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Hu HT, Nishimura T, Kawana H, Dante RAS, D’Angelo G, Suetsugu S. The cellular protrusions for inter-cellular material transfer: similarities between filopodia, cytonemes, tunneling nanotubes, viruses, and extracellular vesicles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1422227. [PMID: 39035026 PMCID: PMC11257967 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1422227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial for transferring bioactive materials between cells and play vital roles in both health and diseases. Cellular protrusions, including filopodia and microvilli, are generated by the bending of the plasma membrane and are considered to be rigid structures facilitating various cellular functions, such as cell migration, adhesion, and environment sensing. Compelling evidence suggests that these protrusions are dynamic and flexible structures that can serve as sources of a new class of EVs, highlighting the unique role they play in intercellular material transfer. Cytonemes are specialized filopodia protrusions that make direct contact with neighboring cells, mediating the transfer of bioactive materials between cells through their tips. In some cases, these tips fuse with the plasma membrane of neighboring cells, creating tunneling nanotubes that directly connect the cytosols of the adjacent cells. Additionally, virus particles can be released from infected cells through small bud-like of plasma membrane protrusions. These different types of protrusions, which can transfer bioactive materials, share common protein components, including I-BAR domain-containing proteins, actin cytoskeleton, and their regulatory proteins. The dynamic and flexible nature of these protrusions highlights their importance in cellular communication and material transfer within the body, including development, cancer progression, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Ting Hu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Tamako Nishimura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawana
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Rachelle Anne So Dante
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Gisela D’Angelo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Shiro Suetsugu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
- Data Science Center, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
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2
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Gordy D, Swayne T, Berry GJ, Thomas TA, Hudson KE, Stone EF. Characterization of a novel mouse platelet transfusion model. Vox Sang 2024; 119:702-711. [PMID: 38643983 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Platelet transfusions are increasing with medical advances. Based on FDA criteria, platelet units are assessed by in vitro measures; however, it is not known how platelet processing and storage duration affect function in vivo. Our study's aim was to develop a novel platelet transfusion model stored in mouse plasma that meets FDA criteria adapted to mice, and transfused fresh and stored platelets are detectable in clots in vivo. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Platelet units stored in mouse plasma were prepared using a modified platelet-rich plasma (PRP) collection protocol. Characteristics of fresh and stored units, including pH, cell count, in vitro measures of activity, including activation and aggregation, and post-transfusion recovery (PTR), were determined. Lastly, a tail transection assay was conducted using mice transfused with fresh or stored units, and transfused platelets were identified by confocal imaging. RESULTS Platelet units had acceptable platelet and white cell counts and were negative for bacterial contamination. Fresh and 1-day stored units had acceptable pH; the platelets were activatable by thrombin and adenosine diphosphate, agreeable with thrombin, had acceptable PTR, and were present in vivo in clots of recipients after tail transection. In contrast, 2-day stored units had clinically unacceptable quality. CONCLUSION We developed mouse platelets for transfusion analogous to human platelet units using a modified PRP collection protocol with maximum storage of 1 day for an 'old' unit. This provides a powerful tool to test how process modifications and storage conditions affect transfused platelet function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Gordy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Theresa Swayne
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregory J Berry
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tiffany A Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth F Stone
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Italiano JE, Machlus KR. Evidence for a cytoplasmic proplatelet promoting factor that triggers platelet production. Haematologica 2024; 109:2341-2345. [PMID: 38426280 PMCID: PMC11215393 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2023.284755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Italiano
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Kellie R Machlus
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts
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4
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Becker IC, Wilkie AR, Unger BA, Sciaudone AR, Fatima F, Tsai IT, Xu K, Machlus KR, Italiano JE. Dynamic actin/septin network in megakaryocytes coordinates proplatelet elaboration. Haematologica 2024; 109:915-928. [PMID: 37675512 PMCID: PMC10905084 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2023.283369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MK) undergo extensive cytoskeletal rearrangements as they give rise to platelets. While cortical microtubule sliding has been implicated in proplatelet formation, the role of the actin cytoskeleton in proplatelet elongation is less understood. It is assumed that actin filament reorganization is important for platelet generation given that mouse models with mutations in actin-associated proteins exhibit thrombocytopenia. However, due to the essential role of the actin network during MK development, a differential understanding of the contribution of the actin cytoskeleton on proplatelet release is lacking. Here, we reveal that inhibition of actin polymerization impairs the formation of elaborate proplatelets by hampering proplatelet extension and bead formation along the proplatelet shaft, which was mostly independent of changes in cortical microtubule sliding. We identify Cdc42 and its downstream effectors, septins, as critical regulators of intracellular actin dynamics in MK, inhibition of which, similarly to inhibition of actin polymerization, impairs proplatelet movement and beading. Super-resolution microscopy revealed a differential association of distinctive septins with the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton, respectively, which was disrupted upon septin inhibition and diminished intracellular filamentous actin dynamics. In vivo, septins, similarly to F-actin, were subject to changes in expression upon enforcing proplatelet formation through prior platelet depletion. In summary, we demonstrate that a Cdc42/septin axis is not only important for MK maturation and polarization, but is further required for intracellular actin dynamics during proplatelet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle C Becker
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Adrian R Wilkie
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bret A Unger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | | | - Farheen Fatima
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - I-Ting Tsai
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - Kellie R Machlus
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joseph E Italiano
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115.
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5
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Manole CG, Soare C, Ceafalan LC, Voiculescu VM. Platelet-Rich Plasma in Dermatology: New Insights on the Cellular Mechanism of Skin Repair and Regeneration. Life (Basel) 2023; 14:40. [PMID: 38255655 PMCID: PMC10817627 DOI: 10.3390/life14010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin's recognised functions may undergo physiological alterations due to ageing, manifesting as varying degrees of facial wrinkles, diminished tautness, density, and volume. Additionally, these functions can be disrupted (patho)physiologically through various physical and chemical injuries, including surgical trauma, accidents, or chronic conditions like ulcers associated with diabetes mellitus, venous insufficiency, or obesity. Advancements in therapeutic interventions that boost the skin's innate regenerative abilities could significantly enhance patient care protocols. The application of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) is widely recognized for its aesthetic and functional benefits to the skin. Yet, the endorsement of PRP's advantages often borders on the dogmatic, with its efficacy commonly ascribed solely to the activation of fibroblasts by the factors contained within platelet granules. PRP therapy is a cornerstone of regenerative medicine which involves the autologous delivery of conditioned plasma enriched by platelets. This is achieved by centrifugation, removing erythrocytes while retaining platelets and their granules. Despite its widespread use, the precise sequences of cellular activation, the specific cellular players, and the molecular machinery that drive PRP-facilitated healing are still enigmatic. There is still a paucity of definitive and robust studies elucidating these mechanisms. In recent years, telocytes (TCs)-a unique dermal cell population-have shown promising potential for tissue regeneration in various organs, including the dermis. TCs' participation in neo-angiogenesis, akin to that attributed to PRP, and their role in tissue remodelling and repair processes within the interstitia of several organs (including the dermis), offer intriguing insights. Their potential to contribute to, or possibly orchestrate, the skin regeneration process following PRP treatment has elicited considerable interest. Therefore, pursuing a comprehensive understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms at work, particularly those involving TCs, their temporal involvement in structural recovery following injury, and the interconnected biological events in skin wound healing and regeneration represents a compelling field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin G. Manole
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Ultrastructural Pathology Laboratory, “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Soare
- Department of Oncological Dermatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Cristina Ceafalan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology Laboratory, “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad M. Voiculescu
- Department of Oncological Dermatology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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6
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Thanasegaran S, Daimon E, Shibukawa Y, Yamazaki N, Okamoto N. Modelling Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome using disease-specific iPSCs. Stem Cell Res 2023; 73:103221. [PMID: 37918315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2023.103221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Takenouchi-Kosaki Syndrome (TKS) is a congenital multi-organ disorder caused by the de novo missense mutation c.191A > G p. Tyr64Cys (Y64C) in the CDC42 gene. We previously elucidated the functional abnormalities and thrombopoietic effects of Y64C using HEK293 and MEG01 cells. In the present study, we used iPSCs derived from TKS patients to model the disease and successfully recapitulated macrothrombocytopenia, a prominent TKS phenotype. The megakaryopoietic differentiation potential of TKS-iPSCs and platelet production capacity were examined using an efficient platelet production method redesigned from existing protocols. The results obtained showed that TKS-iPSCs produced fewer hematopoietic progenitor cells, exhibited defective megakaryopoiesis, and released platelets with an abnormally low count and giant morphology. We herein report the first analysis of TKS-iPSC-derived megakaryocytes and platelets, and currently utilize this model to perform drug evaluations for TKS. Therefore, our simple yet effective differentiation method, which mimics the disease in a dish, is a feasible strategy for studying hematopoiesis and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganya Thanasegaran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Etsuko Daimon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Yukinao Shibukawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Natsuko Yamazaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan.
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7
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Schwertz H, Middleton EA. Autophagy and its consequences for platelet biology. Thromb Res 2023; 231:170-181. [PMID: 36058760 PMCID: PMC10286736 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, the continuous recycling of intracellular building blocks, molecules, and organelles is necessary to preserve cellular function and homeostasis. In this context, it was demonstrated that autophagy plays an important role in megakaryopoiesis, the development and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells into megakaryocytes. Furthermore, in recent years, autophagic proteins were detected in platelets, anucleate cells generated by megakaryocytes, responsible for hemostasis, thrombosis, and a key cell in inflammation and host immune responses. In the last decade studies have indicated the occurrence of autophagy in platelets. Moreover, autophagy in platelets was subsequently demonstrated to be involved in platelet aggregation, adhesion, and thrombus formation. Here, we review the current knowledge about autophagy in platelets, its function, and clinical implications. However, at the advent of platelet autophagy research, additional discoveries derived from evolving work will be required to precisely define the contributions of autophagy in platelets, and to expand the ever increasing physiologic and pathologic roles these remarkable and versatile blood cells play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansjörg Schwertz
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Occupational Medicine, Billings Clinic Bozeman, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Middleton
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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8
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Grodzielski M, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoids regulate thrombopoiesis by remodeling the megakaryocyte transcriptome. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:3207-3223. [PMID: 37336437 PMCID: PMC10592358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids are widely known for their immunomodulatory action. Their synthetic analogs are used to treat several autoimmune diseases, including immune thrombocytopenia. However, their efficacy and mechanisms of action in immune thrombocytopenia are not fully understood. OBJECTIVES To investigate the mechanism of glucocorticoid actions on platelet production. METHODS The actions of glucocorticoids on platelet production were studied combining in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro approaches. RESULTS Dexamethasone reduced bleeding in mice and rapidly increased circulating young platelet counts. In vitro glucocorticoid treatment stimulated proplatelet formation by megakaryocytes and platelet-like particle release. This effect was blocked by glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486, indicating a glucocorticoid receptor-dependent mechanism. Genome-wide analysis revealed that dexamethasone regulates the expression of >1000 genes related to numerous cellular functions, including predominant cytoplasm and cytoskeleton reorganization. Dexamethasone and other glucocorticoids induced the expression of Gda (the gene encoding guanine deaminase), which has been reported to have a role in dendrite development. Inhibition of guanine deaminase enzymatic activity blocked dexamethasone stimulation of proplatelet formation, implicating a critical role for this enzyme in glucocorticoid-mediated platelet production. CONCLUSION Our findings identify glucocorticoids as new regulators of thrombopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Grodzielski
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
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9
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Allan HE, Vadgama A, Armstrong PC, Warner TD. Platelet ageing: A review. Thromb Res 2023; 231:214-222. [PMID: 36587993 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Platelet ageing is an area of research which has gained much interest in recent years. Newly formed platelets, often referred to as reticulated platelets, young platelets or immature platelets, are defined as RNA-enriched and have long been thought to be hyper-reactive. This latter view is largely rooted in associations and observations in patient groups with shortened platelet half-lives who often present with increased proportions of newly formed platelets. Evidence from such groups suggests that an increased proportion of newly formed platelets is associated with an increased risk of thrombotic events and a reduced effectiveness of standard anti-platelet therapies. Whilst research has highlighted the existence of platelet subpopulations based on function, size and age within patient groups, the common intrinsic changes which occur as platelets age within the circulation are only just being explored. By understanding the changes that occur during the natural ageing processes of platelets, we may be able to identify the triggers for alterations in platelet life span and platelet reactivity. Here we review research on platelet ageing in the context of health and disease, paying particular attention to the experimental approaches taken and the robustness of conclusions that can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet E Allan
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom.
| | - Ami Vadgama
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Armstrong
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D Warner
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
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10
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Kuhn CC, Basnet N, Bodakuntla S, Alvarez-Brecht P, Nichols S, Martinez-Sanchez A, Agostini L, Soh YM, Takagi J, Biertümpfel C, Mizuno N. Direct Cryo-ET observation of platelet deformation induced by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nat Commun 2023; 14:620. [PMID: 36739444 PMCID: PMC9898865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Its high pathogenicity is due to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) contacting host-cell receptors. A critical hallmark of COVID-19 is the occurrence of coagulopathies. Here, we report the direct observation of the interactions between S protein and platelets. Live imaging shows that the S protein triggers platelets to deform dynamically, in some cases, leading to their irreversible activation. Cellular cryo-electron tomography reveals dense decorations of S protein on the platelet surface, inducing filopodia formation. Hypothesizing that S protein binds to filopodia-inducing integrin receptors, we tested the binding to RGD motif-recognizing platelet integrins and find that S protein recognizes integrin αvβ3. Our results infer that the stochastic activation of platelets is due to weak interactions of S protein with integrin, which can attribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the occurrence of rare but severe coagulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cyrus Kuhn
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nirakar Basnet
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Satish Bodakuntla
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pelayo Alvarez-Brecht
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sciences - Campus Llamaquique, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33007, Spain
| | - Scott Nichols
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Antonio Martinez-Sanchez
- Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sciences - Campus Llamaquique, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, 33007, Spain.,Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Avenida Hospital Universitario s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Agostini
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Young-Min Soh
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Osaka University Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Christian Biertümpfel
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Naoko Mizuno
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. .,National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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11
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Platelets from 13-lined ground squirrels are resistant to cold storage lesions. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:125-134. [PMID: 36495374 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During torpor in a 13-lined ground squirrel heart rate and blood flow decrease, increasing the risk of blood clot formation. In response, cells involved in clotting called platelets are sequestered in the liver, stored in the cold for months, and released back into circulation upon arousal. This is in contrast to non-hibernating mammals, including humans, in which chilled platelets undergo cold storage lesions and phagocytosis, leading to rapid clearance from circulation post-transfusion. Because of this, human platelets must be stored at room temperature, limiting their shelf life to 7 days due to the increased risk of microbial contamination at warmer temperatures. Human and ground squirrel platelets were stored at room temperature or 4 °C before being analyzed for cold storage lesions. Human platelets stored at 4 °C displayed progressive increases in phosphatidylserine surface exposure and caspase activation, while ground squirrel platelets showed minimal change. Following cold storage, sialic acid residues on human platelets were cleaved, leading to increased phagocytosis of human platelets by HepG2 cells. Ground squirrel platelets stored in the cold showed no changes in desialylation and phagocytosis, with Taxol-treated ground squirrel platelets showing the lowest phagocytosis rates between both species and all treatments. These results suggest that ground squirrel platelets may be resistant to cold storage lesions seen in human platelets. Although these experiments were done in vitro, they suggest a mechanism by which ground squirrel platelets are adapted to be stored during hibernation and remain functional following arousal. Other hibernating species may employ similar adaptations to retain functional platelets following torpor.
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12
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Kuhn CC, Basnet N, Bodakuntla S, Alvarez-Brecht P, Nichols S, Martinez-Sanchez A, Agostini L, Soh YM, Takagi J, Biertümpfel C, Mizuno N. Direct Cryo-ET observation of platelet deformation induced by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.11.22.517574. [PMID: 36451880 PMCID: PMC9709796 DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.22.517574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Its high pathogenicity is due to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein) contacting host-cell receptors. A critical hallmark of COVID-19 is the occurrence of coagulopathies. Here, we report the direct observation of the interactions between S protein and platelets. Live imaging showed that the S protein triggers platelets to deform dynamically, in some cases, leading to their irreversible activation. Strikingly, cellular cryo-electron tomography revealed dense decorations of S protein on the platelet surface, inducing filopodia formation. Hypothesizing that S protein binds to filopodia-inducing integrin receptors, we tested the binding to RGD motif-recognizing platelet integrins and found that S protein recognizes integrin α v β 3 . Our results infer that the stochastic activation of platelets is due to weak interactions of S protein with integrin, which can attribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the occurrence of rare but severe coagulopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cyrus Kuhn
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nirakar Basnet
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Satish Bodakuntla
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pelayo Alvarez-Brecht
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sciences - Campus Llamaquique, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33007, Spain
| | - Scott Nichols
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Antonio Martinez-Sanchez
- Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sciences - Campus Llamaquique, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33007, Spain.,Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Avenida Hospital Universitario s/n, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Agostini
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Young-Min Soh
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Junichi Takagi
- Osaka University Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Christian Biertümpfel
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Naoko Mizuno
- Laboratory of Structural Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr., Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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13
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De Wispelaere K, Freson K. The Analysis of the Human Megakaryocyte and Platelet Coding Transcriptome in Healthy and Diseased Subjects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147647. [PMID: 35886993 PMCID: PMC9317744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are generated and released into the bloodstream from their precursor cells, megakaryocytes that reside in the bone marrow. Though platelets have no nucleus or DNA, they contain a full transcriptome that, during platelet formation, is transported from the megakaryocyte to the platelet. It has been described that transcripts in platelets can be translated into proteins that influence platelet response. The platelet transcriptome is highly dynamic and has been extensively studied using microarrays and, more recently, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in relation to diverse conditions (inflammation, obesity, cancer, pathogens and others). In this review, we focus on bulk and single-cell RNA-seq studies that have aimed to characterize the coding transcriptome of healthy megakaryocytes and platelets in humans. It has been noted that bulk RNA-seq has limitations when studying in vitro-generated megakaryocyte cultures that are highly heterogeneous, while single-cell RNA-seq has not yet been applied to platelets due to their very limited RNA content. Next, we illustrate how these methods can be applied in the field of inherited platelet disorders for gene discovery and for unraveling novel disease mechanisms using RNA from platelets and megakaryocytes and rare disease bioinformatics. Next, future perspectives are discussed on how this field of coding transcriptomics can be integrated with other next-generation technologies to decipher unexplained inherited platelet disorders in a multiomics approach.
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14
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Kemble S, Dalby A, Lowe GC, Nicolson PLR, Watson SP, Senis Y, Thomas SG, Harrison P. Analysis of preplatelets and their barbell platelet derivatives by imaging flow cytometry. Blood Adv 2022; 6:2932-2946. [PMID: 35042240 PMCID: PMC9092408 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating large "preplatelets" undergo fission via barbell platelet intermediates into two smaller, mature platelets. In this study, we determine whether preplatelets and/or barbells are equivalent to reticulated/immature platelets by using ImageStream flow cytometry and super-resolution microscopy. Immature platelets, preplatelets, and barbells were quantified in healthy and thrombocytopenic mice, healthy human volunteers, and patients with immune thrombocytopenia or undergoing chemotherapy. Preplatelets and barbells were 1.9% ± 0.18%/1.7% ± 0.48% (n = 6) and 3.3% ± 1.6%/0.5% ± 0.27% (n = 12) of total platelet counts in murine and human whole blood, respectively. Both preplatelets and barbells exhibited high expression of major histocompatibility complex class I with high thiazole orange and Mitotracker fluorescence. Tracking dye experiments confirmed that preplatelets transform into barbells and undergo fission ex vivo to increase platelet counts, with dependence on the cytoskeleton and normal mitochondrial respiration. Samples from antibody-induced thrombocytopenia in mice and patients with immune thrombocytopenia had increased levels of both preplatelets and barbells correlating with immature platelet levels. Furthermore, barbells were absent after chemotherapy in patients. In mice, in vivo biotinylation confirmed that barbells, but not all large platelets, were immature. This study demonstrates that a subpopulation of large platelets are immature preplatelets that can transform into barbells and undergo fission during maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Dalby
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian C. Lowe
- West Midlands Haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Phillip L. R. Nicolson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- West Midlands Haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Steve P. Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Yotis Senis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Etablissement Français du Sang Grand Est, Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 1255, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Steven G. Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, United Kingdom
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15
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The triple crown of platelet generation. Blood 2022; 139:2100-2101. [PMID: 35389441 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021015018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Bennett C, Lawrence M, Guerrero JA, Stritt S, Waller AK, Yan Y, Mifsud RW, Ballester-Beltran J, Baig A, Mueller A, Mayer L, Warland J, Penkett CJ, Akbari P, Moreau T, Evans AL, Mookerjee S, Hoffman GJ, Saeb-Parsy K, Adams DJ, Couzens AL, Bender M, Erber WN, Nieswandt B, Read RJ, Ghevaert C. CRLF3 plays a key role in the final stage of platelet genesis and is a potential therapeutic target for thrombocythemia. Blood 2022; 139:2227-2239. [PMID: 35051265 PMCID: PMC7614665 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of platelet production has so far been understood to be a 2-stage process: megakaryocyte maturation from hematopoietic stem cells followed by proplatelet formation, with each phase regulating the peripheral blood platelet count. Proplatelet formation releases into the bloodstream beads-on-a-string preplatelets, which undergo fission into mature platelets. For the first time, we show that preplatelet maturation is a third, tightly regulated, critical process akin to cytokinesis that regulates platelet count. We show that deficiency in cytokine receptor-like factor 3 (CRLF3) in mice leads to an isolated and sustained 25% to 48% reduction in the platelet count without any effect on other blood cell lineages. We show that Crlf3-/- preplatelets have increased microtubule stability, possibly because of increased microtubule glutamylation via the interaction of CRLF3 with key members of the Hippo pathway. Using a mouse model of JAK2 V617F essential thrombocythemia, we show that a lack of CRLF3 leads to long-term lineage-specific normalization of the platelet count. We thereby postulate that targeting CRLF3 has therapeutic potential for treatment of thrombocythemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cavan Bennett
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge and NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Moyra Lawrence
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge and NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Jose A. Guerrero
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge and NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Simon Stritt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Amie K. Waller
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge and NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Yahui Yan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England
| | - Richard W. Mifsud
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England
| | - Jose Ballester-Beltran
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge and NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Ayesha Baig
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annett Mueller
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge and NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Louisa Mayer
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge and NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - James Warland
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge and NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Christopher J. Penkett
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge and NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Parsa Akbari
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Wort’s Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Thomas Moreau
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge and NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Amanda L. Evans
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge and NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Souradip Mookerjee
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge and NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Gary J. Hoffman
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6099, Australia
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J. Adams
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Amber L. Couzens
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wendy N. Erber
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6099, Australia
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Randy J. Read
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England
| | - Cedric Ghevaert
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge and NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Blood Centre, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
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17
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Bendas G, Schlesinger M. The GPIb-IX complex on platelets: insight into its novel physiological functions affecting immune surveillance, hepatic thrombopoietin generation, platelet clearance and its relevance for cancer development and metastasis. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:19. [PMID: 35366951 PMCID: PMC8976409 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX complex is a platelet receptor that mediates the initial interaction with subendothelial von Willebrand factor (VWF) causing platelet arrest at sites of vascular injury even under conditions of high shear. GPIb-IX dysfunction or deficiency is the reason for the rare but severe Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS), a congenital bleeding disorder. Although knowledge on GPIb-IX structure, its basic functions, ligands, and intracellular signaling cascades have been well established, several advances in GPIb-IX biology have been made in the recent years. Thus, two mechanosensitive domains and a trigger sequence in GPIb were characterized and its role as a thrombin receptor was deciphered. Furthermore, it became clear that GPIb-IX is involved in the regulation of platelet production, clearance and thrombopoietin secretion. GPIb is deemed to contribute to liver cancer development and metastasis. This review recapitulates these novel findings highlighting GPIb-IX in its multiple functions as a key for immune regulation, host defense, and liver cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Bendas
- Department of Pharmacy, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Schlesinger
- Department of Pharmacy, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121, Bonn, Germany. .,Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany.
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18
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[Establishment of a platelet production model by bone marrow cavity transplantation of mouse primary megakaryocytes]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2022; 43:272-278. [PMID: 35680624 PMCID: PMC9189482 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To establish an intramedullary transplantation model of primary megakaryocytes to evaluate the platelet-producing capacity of megakaryocytes and explore the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Methods: Donor megakaryocytes from GFP-transgenic mice bone marrow were enriched by magnetic beads. The platelet-producing model was established by intramedullary injection to recipient mice that underwent half-lethal dose irradiation 1 week in advance. Donor-derived megakaryocytes and platelets were detected by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry. Results: The proportion of megakaryocytes in the enriched sample for transplantation was 40 to 50 times higher than that in conventional bone marrow. After intramedullary transplantation, donor-derived megakaryocytes successfully implanted in the medullary cavity of the recipient and produce platelets, which showed similar expression of surface markers and morphology to recipient-derived platelets. Conclusion: We successfully established an in vivo platelet-producing model of primary megakaryocytes using magnetic-bead enrichment and intramedullary injection, which objectively reflects the platelet-producing capacity of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.
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19
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Deletion of Grin1 in mouse megakaryocytes reveals NMDA receptor role in platelet function and proplatelet formation. Blood 2022; 139:2673-2690. [PMID: 35245376 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021014000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of proplatelet formation (PPF) requires coordinated interaction between megakaryocytes (MKs) and the extracellular matrix (ECM), followed by a dynamic reorganization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Localized fluxes of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) facilitate MK-ECM interaction and PPF. Glutamate-gated N-methyl-D--aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is highly permeable to Ca2+. NMDAR antagonists inhibit MK maturation ex vivo, however there is no in vivo data. Using the Cre-loxP system, we generated a platelet lineage-specific knockout mouse model of reduced NMDAR function in MKs and platelets (Pf4-Grin1-/- mice). Effects of NMDAR deletion were examined using well-established assays of platelet function and production in vivo and ex vivo. We found that Pf4-Grin1-/- mice had defects in megakaryopoiesis, thrombopoiesis and platelet function, which manifested as reduced platelet counts, lower rates of platelet production in the immune model of thrombocytopenia, and a prolonged tail bleeding time. Platelet activation was impaired to a range of agonists associated with reduced Ca2+ responses, including metabotropic-like, and defective platelet spreading. MKs showed reduced colony and proplatelet formation. Impaired reorganization of intracellular F-actin and α-tubulin was identified as the main cause of reduced platelet function and production. Pf4-Grin1-/- MKs also had lower levels of transcripts encoding crucial ECM elements and enzymes, suggesting NMDAR signaling is involved in ECM remodeling. In summary, we provide the first genetic evidence that NMDAR plays an active role in platelet function and production. NMDARs regulate PPF through the mechanism that involves MK-ECM interaction and cytoskeletal reorganization. Our results suggest that NMDAR helps guide PPF in vivo.
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20
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Inhibition of LDHA to Induce EEF2 Release Enhances Thrombocytopoiesis. Blood 2022; 139:2958-2971. [PMID: 35176139 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022015620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation is essential for megakaryocyte (MK) maturation and platelet production. However, how the translational pathways are regulated in this process remains unknown. In this study, we found that megakaryocyte/platelet-specific lactate dehydrogenase A (LdhA)-knockout mice showed an increased number of platelets with remarkably accelerated MK maturation and proplatelet formation. Interestingly, the role of LDHA in MK maturation and platelet formation did not depend on lactate content, which was the major product of LDHA. Mechanism studies revealed that LDHA interacted with eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) in the cytoplasm, controlling the participation of eEF2 in translation at the ribosome. Furthermore, the interaction of LDHA and eEF2 was dependent on NADH, a coenzyme of LDHA. NADH-competitive inhibitors of LDHA could release eEF2 from the LDHA pool, up-regulate translation and enhance MK maturation in vitro. Among LDHA inhibitors, stiripentol significantly promoted the production of platelets in vivo under physiological state and in the immune thrombocytopenia model. Moreover, stiripentol could promote platelet production from human cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs)-derived megakaryocytes, and also have a superposed effect with romiplostim. In short, this study reveals a novel non-classical function of LDHA in translation and may serve as a potential target for thrombocytopenia therapy.
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21
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Syntaxin 12 and COMMD3 are new factors that function with VPS33B in the biogenesis of platelet α-granules. Blood 2022; 139:922-935. [PMID: 34905616 PMCID: PMC8832482 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet α-granules regulate hemostasis and myriad other physiological processes, but their biogenesis is unclear. Mutations in only 3 proteins are known to cause α-granule defects and bleeding disorders in humans. Two such proteins, VPS16B and VPS33B, form a complex mediating transport of newly synthesized α-granule proteins through megakaryocyte (MK) endosomal compartments. It is unclear how the VPS16B/VPS33B complex accomplishes this function. Here we report VPS16B/VPS33B associates physically with Syntaxin 12 (Stx12), a SNARE protein that mediates vesicle fusion at endosomes. Importantly, Stx12-deficient MKs display reduced α-granule numbers and overall levels of α-granule proteins, thus revealing Stx12 as a new component of the α-granule biogenesis machinery. VPS16B/VPS33B also binds CCDC22, a component of the CCC complex working at endosome exit sites. CCDC22 competes with Stx12 for binding to VPS16B/VPS33B, suggesting a possible hand-off mechanism. Moreover, the major CCC form expressed in MKs contains COMMD3, one of 10 COMMD proteins. Deficiency of COMMD3/CCDC22 causes reduced α-granule numbers and overall levels of α-granule proteins, establishing the COMMD3/CCC complex as a new factor in α-granule biogenesis. Furthermore, P-selectin traffics through the cell surface in a COMMD3-dependent manner and depletion of COMMD3 results in lysosomal degradation of P-selectin and PF4. Stx12 and COMMD3/CCC deficiency cause less severe phenotypes than VPS16B/VPS33B deficiency, suggesting Stx12 and COMMD3/CCC assist but are less important than VPS16B/VPS33B in α-granule biogenesis. Mechanistically, our results suggest VPS16B/VPS33B coordinates the endosomal entry and exit of α-granule proteins by linking the fusogenic machinery with a ubiquitous endosomal retrieval complex that is repurposed in MKs to make α-granules.
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22
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The bone marrow niche from the inside out: how megakaryocytes are shaped by and shape hematopoiesis. Blood 2022; 139:483-491. [PMID: 34587234 PMCID: PMC8938937 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs), the largest of the hematopoietic cells, are responsible for producing platelets by extending and depositing long proplatelet extensions into the bloodstream. The traditional view of megakaryopoiesis describes the cellular journey from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) along the myeloid branch of hematopoiesis. However, recent studies suggest that MKs can be generated from multiple pathways, some of which do not require transit through multipotent or bipotent MK-erythroid progenitor stages in steady-state and emergency conditions. Growing evidence suggests that these emergency conditions are due to stress-induced molecular changes in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, also called the BM niche. These changes can result from insults that affect the BM cellular composition, microenvironment, architecture, or a combination of these factors. In this review, we explore MK development, focusing on recent studies showing that MKs can be generated from multiple divergent pathways. We highlight how the BM niche may encourage and alter these processes using different mechanisms of communication, such as direct cell-to-cell contact, secreted molecules (autocrine and paracrine signaling), and the release of cellular components (eg, extracellular vesicles). We also explore how MKs can actively build and shape the surrounding BM niche.
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23
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24
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The Role of Platelet Indices in Predicting Short-Term Mortality in Elderly Patients with Pulmonary Embolism. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.988406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Chebbo M, Duez C, Alessi MC, Chanez P, Gras D. Platelets: a potential role in chronic respiratory diseases? Eur Respir Rev 2021; 30:30/161/210062. [PMID: 34526315 PMCID: PMC9488457 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0062-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are small anucleate cells known for their role in haemostasis and thrombosis. In recent years, an increasing number of observations have suggested that platelets are also immune cells and key modulators of immunity. They express different receptors and molecules that allow them to respond to pathogens, and to interact with other immune cells. Platelets were linked to the pathogenesis of some inflammatory disorders including respiratory diseases such as asthma and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we discuss the involvement of platelets in different immune responses, and we focus on their potential role in various chronic lung diseases. In addition to their essential role in haemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are strong modulators of different immune responses, and could be involved in the physiopathology of several chronic airway diseaseshttps://bit.ly/3cB6Xnj
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie C Alessi
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, Marseille, France.,APHM, CHU de la Timone, Laboratoire d'hématologie, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Chanez
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital NORD, Clinique des Bronches, Allergie et Sommeil, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Gras
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, Marseille, France
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26
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Macrothrombocytopenia of Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome is ameliorated by CDC42 specific- and lipidation inhibitors in MEG-01 cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17990. [PMID: 34504210 PMCID: PMC8429552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97478-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrothrombocytopenia is a common pathology of missense mutations in genes regulating actin dynamics. Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome (TKS) harboring the c.191A > G, Tyr64Cys (Y64C) variant in Cdc42 exhibits a variety of clinical manifestations, including immunological and hematological anomalies. In the present study, we investigated the functional abnormalities of the Y64C mutant in HEK293 cells and elucidated the mechanism of macrothrombocytopenia, one of the symptoms of TKS patients, by monitoring the production of platelet-like particles (PLP) using MEG-01 cells. We found that the Y64C mutant was concentrated at the membrane compartment due to impaired binding to Rho-GDI and more active than the wild-type. The Y64C mutant also had lower association with its effectors Pak1/2 and N-WASP. Y64C mutant-expressing MEG-01 cells demonstrated short cytoplasmic protrusions with aberrant F-actin and microtubules, and reduced PLP production. This suggested that the Y64C mutant facilitates its activity and membrane localization, resulting in impaired F-actin dynamics for proplatelet extension, which is necessary for platelet production. Furthermore, such dysfunction was ameliorated by either suppression of Cdc42 activity or prenylation using chemical inhibitors. Our study may lead to pharmacological treatments for TKS patients.
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27
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O’Sullivan LR, Cahill MR, Young PW. The Importance of Alpha-Actinin Proteins in Platelet Formation and Function, and Their Causative Role in Congenital Macrothrombocytopenia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9363. [PMID: 34502272 PMCID: PMC8431150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays a central role in platelet formation and function. Alpha-actinins (actinins) are actin filament crosslinking proteins that are prominently expressed in platelets and have been studied in relation to their role in platelet activation since the 1970s. However, within the past decade, several groups have described mutations in ACTN1/actinin-1 that cause congenital macrothrombocytopenia (CMTP)-accounting for approximately 5% of all cases of this condition. These findings are suggestive of potentially novel functions for actinins in platelet formation from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and/or platelet maturation in circulation. Here, we review some recent insights into the well-known functions of actinins in platelet activation before considering possible roles for actinins in platelet formation that could explain their association with CMTP. We describe what is known about the consequences of CMTP-linked mutations on actinin-1 function at a molecular and cellular level and speculate how these changes might lead to the alterations in platelet count and morphology observed in CMTP patients. Finally, we outline some unanswered questions in this area and how they might be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne R. O’Sullivan
- School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Mary R. Cahill
- Department of Haematology and CancerResearch@UCC, Cork University Hospital, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Paul W. Young
- School of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland;
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28
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Mbiandjeu S, Balduini A, Malara A. Megakaryocyte Cytoskeletal Proteins in Platelet Biogenesis and Diseases. Thromb Haemost 2021; 122:666-678. [PMID: 34218430 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thrombopoiesis governs the formation of blood platelets in bone marrow by converting megakaryocytes into long, branched proplatelets on which individual platelets are assembled. The megakaryocyte cytoskeleton responds to multiple microenvironmental cues, including chemical and mechanical stimuli, sustaining the platelet shedding. During the megakaryocyte's life cycle, cytoskeletal networks organize cell shape and content, connect them physically and biochemically to the bone marrow vascular niche, and enable the release of platelets into the bloodstream. While the basic building blocks of the cytoskeleton have been studied extensively, new sets of cytoskeleton regulators have emerged as critical components of the dynamic protein network that supports platelet production. Understanding how the interaction of individual molecules of the cytoskeleton governs megakaryocyte behavior is essential to improve knowledge of platelet biogenesis and develop new therapeutic strategies for inherited thrombocytopenias caused by alterations in the cytoskeletal genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Mbiandjeu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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29
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Cullivan S, Murphy CA, Weiss L, Comer SP, Kevane B, McCullagh B, Maguire PB, Ní Ainle F, Gaine SP. Platelets, extracellular vesicles and coagulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2021; 11:20458940211021036. [PMID: 34158919 PMCID: PMC8182202 DOI: 10.1177/20458940211021036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a rare disease of the pulmonary vasculature, characterised pathologically by proliferation, remodelling and thrombosis in situ. Unfortunately, existing therapeutic interventions do not reverse these findings and the disease continues to result in significant morbidity and premature mortality. A number of haematological derangements have been described in pulmonary arterial hypertension which may provide insights into the pathobiology of the disease and opportunities to explore new therapeutic pathways. These include quantitative and qualitative platelet abnormalities, such as thrombocytopaenia, increased mean platelet volume and altered platelet bioenergetics. Furthermore, a hypercoagulable state and aberrant negative regulatory pathways can be observed, which could contribute to thrombosis in situ in distal pulmonary arteries and arterioles. Finally, there is increasing interest in the role of extracellular vesicle autocrine and paracrine signalling in pulmonary arterial hypertension, and their potential utility as biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets. This review focuses on the potential role of platelets, extracellular vesicles and coagulation pathways in the pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension. We highlight important unanswered clinical questions and the implications of these observations for future research and pulmonary arterial hypertension-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cullivan
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Mater
Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Conway-SPHERE Research Group, Conway Institute,
University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire A. Murphy
- Conway-SPHERE Research Group, Conway Institute,
University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Neonatology, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin,
Ireland
| | - Luisa Weiss
- Conway-SPHERE Research Group, Conway Institute,
University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane P. Comer
- Conway-SPHERE Research Group, Conway Institute,
University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Barry Kevane
- Conway-SPHERE Research Group, Conway Institute,
University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae
University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian McCullagh
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Mater
Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patricia B. Maguire
- Conway-SPHERE Research Group, Conway Institute,
University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fionnuala Ní Ainle
- Conway-SPHERE Research Group, Conway Institute,
University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae
University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean P. Gaine
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Mater
Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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30
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Super-resolution imaging reveals cytoskeleton-dependent organelle rearrangement within platelets at intermediate stages of maturation. Structure 2021; 29:810-822.e3. [PMID: 34143977 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A steady supply of platelets maintains their levels in the blood, and this is achieved by the generation of progeny from platelet intermediates. Using systematic super-resolution microscopy, we examine the ultrastructural organization of various organelles in different platelet intermediates to understand the mechanism of organelle redistribution and sorting in platelet intermediate maturation as the early step of platelet progeny production. We observe the dynamic interconversion between the intermediates and find that microtubules are responsible for controlling the overall shape of platelet intermediates. Super-resolution images show that most of the organelles are located near the cell periphery in oval preplatelets and confined to the bulbous tips in proplatelets. We also find that the distribution of the dense tubular system and α granules is regulated by actin, whereas that of mitochondria and dense granules is governed by microtubules. Altogether, our results call for a reassessment of organelle redistribution in platelet intermediates.
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31
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Vélez PA, Baldeón R L, Vélez-Paez JL. The behavior of Mean Platelet Volume in Sepsis in critical patients with and without sepsis. BIONATURA 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.02.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mean platelet volume is an anatomical biomarker that has shown its usefulness in various cardiovascular and metabolic pathologies; in sepsis, it has been positioning itself as an indicator of mortality, easily accessible and immediately applicable when reported in the routine blood count. This study demonstrates the mean platelet volume's biological behavior in critical patients with sepsis compared with non-septic patients. An observational, longitudinal, prospective, monocentric cohort study was conducted in 250 patients treated at the intensive care unit of the Pablo Arturo Suárez Hospital, Quito- Ecuador, from January 2019 January 2020. A group of patients with sepsis (n = 125) and without infectious pathologies (n = 125) were studied. The inclusion criteria were patients over 18 years of age of both genders, diagnosed with sepsis or septic shock using SEPSIS 3 criteria, and patients without septic pathology. The mean platelet volume (MPV) of days 1, 2, and 3 were studied. Septic patients had a mean APACHE (18.74 SD 9.52) higher than the non-septic ones (11.93 SD 7.01) (p = < 0.000). The MPV was consistently higher in patients with sepsis than non-septic patients, but it reached statistical significance on day 3 (9.13 SD 1.55 vs. 8.66 SD 1.34, p=0.042). The MPV on day 3 presented a significant area under the curve (AUC =0.580) (CI. 0.500-0.661), where the cut-off point according to Youden's index was positive for sepsis if MPV≥ 9.85 femtoliter (fL) with OR=3.30 and p-value= 0.005. Likewise, lactate on admission showed an AUC of 0.625 (CI. 0.555-0.694), with a cut-off point ≥of 1.15 mmol / L, OR=2.51, and p=0.007. Age and hypertension did not show a multivariate relationship with the presence of sepsis. It was shown that MPV is higher in patients with sepsis compared to non-septic ones. This observation reaches significance on day 3. Additionally, elevated lactate at admission was also associated with a septic state. On the other hand, platelet count did not show the expected behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucy Baldeón R
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas-Universidad Central del Ecuador Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina Universidad Central del Ecuador
| | - Jorge Luis Vélez-Paez
- Servicio de Medicina Crítica-Hospital Pablo Arturo Suárez Facultad de Ciencias Médicas-Universidad Central del Ecuador
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32
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Platelets parameters in septic shock: clinical usefulness and prognostic value. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2021; 31:421-425. [PMID: 33065574 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
: Septic shock is a common cause of admission in the ICUs. Despite tremendous improvement in the management modalities, mortality remains high. Early diagnosis and prompt resuscitation are required to improve prognosis. Therefore, identifying a biomarker that could reveal the sepsis at its earlier stage is of paramount importance. In this regards, platelet parameters, such as mean platelet volume, immature platelet fraction and platelet-derived microparticles have been investigated as possible sepsis biomarkers. In fact, haemostasis disturbances are one of the hallmark of septic shock where platelets play a pivotal role in orchestrating the inflammatory response of the host. Moreover, these parameters could have a prognostic value as the severity of the multiorgan dysfunction is correlated with the inflammatory reaction.
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33
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Potts KS, Farley A, Dawson CA, Rimes J, Biben C, de Graaf C, Potts MA, Stonehouse OJ, Carmagnac A, Gangatirkar P, Josefsson EC, Anttila C, Amann-Zalcenstein D, Naik S, Alexander WS, Hilton DJ, Hawkins ED, Taoudi S. Membrane budding is a major mechanism of in vivo platelet biogenesis. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151972. [PMID: 32706855 PMCID: PMC7478734 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How platelets are produced by megakaryocytes in vivo remains controversial despite more than a century of investigation. Megakaryocytes readily produce proplatelet structures in vitro; however, visualization of platelet release from proplatelets in vivo has remained elusive. We show that within the native prenatal and adult environments, the frequency and rate of proplatelet formation is incompatible with the physiological demands of platelet replacement. We resolve this inconsistency by performing in-depth analysis of plasma membrane budding, a cellular process that has previously been dismissed as a source of platelet production. Our studies demonstrate that membrane budding results in the sustained release of platelets directly into the peripheral circulation during both fetal and adult life without induction of cell death or proplatelet formation. In support of this model, we demonstrate that in mice deficient for NF-E2 (the thrombopoietic master regulator), the absence of membrane budding correlates with failure of in vivo platelet production. Accordingly, we propose that membrane budding, rather than proplatelet formation, supplies the majority of the platelet biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S Potts
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alison Farley
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caleb A Dawson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joel Rimes
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christine Biben
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carolyn de Graaf
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Margaret A Potts
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olivia J Stonehouse
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amandine Carmagnac
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pradnya Gangatirkar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Emma C Josefsson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Casey Anttila
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniela Amann-Zalcenstein
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shalin Naik
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Warren S Alexander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Douglas J Hilton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Samir Taoudi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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34
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Zhang B, Wu X, Zi G, He L, Wang S, Chen L, Fan Z, Nan X, Xi J, Yue W, Wang L, Wang L, Hao J, Pei X, Li Y. Large-scale generation of megakaryocytes from human embryonic stem cells using transgene-free and stepwise defined suspension culture conditions. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13002. [PMID: 33615584 PMCID: PMC8016648 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ex vivo engineered production of megakaryocytes (MKs) and platelets (PLTs) from human pluripotent stem cells is an alternative approach to solve shortage of donor‐donated PLTs in clinics and to provide induced PLTs for transfusion. However, low production yields are observed and the generation of clinically applicable MKs and PLTs from human pluripotent stem cells without genetic modifications still needs to be improved. Materials and Methods We defined an optimal, stepwise and completely xeno‐free culture protocol for the generation of MKs from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). To generate MKs from hESCs on a large scale, we improved the monolayer induction manner to define three‐dimensional (3D) and sphere‐like differentiation systems for MKs by using a special polystyrene CellSTACK culture chamber. Results The 3D manufacturing system could efficiently generate large numbers of MKs from hESCs within 16‐18 days of continuous culturing. Each CellSTACK culture chamber could collect on an average 3.4 × 108 CD41+ MKs after a three‐stage orderly induction process. MKs obtained from hESCs via 3D induction showed significant secretion of IL‐8, thrombospondin‐1 and MMP9. The induced cells derived from hESCs in our culture system were shown to have the characteristics of MKs as well as the function to form proPLTs and release PLTs. Furthermore, we generated clinically applicable MKs from clinical‐grade hESC lines and confirmed the biosafety of these cells. Conclusions We developed a simple, stepwise, 3D and completely xeno‐free/feeder‐free/transgene‐free induction system for the generation of MKs from hESCs. hESC‐derived MKs were shown to have typical MK characteristics and PLT formation ability. This study further enhances the clinical applications of MKs or PLTs derived from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhang
- Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xumin Wu
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guicheng Zi
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan He
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sihan Wang
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng Fan
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Nan
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafei Xi
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Yue
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Stem Cell Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuetao Pei
- South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry Lab, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China
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35
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Vainchenker W, Arkoun B, Basso-Valentina F, Lordier L, Debili N, Raslova H. Role of Rho-GTPases in megakaryopoiesis. Small GTPases 2021; 12:399-415. [PMID: 33570449 PMCID: PMC8583283 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2021.1885134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs) are the bone marrow (BM) cells that generate blood platelets by a process that requires: i) polyploidization responsible for the increased MK size and ii) cytoplasmic organization leading to extension of long pseudopods, called proplatelets, through the endothelial barrier to allow platelet release into blood. Low level of localized RHOA activation prevents actomyosin accumulation at the cleavage furrow and participates in MK polyploidization. In the platelet production, RHOA and CDC42 play opposite, but complementary roles. RHOA inhibits both proplatelet formation and MK exit from BM, whereas CDC42 drives the development of the demarcation membranes and MK migration in BM. Moreover, the RhoA or Cdc42 MK specific knock-out in mice and the genetic alterations in their down-stream effectors in human induce a thrombocytopenia demonstrating their key roles in platelet production. A better knowledge of Rho-GTPase signalling is thus necessary to develop therapies for diseases associated with platelet production defects. Abbreviations: AKT: Protein Kinase BARHGEF2: Rho/Rac Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 2ARP2/3: Actin related protein 2/3BM: Bone marrowCDC42: Cell division control protein 42 homologCFU-MK: Colony-forming-unit megakaryocyteCIP4: Cdc42-interacting protein 4mDIA: DiaphanousDIAPH1; Protein diaphanous homolog 1ECT2: Epithelial Cell Transforming Sequence 2FLNA: Filamin AGAP: GTPase-activating proteins or GTPase-accelerating proteinsGDI: GDP Dissociation InhibitorGEF: Guanine nucleotide exchange factorHDAC: Histone deacetylaseLIMK: LIM KinaseMAL: Megakaryoblastic leukaemiaMARCKS: Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrateMKL: Megakaryoblastic leukaemiaMLC: Myosin light chainMRTF: Myocardin Related Transcription FactorOTT: One-Twenty Two ProteinPACSIN2: Protein Kinase C And Casein Kinase Substrate In Neurons 2PAK: P21-Activated KinasePDK: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase kinasePI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinasePKC: Protein kinase CPTPRJ: Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type JRAC: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1RBM15: RNA Binding Motif Protein 15RHO: Ras homologousROCK: Rho-associated protein kinaseSCAR: Suppressor of cAMP receptorSRF: Serum response factorSRC: SarcTAZ: Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ motifTUBB1: Tubulin β1VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factorWAS: Wiskott Aldrich syndromeWASP: Wiskott Aldrich syndrome proteinWAVE: WASP-family verprolin-homologous proteinWIP: WASP-interacting proteinYAP: Yes-associated protein
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Affiliation(s)
- William Vainchenker
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,GrEX, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Brahim Arkoun
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,GrEX, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Basso-Valentina
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité/Université Paris Dideront, Paris, France
| | - Larissa Lordier
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Najet Debili
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Hana Raslova
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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36
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Megakaryocyte migration defects due to nonmuscle myosin IIA mutations underlie thrombocytopenia in MYH9-related disease. Blood 2021; 135:1887-1898. [PMID: 32315395 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs), the precursor cells for platelets, migrate from the endosteal niche of the bone marrow (BM) toward the vasculature, extending proplatelets into sinusoids, where circulating blood progressively fragments them into platelets. Nonmuscle myosin IIA (NMIIA) heavy chain gene (MYH9) mutations cause macrothrombocytopenia characterized by fewer platelets with larger sizes leading to clotting disorders termed myosin-9-related disorders (MYH9-RDs). MYH9-RD patient MKs have proplatelets with thicker and fewer branches that produce fewer and larger proplatelets, which is phenocopied in mouse Myh9-RD models. Defective proplatelet formation is considered to be the principal mechanism underlying the macrothrombocytopenia phenotype. However, MYH9-RD patient MKs may have other defects, as NMII interactions with actin filaments regulate physiological processes such as chemotaxis, cell migration, and adhesion. How MYH9-RD mutations affect MK migration and adhesion in BM or NMIIA activity and assembly prior to proplatelet production remain unanswered. NMIIA is the only NMII isoform expressed in mature MKs, permitting exploration of these questions without complicating effects of other NMII isoforms. Using mouse models of MYH9-RD (NMIIAR702C+/-GFP+/-, NMIIAD1424N+/-, and NMIIAE1841K+/-) and in vitro assays, we investigated MK distribution in BM, chemotaxis toward stromal-derived factor 1, NMIIA activity, and bipolar filament assembly. Results indicate that different MYH9-RD mutations suppressed MK migration in the BM without compromising bipolar filament formation but led to divergent adhesion phenotypes and NMIIA contractile activities depending on the mutation. We conclude that MYH9-RD mutations impair MK chemotaxis by multiple mechanisms to disrupt migration toward the vasculature, impairing proplatelet release and causing macrothrombocytopenia.
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37
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Nakamura S, Sugimoto N, Eto K. Development of platelet replacement therapy using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Dev Growth Differ 2021; 63:178-186. [PMID: 33507533 PMCID: PMC8048793 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the body, platelets mainly work as a hemostatic agent, and the lack of platelets can cause serious bleeding. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells potentially allow for a stable supply of platelets that are independent of donors and eliminate the risk of infection. However, a major challenge in iPS cell-based systems is producing the number of platelets required for a single transfusion (more than 200 billion in Japan). Thus, development in large-scale culturing technology is required. In previous studies, we generated a self-renewable, immortalized megakaryocyte cell line by transfecting iPS cell-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells with c-MYC, BMI1, and BCL-XL genes. Optimization of the culture conditions, including the discovery of a novel fluid-physical factor, turbulence, in the production of platelets in vivo, and the development of bioreactors that apply turbulence have enabled us to generate platelets of clinical quality and quantity. We have further generated platelets deleted of HLA class I expression by using genetic modification technology for patients suffering from alloimmune transfusion refractoriness, since these patients are underserved by current blood donation systems. In this review, we highlight current research and our recent work on iPS cell-derived platelet induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sou Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Eto
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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38
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The necroptotic cell death pathway operates in megakaryocytes, but not in platelet synthesis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:133. [PMID: 33510145 PMCID: PMC7843594 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a pro-inflammatory cell death program executed by the terminal effector, mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). Previous studies suggested a role for the necroptotic machinery in platelets, where loss of MLKL or its upstream regulator, RIPK3 kinase, impacted thrombosis and haemostasis. However, it remains unknown whether necroptosis operates within megakaryocytes, the progenitors of platelets, and whether necroptotic cell death might contribute to or diminish platelet production. Here, we demonstrate that megakaryocytes possess a functional necroptosis signalling cascade. Necroptosis activation leads to phosphorylation of MLKL, loss of viability and cell swelling. Analyses at steady state and post antibody-mediated thrombocytopenia revealed that platelet production was normal in the absence of MLKL, however, platelet activation and haemostasis were impaired with prolonged tail re-bleeding times. We conclude that MLKL plays a role in regulating platelet function and haemostasis and that necroptosis signalling in megakaryocytes is dispensable for platelet production.
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39
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Suljević D, Hamzić A, Islamagić E, Fejzić E, Alijagić A. Haematopoietic thrombocyte precursors in rat femoral and sternal bone marrow. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2019-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This research presents the first findings on thrombopoiesis for Wistar rats. Haemopoietic cells from the femur and the sternum were analysed by light microscopy in combination with infrared and near-ultraviolet light for fine cytoplasmic structure analysis. Five main types of thrombocyte precursor cells were identified in the bone marrow samples: megakaryoblast, promegakaryocyte and megakaryocyte (basophilic, acidophilic and thrombocytogenic). More intensive thrombopoiesis and morphologically differentiated cells were found in sternum samples.
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40
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Marini I, Zlamal J, Faul C, Holzer U, Hammer S, Pelzl L, Bethge W, Althaus K, Bakchoul T. Autoantibody-mediated desialylation impairs human thrombopoiesis and platelet lifespan. Haematologica 2021; 106:196-207. [PMID: 31857361 PMCID: PMC7776251 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.236117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia is a common bleeding disease caused by autoantibody-mediated accelerated platelet clearance and impaired thrombopoiesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that desialylation affects platelet life span in immune thrombocytopenia. Herein, we report on novel effector functions of autoantibodies from immune thrombocytopenic patients which might interfere with the clinical picture of the disease. Data from our study show that a subgroup of autoantibodies is able to induce cleave of sialic acid residues from the surface of human platelets and megakaryocytes. Moreover, autoantibody-mediated desialylation interferes with the interaction between cells and extracellular matrix proteins leading to impaired platelet adhesion and megakaryocyte differentiation. Using a combination of ex vivo model of thrombopoiesis, a humanized animal model, and a clinical cohort study, we demonstrate that cleavage of sialic acid induces significant impairment in production, survival as well as function of human platelets. These data may indicate that prevention of desialylation should be investigated in the future in clinical studies as a potential therapeutic approach to treat bleeding in immune thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Marini
- Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty of Tübingen, University Hospital Tübingen
| | - Jan Zlamal
- Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty of Tübingen, University Hospital Tübingen
| | - Christoph Faul
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Tübingen
| | - Ursula Holzer
- Dept. of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hammer
- Center for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisann Pelzl
- Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty of Tübingen, University Hospital Tübingen
| | - Wolfgang Bethge
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Tübingen
| | - Karina Althaus
- Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty of Tübingen, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tamam Bakchoul
- Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty of Tübingen, University Hospital Tübingen
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41
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Nakamura S, Sugimoto N, Eto K. Ex vivo generation of platelet products from human iPS cells. Inflamm Regen 2020; 40:30. [PMID: 33292717 PMCID: PMC7708911 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-020-00139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet products are used in treatments for thrombocytopenia caused by hematopoietic diseases, chemotherapy, massive hemorrhages, extracorporeal circulation, and others. Their manufacturing depends on volunteers who donate blood. However, it is becoming increasingly necessary to reinforce this blood donation system with other blood sources due to the increase in demand and shortage of supply accompanying aging societies. In addition, blood-borne infections and alloimmune platelet transfusion refractoriness are not completely resolved. Since human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-platelet products can be supplied independently from the donor, it is expected to complement current platelet products. One big hurdle with iPSC-based systems is the production of 10 units, which is equivalent to 200 billion platelets. To overcome this issue, we established immortalized megakaryocyte cell lines (imMKCLs) by introducing three transgenes, c-MYC, BMI1, and BCL-XL, sequentially into hematopoietic and megakaryocytic progenitor stage cells derived from iPSCs. The three transgenes are regulated in a Tet-ON manner, enabling the addition and depletion of doxycycline to expand and maturate the imMKCLs, respectively. In addition, we succeeded in discovering drug combinations that enable feeder-free culture conditions in the imMKCL cultivation. Furthermore, we discovered the importance of turbulence in thrombopoiesis through live bone marrow imaging and developed a bioreactor based on the concept of turbulent flow. Eventually, through the identification of two key fluid physic parameters, turbulent energy and shear stress, we succeeded in scaling up the bioreactor to qualitatively and quantitatively achieve clinically applicable levels. Interestingly, three soluble factors released from imMKCLs in the turbulent flow condition, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), insulin growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), and nardilysin (NRDC), enhanced platelet production. Based on these developments, we initiated the first-in-human clinical trial of iPSC-derived platelets to a patient with alloimmune platelet transfusion refractoriness (allo-PTR) using an autologous product. In this review, we detail current research in this field and our study about the ex vivo production of iPSC-derived platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sou Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Naoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koji Eto
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
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42
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Neu CT, Gutschner T, Haemmerle M. Post-Transcriptional Expression Control in Platelet Biogenesis and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207614. [PMID: 33076269 PMCID: PMC7589263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are highly abundant cell fragments of the peripheral blood that originate from megakaryocytes. Beside their well-known role in wound healing and hemostasis, they are emerging mediators of the immune response and implicated in a variety of pathophysiological conditions including cancer. Despite their anucleate nature, they harbor a diverse set of RNAs, which are subject to an active sorting mechanism from megakaryocytes into proplatelets and affect platelet biogenesis and function. However, sorting mechanisms are poorly understood, but RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have been suggested to play a crucial role. Moreover, RBPs may regulate RNA translation and decay following platelet activation. In concert with other regulators, including microRNAs, long non-coding and circular RNAs, RBPs control multiple steps of the platelet life cycle. In this review, we will highlight the different RNA species within platelets and their impact on megakaryopoiesis, platelet biogenesis and platelet function. Additionally, we will focus on the currently known concepts of post-transcriptional control mechanisms important for RNA fate within platelets with a special emphasis on RBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin T. Neu
- Institute of Pathology, Section for Experimental Pathology, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany;
| | - Tony Gutschner
- Junior Research Group ‘RNA Biology and Pathogenesis’, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany;
| | - Monika Haemmerle
- Institute of Pathology, Section for Experimental Pathology, Medical Faculty, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-557-3964
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43
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Josefsson EC, Vainchenker W, James C. Regulation of Platelet Production and Life Span: Role of Bcl-xL and Potential Implications for Human Platelet Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207591. [PMID: 33066573 PMCID: PMC7589436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood platelets have important roles in haemostasis, where they quickly stop bleeding in response to vascular damage. They have also recognised functions in thrombosis, immunity, antimicrobal defense, cancer growth and metastasis, tumour angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, inflammatory diseases, wound healing, liver regeneration and neurodegeneration. Their brief life span in circulation is strictly controlled by intrinsic apoptosis, where the prosurvival Bcl-2 family protein, Bcl-xL, has a major role. Blood platelets are produced by large polyploid precursor cells, megakaryocytes, residing mainly in the bone marrow. Together with Mcl-1, Bcl-xL regulates megakaryocyte survival. This review describes megakaryocyte maturation and survival, platelet production, platelet life span and diseases of abnormal platelet number with a focus on the role of Bcl-xL during these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Josefsson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - William Vainchenker
- University Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR 1270, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Chloe James
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM U1034, Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, 33600 Pessac, France
- Laboratory of Hematology, Bordeaux University Hospital Center, Haut-Leveque Hospital, 33604 Pessac, France
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44
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Flahou C, Sugimoto N, Eto K. [Novel platelet pharming using human induced pluripotent stem cells]. BULLETIN DE L ACADEMIE NATIONALE DE MEDECINE 2020; 204:961-970. [PMID: 33012790 PMCID: PMC7521593 DOI: 10.1016/j.banm.2020.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
La production in vitro de plaquettes offre une opportunité de résoudre les problèmes liés aux limitations d’approvisionnement et à la sécurité des dons de produits dérivés du sang. Les cellules souches pluripotentes induites – ou iPSC – sont une source idéale pour la production de cellules à des fins de thérapies régénératives. Nous avons précédemment établi avec succès une lignée mégacaryocytaire immortalisée à partir d’iPSC. Celle-ci possède une capacité de prolifération fiable. Par ailleurs, il est possible de les cryoconserver. Elle est donc une source adaptée de cellules primaires pour la production de plaquettes suivant les Bonnes Pratiques de Fabrication (BPF). Dans le même temps, la capacité améliorée des bioréacteurs à reproduire certaines conditions physiologiques, telle que la turbulence, de pair avec la découverte de molécules favorisant la thrombopoïèse, a contribué à l’accomplissement de la production de plaquettes en quantité et qualité suffisantes pour répondre aux besoins cliniques. La production de plaquettes à partir de cellules iPS s’étend aussi aux patients en état de réfraction allo-immune, par la production de plaquettes autologues ou dont on a génétiquement manipulé l’expression des Antigènes des Leucocytes Humains (HLA) et des Antigènes Plaquettaires Humain (HPA). Considérant ces avancées fondamentales, les plaquettes iPSC avec expression des HLA modifiées se présentent comme un potentiel produit de transfusion universel. Dans cette revue, nous souhaitons apporter une vue d’ensemble de la production in vitro de plaquettes à partir de cellules iPS, et de son possible potentiel transformatif, d’importance capitale dans le domaine de la transfusion des produits sanguins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Flahou
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53, Kawahara-cho, 606-8507 Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japon
| | - N Sugimoto
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53, Kawahara-cho, 606-8507 Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japon
| | - K Eto
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, 53, Kawahara-cho, 606-8507 Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japon.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japon
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45
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French SL, Vijey P, Karhohs KW, Wilkie AR, Horin LJ, Ray A, Posorske B, Carpenter AE, Machlus KR, Italiano JE. High-content, label-free analysis of proplatelet production from megakaryocytes. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2701-2711. [PMID: 32662223 PMCID: PMC7988437 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms that regulate platelet biogenesis remain unclear; factors that trigger megakaryocytes (MKs) to initiate platelet production are poorly understood. Platelet formation begins with proplatelets, which are cellular extensions originating from the MK cell body. OBJECTIVES Proplatelet formation is an asynchronous and dynamic process that poses unique challenges for researchers to accurately capture and analyze. We have designed an open-source, high-content, high-throughput, label-free analysis platform. METHODS Phase-contrast images of live, primary MKs are captured over a 24-hour period. Pixel-based machine-learning classification done by ilastik generates probability maps of key cellular features (circular MKs and branching proplatelets), which are processed by a customized CellProfiler pipeline to identify and filter structures of interest based on morphology. A subsequent reinforcement classification, by CellProfiler Analyst, improves the detection of cellular structures. RESULTS This workflow yields the percent of proplatelet production, area, count of proplatelets and MKs, and other statistics including skeletonization information for measuring proplatelet branching and length. We propose using a combination of these analyzed metrics, in particular the area measurements of MKs and proplatelets, when assessing in vitro proplatelet production. Accuracy was validated against manually counted images and an existing algorithm. We then used the new platform to test compounds known to cause thrombocytopenia, including bromodomain inhibitors, and uncovered previously unrecognized effects of drugs on proplatelet formation, thus demonstrating the utility of our analysis platform. CONCLUSION This advance in creating unbiased data analysis will increase the scale and scope of proplatelet production studies and potentially serve as a valuable resource for investigating molecular mechanisms of thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna L. French
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Prakrith Vijey
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Kyle W. Karhohs
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA, USA 02142
| | - Adrian R. Wilkie
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Lillian J. Horin
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Anjana Ray
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Benjamin Posorske
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Anne E. Carpenter
- Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT; Cambridge, MA, USA 02142
| | - Kellie R. Machlus
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Joseph E. Italiano
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery; Boston Children’s Hospital; Boston, MA, USA 02115
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46
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Abbonante V, Di Buduo CA, Malara A, Laurent PA, Balduini A. Mechanisms of platelet release: in vivo studies and in vitro modeling. Platelets 2020; 31:717-723. [PMID: 32522064 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1774532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms related to platelet release in the context of the bone marrow niche are not completely known. In this review we discuss what has been discovered about four critical aspects of this process: 1) the bone marrow niche organization, 2) the role of the extracellular matrix components, 3) the mechanisms by which megakaryocytes release platelets and 4) the novel approaches to mimic the bone marrow environment and produce platelets ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandro Malara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy
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47
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Megakaryocytes package contents into separate α-granules that are differentially distributed in platelets. Blood Adv 2020; 3:3092-3098. [PMID: 31648331 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018020834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their primary roles in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets participate in many other physiological and pathological processes, including, but not limited to inflammation, wound healing, tumor metastasis, and angiogenesis. Among their most interesting properties is the large number of bioactive proteins stored in their α-granules, the major storage granule of platelets. We previously showed that platelets differentially package pro- and antiangiogenic proteins in distinct α-granules that undergo differential release upon platelet activation. Nevertheless, how megakaryocytes achieve differential packaging is not fully understood. In this study, we use a mouse megakaryocyte culture system and endocytosis assay to establish when and where differential packaging occurs during platelet production. Live cell microscopy of primary mouse megakaryocytes incubated with fluorescently conjugated fibrinogen and endostatin showed differential endocytosis and packaging of the labeled proteins into distinct α-granule subpopulations. Super-resolution microscopy of mouse proplatelets and human whole-blood platelet α-granules simultaneously probed for 2 different membrane proteins (VAMP-3 and VAMP-8), and multiple granular content proteins (bFGF, ENDO, TSP, VEGF) confirmed differential packaging of protein contents into α-granules. These data suggest that megakaryocytes differentially sort and package α-granule contents, which are preserved as α-granule subpopulations during proplatelet extension and platelet production.
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48
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Bächer C, Bender M, Gekle S. Flow-accelerated platelet biogenesis is due to an elasto-hydrodynamic instability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18969-18976. [PMID: 32719144 PMCID: PMC7431004 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002985117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood platelets are formed by fragmentation of long membrane extensions from bone marrow megakaryocytes in the blood flow. Using lattice-Boltzmann/immersed boundary simulations we propose a biological Rayleigh-Plateau instability as the biophysical mechanism behind this fragmentation process. This instability is akin to the surface tension-induced breakup of a liquid jet but is driven by active cortical processes including actomyosin contractility and microtubule sliding. Our fully three-dimensional simulations highlight the crucial role of actomyosin contractility, which is required to trigger the instability, and illustrate how the wavelength of the instability determines the size of the final platelets. The elasto-hydrodynamic origin of the fragmentation explains the strong acceleration of platelet biogenesis in the presence of an external flow, which we observe in agreement with experiments. Our simulations then allow us to disentangle the influence of specific flow conditions: While a homogeneous flow with uniform velocity leads to the strongest acceleration, a shear flow with a linear velocity gradient can cause fusion events of two developing platelet-sized swellings during fragmentation. A fusion event may lead to the release of larger structures which are observable as preplatelets in experiments. Together, our findings strongly indicate a mainly physical origin of fragmentation and regulation of platelet size in flow-accelerated platelet biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bächer
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Theoretische Physik VI, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Gekle
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Theoretische Physik VI, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany;
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49
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Chen X, Zhao X, Cooper M, Ma P. The Roles of GRKs in Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155345. [PMID: 32731360 PMCID: PMC7432802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases remain by far the most common causes of death. Heart attacks and strokes are diseases in which platelets play a role, through activation on ruptured plaques and subsequent thrombus formation. Most platelet agonists activate platelets via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which make these receptors ideal targets for many antiplatelet drugs. However, little is known about the mechanisms that provide feedback regulation on GPCRs to limit platelet activation. Emerging evidence from our group and others strongly suggests that GPCR kinases (GRKs) are critical negative regulators during platelet activation and thrombus formation. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on the role of GRKs in platelet biology and how one specific GRK, GRK6, regulates the hemostatic response to vascular injury. Furthermore, we will discuss the potential role of GRKs in thrombotic disorders, such as thrombotic events in COVID-19 patients. Studies on the function of GRKs during platelet activation and thrombus formation have just recently begun, and a better understanding of the role of GRKs in hemostasis and thrombosis will provide a fruitful avenue for understanding the hemostatic response to injury. It may also lead to new therapeutic options for the treatment of thrombotic and cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Xuefei Zhao
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.C.)
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Matthew Cooper
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Peisong Ma
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (X.C.); (X.Z.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-955-3966
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50
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Thom CS, Jobaliya CD, Lorenz K, Maguire JA, Gagne A, Gadue P, French DL, Voight BF. Tropomyosin 1 genetically constrains in vitro hematopoiesis. BMC Biol 2020; 18:52. [PMID: 32408895 PMCID: PMC7227211 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying causal variants and genes from human genetic studies of hematopoietic traits is important to enumerate basic regulatory mechanisms underlying these traits, and could ultimately augment translational efforts to generate platelets and/or red blood cells in vitro. To identify putative causal genes from these data, we performed computational modeling using available genome-wide association datasets for platelet and red blood cell traits. RESULTS Our model identified a joint collection of genomic features enriched at established trait associations and plausible candidate variants. Additional studies associating variation at these loci with change in gene expression highlighted Tropomyosin 1 (TPM1) among our top-ranked candidate genes. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TPM1 knockout in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) enhanced hematopoietic progenitor development, increasing total megakaryocyte and erythroid cell yields. CONCLUSIONS Our findings may help explain human genetic associations and identify a novel genetic strategy to enhance in vitro hematopoiesis. A similar trait-specific gene prioritization strategy could be employed to help streamline functional validation experiments for virtually any human trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Stephen Thom
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Chintan D Jobaliya
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Lorenz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean Ann Maguire
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alyssa Gagne
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul Gadue
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deborah L French
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin Franklin Voight
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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