinetochore, such as the KMN network proteins and the Ska/Dam1 complex, while Plk-dependent phosphorylation of BubR1 stabilizes kinetochore-microtubule attachment by recruiting PP2A-B56. Spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) signaling, which is activated by unattached kinetochores and inhibits the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, depends on kinetochore recruitment of the kinase Bub1 through Mps1-mediated phosphorylation of the kinetochore protein KNL1 (also known as Blinkin in mammals, Spc105 in budding yeast, and Spc7 in fission yeast). Recruitment of protein phosphatase 1 to KNL1 is necessary to silence the SAC upon bioriented microtubule attachment. One of the key unsolved questions in the mitosis field is how a mechanical change at the kinetochore upon microtubule attachment is converted to these and other chemical signals that control microtubule attachment and the SAC. Rapid progress in the field is revealing the existence of an intricate signaling network created right on the kinetochore. Here we review the current understanding of phosphorylation-mediated regulation of kinetochore functions and discuss how this signaling network generates an accurate switch that turns on and off the signaling output in response to kinetochore-microtubule attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Funabiki
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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