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Parteka LM, Mariath JEA, Vanzela ALL, Silvério A. Nuclear variations and tapetum polyploidy related to pollen grain development in Passiflora L. (Passifloraceae). Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:462-474. [PMID: 34931383 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tapetal cells comprise an anther tissue fundamental to pollen grain development. They are associated with endoreduplication events, which culminate in polyploid and multinucleated cells, high metabolic activity, and different organelle arrangements to support all the development of the pollen grains. Passiflora species present a secretory tapetum, with diversity in the number and size of nuclei. Tapetal cells undergo numerous changes in a short period of development when compared to the plant's life span. To improve our knowledge of tapetum development, tests assessing ploidy levels, anatomy, cytochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, as well as conventional and molecular cytogenetics were used in Passiflora actinia and P. elegans. The current data show striking differences in nuclear organisation during tapetal cell development, including mono to quadrinucleate cells, and ploidy levels from 2n to 32n. One of the most peculiar features was the atypical behaviour of the ER, which accumulated in the cell border, similar to a 'cER', as well as large dictyosomes. This endomembrane configuration may be related to the tapetum nutritional network and secretion of compounds at the end of meiosis. Another atypical feature of the ER was the formation of an invagination to establish 'binucleated' polyploid cells. This membrane projection appears when the nuclei form two lobes, as well as when it organises a nucleoplasmic reticulum. These data demonstrate that there are important ultrastructural changes in tapetal cells, including organelle arrangements, ploidy levels, and nuclear activity, common to P. actinia and P. elegans, but different from the plant model A. thaliana. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia M Parteka
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste-UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.,Laboratório de Citogenética e Diversidade de Plantas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil.,Laboratório de Botânica Estrutural, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste-UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Jorge E A Mariath
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal-LAVeg, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André L L Vanzela
- Laboratório de Citogenética e Diversidade de Plantas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Adriano Silvério
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste-UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil.,Laboratório de Botânica Estrutural, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste-UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
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2
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Nandakumar S, Rozich E, Buttitta L. Cell Cycle Re-entry in the Nervous System: From Polyploidy to Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:698661. [PMID: 34249947 PMCID: PMC8264763 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.698661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminally differentiated cells of the nervous system have long been considered to be in a stable non-cycling state and are often considered to be permanently in G0. Exit from the cell cycle during development is often coincident with the differentiation of neurons, and is critical for neuronal function. But what happens in long lived postmitotic tissues that accumulate cell damage or suffer cell loss during aging? In other contexts, cells that are normally non-dividing or postmitotic can or re-enter the cell cycle and begin replicating their DNA to facilitate cellular growth in response to cell loss. This leads to a state called polyploidy, where cells contain multiple copies of the genome. A growing body of literature from several vertebrate and invertebrate model organisms has shown that polyploidy in the nervous system may be more common than previously appreciated and occurs under normal physiological conditions. Moreover, it has been found that neuronal polyploidization can play a protective role when cells are challenged with DNA damage or oxidative stress. By contrast, work over the last two and a half decades has discovered a link between cell-cycle reentry in neurons and several neurodegenerative conditions. In this context, neuronal cell cycle re-entry is widely considered to be aberrant and deleterious to neuronal health. In this review, we highlight historical and emerging reports of polyploidy in the nervous systems of various vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. We discuss the potential functions of polyploidization in the nervous system, particularly in the context of long-lived cells and age-associated polyploidization. Finally, we attempt to reconcile the seemingly disparate associations of neuronal polyploidy with both neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Buttitta
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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3
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Heib T, Hermanns HM, Manukjan G, Englert M, Kusch C, Becker IC, Gerber A, Wackerbarth LM, Burkard P, Dandekar T, Balkenhol J, Jahn D, Beck S, Meub M, Dütting S, Stigloher C, Sauer M, Cherpokova D, Schulze H, Brakebusch C, Nieswandt B, Nagy Z, Pleines I. RhoA/Cdc42 signaling drives cytoplasmic maturation but not endomitosis in megakaryocytes. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109102. [PMID: 33979620 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs), the precursors of blood platelets, are large, polyploid cells residing mainly in the bone marrow. We have previously shown that balanced signaling of the Rho GTPases RhoA and Cdc42 is critical for correct MK localization at bone marrow sinusoids in vivo. Using conditional RhoA/Cdc42 double-knockout (DKO) mice, we reveal here that RhoA/Cdc42 signaling is dispensable for the process of polyploidization in MKs but essential for cytoplasmic MK maturation. Proplatelet formation is virtually abrogated in the absence of RhoA/Cdc42 and leads to severe macrothrombocytopenia in DKO animals. The MK maturation defect is associated with downregulation of myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) and β1-tubulin, as well as an upregulation of LIM kinase 1 and cofilin-1 at both the mRNA and protein level and can be linked to impaired MKL1/SRF signaling. Our findings demonstrate that MK endomitosis and cytoplasmic maturation are separately regulated processes, and the latter is critically controlled by RhoA/Cdc42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heib
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike M Hermanns
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hepatology Research Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georgi Manukjan
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Englert
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charly Kusch
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Carlotta Becker
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annika Gerber
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lou Martha Wackerbarth
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Burkard
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Balkenhol
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hepatology Research Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Jahn
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hepatology Research Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Beck
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mara Meub
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dütting
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Stigloher
- Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Deya Cherpokova
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Schulze
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Zoltan Nagy
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Irina Pleines
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs) are the bone marrow (BM) cells that generate blood platelets by a process that requires: i) polyploidization responsible for the increased MK size and ii) cytoplasmic organization leading to extension of long pseudopods, called proplatelets, through the endothelial barrier to allow platelet release into blood. Low level of localized RHOA activation prevents actomyosin accumulation at the cleavage furrow and participates in MK polyploidization. In the platelet production, RHOA and CDC42 play opposite, but complementary roles. RHOA inhibits both proplatelet formation and MK exit from BM, whereas CDC42 drives the development of the demarcation membranes and MK migration in BM. Moreover, the RhoA or Cdc42 MK specific knock-out in mice and the genetic alterations in their down-stream effectors in human induce a thrombocytopenia demonstrating their key roles in platelet production. A better knowledge of Rho-GTPase signalling is thus necessary to develop therapies for diseases associated with platelet production defects. Abbreviations: AKT: Protein Kinase BARHGEF2: Rho/Rac Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 2ARP2/3: Actin related protein 2/3BM: Bone marrowCDC42: Cell division control protein 42 homologCFU-MK: Colony-forming-unit megakaryocyteCIP4: Cdc42-interacting protein 4mDIA: DiaphanousDIAPH1; Protein diaphanous homolog 1ECT2: Epithelial Cell Transforming Sequence 2FLNA: Filamin AGAP: GTPase-activating proteins or GTPase-accelerating proteinsGDI: GDP Dissociation InhibitorGEF: Guanine nucleotide exchange factorHDAC: Histone deacetylaseLIMK: LIM KinaseMAL: Megakaryoblastic leukaemiaMARCKS: Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrateMKL: Megakaryoblastic leukaemiaMLC: Myosin light chainMRTF: Myocardin Related Transcription FactorOTT: One-Twenty Two ProteinPACSIN2: Protein Kinase C And Casein Kinase Substrate In Neurons 2PAK: P21-Activated KinasePDK: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase kinasePI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinasePKC: Protein kinase CPTPRJ: Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type JRAC: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1RBM15: RNA Binding Motif Protein 15RHO: Ras homologousROCK: Rho-associated protein kinaseSCAR: Suppressor of cAMP receptorSRF: Serum response factorSRC: SarcTAZ: Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ motifTUBB1: Tubulin β1VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factorWAS: Wiskott Aldrich syndromeWASP: Wiskott Aldrich syndrome proteinWAVE: WASP-family verprolin-homologous proteinWIP: WASP-interacting proteinYAP: Yes-associated protein
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Affiliation(s)
- William Vainchenker
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,GrEX, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Brahim Arkoun
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,GrEX, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Basso-Valentina
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité/Université Paris Dideront, Paris, France
| | - Larissa Lordier
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Najet Debili
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Hana Raslova
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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5
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Xu W, Mo Y, He Y, Fan Y, He G, Fu W, Chen S, Liu J, Liu W, Peng L, Xiao Y. A New Method for Chromosomes Preparation by ATP-Competitive Inhibitor SP600125 via Enhancement of Endomitosis in Fish. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:606496. [PMID: 33520960 PMCID: PMC7838586 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.606496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that 1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone, known as SP600125, can induce cell polyploidization. However, what is the phase of cell cycle arrest caused by SP600125 and the underlying regulation is still an interesting issue to be further addressed. Research in this article shows that SP600125 can block cell cycle progression at the prometaphase of mitosis and cause endomitosis. It is suggested that enhancement of the p53 signaling pathway and weakening of the spindle assembly checkpoint are associated with the SP600125-induced cell cycle arrest. Using preliminary SP600125 treatment, the samples of the cultured fish cells and the fish tissues display a great number of chromosome splitting phases. Summarily, SP600125 can provide a new protocol of chromosomes preparation for karyotype analysis owing to its interference with prometaphase of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanxiu Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunpeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Guomin He
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Shujuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangyue Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yamei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Patterson M, Swift SK. Residual Diploidy in Polyploid Tissues: A Cellular State with Enhanced Proliferative Capacity for Tissue Regeneration? Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1527-1539. [PMID: 31608782 PMCID: PMC11001963 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A major objective of modern biomedical research aims to promote tissue self-regeneration after injury, obviating the need for whole organ transplantation and avoiding mortality due to organ failure. Identifying the population of cells capable of regeneration, alongside understanding the molecular mechanisms that activate that population to re-enter the cell cycle, are two important steps to advancing the field of endogenous tissue regeneration toward the clinic. In recent years, an emerging trend has been observed, whereby polyploidy of relevant parenchymal cells, arising from alternative cell cycles as part of a normal developmental process, is linked to restricted proliferative capacity of those cells. An accompanying hypothesis, therefore, is that a residual subpopulation of diploid parenchymal cells retains proliferative competence and is the major driver for any detected postnatal cell turnover. In this perspective review, we examine the emerging literature on residual diploid parenchymal cells and the possible link of this population to endogenous tissue regeneration, in the context of both heart and liver. We speculate on additional cell types that may play a similar role in their respective tissues and discuss outstanding questions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Patterson
- Department of Cell Biology Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Samantha K. Swift
- Department of Cell Biology Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Li YF, Chen XY, Zhang CD, Tang XF, Wang L, Liu TH, Pan MH, Lu C. Effects of starvation and hormones on DNA synthesis in silk gland cells of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Insect Sci 2016; 23:569-578. [PMID: 25558018 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silk gland cells of silkworm larvae undergo multiple cycles of endomitosis for the synthesis of silk proteins during the spinning phase. In this paper, we analyzed the endomitotic DNA synthesis of silk gland cells during larval development, and found that it was a periodic fluctuation, increasing during the vigorous feeding phase and being gradually inhibited in the next molting phase. That means it might be activated by a self-regulating process after molting. The expression levels of cyclin E, cdt1 and pcna were consistent with these developmental changes. Moreover, we further examined whether these changes in endomitotic DNA synthesis resulted from feeding or hormonal stimulation. The results showed that DNA synthesis could be inhibited by starvation and re-activated by re-feeding, and therefore appears to be dependent on nutrition. DNA synthesis was suppressed by in vivo treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). However, there was no effect on DNA synthesis by in vitro 20E treatment or by either in vivo or in vitro juvenile hormone treatment. The levels of Akt and 4E-BP phosphorylation in the silk glands were also reduced by starvation and in vivo treatment with 20E. These results indicate that the activation of endomitotic DNA synthesis during the intermolt stages is related to feeding and DNA synthesis is inhibited indirectly by 20E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang-Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Dong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - La Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tai-Hang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min-Hui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory for Sericulture Functional Genomics and Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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8
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De Storme N, Keçeli BN, Zamariola L, Angenon G, Geelen D. CENH3-GFP: a visual marker for gametophytic and somatic ploidy determination in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Plant Biol 2016; 16:1. [PMID: 26728271 PMCID: PMC4700667 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in vivo determination of the cell-specific chromosome number provides a valuable tool in several aspects of plant research. However, current techniques to determine the endosystemic ploidy level do not allow non-destructive, cell-specific chromosome quantification. Particularly in the gametophytic cell lineages, which are physically encapsulated in the reproductive organ structures, direct in vivo ploidy determination has been proven very challenging. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model, we here assess the applicability of recombinant CENH3-GFP reporters for the labeling of the cell's chromocenters and for the monitoring of the gametophytic and somatic chromosome number in vivo. RESULTS By modulating expression of a CENH3-GFP reporter cassette using different promoters, we isolated two reporter lines that allow for a clear and highly specific labeling of centromeric chromosome regions in somatic and gametophytic cells respectively. Using polyploid plant series and reproductive mutants, we demonstrate that the pWOX2-CENH3-GFP recombinant fusion protein allows for the determination of the gametophytic chromosome number in both male and female gametophytic cells, and additionally labels centromeric regions in early embryo development. Somatic centromere labeling through p35S-CENH3-GFP shows a maximum of ten centromeric dots in young dividing tissues, reflecting the diploid chromosome number (2x = 10), and reveals a progressive decrease in GFP foci frequency throughout plant development. Moreover, using chemical and genetic induction of endomitosis, we demonstrate that CENH3-mediated chromosome labeling provides an easy and valuable tool for the detection and characterization of endomitotic polyploidization events. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the introgression of the pWOX2-CENH3-GFP reporter construct in Arabidopsis thaliana provides an easy and reliable methodology for determining the chromosome number in developing male and female gametes, and during early embryo development. Somatically expressed CENH3-GFP reporters, on the other hand, constitute a valuable tool to quickly determine the basic somatic ploidy level in young seedlings at the individual cell level and to detect and to quantify endomitotic polyploidization events in a non-destructive, microscopy-based manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico De Storme
- In vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Burcu Nur Keçeli
- In vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Linda Zamariola
- In vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Geert Angenon
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Danny Geelen
- In vitro Biology and Horticulture, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Neiman M, Beaton MJ, Hessen DO, Jeyasingh PD, Weider LJ. Endopolyploidy as a potential driver of animal ecology and evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:234-247. [PMID: 26467853 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Endopolyploidy - the existence of higher-ploidy cells within organisms that are otherwise of a lower ploidy level (generally diploid) - was discovered decades ago, but remains poorly studied relative to other genomic phenomena, especially in animals. Our synthetic review suggests that endopolyploidy is more common in animals than often recognized and probably influences a number of fitness-related and ecologically important traits. In particular, we argue that endopolyploidy is likely to play a central role in key traits such as gene expression, body and cell size, and growth rate, and in a variety of cell types, including those responsible for tissue regeneration, nutrient storage, and inducible anti-predator defences. We also summarize evidence for intraspecific genetic variation in endopolyploid levels and make the case that the existence of this variation suggests that endopolyploid levels are likely to be heritable and thus a potential target for natural selection. We then discuss why, in light of evident benefits of endopolyploidy, animals remain primarily diploid. We conclude by highlighting key areas for future research such as comprehensive evaluation of the heritability of endopolyploidy and the adaptive scope of endopolyploid-related traits, the extent to which endopolyploid induction incurs costs, and characterization of the relationships between environmental variability and endopolyploid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine Neiman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
| | - Margaret J Beaton
- Biology Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Dag O Hessen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Punidan D Jeyasingh
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.A
| | - Lawrence J Weider
- Department of Biology, Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oklahoma, 730 Van Vleet Oval, Room 304, Norman, OK 73019, U.S.A
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10
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Abstract
Defining how organ size is regulated, a process controlled not only by the number of cells but also by the size of the cells, is a frontier in developmental biology. Large cells are produced by increasing DNA content or ploidy, a developmental strategy employed throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. The widespread use of polyploidy during cell differentiation makes it important to define how this hypertrophy contributes to organogenesis. I discuss here examples from a variety of animals and plants in which polyploidy controls organ size, the size and function of specific tissues within an organ, or the differentiated properties of cells. In addition, I highlight how polyploidy functions in wound healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Orr-Weaver
- Whitehead Institute and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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11
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Guo T, Wang X, Qu Y, Yin Y, Jing T, Zhang Q. Megakaryopoiesis and platelet production: insight into hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Stem Cell Investig 2015; 2:3. [PMID: 27358871 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2015.02.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) undergo successive lineage commitment steps to generate megakaryocytes (MKs) in a process referred to as megakaryopoiesis. MKs undergo a unique differentiation process involving endomitosis to eventually produce platelets. Many transcription factors participate in the regulation of this complex progress. Chemokines and other factors in the microenvironment where megakaryopoiesis and platelet production occur play vital roles in the regulation of HSC lineage commitment and MK maturation; among these factors, thrombopoietin (TPO) is the most important. Endomitosis is a vital process of MK maturation, and granules that are formed in MKs are important for platelet function. Proplatelets are firstly generated from mature MKs and then become platelets. The proplatelet production process was verified by novel studies that revealed that the mechanism is partially regulated by the invaginated membrane system (IMS), microtubules and Rho GTPases. The extracellular matrices (ECMs) and shear stress also affect and regulate the process while the mature MKs migrate from the marrow to the sub-endothelium region near the venous sinusoids leading to the release of platelets into the circulation. This review describes the entire process of megakaryopoiesis in detail, illustrates both the transcriptional and microenvironmental regulation of MKs and provides insight into platelet biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Guo
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China ; 2 Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China ; 2 Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yigong Qu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China ; 2 Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yu Yin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China ; 2 Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Tao Jing
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China ; 2 Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China ; 2 Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
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12
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Rengstl B, Rieger MA, Newrzela S. On the origin of giant cells in Hodgkin lymphoma. Commun Integr Biol 2014; 7:e28602. [PMID: 25346790 PMCID: PMC4203491 DOI: 10.4161/cib.28602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multinucleated giant tumor cells are frequently observed in tissue sections of lymphoma patients. In Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), these cells are pathognomonic for the disease and named Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells. Despite the well-described disease-promoting functions of RS cells, their development has remained obscure. We addressed this open question by continuous live cell imaging to observe the generation of RS cells. Single-cell tracking of HL cell lines revealed that RS cells develop from mononucleated progenitors that divide and subsequently re-fuse, before they grow and become multinucleated giant cells. Thus, RS cell generation is neither due to cell fusion of unrelated Hodgkin cells nor to endomitosis, as previously suggested. In the majority of cases, re-fusion of daughter cells was preceded by an incomplete cytokinesis, visualized by a persistent microtubule bridge connecting the cells. This surprising finding describes a novel mechanism for the formation of multinuclear giant cells with potential relevance beyond HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Rengstl
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology; Goethe-University of Frankfurt Medical School; Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael A Rieger
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt; Department of Hematology/Oncology; Goethe-University of Frankfurt Medical School; Frankfurt am Main, Germany ; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); Heidelberg, Germany ; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ); Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Newrzela
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology; Goethe-University of Frankfurt Medical School; Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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13
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Machlus KR, Thon JN, Italiano JE. Interpreting the developmental dance of the megakaryocyte: a review of the cellular and molecular processes mediating platelet formation. Br J Haematol 2014; 165:227-36. [PMID: 24499183 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are essential for haemostasis, and thrombocytopenia (platelet counts <150 × 10(9) /l) is a major clinical problem encountered across a number of conditions, including immune thrombocytopenic purpura, myelodysplastic syndromes, chemotherapy, aplastic anaemia, human immunodeficiency virus infection, complications during pregnancy and delivery, and surgery. Circulating blood platelets are specialized cells that function to prevent bleeding and minimize blood vessel injury. Platelets circulate in their quiescent form, and upon stimulation, activate to release their granule contents and spread on the affected tissue to create a physical barrier that prevents blood loss. The current model of platelet formation states that large progenitor cells in the bone marrow, called megakaryocytes, release platelets by extending long, branching processes, designated proplatelets, into sinusoidal blood vessels. This review will focus on different factors that impact megakaryocyte development, proplatelet formation and platelet release. It will highlight recent studies on thrombopoeitin-dependent megakaryocyte maturation, endomitosis and granule formation, cytoskeletal contributions to proplatelet formation, the role of apoptosis, and terminal platelet formation and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie R Machlus
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Abstract
Cell proliferation and differentiation are tightly coupled through the regulation of the cell division cycle. To preserve specific functional properties in differentiated cells, distinct variants of the basic mitotic cell cycle are used in various mammalian tissues, leading to the formation of polyploid cells. In this issue of Experimental Dermatology, Gandarillas and Freije discuss the evidences for polyploidization in keratinocytes, a process whose physiological relevance is now becoming evident. A better evaluation of these unconventional cell cycles is required not only to improve our understanding of the development and structure of the epidermis but also for future therapies against skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Trakala
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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15
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Iwata E, Ikeda S, Abe N, Kobayashi A, Kurata M, Matsunaga S, Yoshioka Y, Criqui MC, Genschik P, Ito M. Roles of GIG1 and UVI4 in genome duplication in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Signal Behav 2012; 7:1079-1081. [PMID: 22899078 PMCID: PMC3489631 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Endomitosis and endoreplication are atypical modes of cell cycle that results in genome duplication in single nucleus. Because the cell size of given cell type is generally proportional to the nuclear DNA content, endoreplication and endomitosis are effective strategy of cell growth, which are widespread in multicellular organisms, especially those in plant kingdom. We found that these processes might be differently regulated by GIGAS CELL1 (GIG1) and its paralog UV-INSENSITIVE4 (UVI4) in Arabidopsis thaliana. GIG1 and UVI4 may negatively regulate activities of anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase that acts as an important mitotic regulator. The gig1 mutation induced ectopic occurrence of endomitosis during somatic cell division, while it has been reported that uvi4 mutation resulted in premature occurrence of endoreplication during organ development. Overexpression of GIG1 and UVI4 dramatically increased the amount of mitotic cyclin, CYCB1;1, a well-known substrate of APC/C. Ectopic endomitosis in gig1 was enhanced by mutation in CYCB2;2 and suppressed by downregulation of APC10 encoding a core subunit of APC/C. Overexpression of CDC20.1, an activator protein of APC/C, further promoted the ectopic endomitosis in gig1. These findings suggest that endomitosis and endoreplication are regulated by similar molecular mechanisms, in which two related proteins, GIG1 and UVI4, may inhibit APC/C in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Iwata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Saki Ikeda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Natsumi Abe
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Asuka Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mariko Kurata
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Applied Biological Science; Tokyo University of Science; Noda Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yoshioka
- Division of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science; Nagoya University; Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Marie-Claire Criqui
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité Propre de Recherche 2357; 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Genschik
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Unité Propre de Recherche 2357; 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Masaki Ito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences; Nagoya University; Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
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16
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Endo M, Nakayama S, Umeda-Hara C, Ohtsuki N, Saika H, Umeda M, Toki S. CDKB2 is involved in mitosis and DNA damage response in rice. Plant J 2012; 69:967-77. [PMID: 22092531 PMCID: PMC3440594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage checkpoints delay mitotic cell-cycle progression in response to DNA stress, stalling the cell cycle to allow time for repair. CDKB is a plant-specific cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) that is required for the G₂/M transition of the cell cycle. In Arabidopsis, DNA damage leads the degradation of CDKB2, and the subsequent G₂ arrest gives cells time to repair damaged DNA. G₂ arrest also triggers transition from the mitotic cycle to endoreduplication, leading to the presence of polyploid cells in many tissues. In contrast, in rice (Oryza sativa), polyploid cells are found only in the endosperm. It was unclear whether endoreduplication contributes to alleviating DNA damage in rice (Oryza sativa). Here, we show that DNA damage neither down-regulates Orysa;CDKB2;1 nor induces endoreduplication in rice. Furthermore, we found increased levels of Orysa;CDKB2;1 protein upon DNA damage. These results suggest that CDKB2 functions differently in Arabidopsis and rice in response to DNA damage. Arabidopsis may adopt endoreduplication as a survival strategy under genotoxic stress conditions, but rice may enhance DNA repair capacity upon genotoxic stress. In addition, polyploid cells due to endomitosis were present in CDKB2;1 knockdown rice, suggesting an important role for Orysa;CDKB2;1 during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Endo
- Plant Genome Engineering Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakayama
- Plant Genome Engineering Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Chikage Umeda-Hara
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyTakayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Namie Ohtsuki
- Plant Genome Engineering Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saika
- Plant Genome Engineering Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Masaaki Umeda
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and TechnologyTakayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Seiichi Toki
- Plant Genome Engineering Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
- *For correspondence (fax +81 29 838 8450; e-mail )
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