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Huang S, Fu M, Gu A, Zhao R, Liu Z, Hua W, Mao Y, Wen W. mInsc coordinates Par3 and NuMA condensates for assembly of the spindle orientation machinery in asymmetric cell division. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135126. [PMID: 39218187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
As a fundamental process governing the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells, asymmetric cell division is controlled by several conserved regulators, including the polarity protein Par3 and the microtubule-associated protein NuMA, which orchestrate the assembly and interplay of the Par3/Par6/mInsc/LGN complex at the apical cortex and the LGN/Gαi/NuMA/Dynein complex at the mitotic spindle to ensure asymmetric segregation of cell fate determinants. However, this model, which is well-supported by genetic studies, has been challenged by evidence of competitive interaction between NuMA and mInsc for LGN. Here, the solved crystal structure of the Par3/mInsc complex reveals that mInsc competes with Par6β for Par3, raising questions about how proteins assemble overlapping targets into functional macromolecular complexes. Unanticipatedly, we discover that Par3 can recruit both Par6β and mInsc by forming a dynamic condensate through phase separation. Similarly, the phase-separated NuMA condensate enables the coexistence of competitive NuMA and mInsc with LGN in the same compartment. Bridge by mInsc, Par3/Par6β and LGN/NuMA condensates coacervate, robustly enriching all five proteins both in vitro and within cells. These findings highlight the pivotal role of protein condensates in assembling multi-component signalosomes that incorporate competitive protein-protein interaction pairs, effectively overcoming stoichiometric constraints encountered in conventional protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, National Center for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Minjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, National Center for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Aihong Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, National Center for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruiqian Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, National Center for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ziheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, National Center for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, National Center for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, National Center for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenyu Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, National Center for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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2
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Sulic AM, Das Roy R, Papagno V, Lan Q, Saikkonen R, Jernvall J, Thesleff I, Mikkola ML. Transcriptomic landscape of early hair follicle and epidermal development. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112643. [PMID: 37318953 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis of ectodermal organs, such as hair, tooth, and mammary gland, starts with the formation of local epithelial thickenings, or placodes, but it remains to be determined how distinct cell types and differentiation programs are established during ontogeny. Here, we use bulk and single-cell transcriptomics and pseudotime modeling to address these questions in developing hair follicles and epidermis and produce a comprehensive transcriptomic profile of cellular populations in the hair placode and interplacodal epithelium. We report previously unknown cell populations and marker genes, including early suprabasal and genuine interfollicular basal markers, and propose the identity of suprabasal progenitors. By uncovering four different hair placode cell populations organized in three spatially distinct areas, with fine gene expression gradients between them, we posit early biases in cell fate establishment. This work is accompanied by a readily accessible online tool to stimulate further research on skin appendages and their progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Marija Sulic
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rishi Das Roy
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Verdiana Papagno
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Qiang Lan
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Saikkonen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Jernvall
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Irma Thesleff
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Charnley M, Allam AH, Newton LM, Humbert PO, Russell SM. E-cadherin in developing murine T cells controls spindle alignment and progression through β-selection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade5348. [PMID: 36652509 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A critical stage of T cell development is β-selection; at this stage, the T cell receptor β (TCRβ) chain is generated, and the developing T cell starts to acquire antigenic specificity. Progression through β-selection is assisted by low-affinity interactions between the nascent TCRβ chain and peptide presented on stromal major histocompatibility complex and cues provided by the niche. In this study, we identify a cue within the developing T cell niche that is critical for T cell development. E-cadherin mediates cell-cell interactions and influences cell fate in many developmental systems. In developing T cells, E-cadherin contributed to the formation of an immunological synapse and the alignment of the mitotic spindle with the polarity axis during division, which facilitated subsequent T cell development. Collectively, these data suggest that E-cadherin facilitates interactions with the thymic niche to coordinate the β-selection stage of T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirren Charnley
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Amr H Allam
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Lucas M Newton
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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4
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Prado-Mantilla A, Lechler T. Polarity in skin development and cancer. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:317-336. [PMID: 37100522 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium that forms the outermost layer of the skin. Its primary function is to act as a barrier, keeping pathogens and toxins out and moisture in. This physiological role has necessitated major differences in the organization and polarity of the tissue as compared to simple epithelia. We discuss four aspects of polarity in the epidermis - the distinctive polarities of basal progenitor cells as well as differentiated granular cells, the polarity of adhesions and the cytoskeleton across the tissue as keratinocytes differentiate, and the planar cell polarity of the tissue. These distinctive polarities are essential for the morphogenesis and the function of the epidermis and have also been implicated in regulating tumor formation.
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5
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De la Cruz G, Nikolaishvili Feinberg N, Williams SE. Automated Immunofluorescence Staining for Analysis of Mitotic Stages and Division Orientation in Brain Sections. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2583:63-79. [PMID: 36418726 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2752-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microcephaly often results from mitotic defects in neuronal progenitors, frequently by decreasing proliferation rates or shifting cell fates. During neurogenesis, oriented cell division-the molecular control of mitotic spindle positioning to control the axis of division-represents an important mechanism to balance expansion of the progenitor pool with generating cellular diversity. While mostly studied in the context of cortical development, more recently, spindle orientation has emerged as a key player in the formation of other brain regions such as the cerebellum. Here we describe methods to perform automated dual-color fluorescent immunohistochemistry on murine cerebellar sections using the mitotic markers phospho-Histone H3 and Survivin, and detail analytical and statistical approaches to display and compare division orientation datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela De la Cruz
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Pathology Services Core, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nana Nikolaishvili Feinberg
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Pathology Services Core, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott E Williams
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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6
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Priami C, Montariello D, De Michele G, Ruscitto F, Polazzi A, Ronzoni S, Bertalot G, Binelli G, Gambino V, Luzi L, Mapelli M, Giorgio M, Migliaccio E, Pelicci PG. Aberrant activation of p53/p66Shc-mInsc axis increases asymmetric divisions and attenuates proliferation of aged mammary stem cells. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2429-2444. [PMID: 35739253 PMCID: PMC9751089 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01029-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by the progressive decline in tissue regenerative capacity and functions of resident stem cells (SCs). Underlying mechanisms, however, remain unclear. Here we show that, during chronological aging, self-renewing mitoses of mammary SCs (MaSCs) are preferentially asymmetric and that their progeny divides less frequently, leading to decreased number of MaSCs and reduced regenerative potential. Underlying mechanisms are investigated in the p66Shc-/- mouse, which exhibits several features of delayed aging, including reduced involution of the mammary gland (MG). p66Shc is a mitochondrial redox sensor that activates a specific p53 transcriptional program, in which the aging-associated p44 isoform of p53 plays a pivotal role. We report here that aged p66Shc-/- MaSCs show increased symmetric divisions, increased proliferation and increased regenerative potential, to an extent reminiscent of young wild-type (WT) MaSCs. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that p66Shc, together with p53: (i) accumulates in the aged MG, (ii) sustains expression of the cell polarity determinant mInscuteable and, concomitantly, (iii) down-regulates critical cell cycle genes (e.g.,: Cdk1 and Cyclin A). Accordingly, overexpression of p53/p44 increases asymmetric divisions and decreases proliferation of young WT MaSCs in a p66Shc-dependent manner and overexpression of mInsc restores WT-like levels of asymmetric divisions in aged p66Shc-/- MaSCs. Notably, deletion of p66Shc has negligible effects in young MaSCs and MG development. These results demonstrate that MG aging is due to aberrant activation of p66Shc, which induces p53/p44 signaling, leading to failure of symmetric divisions, decreased proliferation and reduced regenerative potential of MaSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Priami
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Montariello
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia De Michele
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Ruscitto
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Polazzi
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Ronzoni
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertalot
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
- U.O.M. Anatomia ed Istologia Patologica, Ospedale Santa Chiara, Largo Medaglie d'Oro 9, 38122, Trento, Italy
| | - Giorgio Binelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Gambino
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia 9, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucilla Luzi
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Mapelli
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Giorgio
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Enrica Migliaccio
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia 9, 20142, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
Morphogenesis is extremely diverse, but its systematic quantification to determine the physical mechanisms that produce different phenotypes is possible by quantifying the underlying cell behaviours. These are limited and definable: they consist of cell proliferation, orientation of cell division, cell rearrangement, directional matrix production, cell addition/subtraction and cell size/shape change. Although minor variations in these categories are possible, in sum they capture all possible morphogenetic behaviours. This article summarises these processes, discusses their measurement, and highlights some salient examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B. A. Green
- Centre for Craniofacial Regeneration and Biology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Soffer A, Mahly A, Padmanabhan K, Cohen J, Adir O, Loushi E, Fuchs Y, Williams SE, Luxenburg C. Apoptosis and tissue thinning contribute to symmetric cell division in the developing mouse epidermis in a nonautonomous way. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001756. [PMID: 35969606 PMCID: PMC9410552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle orientation (SO) is a conserved mechanism that governs cell fate and tissue morphogenesis. In the developing epidermis, a balance between self-renewing symmetric divisions and differentiative asymmetric divisions is necessary for normal development. While the cellular machinery that executes SO is well characterized, the extrinsic cues that guide it are poorly understood. Here, we identified the basal cell adhesion molecule (BCAM), a β1 integrin coreceptor, as a novel regulator of epidermal morphogenesis. In utero RNAi-mediated depletion of Bcam in the mouse embryo did not hinder β1 integrin distribution or cell adhesion and polarity. However, Bcam depletion promoted apoptosis, thinning of the epidermis, and symmetric cell division, and the defects were reversed by concomitant overexpression of the apoptosis inhibitor Xiap. Moreover, in mosaic epidermis, depletion of Bcam or Xiap induced symmetric divisions in neighboring wild-type cells. These results identify apoptosis and epidermal architecture as extrinsic cues that guide SO in the developing epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arad Soffer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adnan Mahly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Krishnanand Padmanabhan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Adir
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eidan Loushi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Department of Biology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Scott E. Williams
- Departments of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine and Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Yu T, Li D, Zeng Z, Xu X, Zhang H, Wu J, Song W, Zhu H. INSC Is Down-Regulated in Colon Cancer and Correlated to Immune Infiltration. Front Genet 2022; 13:821826. [PMID: 35664320 PMCID: PMC9161087 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.821826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have verified that Inscuteable Spindle Orientation Adaptor Protein (INSC) can regulate cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing nervous system. It also plays an important role in spindle orientation during mitosis and asymmetric division of fibroblasts and participates in the process of stratification of the squamous epithelium. The role and potential mechanism of INSC in the development of colonic adenocarcinoma (COAD) have not been fully understood. This study aimed at exploring the prognostic value of INSC in COAD and the correlation of its expression with immune infiltration.Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used to analyze the expression of INSC in COAD. The INSC protein expression level was analyzed by immunohistochemistry staining and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database. The diagnostic and prognostic values of INSC in COAD patients were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival curves. In order to understand whether INSC is an independent prognostic factor, we used univariable and multivariate Cox analyses to analyze INSC expression and several clinical characteristics with survival. We use STRING analysis to find INSC-related proteins and related biological events analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. At last, GEPIA and the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) were employed to explore the relationship between INSC and immune infiltrates and its marker gene set.Results: INSC was lower expressed in COAD tissues than in normal colon tissues, which was correlated with tumor stage. Patients with lower expression of INSC had shorter overall survival (OS). Moreover, univariable Cox analysis demonstrated that high expression of INSC was an independent prognostic factor for COAD. ROC analysis showed INSC was an accurate marker for identifying tumors from normal colon tissue, and the AUC of the curve was 0.923. Significant GO term analysis by GSEA showed that genes correlated with INSC were found to be enriched in several immune-related pathways. Specifically, INSC expression showed significant negative correlations with infiltration levels of B cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, DCs, and their marker sets in COAD.Conclusion: INSC was provided with prognostic value in COAD and related to immune invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Oncology, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Yu, ; Hua Zhu,
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Yu, ; Hua Zhu,
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10
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Par3 regulates the asymmetric division of basal stem cells in psoriasis via the Par3/mInsc/LGN signaling axis. Cell Immunol 2022; 373:104496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Moreci RS, Lechler T. KIF18B is a cell type-specific regulator of spindle orientation in the epidermis. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar29. [PMID: 34432485 PMCID: PMC8693959 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-06-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper spindle orientation is required for asymmetric cell division and the establishment of complex tissue architecture. In the developing epidermis, spindle orientation requires a conserved cortical protein complex of LGN/NuMA/dynein-dynactin. However, how microtubule dynamics are regulated to interact with this machinery and properly position the mitotic spindle is not fully understood. Furthermore, our understanding of the processes that link spindle orientation during asymmetric cell division to cell fate specification in distinct tissue contexts remains incomplete. We report a role for the microtubule catastrophe factor KIF18B in regulating microtubule dynamics to promote spindle orientation in keratinocytes. During mitosis, KIF18B accumulates at the cell cortex, colocalizing with the conserved spindle orientation machinery. In vivo we find that KIF18B is required for oriented cell divisions within the hair placode, the first stage of hair follicle morphogenesis, but is not essential in the interfollicular epidermis. Disrupting spindle orientation in the placode, using mutations in either KIF18B or NuMA, results in aberrant cell fate marker expression of hair follicle progenitor cells. These data functionally link spindle orientation to cell fate decisions during hair follicle morphogenesis. Taken together, our data demonstrate a role for regulated microtubule dynamics in spindle orientation in epidermal cells. This work also highlights the importance of spindle orientation during asymmetric cell division to dictate cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Moreci
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
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12
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Lechler T, Mapelli M. Spindle positioning and its impact on vertebrate tissue architecture and cell fate. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:691-708. [PMID: 34158639 PMCID: PMC10544824 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular systems, oriented cell divisions are essential for morphogenesis and homeostasis as they determine the position of daughter cells within the tissue and also, in many cases, their fate. Early studies in invertebrates led to the identification of conserved core mechanisms of mitotic spindle positioning centred on the Gαi-LGN-NuMA-dynein complex. In recent years, much has been learnt about the way this complex functions in vertebrate cells. In particular, studies addressed how the Gαi-LGN-NuMA-dynein complex dynamically crosstalks with astral microtubules and the actin cytoskeleton, and how it is regulated to orient the spindle according to cellular and tissue-wide cues. We have also begun to understand how dynein motors and actin regulators interact with mechanosensitive adhesion molecules sensing extracellular mechanical stimuli, such as cadherins and integrins, and with signalling pathways so as to respond to extracellular cues instructing the orientation of the division axis in vivo. In this Review, with the focus on epithelial tissues, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of mitotic spindle orientation in vertebrate cells, and how this machinery is regulated by epithelial cues and extracellular signals to maintain tissue cohesiveness during mitosis. We also outline recent knowledge of how spindle orientation impacts tissue architecture in epithelia and its emerging links to the regulation of cell fate decisions. Finally, we describe how defective spindle orientation can be corrected or its effects eliminated in tissues under physiological conditions, and the pathological implications associated with spindle misorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Marina Mapelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Abstract
Somatic stem cells are distinguished by their capacity to regenerate themselves and also to produce daughter cells that will differentiate. Self-renewal is achieved through the process of asymmetric cell division which helps to sustain tissue morphogenesis as well as maintain homeostasis. Asymmetric cell division results in the development of two daughter cells with different fates after a single mitosis. Only one daughter cell maintains "stemness" while the other differentiates and achieves a non-stem cell fate. Stem cells also have the capacity to undergo symmetric division of cells that results in the development of two daughter cells which are identical. Symmetric division results in the expansion of the stem cell population. Imbalances and deregulations in these processes can result in diseases such as cancer. Adult mammary stem cells (MaSCs) are a group of cells that play a critical role in the expansion of the mammary gland during puberty and any subsequent pregnancies. Furthermore, given the relatively long lifespans and their capability to undergo self-renewal, adult stem cells have been suggested as ideal candidates for transformation events that lead to the development of cancer. With the possibility that MaSCs can act as the source cells for distinct breast cancer types; understanding their regulation is an important field of research. In this review, we discuss asymmetric cell division in breast/mammary stem cells and implications on further research. We focus on the background history of asymmetric cell division, asymmetric cell division monitoring techniques, identified molecular mechanisms of asymmetric stem cell division, and the role asymmetric cell division may play in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian W Booth
- Department of Bioengineering, Head-Cellular Engineering Laboratory, 401-1 Rhodes Engineering Research Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
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14
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Goutas A, Trachana V. Stem cells' centrosomes: How can organelles identified 130 years ago contribute to the future of regenerative medicine? World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1177-1196. [PMID: 34630857 PMCID: PMC8474719 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i9.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At the core of regenerative medicine lies the expectation of repair or replacement of damaged tissues or whole organs. Donor scarcity and transplant rejection are major obstacles, and exactly the obstacles that stem cell-based therapy promises to overcome. These therapies demand a comprehensive understanding of the asymmetric division of stem cells, i.e. their ability to produce cells with identical potency or differentiated cells. It is believed that with better understanding, researchers will be able to direct stem cell differentiation. Here, we describe extraordinary advances in manipulating stem cell fate that show that we need to focus on the centrosome and the centrosome-derived primary cilium. This belief comes from the fact that this organelle is the vehicle that coordinates the asymmetric division of stem cells. This is supported by studies that report the significant role of the centrosome/cilium in orchestrating signaling pathways that dictate stem cell fate. We anticipate that there is sufficient evidence to place this organelle at the center of efforts that will shape the future of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goutas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41500, Biopolis, Greece
| | - Varvara Trachana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41500, Biopolis, Greece.
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15
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Basukala O, Banks L. The Not-So-Good, the Bad and the Ugly: HPV E5, E6 and E7 Oncoproteins in the Orchestration of Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:1892. [PMID: 34696321 PMCID: PMC8541208 DOI: 10.3390/v13101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with HPV starts with the access of the viral particles to basal cells in the epidermis, potentially via microtraumas to the skin. The basal cells are able to keep away these pathogens in normal circumstances through a robust immune response from the host, as HPV infections are, in general, cleared within 2 to 3 weeks. However, the rare instances of persistent infection and/or in cases where the host immune system is compromised are major risk factors for the development of lesions potentially leading to malignancy. Evolutionarily, obligatory pathogens such as HPVs would not be expected to risk exposing the host to lethal cancer, as this would entail challenging their own life cycle, but infection with these viruses is highly correlated with cancer and malignancy-as in cancer of the cervix, which is almost always associated with these viruses. Despite this key associative cause and the availability of very effective vaccines against these viruses, therapeutic interventions against HPV-induced cancers are still a challenge, indicating the need for focused translational research. In this review, we will consider the key roles that the viral proteins play in driving the host cells to carcinogenesis, mainly focusing on events orchestrated by early proteins E5, E6 and E7-the not-so-good, the bad and the ugly-and discuss and summarize the major events that lead to these viruses mechanistically corrupting cellular homeostasis, giving rise to cancer and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lawrence Banks
- Tumour Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy;
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16
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Weterings SDC, van Oostrom MJ, Sonnen KF. Building bridges between fields: bringing together development and homeostasis. Development 2021; 148:270964. [PMID: 34279592 PMCID: PMC8326920 DOI: 10.1242/dev.193268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite striking parallels between the fields of developmental biology and adult tissue homeostasis, these are disconnected in contemporary research. Although development describes tissue generation and homeostasis describes tissue maintenance, it is the balance between stem cell proliferation and differentiation that coordinates both processes. Upstream signalling regulates this balance to achieve the required outcome at the population level. Both development and homeostasis require tight regulation of stem cells at the single-cell level and establishment of patterns at the tissue-wide level. Here, we emphasize that the general principles of embryonic development and tissue homeostasis are similar, and argue that interactions between these disciplines will be beneficial for both research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja D C Weterings
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marek J van Oostrom
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina F Sonnen
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Dias Gomes M, Iden S. Orchestration of tissue-scale mechanics and fate decisions by polarity signalling. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106787. [PMID: 33998017 PMCID: PMC8204866 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic development relies on dynamic cell shape changes and segregation of fate determinants to achieve coordinated compartmentalization at larger scale. Studies in invertebrates have identified polarity programmes essential for morphogenesis; however, less is known about their contribution to adult tissue maintenance. While polarity-dependent fate decisions in mammals utilize molecular machineries similar to invertebrates, the hierarchies and effectors can differ widely. Recent studies in epithelial systems disclosed an intriguing interplay of polarity proteins, adhesion molecules and mechanochemical pathways in tissue organization. Based on major advances in biophysics, genome editing, high-resolution imaging and mathematical modelling, the cell polarity field has evolved to a remarkably multidisciplinary ground. Here, we review emerging concepts how polarity and cell fate are coupled, with emphasis on tissue-scale mechanisms, mechanobiology and mammalian models. Recent findings on the role of polarity signalling for tissue mechanics, micro-environmental functions and fate choices in health and disease will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martim Dias Gomes
- CECAD Cluster of ExcellenceUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cell and Developmental BiologyFaculty of MedicineCenter of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Sandra Iden
- CECAD Cluster of ExcellenceUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cell and Developmental BiologyFaculty of MedicineCenter of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
- CMMCUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
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18
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Miller C, Crampin E, Osborne JM. Maintaining the proliferative cell niche in multicellular models of epithelia. J Theor Biol 2021; 527:110807. [PMID: 34119497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of the proliferative cell niche is critical to epithelial tissue morphology and function. In this paper we investigate how current modelling methods can result in the erroneous loss of proliferative cells from the proliferative cell niche. Using an established model of the inter-follicular epidermis we find there is a limit to the proliferative cell densities that can be maintained in the basal layer (the niche) if we do not include additional mechanisms to stop the loss of proliferative cells from the niche. We suggest a new methodology that enables maintenance of a desired homeostatic population of proliferative cells in the niche: a rotational force is applied to the two daughter cells during the mitotic phase of division to enforce a particular division direction. We demonstrate that this new methodology achieves this goal. This methodology reflects the regulation of the orientation of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Miller
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Edmund Crampin
- Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Mathematics and Statistics and Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - James M Osborne
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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19
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The polarity protein PARD3 and cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:4245-4262. [PMID: 34099863 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue disorganisation is one of the main hallmarks of cancer. Polarity proteins are responsible for the arrangement of cells within epithelial tissues through the asymmetric organisation of cellular components. Partition defective 3 (PARD3) is a master regulator of the Par polarity complex primarily due to its ability to form large complexes via its self-homologous binding domain. In addition to its role in polarity, PARD3 is a scaffolding protein that binds to intracellular signalling molecules, many of which are frequently deregulated in cancer. The role of PARD3 has been implicated in multiple solid cancers as either a tumour suppressor or promoter. This dual functionality is both physiologically and cell context dependent. In this review, we will discuss PARD3's role in tumourigenesis in both laboratory and clinical settings. We will also review several of the mechanisms underpinning PARD3's function including its association with intracellular signalling pathways and its role in the regulation of asymmetric cell division.
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20
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High proliferation and delamination during skin epidermal stratification. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3227. [PMID: 34050161 PMCID: PMC8163813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of complex stratified epithelial barriers in mammals is initiated from single-layered epithelia. How stratification is initiated and fueled are still open questions. Previous studies on skin epidermal stratification suggested a central role for perpendicular/asymmetric cell division orientation of the basal keratinocyte progenitors. Here, we use centrosomes, that organize the mitotic spindle, to test whether cell division orientation and stratification are linked. Genetically ablating centrosomes from the developing epidermis leads to the activation of the p53-, 53BP1- and USP28-dependent mitotic surveillance pathway causing a thinner epidermis and hair follicle arrest. The centrosome/p53-double mutant keratinocyte progenitors significantly alter their division orientation in the later stages without majorly affecting epidermal differentiation. Together with time-lapse imaging and tissue growth dynamics measurements, the data suggest that the first and major phase of epidermal development is boosted by high proliferation rates in both basal and suprabasally-committed keratinocytes as well as cell delamination, whereas the second phase maybe uncoupled from the division orientation of the basal progenitors. The data provide insights for tissue homeostasis and hyperproliferative diseases that may recapitulate developmental programs. How the developing skin epidermis is transformed from a simple single-layered epithelium to a complex and stratified barrier is still an open question. Here, the authors provide a model based on high proliferation and delamination of the keratinocyte progenitors that support the stratification process.
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21
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Kiyomitsu T, Boerner S. The Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus (NuMA) Protein: A Key Player for Nuclear Formation, Spindle Assembly, and Spindle Positioning. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653801. [PMID: 33869212 PMCID: PMC8047419 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) protein is well conserved in vertebrates, and dynamically changes its subcellular localization from the interphase nucleus to the mitotic/meiotic spindle poles and the mitotic cell cortex. At these locations, NuMA acts as a key structural hub in nuclear formation, spindle assembly, and mitotic spindle positioning, respectively. To achieve its variable functions, NuMA interacts with multiple factors, including DNA, microtubules, the plasma membrane, importins, and cytoplasmic dynein. The binding of NuMA to dynein via its N-terminal domain drives spindle pole focusing and spindle positioning, while multiple interactions through its C-terminal region define its subcellular localizations and functions. In addition, NuMA can self-assemble into high-ordered structures which likely contribute to spindle positioning and nuclear formation. In this review, we summarize recent advances in NuMA’s domains, functions and regulations, with a focus on human NuMA, to understand how and why vertebrate NuMA participates in these functions in comparison with invertebrate NuMA-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kiyomitsu
- Cell Division Dynamics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Japan
| | - Susan Boerner
- Cell Division Dynamics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Japan
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22
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Charruyer A, Weisenberger T, Li H, Khalifa A, Schroeder AW, Belzer A, Ghadially R. Decreased p53 is associated with a decline in asymmetric stem cell self-renewal in aged human epidermis. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13310. [PMID: 33524216 PMCID: PMC7884041 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With age, the epidermis becomes hypoplastic and hypoproliferative. Hypoproliferation due to aging has been associated with decreased stem cell (SC) self‐renewal in multiple murine tissues. The fate of SC self‐renewal divisions can be asymmetric (one SC, one committed progenitor) or symmetric (two SCs). Increased asymmetric SC self‐renewal has been observed in inflammatory‐mediated hyperproliferation, while increased symmetric SC self‐renewal has been observed in cancers. We analyzed SC self‐renewal divisions in aging human epidermis to better understand the role of SCs in the hypoproliferation of aging. In human subjects, neonatal to 78 years, there was an age‐dependent decrease in epidermal basal layer divisions. The balance of SC self‐renewal shifted toward symmetric SC self‐renewal, with a decline in asymmetric SC self‐renewal. Asymmetric SC divisions maintain epidermal stratification, and this decrease may contribute to the hypoplasia of aging skin. P53 decreases in multiple tissues with age, and p53 has been shown to promote asymmetric SC self‐renewal. Fewer aged than adult ALDH+CD44+ keratinocyte SCs exhibited p53 expression and activity and Nutlin‐3 (a p53 activator) returned p53 activity as well as asymmetric SC self‐renewal divisions to adult levels. Nutlin‐3 increased Notch signaling (NICD, Hes1) and DAPT inhibition of Notch activation prevented Nutlin‐3 (p53)‐induced asymmetric SC self‐renewal divisions in aged keratinocytes. These studies indicate a role for p53 in the decreased asymmetric SC divisions with age and suggest that in aged keratinocytes, Notch is required for p53‐induced asymmetric SC divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Charruyer
- Department of Dermatology UC San Francisco San Francisco California USA
- Department of Dermatology VA Medical Center San Francisco California USA
| | - Tracy Weisenberger
- Department of Dermatology UC San Francisco San Francisco California USA
- Department of Dermatology VA Medical Center San Francisco California USA
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Dermatology UC San Francisco San Francisco California USA
- Department of Dermatology VA Medical Center San Francisco California USA
| | - Ayman Khalifa
- Department of Dermatology UC San Francisco San Francisco California USA
- Department of Dermatology VA Medical Center San Francisco California USA
- Faculty of science Zagazig University Zagazig Egypt
| | | | - Annika Belzer
- Department of Dermatology UC San Francisco San Francisco California USA
- Department of Dermatology VA Medical Center San Francisco California USA
- Yale School of Medicine New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Ruby Ghadially
- Department of Dermatology UC San Francisco San Francisco California USA
- Department of Dermatology VA Medical Center San Francisco California USA
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23
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Distinct p63 and p73 Protein Interactions Predict Specific Functions in mRNA Splicing and Polyploidy Control in Epithelia. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010025. [PMID: 33375680 PMCID: PMC7824480 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial organs are the first barrier against microorganisms and genotoxic stress, in which the p53 family members p63 and p73 have both overlapping and distinct functions. Intriguingly, p73 displays a very specific localization to basal epithelial cells in human tissues, while p63 is expressed in both basal and differentiated cells. Here, we analyse systematically the literature describing p63 and p73 protein-protein interactions to reveal distinct functions underlying the aforementioned distribution. We have found that p73 and p63 cooperate in the genome stability surveillance in proliferating cells; p73 specific interactors contribute to the transcriptional repression, anaphase promoting complex and spindle assembly checkpoint, whereas p63 specific interactors play roles in the regulation of mRNA processing and splicing in both proliferating and differentiated cells. Our analysis reveals the diversification of the RNA and DNA specific functions within the p53 family.
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24
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Ling J, Sckaff M, Tiwari M, Chen Y, Li J, Jones J, Sen GL. RAS-mediated suppression of PAR3 and its effects on SCC initiation and tissue architecture occur independently of hyperplasia. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.249102. [PMID: 33172988 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper epithelial development and homeostasis depends on strict control of oriented cell division. Current evidence shows that this process is regulated by intrinsic polarity factors and external spatial cues. Owing to the lack of an appropriate model system that can recapitulate the architecture of the skin, deregulation of spindle orientation in human epithelial carcinoma has never been investigated. Here, using an inducible model of human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we demonstrate that RAS-dependent suppression of PAR3 (encoded by PARD3) accelerates epithelial disorganization during early tumorigenesis. Diminished PAR3 led to loss of E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion, which in turn contributed to misoriented cell division. Pharmacological inhibition of the MAPK pathway downstream of RAS activation reversed the defects in PAR3 expression, E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and mitotic spindle orientation. Thus, temporal analysis of human neoplasia provides a powerful approach to study cellular and molecular transformations during early oncogenesis, which allowed identification of PAR3 as a critical regulator of tissue architecture during initial human SCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ling
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Maria Sckaff
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Manisha Tiwari
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Yifang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Jingting Li
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - Jackson Jones
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
| | - George L Sen
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0869, USA
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25
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Fischer E, Morin X. Fate restrictions in embryonic neural progenitors. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:178-185. [PMID: 33259983 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) is a fantastically complex organ composed of dozens of cell types within the neural and glial lineages. Its organization is laid down during development, through the localized and sequential production of subsets of neurons with specific identities. The principles and mechanisms that underlie the timely production of adequate classes of cells are only partially understood. Recent advances in molecular profiling describe the developmental trajectories leading to this amazing cellular diversity and provide us with cell atlases of an unprecedented level of precision. Yet, some long-standing questions pertaining to lineage relationships between neural progenitor cells and their differentiated progeny remain unanswered. Here, we discuss questions related to proliferation potential, timing of fate choices and restriction of neuronal output potential of individual CNS progenitors through the lens of lineage relationship. Unlocking methodological barriers will be essential to accurately describe CNS development at a cellular resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Fischer
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Xavier Morin
- Institut de Biologie de l'ENS (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France.
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26
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Flora P, Ezhkova E. Regulatory mechanisms governing epidermal stem cell function during development and homeostasis. Development 2020; 147:147/22/dev194100. [PMID: 33191273 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell divisions and cell-fate decisions require stringent regulation for proper tissue development and homeostasis. The mammalian epidermis is a highly organized tissue structure that is sustained by epidermal stem cells (ESCs) that balance self-renewal and cell-fate decisions to establish a protective barrier, while replacing dying cells during homeostasis and in response to injury. Extensive work over past decades has provided insights into the regulatory mechanisms that control ESC specification, self-renewal and maintenance during different stages of the lifetime of an organism. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that have furthered our understanding of key regulatory features that allow ESCs to establish a functional barrier during development and to maintain tissue homeostasis in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Flora
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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27
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Roles for microtubules in the proliferative and differentiated cells of stratified epithelia. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 68:98-104. [PMID: 33186891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
While microtubule dynamics and organization have been extensively studied invitro, both biochemically and in cultured cells, recent work has begun to extend this into tissues ex vivo and organisms in vivo. Advances in genetic tools and imaging technology have allowed studies on the dynamics, function, and organization of microtubules in the stratified epithelia of the epidermis. Here, we discuss recent work that highlights the varied roles that microtubules play in supporting epidermal function. These findings demonstrate that studying microtubules in tissues has revealed not only novel aspects of epidermal biology but also new principles of microtubule regulation.
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28
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Rangel-Huerta E, Guzman A, Maldonado E. The dynamics of epidermal stratification during post-larval development in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:175-190. [PMID: 32877571 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermis, as a defensive barrier, is a consistent trait throughout animal evolution. During post-larval development, the zebrafish epidermis thickens by stratification or addition of new cell layers. Epidermal basal stem cells, expressing the transcription factor p63, are known to be involved in this process. Zebrafish post-larval epidermal stratification is a tractable system to study how stem cells participate in organ growth. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry, in combination with EdU cell proliferation detection, to study zebrafish epidermal stratification. For this procedure, we selected a window of post-larval stages (5-8 mm of standard length or SL, which normalizes age by size). Simultaneously, we used markers for asymmetric cell division and the Notch signaling pathway. RESULTS We found that epidermal stratification is the consequence of several events, including changes in cell shape, active cell proliferation and asymmetrical cell divisions. We identified a subset of highly proliferative epidermal cells with reduced levels of p63, which differed from the basal stem cells with high levels of p63. Additionally, we described different mechanisms that participate in the stratification process, including the phosphorylation of p63, asymmetric cell division regulated by the Par3 and LGN proteins, and expression of Notch genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rangel-Huerta
- EvoDevo Research Group, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Aida Guzman
- EvoDevo Research Group, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico.,Estudio Técnico Especializado en Histopatología, Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, ENP, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Maldonado
- EvoDevo Research Group, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
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29
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Transcriptome Analysis of Testes and Uterus: Reproductive Dysfunction Induced by Toxoplasma gondii in Mice. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081136. [PMID: 32731337 PMCID: PMC7464677 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in female mammals during pregnancy can result in poor pregnancy. Similarly, it can result in male reproductive disorders in male mammals. Although the testes and uterus have very different biological makeup, they are still both attacked by T. gondii resulting in reproductive dysfunctions. We hypothesized that there are significant common genes in the testes and uterus that interact with T. gondii. Finding out and studying these genes is vital to understand the infection mechanism of T. gondii and the induced disease pathogenesis. To achieve this goal, we built a mice model of acute infection with T. gondii and the testes and uterus of the mice were sequenced by RNA-Seq. A total of 291 and 679 significantly differently expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the testes and the uterus, respectively. In the Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, part of the DEGs in the testes and uterus were related to 35 GO functions. When compared with the KEGG database, seven pathways affecting both the testes and uterus during the course of T. gondii infection were identified. In addition, Toxoplasmosis can significantly affect the expression of Nlrp5 and Insc leading to negative outcomes in the host. On the other hand, the host regulates Gbp7, Gbp2b, and Ifit3 to defend against T. gondii infection.
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30
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Gordon KL, Zussman JW, Li X, Miller C, Sherwood DR. Stem cell niche exit in C. elegans via orientation and segregation of daughter cells by a cryptic cell outside the niche. eLife 2020; 9:e56383. [PMID: 32692313 PMCID: PMC7467730 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells reside in and rely upon their niche to maintain stemness but must balance self-renewal with the production of daughters that leave the niche to differentiate. We discovered a mechanism of stem cell niche exit in the canonical C. elegans distal tip cell (DTC) germ stem cell niche mediated by previously unobserved, thin, membranous protrusions of the adjacent somatic gonad cell pair (Sh1). A disproportionate number of germ cell divisions were observed at the DTC-Sh1 interface. Stem-like and differentiating cell fates segregated across this boundary. Spindles polarized, pairs of daughter cells oriented between the DTC and Sh1, and Sh1 grew over the Sh1-facing daughter. Impeding Sh1 growth by RNAi to cofilin and Arp2/3 perturbed the DTC-Sh1 interface, reduced germ cell proliferation, and shifted a differentiation marker. Because Sh1 membrane protrusions eluded detection for decades, it is possible that similar structures actively regulate niche exit in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacy L Gordon
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Jay W Zussman
- Department of Biology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Camille Miller
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - David R Sherwood
- Department of Biology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Regeneration Next, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
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31
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Lough KJ, Byrd KM, Descovich CP, Spitzer DC, Bergman AJ, Beaudoin GM, Reichardt LF, Williams SE. Telophase correction refines division orientation in stratified epithelia. eLife 2019; 8:49249. [PMID: 31833472 PMCID: PMC6959978 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During organogenesis, precise control of spindle orientation balances proliferation and differentiation. In the developing murine epidermis, planar and perpendicular divisions yield symmetric and asymmetric fate outcomes, respectively. Classically, division axis specification involves centrosome migration and spindle rotation, events occurring early in mitosis. Here, we identify a novel orientation mechanism which corrects erroneous anaphase orientations during telophase. The directionality of reorientation correlates with the maintenance or loss of basal contact by the apical daughter. While the scaffolding protein LGN is known to determine initial spindle positioning, we show that LGN also functions during telophase to reorient oblique divisions toward perpendicular. The fidelity of telophase correction also relies on the tension-sensitive adherens junction proteins vinculin, α-E-catenin, and afadin. Failure of this corrective mechanism impacts tissue architecture, as persistent oblique divisions induce precocious, sustained differentiation. The division orientation plasticity provided by telophase correction may enable progenitors to adapt to local tissue needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall J Lough
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Kevin M Byrd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Carlos P Descovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Danielle C Spitzer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Abby J Bergman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Gerard Mj Beaudoin
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Louis F Reichardt
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Scott E Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Department of Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Centre, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
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32
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Takayanagi H, Hayase J, Kamakura S, Miyano K, Chishiki K, Yuzawa S, Sumimoto H. Intramolecular interaction in LGN, an adaptor protein that regulates mitotic spindle orientation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19655-19666. [PMID: 31732560 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper mitotic spindle orientation requires that astral microtubules are connected to the cell cortex by the microtubule-binding protein NuMA, which is recruited from the cytoplasm. Cortical recruitment of NuMA is at least partially mediated via direct binding to the adaptor protein LGN. LGN normally adopts a closed conformation via an intramolecular interaction between its N-terminal NuMA-binding domain and its C-terminal region that contains four GoLoco (GL) motifs, each capable of binding to the membrane-anchored Gαi subunit of heterotrimeric G protein. Here we show that the intramolecular association with the N-terminal domain in LGN involves GL3, GL4, and a region between GL2 and GL3, whereas GL1 and GL2 do not play a major role. This conformation renders GL1 but not the other GL motifs in a state easily accessible to Gαi To interact with full-length LGN in a closed state, NuMA requires the presence of Gαi; both NuMA and Gαi are essential for cortical recruitment of LGN in mitotic cells. In contrast, mInsc, a protein that competes with NuMA for binding to LGN and regulates mitotic spindle orientation in asymmetric cell division, efficiently binds to full-length LGN without Gαi and induces its conformational change, enhancing its association with Gαi In nonpolarized symmetrically dividing HeLa cells, disruption of the LGN-NuMA interaction by ectopic expression of mInsc results in a loss of cortical localization of NuMA during metaphase and anaphase and promotes mitotic spindle misorientation and a delayed anaphase progression. These findings highlight a specific role for LGN-mediated cell cortex recruitment of NuMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takayanagi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junya Hayase
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kamakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kei Miyano
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kanako Chishiki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoru Yuzawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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33
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Bondaz A, Cirillo L, Meraldi P, Gotta M. Cell polarity-dependent centrosome separation in the C. elegans embryo. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:4112-4126. [PMID: 31645459 PMCID: PMC6891102 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bondaz et al. show that in C. elegans embryos, the microtubule depolymerase KLP-7/MCAK is required for efficient centrosome separation in the somatic AB cell, but not the germline P1 cell. This difference in spindle assembly depends on cell polarity via the mitotic kinase PLK1. In animal cells, faithful chromosome segregation depends on the assembly of a bipolar spindle driven by the timely separation of the two centrosomes. Here we took advantage of the highly stereotypical cell divisions in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos to identify new regulators of centrosome separation. We find that at the two-cell stage, the somatic AB cell initiates centrosome separation later than the germline P1 cell. This difference is strongly exacerbated by the depletion of the kinesin-13 KLP-7/MCAK, resulting in incomplete centrosome separation at NEBD in AB but not P1. Our genetic and cell biology data indicate that this phenotype depends on cell polarity via the enrichment in AB of the mitotic kinase PLK-1, which itself limits the cortical localization of the dynein-binding NuMA orthologue LIN-5. We postulate that the timely separation of centrosomes is regulated in a cell type–dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bondaz
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luca Cirillo
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland .,Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Monica Gotta
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland .,Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research in Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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34
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Morrow A, Underwood J, Seldin L, Hinnant T, Lechler T. Regulated spindle orientation buffers tissue growth in the epidermis. eLife 2019; 8:48482. [PMID: 31577227 PMCID: PMC6794086 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis requires a balance between progenitor cell proliferation and loss. Mechanisms that maintain this robust balance are needed to avoid tissue loss or overgrowth. Here we demonstrate that regulation of spindle orientation/asymmetric cell divisions is one mechanism that is used to buffer changes in proliferation and tissue turnover in mammalian skin. Genetic and pharmacologic experiments demonstrate that asymmetric cell divisions were increased in hyperproliferative conditions and decreased under hypoproliferative conditions. Further, active K-Ras also increased the frequency of asymmetric cell divisions. Disruption of spindle orientation in combination with constitutively active K-Ras resulted in massive tissue overgrowth. Together, these data highlight the essential roles of spindle orientation in buffering tissue homeostasis in response to perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Morrow
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Julie Underwood
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Lindsey Seldin
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Taylor Hinnant
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Terry Lechler
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, United States
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35
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Doi N, Kunimatsu Y, Fujiura K, Togari H, Minagi K, Nakaoji K, Hamada K, Temme A, Tatsuka M. RhoGDIβ affects HeLa cell spindle orientation following UVC irradiation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15134-15146. [PMID: 30652309 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The molecular signals that regulate mitotic spindle orientation to determine the proper division axis play a critical role in the development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. However, deregulation of signaling events can result in spindle misorientation, which in turn can trigger developmental defects and cancer progression. Little is known about the cellular signaling pathway involved in the misorientation of proliferating cells that evade apoptosis after DNA damage. In this study, we found that perturbations to spindle orientation were induced in ultraviolet C (UVC)-irradiated surviving cells. N-terminal truncated Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor β (RhoGDIβ), which is produced by UVC irradiation, distorted the spindle orientation of HeLa cells cultured on Matrigel. The short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of RhoGDIβ significantly attenuated UVC-induced misorientation. Subsequent expression of wild-type RhoGDIβ, but not a noncleavable mutant, RhoGDIβ (D19A), again led to a relative increase in spindle misorientation in response to UVC. Our findings revealed that RhoGDIβ impacts spindle orientation in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Doi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuuki Kunimatsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kouhei Fujiura
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiro Togari
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Minagi
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakaoji
- Research & Development Division, Pias Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hamada
- Research & Development Division, Pias Corporation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Achim Temme
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Masaaki Tatsuka
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shoubara, Hiroshima, Japan
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36
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Box K, Joyce BW, Devenport D. Epithelial geometry regulates spindle orientation and progenitor fate during formation of the mammalian epidermis. eLife 2019; 8:47102. [PMID: 31187731 PMCID: PMC6592681 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of cell fate through oriented cell division is imperative for proper organ development. Basal epidermal progenitor cells divide parallel or perpendicular to the basement membrane to self-renew or produce differentiated stratified layers, but the mechanisms regulating the choice between division orientations are unknown. Using time-lapse imaging to follow divisions and fates of basal progenitors, we find that mouse embryos defective for the planar cell polarity (PCP) gene, Vangl2, exhibit increased perpendicular divisions and hyperthickened epidermis. Surprisingly, this is not due to defective Vangl2 function in the epidermis, but to changes in cell geometry and packing that arise from the open neural tube characteristic of PCP mutants. Through regional variations in epidermal deformation and physical manipulations, we show that local tissue architecture, rather than cortical PCP cues, regulates the decision between symmetric and stratifying divisions, allowing flexibility for basal cells to adapt to the needs of the developing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Box
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Bradley W Joyce
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Danelle Devenport
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
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37
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Abstract
For over a century, the centrosome has been an organelle more easily tracked than understood, and the study of its peregrinations within the cell remains a chief underpinning of its functional investigation. Increasing attention and new approaches have been brought to bear on mechanisms that control centrosome localization in the context of cleavage plane determination, ciliogenesis, directional migration, and immunological synapse formation, among other cellular and developmental processes. The Golgi complex, often linked with the centrosome, presents a contrasting case of a pleiomorphic organelle for which functional studies advanced somewhat more rapidly than positional tracking. However, Golgi orientation and distribution has emerged as an area of considerable interest with respect to polarized cellular function. This chapter will review our current understanding of the mechanism and significance of the positioning of these organelles.
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38
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Thomas M, Banks L. Upsetting the Balance: When Viruses Manipulate Cell Polarity Control. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3481-3503. [PMID: 29680664 PMCID: PMC7094317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The central importance of cell polarity control is emphasized by the frequency with which it is targeted by many diverse viruses. It is clear that in targeting key polarity control proteins, viruses affect not only host cell polarity, but also influence many cellular processes, including transcription, replication, and innate and acquired immunity. Examination of the interactions of different virus proteins with the cell and its polarity controls during the virus life cycles, and in virally-induced cell transformation shows ever more clearly how intimately all cellular processes are linked to the control of cell polarity.
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39
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Coordinated collective migration and asymmetric cell division in confluent human keratinocytes without wounding. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3665. [PMID: 30202009 PMCID: PMC6131553 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial sheet spreading is a fundamental cellular process that must be coordinated with cell division and differentiation to restore tissue integrity. Here we use consecutive serum deprivation and re-stimulation to reconstruct biphasic collective migration and proliferation in cultured sheets of human keratinocytes. In this system, a burst of long-range coordinated locomotion is rapidly generated throughout the cell sheet in the absence of wound edges. Migrating cohorts reach correlation lengths of several millimeters and display dependencies on epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated signaling, self-propelled polarized migration, and a G1/G0 cell cycle environment. The migration phase is temporally and spatially aligned with polarized cell divisions characterized by pre-mitotic nuclear migration to the cell front and asymmetric partitioning of nuclear promyelocytic leukemia bodies and lysosomes to opposite daughter cells. This study investigates underlying mechanisms contributing to the stark contrast between cells in a static quiescent state compared to the long-range coordinated collective migration seen in contact with blood serum. Epithelial sheet migration requires polarized and coordinated cell movement. Here, the authors demonstrate serum-activated collective migration followed by polarized asymmetric cell divisions in otherwise quiescent human keratinocyte monolayers in the absence of wound edges.
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40
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Wang X, Dong B, Zhang K, Ji Z, Cheng C, Zhao H, Sheng Y, Li X, Fan L, Xue W, Gao WQ, Zhu HH. E-cadherin bridges cell polarity and spindle orientation to ensure prostate epithelial integrity and prevent carcinogenesis in vivo. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007609. [PMID: 30118484 PMCID: PMC6115016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity and correct mitotic spindle positioning are essential for the maintenance of a proper prostate epithelial architecture, and disruption of the two biological features occurs at early stages in prostate tumorigenesis. However, whether and how these two epithelial attributes are connected in vivo is largely unknown. We herein report that conditional genetic deletion of E-cadherin, a key component of adherens junctions, in a mouse model results in loss of prostate luminal cell polarity and randomization of spindle orientations. Critically, E-cadherin ablation causes prostatic hyperplasia which progresses to invasive adenocarcinoma. Mechanistically, E-cadherin and the spindle positioning determinant LGN interacts with the PDZ domain of cell polarity protein SCRIB and form a ternary protein complex to bridge cell polarity and cell division orientation. These findings provide a novel mechanism by which E-cadherin acts an anchor to maintain prostate epithelial integrity and to prevent carcinogenesis in vivo. Luminal cells are the most abundant type of the prostate epithelial cells. Most prostate cancers also display a luminal phenotype. Horizontal cell division of luminal cells allows the surface expansion of the secretory prostate lumen and meanwhile maintains the monolayer and polarized epithelial architecture. Disruption of the epithelial integrity and appearance of multilayer epithelia are early events in prostate adenocarcinoma development. However, the molecular mechanism that ensures the horizontal division in luminal cells remains largely unknown. Here, we generated a genetically engineered mouse model in which E-cadherin, a key component of the adherens junction that serves to connect the lateral plasma membrane of neighboring epithelial cells, was knocked out in the prostate luminal cells. E-cadherin deletion leads to loss of cell polarity and disoriented cell division, which subsequently causes dysregulated cell proliferation and strongly predisposes mice for prostate tumorigenesis. Importantly, we revealed that E-cadherin acts as an anchor to recruit cell polarity protein SCRIB and spindle positioning determinant LGN to the lateral cell membrane, thereby ensure a proper alignment of the cell division plane. All these findings uncover a novel mechanism by which E-cadherin links cell polarity and spindle orientation to keep prostate epithelial integrity and prevent carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongzhong Ji
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaping Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huifang Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaru Sheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liancheng Fan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (W-QG); (HHZ)
| | - Helen He Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (W-QG); (HHZ)
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41
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Duteil D, Tourrette Y, Eberlin A, Willmann D, Patel D, Friedrichs N, Müller JM, Schüle R. The histone acetyltransferase inhibitor Nir regulates epidermis development. Development 2018; 145:dev.158543. [PMID: 29490983 DOI: 10.1242/dev.158543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its function as an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferases, Nir (Noc2l) binds to p53 and TAp63 to regulate their activity. Here, we show that epidermis-specific ablation of Nir impairs epidermal stratification and barrier function, resulting in perinatal lethality. Nir-deficient epidermis lacks appendages and remains single layered during embryogenesis. Cell proliferation is inhibited, whereas apoptosis and p53 acetylation are increased, indicating that Nir is controlling cell proliferation by limiting p53 acetylation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Nir regulates the expression of essential factors in epidermis development, such as keratins, integrins and laminins. Furthermore, Nir binds to and controls the expression of p63 and limits H3K18ac at the p63 promoter. Corroborating the stratification defects, asymmetric cell divisions were virtually absent in Nir-deficient mice, suggesting that Nir is required for correct mitotic spindle orientation. In summary, our data define Nir as a key regulator of skin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Duteil
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yves Tourrette
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adrien Eberlin
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominica Willmann
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dharmeshkumar Patel
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant, University of Minnesota, 2-191 Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nicolaus Friedrichs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical School, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Judith M Müller
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- Urologische Klinik und Zentrale Klinische Forschung, Klinikum der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 66, 79106 Freiburg, Germany .,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Deutsche Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Standort, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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42
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Abstract
Asymmetric cell divisions balance stem cell proliferation and differentiation to sustain tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis. During asymmetric divisions, fate determinants and niche contacts segregate unequally between daughters, but little is known on how this is achieved mechanistically. In Drosophila neuroblasts and murine mammary stem cells, the association of the spindle orientation protein LGN with the stem cell adaptor Inscuteable has been connected to asymmetry. Here we report the crystal structure of Drosophila LGN in complex with the asymmetric domain of Inscuteable, which reveals a tetrameric arrangement of intertwined molecules. We show that Insc:LGN tetramers constitute stable cores of Par3–Insc-LGN-GαiGDP complexes, which cannot be dissociated by NuMA. In mammary stem cells, the asymmetric domain of Insc bound to LGN:GαiGDP suffices to drive asymmetric fate, and reverts aberrant symmetric divisions induced by p53 loss. We suggest a novel role for the Insc-bound pool of LGN acting independently of microtubule motors to promote asymmetric fate specification. During asymmetric divisions fate determinants and niche contacts segregate unequally between daughter cells, but the mechanism is unclear. Here the authors show that Insc:LGN tetramers promote assembly of Par3-Insc-LGN-GαiGDP complexes and asymmetric fate specification independently of microtubule motors.
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43
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Erickson JR, Echeverri K. Learning from regeneration research organisms: The circuitous road to scar free wound healing. Dev Biol 2018; 433:144-154. [PMID: 29179946 PMCID: PMC5914521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ in the body and plays multiple essential roles ranging from regulating temperature, preventing infection and ultimately defining who we are physically. It is a highly dynamic organ that constantly replaces the outermost cells throughout life. However, when faced with a major injury, human skin cannot restore a significant lesion to its original functionality, instead a reparative scar is formed. In contrast to this, many other species have the unique ability to regenerate full thickness skin without formation of scar tissue. Here we review recent advances in the field that shed light on how the skin cells in regenerative species react to injury to prevent scar formation versus scar forming humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami R Erickson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Karen Echeverri
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
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44
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Ryan KE, Kim PS, Fleming JT, Brignola E, Cheng FY, Litingtung Y, Chiang C. Lkb1 regulates granule cell migration and cortical folding of the cerebellar cortex. Dev Biol 2017; 432:165-177. [PMID: 28974424 PMCID: PMC5694378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar growth and foliation require the Hedgehog-driven proliferation of granule cell precursors (GCPs) in the external granule layer (EGL). However, that increased or extended GCP proliferation generally does not elicit ectopic folds suggests that additional determinants control cortical expansion and foliation during cerebellar development. Here, we find that genetic loss of the serine-threonine kinase Liver Kinase B1 (Lkb1) in GCPs increased cerebellar cortical size and foliation independent of changes in proliferation or Hedgehog signaling. This finding is unexpected given that Lkb1 has previously shown to be critical for Hedgehog pathway activation in cultured cells. Consistent with unchanged proliferation rate of GCPs, the cortical expansion of Lkb1 mutants is accompanied by thinning of the EGL. The plane of cell division, which has been implicated in diverse processes from epithelial surface expansions to gyrification of the human cortex, remains unchanged in the mutants when compared to wild-type controls. However, we find that Lkb1 mutants display delayed radial migration of post-mitotic GCPs that coincides with increased cortical size, suggesting that aberrant cell migration may contribute to the cortical expansion and increase foliation. Taken together, our results reveal an important role for Lkb1 in regulating cerebellar cortical size and foliation in a Hedgehog-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E Ryan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Patrick S Kim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jonathan T Fleming
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emily Brignola
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Frances Y Cheng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ying Litingtung
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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45
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Howard J, Garzon-Coral C. Physical Limits on the Precision of Mitotic Spindle Positioning by Microtubule Pushing forces: Mechanics of mitotic spindle positioning. Bioessays 2017; 39:10.1002/bies.201700122. [PMID: 28960439 PMCID: PMC5698852 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissues are shaped and patterned by mechanical and chemical processes. A key mechanical process is the positioning of the mitotic spindle, which determines the size and location of the daughter cells within the tissue. Recent force and position-fluctuation measurements indicate that pushing forces, mediated by the polymerization of astral microtubules against- the cell cortex, maintain the mitotic spindle at the cell center in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. The magnitude of the centering forces suggests that the physical limit on the accuracy and precision of this centering mechanism is determined by the number of pushing microtubules rather than by thermally driven fluctuations. In cells that divide asymmetrically, anti-centering, pulling forces generated by cortically located dyneins, in conjunction with microtubule depolymerization, oppose the pushing forces to drive spindle displacements away from the center. Thus, a balance of centering pushing forces and anti-centering pulling forces localize the mitotic spindles within dividing C. elegans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Howard
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Carlos Garzon-Coral
- Shriram Center for Chemical Engineering & Bioengineering, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
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46
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Wen W, Zhang M. Protein Complex Assemblies in Epithelial Cell Polarity and Asymmetric Cell Division. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:3504-3520. [PMID: 28963071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric local concentration of protein complexes on distinct membrane regions is a fundamental property in numerous biological processes and is a hallmark of cell polarity. Evolutionarily conserved core polarity proteins form specific and dynamic networks to regulate the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity, as well as distinct polarity-driven cellular events. This review focuses on the molecular and structural basis governing regulated formation of several sets of core cell polarity regulatory complexes, as well as their functions in epithelial cell polarization and asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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47
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Campanale JP, Sun TY, Montell DJ. Development and dynamics of cell polarity at a glance. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1201-1207. [PMID: 28365593 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells exhibit morphological and molecular asymmetries that are broadly categorized as cell polarity. The cell polarity established in early embryos prefigures the macroscopic anatomical asymmetries characteristic of adult animals. For example, eggs and early embryos have polarized distributions of RNAs and proteins that generate global anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. The molecular programs that polarize embryos are subsequently reused in multiple contexts. Epithelial cells require apical/basal polarity to establish their barrier function. Migrating cells polarize in the direction of movement, creating distinct leading and trailing structures. Asymmetrically dividing stem cells partition different molecules between themselves and their daughter cells. Cell polarity can develop de novo, be maintained through rounds of cell division and be dynamically remodeled. In this Cell Science at a Glance review and poster, we describe molecular asymmetries that underlie cell polarity in several cellular contexts. We highlight multiple developmental systems that first establish cell/developmental polarity, and then maintain it. Our poster showcases repeated use of the Par, Scribble and Crumbs polarity complexes, which drive the development of cell polarity in many cell types and organisms. We then briefly discuss the diverse and dynamic changes in cell polarity that occur during cell migration, asymmetric cell division and in planar polarized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Campanale
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Thomas Y Sun
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Denise J Montell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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48
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Transit-Amplifying Cells in the Fast Lane from Stem Cells towards Differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:7602951. [PMID: 28835754 PMCID: PMC5556613 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7602951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have a high potential to impact regenerative medicine. However, stem cells in adult tissues often proliferate at very slow rates. During development, stem cells may change first to a pluripotent and highly proliferative state, known as transit-amplifying cells. Recent advances in the identification and isolation of these undifferentiated and fast-dividing cells could bring new alternatives for cell-based transplants. The skin epidermis has been the target of necessary research about transit-amplifying cells; this work has mainly been performed in mammalian cells, but further work is being pursued in other vertebrate models, such as zebrafish. In this review, we present some insights about the molecular repertoire regulating the transition from stem cells to transit-amplifying cells or playing a role in the transitioning to fully differentiated cells, including gene expression profiles, cell cycle regulation, and cellular asymmetrical events. We also discuss the potential use of this knowledge in effective progenitor cell-based transplants in the treatment of skin injuries and chronic disease.
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49
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Charruyer A, Fong S, Vitcov GG, Sklar S, Tabernik L, Taneja M, Caputo M, Soeung C, Yue L, Uchida Y, Arron ST, Horton KM, Foster RD, Sano S, North JP, Ghadially R. Brief Report: Interleukin-17A-Dependent Asymmetric Stem Cell Divisions Are Increased in Human Psoriasis: A Mechanism Underlying Benign Hyperproliferation. Stem Cells 2017; 35:2001-2007. [PMID: 28600817 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The balance between asymmetric and symmetric stem cell (SC) divisions is key to tissue homeostasis, and dysregulation of this balance has been shown in cancers. We hypothesized that the balance between asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) and symmetric cell divisions (SCDs) would be dysregulated in the benign hyperproliferation of psoriasis. We found that, while SCDs were increased in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (human and murine), ACDs were increased in the benign hyperproliferation of psoriasis (human and murine). Furthermore, while sonic hedgehog (linked to human cancer) and pifithrinα (p53 inhibitor) promoted SCDs, interleukin (IL)-1α and amphiregulin (associated with benign epidermal hyperproliferation) promoted ACDs. While there was dysregulation of the ACD:SCD ratio, no change in SC frequency was detected in epidermis from psoriasis patients, or in human keratinocytes treated with IL-1α or amphiregulin. We investigated the mechanism whereby immune alterations of psoriasis result in ACDs. IL17 inhibitors are effective new therapies for psoriasis. We found that IL17A increased ACDs in human keratinocytes. Additionally, studies in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model revealed that ACDs in psoriasis are IL17A-dependent. In summary, our studies suggest an association between benign hyperproliferation and increased ACDs. This work begins to elucidate the mechanisms by which immune alteration can induce keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Altogether, this work affirms that a finely tuned balance of ACDs and SCDs is important and that manipulating this balance may constitute an effective treatment strategy for hyperproliferative diseases. Stem Cells 2017;35:2001-2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Charruyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephen Fong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Giselle G Vitcov
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Samuel Sklar
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Leah Tabernik
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Monica Taneja
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melinda Caputo
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Catherine Soeung
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lili Yue
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoshi Uchida
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sarah T Arron
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karen M Horton
- Plastic Surgery, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert D Foster
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shigetoshi Sano
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Jeffrey P North
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ruby Ghadially
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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50
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Seldin L, Macara I. Epithelial spindle orientation diversities and uncertainties: recent developments and lingering questions. F1000Res 2017; 6:984. [PMID: 28713562 PMCID: PMC5490480 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11370.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle orientation is a conserved, dynamic, and highly complex process that plays a key role in dictating the cleavage plane, fate, and positioning of cells within a tissue, therefore laying the blueprint for tissue structure and function. While the spindle-positioning pathway has been extensively studied in lower-model organisms, research over the past several years has highlighted its relevance to mammalian epithelial tissues. Although we continue to gain critical insights into the mechanisms underlying spindle positioning, many uncertainties persist. In this commentary, we will review the protein interactions that modulate spindle orientation and we will present important recent findings that underscore epithelial tissue-specific requirements and variations in this important pathway, as well as its potential relevance to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Seldin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Ian Macara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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