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Chen Y, McDonald JA. Collective cell migration relies on PPP1R15-mediated regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1390-1402.e4. [PMID: 38428416 PMCID: PMC11003853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is integral to many developmental and disease processes. Previously, we discovered that protein phosphatase 1 (Pp1) promotes border cell collective migration in the Drosophila ovary. We now report that the Pp1 phosphatase regulatory subunit dPPP1R15 is a critical regulator of border cell migration. dPPP1R15 is an ortholog of mammalian PPP1R15 proteins that attenuate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. We show that, in collectively migrating border cells, dPPP1R15 phosphatase restrains an active physiological protein kinase R-like ER kinase- (PERK)-eIF2α-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) stress pathway. RNAi knockdown of dPPP1R15 blocks border cell delamination from the epithelium and subsequent migration, increases eIF2α phosphorylation, reduces translation, and drives expression of the stress response transcription factor ATF4. We observe similar defects upon overexpression of ATF4 or the eIF2α kinase PERK. Furthermore, we show that normal border cells express markers of the PERK-dependent ER stress response and require PERK and ATF4 for efficient migration. In many other cell types, unresolved ER stress induces initiation of apoptosis. In contrast, border cells with chronic RNAi knockdown of dPPP1R15 survive. Together, our results demonstrate that the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway, regulated by dPPP1R15 activity, counteracts the physiological ER stress that occurs during collective border cell migration. We propose that in vivo collective cell migration is intrinsically "stressful," requiring tight homeostatic control of the ER stress response for collective cell cohesion, dynamics, and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Chen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1717 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jocelyn A McDonald
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 1717 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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2
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Bhattacharya M, Starz-Gaiano M. Steroid hormone signaling synchronizes cell migration machinery, adhesion and polarity to direct collective movement. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261164. [PMID: 38323986 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Migratory cells - either individually or in cohesive groups - are critical for spatiotemporally regulated processes such as embryonic development and wound healing. Their dysregulation is the underlying cause of formidable health problems such as congenital abnormalities and metastatic cancers. Border cell behavior during Drosophila oogenesis provides an effective model to study temporally regulated, collective cell migration in vivo. Developmental timing in flies is primarily controlled by the steroid hormone ecdysone, which acts through a well-conserved, nuclear hormone receptor complex. Ecdysone signaling determines the timing of border cell migration, but the molecular mechanisms governing this remain obscure. We found that border cell clusters expressing a dominant-negative form of ecdysone receptor extended ineffective protrusions. Additionally, these clusters had aberrant spatial distributions of E-cadherin (E-cad), apical domain markers and activated myosin that did not overlap. Remediating their expression or activity individually in clusters mutant for ecdysone signaling did not restore proper migration. We propose that ecdysone signaling synchronizes the functional distribution of E-cadherin, atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), Discs large (Dlg1) and activated myosin post-transcriptionally to coordinate adhesion, polarity and contractility and temporally control collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Bhattacharya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Michelle Starz-Gaiano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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3
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Burghardt E, Rakijas J, Tyagi A, Majumder P, Olson BJSC, McDonald JA. Transcriptome analysis reveals temporally regulated genetic networks during Drosophila border cell collective migration. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:728. [PMID: 38041052 PMCID: PMC10693066 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collective cell migration underlies many essential processes, including sculpting organs during embryogenesis, wound healing in the adult, and metastasis of cancer cells. At mid-oogenesis, Drosophila border cells undergo collective migration. Border cells round up into a small group at the pre-migration stage, detach from the epithelium and undergo a dynamic and highly regulated migration at the mid-migration stage, and stop at the oocyte, their final destination, at the post-migration stage. While specific genes that promote cell signaling, polarization of the cluster, formation of protrusions, and cell-cell adhesion are known to regulate border cell migration, there may be additional genes that promote these distinct active phases of border cell migration. Therefore, we sought to identify genes whose expression patterns changed during border cell migration. RESULTS We performed RNA-sequencing on border cells isolated at pre-, mid-, and post-migration stages. We report that 1,729 transcripts, in nine co-expression gene clusters, are temporally and differentially expressed across the three migration stages. Gene ontology analyses and constructed protein-protein interaction networks identified genes expected to function in collective migration, such as regulators of the cytoskeleton, adhesion, and tissue morphogenesis, but also uncovered a notable enrichment of genes involved in immune signaling, ribosome biogenesis, and stress responses. Finally, we validated the in vivo expression and function of a subset of identified genes in border cells. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results identified differentially and temporally expressed genetic networks that may facilitate the efficient development and migration of border cells. The genes identified here represent a wealth of new candidates to investigate the molecular nature of dynamic collective cell migrations in developing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Burghardt
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, 1717 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jessica Rakijas
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, 1717 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Antariksh Tyagi
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, 1717 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Pralay Majumder
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Bradley J S C Olson
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, 1717 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Jocelyn A McDonald
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, 1717 Claflin Rd, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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4
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Molina López E, Kabanova A, Winkel A, Franze K, Palacios IM, Martín-Bermudo MD. Constriction imposed by basement membrane regulates developmental cell migration. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002172. [PMID: 37379333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is a specialized extracellular matrix (ECM), which underlies or encases developing tissues. Mechanical properties of encasing BMs have been shown to profoundly influence the shaping of associated tissues. Here, we use the migration of the border cells (BCs) of the Drosophila egg chamber to unravel a new role of encasing BMs in cell migration. BCs move between a group of cells, the nurse cells (NCs), that are enclosed by a monolayer of follicle cells (FCs), which is, in turn, surrounded by a BM, the follicle BM. We show that increasing or reducing the stiffness of the follicle BM, by altering laminins or type IV collagen levels, conversely affects BC migration speed and alters migration mode and dynamics. Follicle BM stiffness also controls pairwise NC and FC cortical tension. We propose that constraints imposed by the follicle BM influence NC and FC cortical tension, which, in turn, regulate BC migration. Encasing BMs emerge as key players in the regulation of collective cell migration during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Molina López
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anna Kabanova
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Department Physiology of Cognitive Processes, MPI for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Winkel
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Medical Physics and Micro-Tissue Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Isabel M Palacios
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - María D Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
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5
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Guss EJ, Akbergenova Y, Cunningham KL, Littleton JT. Loss of the extracellular matrix protein Perlecan disrupts axonal and synaptic stability during Drosophila development. eLife 2023; 12:RP88273. [PMID: 37368474 PMCID: PMC10328508 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) form essential components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane (BM) and have both structural and signaling roles. Perlecan is a secreted ECM-localized HSPG that contributes to tissue integrity and cell-cell communication. Although a core component of the ECM, the role of Perlecan in neuronal structure and function is less understood. Here, we identify a role for Drosophila Perlecan in the maintenance of larval motoneuron axonal and synaptic stability. Loss of Perlecan causes alterations in the axonal cytoskeleton, followed by axonal breakage and synaptic retraction of neuromuscular junctions. These phenotypes are not prevented by blocking Wallerian degeneration and are independent of Perlecan's role in Wingless signaling. Expression of Perlecan solely in motoneurons cannot rescue synaptic retraction phenotypes. Similarly, removing Perlecan specifically from neurons, glia, or muscle does not cause synaptic retraction, indicating the protein is secreted from multiple cell types and functions non-cell autonomously. Within the peripheral nervous system, Perlecan predominantly localizes to the neural lamella, a specialized ECM surrounding nerve bundles. Indeed, the neural lamella is disrupted in the absence of Perlecan, with axons occasionally exiting their usual boundary in the nerve bundle. In addition, entire nerve bundles degenerate in a temporally coordinated manner across individual hemi-segments throughout larval development. These observations indicate disruption of neural lamella ECM function triggers axonal destabilization and synaptic retraction of motoneurons, revealing a role for Perlecan in axonal and synaptic integrity during nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Guss
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Yulia Akbergenova
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Karen L Cunningham
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - J Troy Littleton
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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6
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Abstract
In this chapter, we highlight examples of the diverse array of developmental, cellular, and biochemical insights that can be gained by using Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis as a model tissue. We begin with an overview of ovary development and adult oogenesis. Then we summarize how the adult Drosophila ovary continues to advance our understanding of stem cells, cell cycle, cell migration, cytoplasmic streaming, nurse cell dumping, and cell death. We also review emerging areas of study, including the roles of lipid droplets, ribosomes, and nuclear actin in egg development. Finally, we conclude by discussing the growing conservation of processes and signaling pathways that regulate oogenesis and female reproduction from flies to humans.
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7
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Chen Y, Kotian N, McDonald JA. Quantitative Image Analysis of Dynamic Cell Behaviors During Border Cell Migration. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2626:193-217. [PMID: 36715906 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2970-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila border cells have emerged as a genetically tractable model to investigate dynamic collective cell migration within the context of a developing organ. Studies of live border cell cluster migration have revealed similarities with other migrating collectives, including formation and restriction of cellular protrusions to the front of the cluster, supracellular actomyosin contractility of the entire collective, and intra-collective cell motility. Here, we describe protocols to prepare ex vivo cultures of stage 9 egg chambers followed by live time-lapse imaging of fluorescently labeled border cells to image dynamic cell behaviors. We provide options to perform live imaging using either a widefield epifluorescent microscope or a confocal microscope. We further outline steps to quantify various cellular behaviors and protein dynamics of live migrating border cells using the Fiji image processing package of ImageJ. These methods can be adapted to other migrating cell collectives in cultured tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Chen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nirupama Kotian
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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8
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Zhou S, Li P, Liu J, Liao J, Li H, Chen L, Li Z, Guo Q, Belguise K, Yi B, Wang X. Two Rac1 pools integrate the direction and coordination of collective cell migration. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6014. [PMID: 36224221 PMCID: PMC9556596 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of collective cell direction and coordination is believed to ensure collective guidance for efficient movement. Previous studies demonstrated that chemokine receptors PVR and EGFR govern a gradient of Rac1 activity essential for collective guidance of Drosophila border cells, whose mechanistic insight is unknown. By monitoring and manipulating subcellular Rac1 activity, here we reveal two switchable Rac1 pools at border cell protrusions and supracellular cables, two important structures responsible for direction and coordination. Rac1 and Rho1 form a positive feedback loop that guides mechanical coupling at cables to achieve migration coordination. Rac1 cooperates with Cdc42 to control protrusion growth for migration direction, as well as to regulate the protrusion-cable exchange, linking direction and coordination. PVR and EGFR guide correct Rac1 activity distribution at protrusions and cables. Therefore, our studies emphasize the existence of a balance between two Rac1 pools, rather than a Rac1 activity gradient, as an integrator for the direction and coordination of collective cell migration. Previous studies suggested a chemokine receptor governed gradient of Rac1 activity is essential for collective guidance of Drosophila border cells. Here, Zhou et al. report that two distinct Rac1 pools at protrusions and cables, not Rac1 activity gradient, integrate the direction and coordination for collective guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zhou
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Liao
- Department of Stomatology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Li
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiongyu Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Karine Belguise
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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9
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Live imaging of delamination in Drosophila shows epithelial cell motility and invasiveness are independently regulated. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16210. [PMID: 36171357 PMCID: PMC9519887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Delaminating cells undergo complex, precisely regulated changes in cell–cell adhesion, motility, polarity, invasiveness, and other cellular properties. Delamination occurs during development and in pathogenic conditions such as cancer metastasis. We analyzed the requirements for epithelial delamination in Drosophila ovary border cells, which detach from the structured epithelial layer and begin to migrate collectively. We used live imaging to examine cellular dynamics, particularly epithelial cells’ acquisition of motility and invasiveness, in delamination-defective mutants during the time period in which delamination occurs in the wild-type ovary. We found that border cells in slow border cells (slbo), a delamination-defective mutant, lacked invasive cellular protrusions but acquired basic cellular motility, while JAK/STAT-inhibited border cells lost both invasiveness and motility. Our results indicate that invasiveness and motility, which are cooperatively required for delamination, are regulated independently. Our reconstruction experiments also showed that motility is not a prerequisite for acquiring invasiveness.
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10
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Tsai CR, Wang Y, Jacobson A, Sankoorikkal N, Chirinos JD, Burra S, Makthal N, Kumaraswami M, Galko MJ. Pvr and distinct downstream signaling factors are required for hemocyte spreading and epidermal wound closure at Drosophila larval wound sites. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 12:6423993. [PMID: 34751396 PMCID: PMC8728012 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury is typically accompanied by inflammation. In Drosophila melanogaster larvae, wound-induced inflammation involves adhesive capture of hemocytes at the wound surface followed by hemocyte spreading to assume a flat, lamellar morphology. The factors that mediate this cell spreading at the wound site are not known. Here, we discover a role for the platelet-derived growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor-related receptor (Pvr) and its ligand, Pvf1, in blood cell spreading at the wound site. Pvr and Pvf1 are required for spreading in vivo and in an in vitro spreading assay where spreading can be directly induced by Pvf1 application or by constitutive Pvr activation. In an effort to identify factors that act downstream of Pvr, we performed a genetic screen in which select candidates were tested to determine if they could suppress the lethality of Pvr overexpression in the larval epidermis. Some of the suppressors identified are required for epidermal wound closure (WC), another Pvr-mediated wound response, some are required for hemocyte spreading in vitro, and some are required for both. One of the downstream factors, Mask, is also required for efficient wound-induced hemocyte spreading in vivo. Our data reveal that Pvr signaling is required for wound responses in hemocytes (cell spreading) and defines distinct downstream signaling factors that are required for either epidermal WC or hemocyte spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ru Tsai
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.,Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Alec Jacobson
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Niki Sankoorikkal
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Josue D Chirinos
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Sirisha Burra
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Nishanth Makthal
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Muthiah Kumaraswami
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Michael J Galko
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.,Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.,Genetics & Epigenetics Graduate Program, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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11
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Mangeat T, Labouesse S, Allain M, Negash A, Martin E, Guénolé A, Poincloux R, Estibal C, Bouissou A, Cantaloube S, Vega E, Li T, Rouvière C, Allart S, Keller D, Debarnot V, Wang XB, Michaux G, Pinot M, Le Borgne R, Tournier S, Suzanne M, Idier J, Sentenac A. Super-resolved live-cell imaging using random illumination microscopy. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100009. [PMID: 35474693 PMCID: PMC9017237 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Current super-resolution microscopy (SRM) methods suffer from an intrinsic complexity that might curtail their routine use in cell biology. We describe here random illumination microscopy (RIM) for live-cell imaging at super-resolutions matching that of 3D structured illumination microscopy, in a robust fashion. Based on speckled illumination and statistical image reconstruction, easy to implement and user-friendly, RIM is unaffected by optical aberrations on the excitation side, linear to brightness, and compatible with multicolor live-cell imaging over extended periods of time. We illustrate the potential of RIM on diverse biological applications, from the mobility of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in U2OS cells and kinetochore dynamics in mitotic S. pombe cells to the 3D motion of myosin minifilaments deep inside Drosophila tissues. RIM's inherent simplicity and extended biological applicability, particularly for imaging at increased depths, could help make SRM accessible to biology laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mangeat
- LITC Core Facility, Centre de Biologie Integrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Labouesse
- Institut Fresnel, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Allain
- Institut Fresnel, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Awoke Negash
- Institut Fresnel, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuel Martin
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology (MCD), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Aude Guénolé
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology (MCD), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Estibal
- LITC Core Facility, Centre de Biologie Integrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Anaïs Bouissou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvain Cantaloube
- LITC Core Facility, Centre de Biologie Integrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Vega
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Tong Li
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology (MCD), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Rouvière
- LITC Core Facility, Centre de Biologie Integrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Allart
- INSERM Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
| | - Debora Keller
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology (MCD), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Valentin Debarnot
- LITC Core Facility, Centre de Biologie Integrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Xia Bo Wang
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology (MCD), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Grégoire Michaux
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR) - UMR 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Pinot
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR) - UMR 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Roland Le Borgne
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR) - UMR 6290, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Tournier
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology (MCD), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Suzanne
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology (MCD), Center of Integrative Biology (CBI), Toulouse University, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérome Idier
- LS2N, CNRS UMR 6004, 1 rue de la Noë, F44321 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Anne Sentenac
- Institut Fresnel, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France
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12
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Badmos H, Cobbe N, Campbell A, Jackson R, Bennett D. Drosophila USP22/nonstop polarizes the actin cytoskeleton during collective border cell migration. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212101. [PMID: 33988679 PMCID: PMC8129793 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarization of the actin cytoskeleton is vital for the collective migration of cells in vivo. During invasive border cell migration in Drosophila, actin polarization is directly controlled by the Hippo signaling complex, which resides at contacts between border cells in the cluster. Here, we identify, in a genetic screen for deubiquitinating enzymes involved in border cell migration, an essential role for nonstop/USP22 in the expression of Hippo pathway components expanded and merlin. Loss of nonstop function consequently leads to a redistribution of F-actin and the polarity determinant Crumbs, loss of polarized actin protrusions, and tumbling of the border cell cluster. Nonstop is a component of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase (SAGA) transcriptional coactivator complex, but SAGA’s histone acetyltransferase module, which does not bind to expanded or merlin, is dispensable for migration. Taken together, our results uncover novel roles for SAGA-independent nonstop/USP22 in collective cell migration, which may help guide studies in other systems where USP22 is necessary for cell motility and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammed Badmos
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Neville Cobbe
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amy Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard Jackson
- Liverpool Clinical Trials Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daimark Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Wang P, Sun Y, Shi X, Shen H, Ning H, Liu H. Bioscaffolds embedded with regulatory modules for cell growth and tissue formation: A review. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1283-1307. [PMID: 33251379 PMCID: PMC7662879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for artificial organs has greatly increased because of various aging-associated diseases and the wide need for organ transplants. A recent trend in tissue engineering is the precise reconstruction of tissues by the growth of cells adhering to bioscaffolds, which are three-dimensional (3D) structures that guide tissue and organ formation. Bioscaffolds used to fabricate bionic tissues should be able to not only guide cell growth but also regulate cell behaviors. Common regulation methods include biophysical and biochemical stimulations. Biophysical stimulation cues include matrix hardness, external stress and strain, surface topology, and electromagnetic field and concentration, whereas biochemical stimulation cues include growth factors, proteins, kinases, and magnetic nanoparticles. This review discusses bioink preparation, 3D bioprinting (including extrusion-based, inkjet, and ultraviolet-assisted 3D bioprinting), and regulation of cell behaviors. In particular, it provides an overview of state-of-the-art methods and devices for regulating cell growth and tissue formation and the effects of biophysical and biochemical stimulations on cell behaviors. In addition, the fabrication of bioscaffolds embedded with regulatory modules for biomimetic tissue preparation is explained. Finally, challenges in cell growth regulation and future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Wang
- Department of Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yazhou Sun
- Department of Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaoquan Shi
- Department of Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Huixing Shen
- Department of Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Haohao Ning
- Department of Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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14
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Wang H, Guo X, Wang X, Wang X, Chen J. Supracellular Actomyosin Mediates Cell-Cell Communication and Shapes Collective Migratory Morphology. iScience 2020; 23:101204. [PMID: 32535019 PMCID: PMC7300135 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During collective cell migration, front cells tend to extend a predominant leading protrusion, which is rarely present in cells at the side or rear positions. Using Drosophila border cells (BCs) as a model system of collective migration, we revealed the presence of a supracellular actomyosin network at the peripheral surface of BC clusters. We demonstrated that the Myosin II-mediated mechanical tension as exerted by this peripheral supracellular network not only mediated cell-cell communication between leading BC and non-leading BCs but also restrained formation of prominent protrusions at non-leading BCs. Further analysis revealed that a cytoplasmic dendritic actin network that depends on the function of Arp2/3 complex interacted with the actomyosin network. Together, our data suggest that the outward pushing or protrusive force as generated from Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization and the inward restraining force as produced from the supracellular actomyosin network together determine the collective and polarized morphology of migratory BCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, 12 Xue-fu Road, Nanjing 210061, China.
| | - Xuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, 12 Xue-fu Road, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Xianping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, 12 Xue-fu Road, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, 12 Xue-fu Road, Nanjing 210061, China.
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15
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Chen BJ, Wu JS, Tang YJ, Tang YL, Liang XH. What makes leader cells arise: Intrinsic properties and support from neighboring cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8983-8995. [PMID: 32572948 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells collectively invading as a cohesive and polarized group is termed collective invasion, which is a fundamental property of many types of cancers. In this multicellular unit, cancer cells are heterogeneous, consisting of two morphologically and functionally distinct subpopulations, leader cells and follower cells. Leader cells at the invasive front are responsible for exploring the microenvironment, paving the way, and transmitting information to follower cells. Here, in this review, we will describe the important role of leader cells in collective invasion and the emerging underlying mechanisms of leader cell formation including intrinsic properties and the support from neighboring cells. It will help us to elucidate the essence of collective invasion and provide new anticancer therapeutic clues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Shun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Sun J, Macabenta F, Akos Z, Stathopoulos A. Collective Migrations of Drosophila Embryonic Trunk and Caudal Mesoderm-Derived Muscle Precursor Cells. Genetics 2020; 215:297-322. [PMID: 32487692 PMCID: PMC7268997 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesoderm migration in the Drosophila embryo is a highly conserved, complex process that is required for the formation of specialized tissues and organs, including the somatic and visceral musculature. In this FlyBook chapter, we will compare and contrast the specification and migration of cells originating from the trunk and caudal mesoderm. Both cell types engage in collective migrations that enable cells to achieve new positions within developing embryos and form distinct tissues. To start, we will discuss specification and early morphogenetic movements of the presumptive mesoderm, then focus on the coordinate movements of the two subtypes trunk mesoderm and caudal visceral mesoderm, ending with a comparison of these processes including general insights gained through study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sun
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Frank Macabenta
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Zsuzsa Akos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Angelike Stathopoulos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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17
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Chen Y, Kotian N, Aranjuez G, Chen L, Messer CL, Burtscher A, Sawant K, Ramel D, Wang X, McDonald JA. Protein phosphatase 1 activity controls a balance between collective and single cell modes of migration. eLife 2020; 9:52979. [PMID: 32369438 PMCID: PMC7200163 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is central to many developmental and pathological processes. However, the mechanisms that keep cell collectives together and coordinate movement of multiple cells are poorly understood. Using the Drosophila border cell migration model, we find that Protein phosphatase 1 (Pp1) activity controls collective cell cohesion and migration. Inhibition of Pp1 causes border cells to round up, dissociate, and move as single cells with altered motility. We present evidence that Pp1 promotes proper levels of cadherin-catenin complex proteins at cell-cell junctions within the cluster to keep border cells together. Pp1 further restricts actomyosin contractility to the cluster periphery rather than at individual internal border cell contacts. We show that the myosin phosphatase Pp1 complex, which inhibits non-muscle myosin-II (Myo-II) activity, coordinates border cell shape and cluster cohesion. Given the high conservation of Pp1 complexes, this study identifies Pp1 as a major regulator of collective versus single cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Chen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - Nirupama Kotian
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - George Aranjuez
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Lin Chen
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - C Luke Messer
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - Ashley Burtscher
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Ketki Sawant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, United States
| | - Damien Ramel
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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18
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Peercy BE, Starz-Gaiano M. Clustered cell migration: Modeling the model system of Drosophila border cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 100:167-176. [PMID: 31837934 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In diverse developmental contexts, certain cells must migrate to fulfill their roles. Many questions remain unanswered about the genetic and physical properties that govern cell migration. While the simplest case of a single cell moving alone has been well-studied, additional complexities arise in considering how cohorts of cells move together. Significant differences exist between models of collectively migrating cells. We explore the experimental model of migratory border cell clusters in Drosophila melanogaster egg chambers, which are amenable to direct observation and precise genetic manipulations. This system involves two special characteristics that are worthy of attention: border cell clusters contain a limited number of both migratory and non-migratory cells that require coordination, and they navigate through a heterogeneous three-dimensional microenvironment. First, we review how clusters of motile border cells are specified and guided in their migration by chemical signals and the physical impact of adjacent tissue interactions. In the second part, we examine questions around the 3D structure of the motile cluster and surrounding microenvironment in understanding the limits to cluster size and speed of movement through the egg chamber. Mathematical models have identified sufficient gene regulatory networks for specification, the key forces that capture emergent behaviors observed in vivo, the minimal regulatory topologies for signaling, and the distribution of key signaling cues that direct cell behaviors. This interdisciplinary approach to studying border cells is likely to reveal governing principles that apply to different types of cell migration events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford E Peercy
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, UMBC, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.
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19
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Shellard A, Mayor R. Supracellular migration - beyond collective cell migration. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:132/8/jcs226142. [PMID: 30988138 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.226142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a highly complex process in which groups of cells move together. A fundamental question is how cell ensembles can migrate efficiently. In some cases, the group is no more than a collection of individual cells. In others, the group behaves as a supracellular unit, whereby the cell group could be considered as a giant 'supracell', the concept of which was conceived over a century ago. The development of recent tools has provided considerable evidence that cell collectives are highly cooperative, and their migration can better be understood at the tissue level, rather than at the cell level. In this Review, we will define supracellular migration as a type of collective cell migration that operates at a scale higher than the individual cells. We will discuss key concepts of supracellular migration, review recent evidence of collectives exhibiting supracellular features and argue that many seemingly complex collective movements could be better explained by considering the participating cells as supracellular entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Shellard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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20
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Bernadskaya YY, Brahmbhatt S, Gline SE, Wang W, Christiaen L. Discoidin-domain receptor coordinates cell-matrix adhesion and collective polarity in migratory cardiopharyngeal progenitors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:57. [PMID: 30610187 PMCID: PMC6320373 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated analyses of regulated effector genes, cellular processes, and extrinsic signals are required to understand how transcriptional networks coordinate fate specification and cell behavior during embryogenesis. Ciona cardiopharyngeal progenitors, the trunk ventral cells (TVCs), polarize as leader and trailer cells that migrate between the ventral epidermis and trunk endoderm. We show that the TVC-specific collagen-binding Discoidin-domain receptor (Ddr) cooperates with Integrin-β1 to promote cell-matrix adhesion. We find that endodermal cells secrete a collagen, Col9-a1, that is deposited in the basal epidermal matrix and promotes Ddr activation at the ventral membrane of migrating TVCs. A functional antagonism between Ddr/Intβ1-mediated cell-matrix adhesion and Vegfr signaling appears to modulate the position of cardiopharyngeal progenitors between the endoderm and epidermis. We show that Ddr promotes leader-trailer-polarized BMP-Smad signaling independently of its role in cell-matrix adhesion. We propose that dual functions of Ddr integrate transcriptional inputs to coordinate subcellular processes underlying collective polarity and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Y Bernadskaya
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Saahil Brahmbhatt
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie E Gline
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, 10003, NY, USA
| | - Lionel Christiaen
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, 10003, NY, USA.
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21
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Left/right asymmetric collective migration of parapineal cells is mediated by focal FGF signaling activity in leading cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9812-E9821. [PMID: 30282743 PMCID: PMC6196547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812016115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to collectively interpret surrounding environmental signals underpins their capacity to coordinate their migration in various contexts, including embryonic development and cancer metastasis. One tractable model for studying collective migration is the parapineal, a left-sided group of neurons that arises from bilaterally positioned precursors that undergo a collective migration to the left side of the brain. In zebrafish, the migration of these cells requires Fgf8 and, in this study, we resolve how FGF signaling correlates with-and impacts the migratory dynamics of-the parapineal cell collective. The temporal and spatial dynamics of an FGF reporter transgene reveal that FGF signaling is activated in only few parapineal cells usually located at the leading edge of the parapineal during its migration. Overexpressing a constitutively active Fgf receptor compromises parapineal migration in wild-type embryos, while it partially restores both parapineal migration and mosaic expression of the FGF reporter transgene in fgf8 -/- mutant embryos. Focal activation of FGF signaling in few parapineal cells is sufficient to promote the migration of the whole parapineal collective. Finally, we show that asymmetric Nodal signaling contributes to the restriction and leftwards bias of FGF pathway activation. Our data indicate that the first overt morphological asymmetry in the zebrafish brain is promoted by FGF pathway activation in cells that lead the collective migration of the parapineal to the left. This study shows that cell-state differences in FGF signaling in front versus rear cells is required to promote migration in a model of FGF-dependent collective migration.
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22
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Merino-Casallo F, Gomez-Benito MJ, Juste-Lanas Y, Martinez-Cantin R, Garcia-Aznar JM. Integration of in vitro and in silico Models Using Bayesian Optimization With an Application to Stochastic Modeling of Mesenchymal 3D Cell Migration. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1246. [PMID: 30271351 PMCID: PMC6142046 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular migration plays a crucial role in many aspects of life and development. In this paper, we propose a computational model of 3D migration that is solved by means of the tau-leaping algorithm and whose parameters have been calibrated using Bayesian optimization. Our main focus is two-fold: to optimize the numerical performance of the mechano-chemical model as well as to automate the calibration process of in silico models using Bayesian optimization. The presented mechano-chemical model allows us to simulate the stochastic behavior of our chemically reacting system in combination with mechanical constraints due to the surrounding collagen-based matrix. This numerical model has been used to simulate fibroblast migration. Moreover, we have performed in vitro analysis of migrating fibroblasts embedded in 3D collagen-based fibrous matrices (2 mg/ml). These in vitro experiments have been performed with the main objective of calibrating our model. Nine model parameters have been calibrated testing 300 different parametrizations using a completely automatic approach. Two competing evaluation metrics based on the Bhattacharyya coefficient have been defined in order to fit the model parameters. These metrics evaluate how accurately the in silico model is replicating in vitro measurements regarding the two main variables quantified in the experimental data (number of protrusions and the length of the longest protrusion). The selection of an optimal parametrization is based on the balance between the defined evaluation metrics. Results show how the calibrated model is able to predict the main features observed in the in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Merino-Casallo
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria J Gomez-Benito
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yago Juste-Lanas
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ruben Martinez-Cantin
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain.,SigOpt, Inc., San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jose M Garcia-Aznar
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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23
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Sawant K, Chen Y, Kotian N, Preuss KM, McDonald JA. Rap1 GTPase promotes coordinated collective cell migration in vivo. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2656-2673. [PMID: 30156466 PMCID: PMC6249841 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-12-0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During development and in cancer, cells often move together in small to large collectives. To move as a unit, cells within collectives need to stay coupled together and coordinate their motility. How cell collectives remain interconnected and migratory, especially when moving through in vivo environments, is not well understood. The genetically tractable border cell group undergoes a highly polarized and cohesive cluster-type migration in the Drosophila ovary. Here we report that the small GTPase Rap1, through activation by PDZ-GEF, regulates border cell collective migration. We find that Rap1 maintains cell contacts within the cluster, at least in part by promoting the organized distribution of E-cadherin at specific cell-cell junctions. Rap1 also restricts migratory protrusions to the front of the border cell cluster and promotes the extension of protrusions with normal dynamics. Further, Rap1 is required in the outer migratory border cells but not in the central nonmigratory polar cells. Such cell specificity correlates well with the spatial distribution of the inhibitory Rapgap1 protein, which is higher in polar cells than in border cells. We propose that precisely regulated Rap1 activity reinforces connections between cells and polarizes the cluster, thus facilitating the coordinated collective migration of border cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Sawant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506.,Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Yujun Chen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Nirupama Kotian
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Kevin M Preuss
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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24
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Powers N, Srivastava A. The Air Sac Primordium of Drosophila: A Model for Invasive Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072074. [PMID: 30018198 PMCID: PMC6073991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of invasive properties preceding tumor metastasis is critical for cancer progression. This phenomenon may result from mutagenic disruption of typical cell function, but recent evidence suggests that cancer cells frequently co-opt normal developmental programs to facilitate invasion as well. The signaling cascades that have been implicated present an obstacle to identifying effective therapeutic targets because of their complex nature and modulatory capacity through crosstalk with other pathways. Substantial efforts have been made to study invasive behavior during organogenesis in several organisms, but another model found in Drosophilamelanogaster has not been thoroughly explored. The air sac primordium (ASP) appears to be a suitable candidate for investigating the genes and morphogens required for invasion due to the distinct overlap in the events that occur during its normal growth and the development of metastatic tumor cells. Among these events are the conversion of larval cells in the trachea into a population of mitotically active cells, reduced cell–cell contact along the leading edge of the ASP, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds the structure. Here, we summarize the development of ASPs and invasive behavior observed therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Powers
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Center, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard, TCCW 351, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.
| | - Ajay Srivastava
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Center, Western Kentucky University, 1906 College Heights Boulevard, TCCW 351, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.
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25
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Tan RZ, Chiam KH. A computational model for how cells choose temporal or spatial sensing during chemotaxis. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1005966. [PMID: 29505572 PMCID: PMC5854446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell size is thought to play an important role in choosing between temporal and spatial sensing in chemotaxis. Large cells are thought to use spatial sensing due to large chemical difference at its ends whereas small cells are incapable of spatial sensing due to rapid homogenization of proteins within the cell. However, small cells have been found to polarize and large cells like sperm cells undergo temporal sensing. Thus, it remains an open question what exactly governs spatial versus temporal sensing. Here, we identify the factors that determines sensing choices through mathematical modeling of chemotactic circuits. Comprehensive computational search of three-node signaling circuits has identified the negative integral feedback (NFB) and incoherent feedforward (IFF) circuits as capable of adaptation, an important property for chemotaxis. Cells are modeled as one-dimensional circular system consisting of diffusible activator, inactivator and output proteins, traveling across a chemical gradient. From our simulations, we find that sensing outcomes are similar for NFB or IFF circuits. Rather than cell size, the relevant parameters are the 1) ratio of cell speed to the product of cell diameter and rate of signaling, 2) diffusivity of the output protein and 3) ratio of the diffusivities of the activator to inactivator protein. Spatial sensing is favored when all three parameters are low. This corresponds to a cell moving slower than the time it takes for signaling to propagate across the cell diameter, has an output protein that is polarizable and has a local-excitation global-inhibition system to amplify the chemical gradient. Temporal sensing is favored otherwise. We also find that temporal sensing is more robust to noise. By performing extensive literature search, we find that our prediction agrees with observation in a wide range of species and cell types ranging from E. coli to human Fibroblast cells and propose that our result is universally applicable. Unicellular organisms and other single cells often have to migrate towards food sources or away from predators by sensing chemicals present in the environment. There are two ways for a cell to sense these external chemicals: temporal sensing, where the cell senses the external chemical at two different time points after it has moved through a certain distance, or spatial sensing, where the cell senses the external chemical at two different locations on its cellular surface (e.g., the front and rear of the cell) simultaneously. It has been thought that small unicellular organisms employ temporal sensing as their small size prohibits sensing at two different locations on the cellular surface. Using computational modeling, we find that the choice between temporal and spatial sensing is determined by the ratio of cell velocity to the product of cell diameter and rate of signaling, as well as the diffusivities of the signaling proteins. Predictions from our model agree with experimental observations over a wide range of cells, where a fast-moving, small cell performs better comparing the chemoattractant at different times in its trajectory; whereas, a slow-moving, big cell performs better by comparing the chemoattractant concentration at its two ends.
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26
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Quantitative 3D analysis of complex single border cell behaviors in coordinated collective cell migration. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14905. [PMID: 28374738 PMCID: PMC5382290 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of collective cell migration is crucial for cancer metastasis, wound healing and many developmental processes. Imaging a migrating cluster in vivo is feasible, but the quantification of individual cell behaviours remains challenging. We have developed an image analysis toolkit, CCMToolKit, to quantify the Drosophila border cell system. In addition to chaotic motion, previous studies reported that the migrating cells are able to migrate in a highly coordinated pattern. We quantify the rotating and running migration modes in 3D while also observing a range of intermediate behaviours. Running mode is driven by cluster external protrusions. Rotating mode is associated with cluster internal cell extensions that could not be easily characterized. Although the cluster moves slower while rotating, individual cells retain their mobility and are in fact slightly more active than in running mode. We also show that individual cells may exchange positions during migration.
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Ribeiro FO, Gómez-Benito MJ, Folgado J, Fernandes PR, García-Aznar JM. Computational model of mesenchymal migration in 3D under chemotaxis. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2017; 20:59-74. [PMID: 27336322 PMCID: PMC5061084 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2016.1198784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cell chemotaxis is an important characteristic of cellular migration, which takes part in crucial aspects of life and development. In this work, we propose a novel in silico model of mesenchymal 3D migration with competing protrusions under a chemotactic gradient. Based on recent experimental observations, we identify three main stages that can regulate mesenchymal chemotaxis: chemosensing, dendritic protrusion dynamics and cell-matrix interactions. Therefore, each of these features is considered as a different module of the main regulatory computational algorithm. The numerical model was particularized for the case of fibroblast chemotaxis under a PDGF-bb gradient. Fibroblasts migration was simulated embedded in two different 3D matrices - collagen and fibrin - and under several PDGF-bb concentrations. Validation of the model results was provided through qualitative and quantitative comparison with in vitro studies. Our numerical predictions of cell trajectories and speeds were within the measured in vitro ranges in both collagen and fibrin matrices. Although in fibrin, the migration speed of fibroblasts is very low, because fibrin is a stiffer and more entangling matrix. Testing PDGF-bb concentrations, we noticed that an increment of this factor produces a speed increment. At 1 ng mL-1 a speed peak is reached after which the migration speed diminishes again. Moreover, we observed that fibrin exerts a dampening behavior on migration, significantly affecting the migration efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. O. Ribeiro
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. J. Gómez-Benito
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J. Folgado
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P. R. Fernandes
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J. M. García-Aznar
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Abstract
Tissue-specific transcription regulators emerged as key developmental control genes, which operate in the context of complex gene regulatory networks (GRNs) to coordinate progressive cell fate specification and tissue morphogenesis. We discuss how GRNs control the individual cell behaviors underlying complex morphogenetic events. Cell behaviors classically range from mesenchymal cell motility to cell shape changes in epithelial sheets. These behaviors emerge from the tissue-specific, multiscale integration of the local activities of universal and pleiotropic effectors, which underlie modular subcellular processes including cytoskeletal dynamics, cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, signaling, polarity, and vesicle trafficking. Extrinsic cues and intrinsic cell competence determine the subcellular spatiotemporal patterns of effector activities. GRNs influence most subcellular activities by controlling only a fraction of the effector-coding genes, which we argue is enriched in effectors involved in reading and processing the extrinsic cues to contextualize intrinsic subcellular processes and canalize developmental cell behaviors. The properties of the transcription-cell behavior interface have profound implications for evolution and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Bernadskaya
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Lionel Christiaen
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
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29
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Aranjuez G, Burtscher A, Sawant K, Majumder P, McDonald JA. Dynamic myosin activation promotes collective morphology and migration by locally balancing oppositional forces from surrounding tissue. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1898-910. [PMID: 27122602 PMCID: PMC4907723 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-10-0744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenge for migrating collectives is to respond to physical changes in local environments. Border cells migrate collectively in the Drosophila ovary and require dynamic myosin to maintain their morphology. Border cells elevate active myosin in response to tissue compression. Myosin tension counteracts tissue constraints for collective movement. Migrating cells need to overcome physical constraints from the local microenvironment to navigate their way through tissues. Cells that move collectively have the additional challenge of negotiating complex environments in vivo while maintaining cohesion of the group as a whole. The mechanisms by which collectives maintain a migratory morphology while resisting physical constraints from the surrounding tissue are poorly understood. Drosophila border cells represent a genetic model of collective migration within a cell-dense tissue. Border cells move as a cohesive group of 6−10 cells, traversing a network of large germ line–derived nurse cells within the ovary. Here we show that the border cell cluster is compact and round throughout their entire migration, a shape that is maintained despite the mechanical pressure imposed by the surrounding nurse cells. Nonmuscle myosin II (Myo-II) activity at the cluster periphery becomes elevated in response to increased constriction by nurse cells. Furthermore, the distinctive border cell collective morphology requires highly dynamic and localized enrichment of Myo-II. Thus, activated Myo-II promotes cortical tension at the outer edge of the migrating border cell cluster to resist compressive forces from nurse cells. We propose that dynamic actomyosin tension at the periphery of collectives facilitates their movement through restrictive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Aranjuez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Ashley Burtscher
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Ketki Sawant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Pralay Majumder
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Jocelyn A McDonald
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106 Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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30
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Combedazou A, Choesmel-Cadamuro V, Gay G, Liu J, Dupré L, Ramel D, Wang X. Myosin II governs collective cell migration behaviour downstream of guidance receptor signalling. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:97-103. [PMID: 27034137 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.179952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Border cell migration during Drosophila oogenesis is a potent model to study collective cell migration, a process involved in development and metastasis. Border cell clusters adopt two main types of behaviour during migration: linear and rotational. However, the molecular mechanism controlling the switch from one to the other is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that non-muscle Myosin II (NMII, also known as Spaghetti squash) activity controls the linear-to-rotational switch. Furthermore, we show that the regulation of NMII takes place downstream of guidance receptor signalling and is critical to ensure efficient collective migration. This study thus provides new insight into the molecular mechanism coordinating the different cell behaviours in a migrating cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Combedazou
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Choesmel-Cadamuro
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Gay
- DamCB, Data Analysis and Modelling for Cell Biology, Marseille F-13005, France
| | - Jiaying Liu
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Loïc Dupré
- INSERM, UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, 31024 Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France.,CNRS, UMR 5282, 31204 Toulouse, France
| | - Damien Ramel
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
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31
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Mayor R, Etienne-Manneville S. The front and rear of collective cell migration. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:97-109. [PMID: 26726037 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration has a key role during morphogenesis and during wound healing and tissue renewal in the adult, and it is involved in cancer spreading. In addition to displaying a coordinated migratory behaviour, collectively migrating cells move more efficiently than if they migrated separately, which indicates that a cellular interplay occurs during collective cell migration. In recent years, evidence has accumulated confirming the importance of such intercellular communication and exploring the molecular mechanisms involved. These mechanisms are based both on direct physical interactions, which coordinate the cellular responses, and on the collective cell behaviour that generates an optimal environment for efficient directed migration. The recent studies have described how leader cells at the front of cell groups drive migration and have highlighted the importance of follower cells and cell-cell communication, both between followers and between follower and leader cells, to improve the efficiency of collective movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3691, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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32
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Sato K, Hiraiwa T, Maekawa E, Isomura A, Shibata T, Kuranaga E. Left-right asymmetric cell intercalation drives directional collective cell movement in epithelial morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10074. [PMID: 26656655 PMCID: PMC4682055 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphogenetic epithelial movement occurs during embryogenesis and drives complex tissue formation. However, how epithelial cells coordinate their unidirectional movement while maintaining epithelial integrity is unclear. Here we propose a novel mechanism for collective epithelial cell movement based on Drosophila genitalia rotation, in which epithelial tissue rotates clockwise around the genitalia. We found that this cell movement occurs autonomously and requires myosin II. The moving cells exhibit repeated left–right-biased junction remodelling, while maintaining adhesion with their neighbours, in association with a polarized myosin II distribution. Reducing myosinID, known to cause counter-clockwise epithelial-tissue movement, reverses the myosin II distribution. Numerical simulations revealed that a left–right asymmetry in cell intercalation is sufficient to induce unidirectional cellular movement. The cellular movement direction is also associated with planar cell-shape chirality. These findings support a model in which left–right asymmetric cell intercalation within an epithelial sheet drives collective cellular movement in the same direction. Coordinated epithelial movement during embryogenesis drives complex tissue formation, but how this movement is coordinated to maintain epithelial integrity is not clear. Here the authors show that left-right asymmetry in cell intercalation drives clockwise rotation of epithelia in Drosophila genital development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Sato
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hiraiwa
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Emi Maekawa
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ayako Isomura
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shibata
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory for Tissue Development Dynamics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara 630-0192, Japan.,Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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33
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Collective cell migration: guidance principles and hierarchies. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:556-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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34
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Gjorevski N, Piotrowski AS, Varner VD, Nelson CM. Dynamic tensile forces drive collective cell migration through three-dimensional extracellular matrices. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11458. [PMID: 26165921 PMCID: PMC4499882 DOI: 10.1038/srep11458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration drives tissue remodeling during development, wound repair, and metastatic invasion. The physical mechanisms by which cells move cohesively through dense three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix (ECM) remain incompletely understood. Here, we show directly that migration of multicellular cohorts through collagenous matrices occurs via a dynamic pulling mechanism, the nature of which had only been inferred previously in 3D. Tensile forces increase at the invasive front of cohorts, serving a physical, propelling role as well as a regulatory one by conditioning the cells and matrix for further extension. These forces elicit mechanosensitive signaling within the leading edge and align the ECM, creating microtracks conducive to further migration. Moreover, cell movements are highly correlated and in phase with ECM deformations. Migrating cohorts use spatially localized, long-range forces and consequent matrix alignment to navigate through the ECM. These results suggest biophysical forces are critical for 3D collective migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolce Gjorevski
- Department of Chemical &Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alexandra S Piotrowski
- Department of Chemical &Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Victor D Varner
- Department of Chemical &Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- 1] Department of Chemical &Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA [2] Department of Molecular Biology Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
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35
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Pocha SM, Montell DJ. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of single and collective cell migrations in Drosophila: themes and variations. Annu Rev Genet 2015; 48:295-318. [PMID: 25421599 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120213-092218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The process of cell migration is essential throughout life, driving embryonic morphogenesis and ensuring homeostasis in adults. Defects in cell migration are a major cause of human disease, with excessive migration causing autoimmune diseases and cancer metastasis, whereas reduced capacity for migration leads to birth defects and immunodeficiencies. Myriad studies in vitro have established a consensus view that cell migrations require cell polarization, Rho GTPase-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements, and myosin-mediated contractility. However, in vivo studies later revealed a more complex picture, including the discovery that cells migrate not only as single units but also as clusters, strands, and sheets. In particular, the role of E-Cadherin in cell motility appears to be more complex than previously appreciated. Here, we discuss recent advances achieved by combining the plethora of genetic tools available to the Drosophila geneticist with live imaging and biophysical techniques. Finally, we discuss the emerging themes such studies have revealed and ponder the puzzles that remain to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin M Pocha
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California; 93106-9625; ,
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36
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Javeed N, Tardi NJ, Maher M, Singari S, Edwards KA. Controlled expression of Drosophila homeobox loci using the Hostile takeover system. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:808-25. [PMID: 25820349 PMCID: PMC4449281 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hostile takeover (Hto) is a Drosophila protein trapping system that allows the investigator to both induce a gene and tag its product. The Hto transposon carries a GAL4-regulated promoter expressing an exon encoding a FLAG-mCherry tag. Upon expression, the Hto exon can splice to a downstream genomic exon, generating a fusion transcript and tagged protein. RESULTS Using rough-eye phenotypic screens, Hto inserts were recovered at eight homeobox or Pax loci: cut, Drgx/CG34340, Pox neuro, araucan, shaven/D-Pax2, Zn finger homeodomain 2, Sex combs reduced (Scr), and the abdominal-A region. The collection yields diverse misexpression phenotypes. Ectopic Drgx was found to alter the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion in ovary follicle cells. Hto expression of cut, araucan, or shaven gives phenotypes similar to those of the corresponding UAS-cDNA constructs. The cut and Pox neuro phenotypes are suppressed by the corresponding RNAi constructs. The Scr and abdominal-A inserts do not make fusion proteins, but may act by chromatin- or RNA-based mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Hto can effectively express tagged homeodomain proteins from their endogenous loci; the Minos vector allows inserts to be obtained even in transposon cold-spots. Hto screens may recover homeobox genes at high rates because they are particularly sensitive to misexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Javeed
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Tardi
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Maggie Maher
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Swetha Singari
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
| | - Kevin A. Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790, USA
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37
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Han J, Menon NV, Kang Y, Tee SY. An in vitro study on the collective tumor cell migration on nanoroughened poly(dimethylsiloxane) surfaces. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1565-1572. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01783h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and effective method to engineer surface nanoroughness contrast for a comparative study on the collective migration of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Han
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Nishanth V. Menon
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Yuejun Kang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Shang-You Tee
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
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38
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Poukkula M, Hakala M, Pentinmikko N, Sweeney MO, Jansen S, Mattila J, Hietakangas V, Goode BL, Lappalainen P. GMF promotes leading-edge dynamics and collective cell migration in vivo. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2533-40. [PMID: 25308079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lamellipodia are dynamic actin-rich cellular extensions that drive advancement of the leading edge during cell migration. Lamellipodia undergo periodic extension and retraction cycles, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these dynamics and their role in cell migration have remained obscure. We show that glia-maturation factor (GMF), which is an Arp2/3 complex inhibitor and actin filament debranching factor, regulates lamellipodial protrusion dynamics in living cells. In cultured S2R(+) cells, GMF silencing resulted in an increase in the width of lamellipodial actin filament arrays. Importantly, live-cell imaging of mutant Drosophila egg chambers revealed that the dynamics of actin-rich protrusions in migrating border cells is diminished in the absence of GMF. Consequently, velocity of border cell clusters undergoing guided migration was reduced in GMF mutant flies. Furthermore, genetic studies demonstrated that GMF cooperates with the Drosophila homolog of Aip1 (flare) in promoting disassembly of Arp2/3-nucleated actin filament networks and driving border cell migration. These data suggest that GMF functions in vivo to promote the disassembly of Arp2/3-nucleated actin filament arrays, making an important contribution to cell migration within a 3D tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Poukkula
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Hakala
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nalle Pentinmikko
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Meredith O Sweeney
- Rosenstiel Center for Basic Biomedical Research, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Silvia Jansen
- Rosenstiel Center for Basic Biomedical Research, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Jaakko Mattila
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Hietakangas
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Rosenstiel Center for Basic Biomedical Research, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Pekka Lappalainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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39
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Etienne-Manneville S. Neighborly relations during collective migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 30:51-9. [PMID: 24997300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The collective migration of sheets, cohorts, chains or streams of cells contributes to embryogenesis, tissue remodeling and repair as well as to cancer invasion. The functional coordination between neighboring cells is at the heart of collective migration, during which cells migrate with a similar speed in an identical direction. Far from being the result of the simultaneous migration of isolated cells, collective migration relies on the intercellular communication between migrating cells. Although the mechanisms of cell coordination are far from being completely understood, accumulated evidence show that exchange of mechanical and chemical information by direct intercellular contacts and by soluble extracellular signals orchestrate the coordinated behavior of collectively migrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Institut Pasteur - CNRS URA 2582, Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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40
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Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental process that occurs during embryo development. Classic studies using in vitro culture systems have been instrumental in dissecting the principles of cell motility and highlighting how cells make use of topographical features of the substrate, cell-cell contacts, and chemical and physical environmental signals to direct their locomotion. Here, we review the guidance principles of in vitro cell locomotion and examine how they control directed cell migration in vivo during development. We focus on developmental examples in which individual guidance mechanisms have been clearly dissected, and for which the interactions among guidance cues have been explored. We also discuss how the migratory behaviours elicited by guidance mechanisms generate the stereotypical patterns of migration that shape tissues in the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Reig
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Eduardo Pulgar
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Miguel L. Concha
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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41
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Bell GP, Thompson BJ. Colorectal cancer progression: lessons from Drosophila? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 28:70-7. [PMID: 24583474 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human colorectal cancers arise as benign adenomas, tumours that retain their epithelial character, and then progress to malignant adenocarcinomas and carcinomas in which the epithelium becomes disrupted. Carcinomas often exhibit transcriptional downregulation of E-cadherin and other epithelial genes in an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a mechanism first discovered in Drosophila to be mediated by the transcription factors Twist and Snail. In contrast, adenocarcinomas retain expression of E-cadherin and disruption of the epithelium occurs through formation of progressively smaller epithelial cysts with apical Crumbs/CRB3, Stardust/PALS1, and Bazooka/PAR3 localised to the inner lumen. Results from Drosophila show that morphologically similar cysts form upon induction of clonal heterogeneity in Wnt, Smad, or Ras signalling levels, which causes extrusion of epithelial cells at clonal boundaries. Thus, intratumour heterogeneity might also promote formation of adenocarcinomas in humans. Finally, epithelial cysts can collectively migrate, as in the case of Drosophila border cells, a potential model system for the invasive migration of adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham P Bell
- Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Barry J Thompson
- Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom.
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Law AL, Vehlow A, Kotini M, Dodgson L, Soong D, Theveneau E, Bodo C, Taylor E, Navarro C, Perera U, Michael M, Dunn GA, Bennett D, Mayor R, Krause M. Lamellipodin and the Scar/WAVE complex cooperate to promote cell migration in vivo. J Cell Biol 2013; 203:673-89. [PMID: 24247431 PMCID: PMC3840943 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201304051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is essential for development, but its deregulation causes metastasis. The Scar/WAVE complex is absolutely required for lamellipodia and is a key effector in cell migration, but its regulation in vivo is enigmatic. Lamellipodin (Lpd) controls lamellipodium formation through an unknown mechanism. Here, we report that Lpd directly binds active Rac, which regulates a direct interaction between Lpd and the Scar/WAVE complex via Abi. Consequently, Lpd controls lamellipodium size, cell migration speed, and persistence via Scar/WAVE in vitro. Moreover, Lpd knockout mice display defective pigmentation because fewer migrating neural crest-derived melanoblasts reach their target during development. Consistently, Lpd regulates mesenchymal neural crest cell migration cell autonomously in Xenopus laevis via the Scar/WAVE complex. Further, Lpd's Drosophila melanogaster orthologue Pico binds Scar, and both regulate collective epithelial border cell migration. Pico also controls directed cell protrusions of border cell clusters in a Scar-dependent manner. Taken together, Lpd is an essential, evolutionary conserved regulator of the Scar/WAVE complex during cell migration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Lai Law
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre, Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
| | - Anne Vehlow
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre, Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
| | - Maria Kotini
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1 6BT, England, UK
| | - Lauren Dodgson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, England, UK
| | - Daniel Soong
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre, Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
| | - Eric Theveneau
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1 6BT, England, UK
| | - Cristian Bodo
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre, Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
| | - Eleanor Taylor
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, England, UK
| | - Christel Navarro
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre, Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
| | - Upamali Perera
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre, Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
| | - Magdalene Michael
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre, Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
| | - Graham A. Dunn
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre, Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
| | - Daimark Bennett
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, England, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1 6BT, England, UK
| | - Matthias Krause
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, and British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, James Black Centre, Cardiovascular Division, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
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Kugler JM, Chen YW, Weng R, Cohen SM. miR-989 is required for border cell migration in the Drosophila ovary. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67075. [PMID: 23843983 PMCID: PMC3700948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by destabilizing target transcripts and/or inhibiting their translation. miRNAs are thought to have roles in buffering gene expression to confer robustness. miRNAs have been shown to play important roles during tissue development to control cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis. Many miRNAs are expressed in the germ line of Drosophila, and functions have been reported for a few miRNAs in maintenance of stem cell proliferation during oogenesis. Here, we analyse the function of Drosophila miR-989 in oogenesis. miR-989 is abundant in ovaries. Mutants lacking miR-989 did not display gross abnormalities affecting egg chamber formation or maturation. However, the migration of the border cell cluster was severely delayed in miR-989 mutant egg chambers. We demonstrate that miR-989 function is required in the somatic cells in the egg chamber, not in germ line cells for border cell migration. Loss of miR-989 from a fraction of the border cell cluster was sufficient to impair cluster migration as a whole, suggesting a role in border cells. Gene ontology analysis reveals that many predicted miR-989 target mRNAs are implicated in regulating cell migration, cell projection morphogenesis, cell adhesion as well as receptor tyrosine kinase and ecdysone signalling, consistent with an important regulatory role for miR-989 in border cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruifen Weng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stephen M. Cohen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Lucas EP, Khanal I, Gaspar P, Fletcher GC, Polesello C, Tapon N, Thompson BJ. The Hippo pathway polarizes the actin cytoskeleton during collective migration of Drosophila border cells. J Cell Biol 2013; 201:875-85. [PMID: 23733343 PMCID: PMC3678158 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201210073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective migration of Drosophila border cells depends on a dynamic actin cytoskeleton that is highly polarized such that it concentrates around the outer rim of the migrating cluster of cells. How the actin cytoskeleton becomes polarized in these cells to enable collective movement remains unknown. Here we show that the Hippo signaling pathway links determinants of cell polarity to polarization of the actin cytoskeleton in border cells. Upstream Hippo pathway components localize to contacts between border cells inside the cluster and signal through the Hippo and Warts kinases to polarize actin and promote border cell migration. Phosphorylation of the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie (Yki)/YAP by Warts does not mediate the function of this pathway in promoting border cell migration, but rather provides negative feedback to limit the speed of migration. Instead, Warts phosphorylates and inhibits the actin regulator Ena to activate F-actin Capping protein activity on inner membranes and thereby restricts F-actin polymerization mainly to the outer rim of the migrating cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana P. Lucas
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, and Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Ichha Khanal
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, and Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Pedro Gaspar
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, and Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Georgina C. Fletcher
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, and Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Cedric Polesello
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, and Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, and Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
| | - Barry J. Thompson
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, and Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London WC2A 3LY, England, UK
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Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation plays a significant role in a wide range of cellular processes. The Drosophila genome encodes more than 20 receptor tyrosine kinases and extensive studies in the past 20 years have illustrated their diverse roles and complex signaling mechanisms. Although some receptor tyrosine kinases have highly specific functions, others strikingly are used in rather ubiquitous manners. Receptor tyrosine kinases regulate a broad expanse of processes, ranging from cell survival and proliferation to differentiation and patterning. Remarkably, different receptor tyrosine kinases share many of the same effectors and their hierarchical organization is retained in disparate biological contexts. In this comprehensive review, we summarize what is known regarding each receptor tyrosine kinase during Drosophila development. Astonishingly, very little is known for approximately half of all Drosophila receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richelle Sopko
- Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Socs36E attenuates STAT signaling to optimize motile cell specification in the Drosophila ovary. Dev Biol 2013; 379:152-66. [PMID: 23583584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Janus kinase/Signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway determines cell fates by regulating gene expression. One example is the specification of the motile cells called border cells during Drosophila oogenesis. It has been established that too much or too little STAT activity disrupts follicle cell identity and cell motility, which suggests the signaling must be precisely regulated. Here, we find that Suppressor of cytokine signaling at 36E (Socs36E) is a necessary negative regulator of JAK/STAT signaling during border cell specification. We find when STAT signaling is too low to induce migration in the presumptive border cell population, nearby follicle cells uncharacteristically become invasive to enable efficient migration of the cluster. We generated a genetic null allele that reveals Socs36E is required in the anterior follicle cells to limit invasive behavior to an optimal number of cells. We further show Socs36E genetically interacts with the required STAT feedback inhibitor apontic (apt) and APT's downstream target, mir-279, and provide evidence that suggests APT directly regulates Socs36E transcriptionally. Our work shows Socs36E plays a critical role in a genetic circuit that establishes a boundary between the motile border cell cluster and its non-invasive epithelial neighbors through STAT attenuation.
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Fernández-Espartero CH, Ramel D, Farago M, Malartre M, Luque CM, Limanovich S, Katzav S, Emery G, Martín-Bermudo MD. The GEF Vav regulates guided cell migration by coupling guidance receptor signalling to local Rac activation. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2285-93. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.124438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Guided cell migration is a key mechanism for cell positioning in morphogenesis. The current model suggests that the spatially controlled activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) by guidance cues would limit Rac activity at the leading edge, which is critical for establishing and maintaining polarized cell protrusions at the front. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which RTKs control the local activation of Rac. Here, using a multidisciplinary approach, we identify the GTP exchange factor (GEF) vav as a key regulator of Rac activity downstream of RTKs in a developmentally regulated cell migration event, that of the Drosophila border cells (BCs). We show that elimination of vav impairs BC migration. Live imaging analysis reveals that vav is required for the stabilization and maintenance of protrusions at the front of the BC cluster. In addition, activation of the PDGF/VEGF-related receptor (PVR) by its ligand the PDGF/PVF1 factor brings about Vav activation by direct interaction with the intracellular domain of PVR. Finally, FRET analyses demonstrate that Vav is required in BCs for the asymmetric distribution of Rac activity at the front. Our results unravel an important role for the Vav proteins as signal transducers that couple signalling downstream of RTKs with local Rac activation during morphogenetic movements.
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48
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Group choreography: mechanisms orchestrating the collective movement of border cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:631-45. [PMID: 23000794 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell movements are essential for animal development and homeostasis but also contribute to disease. Moving cells typically extend protrusions towards a chemoattractant, adhere to the substrate, contract and detach at the rear. It is less clear how cells that migrate in interconnected groups in vivo coordinate their behaviour and navigate through natural environments. The border cells of the Drosophila melanogaster ovary have emerged as an excellent model for the study of collective cell movement, aided by innovative genetic, live imaging, and photomanipulation techniques. Here we provide an overview of the molecular choreography of border cells and its more general implications.
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Margaron Y, Fradet N, Côté JF. ELMO recruits actin cross-linking family 7 (ACF7) at the cell membrane for microtubule capture and stabilization of cellular protrusions. J Biol Chem 2012. [PMID: 23184944 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.431825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ELMO and DOCK180 proteins form an evolutionarily conserved module controlling Rac GTPase signaling during cell migration, phagocytosis, and myoblast fusion. Here, we identified the microtubule and actin-binding spectraplakin ACF7 as a novel ELMO-interacting partner. A C-terminal polyproline segment in ELMO and the last spectrin repeat of ACF7 mediate a direct interaction between these proteins. Co-expression of ELMO1 with ACF7 promoted the formation of long membrane protrusions during integrin-mediated cell spreading. Quantification of membrane dynamics established that coupling of ELMO and ACF7 increases the persistence of the protruding activity. Mechanistically, we uncovered a role for ELMO in the recruitment of ACF7 to the membrane to promote microtubule capture and stability. Functionally, these effects of ELMO and ACF7 on cytoskeletal dynamics required the Rac GEF DOCK180. In conclusion, our findings support a role for ELMO in protrusion stability by acting at the interface between the actin cytoskeleton and the microtubule network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoran Margaron
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
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50
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Yang N, Inaki M, Cliffe A, Rørth P. Microtubules and Lis-1/NudE/dynein regulate invasive cell-on-cell migration in Drosophila. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40632. [PMID: 22808215 PMCID: PMC3396602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment through which cells migrate in vivo differs considerably from the in vitro environment where cell migration is often studied. In vivo many cells migrate in crowded and complex 3-dimensional tissues and may use other cells as the substratum on which they move. This includes neurons, glia and their progenitors in the brain. Here we use a Drosophila model of invasive, collective migration in a cellular environment to investigate the roles of microtubules and microtubule regulators in this type of cell movement. Border cells are of epithelial origin and have no visible microtubule organizing center (MTOC). Interestingly, microtubule plus-end growth was biased away from the leading edge. General perturbation of the microtubule cytoskeleton and analysis by live imaging showed that microtubules in both the migrating cells and the substrate cells affect movement. Also, whole-tissue and cell autonomous deletion of the microtubule regulator Stathmin had distinct effects. A screen of 67 genes encoding microtubule interacting proteins uncovered cell autonomous requirements for Lis-1, NudE and Dynein in border cell migration. Net cluster migration was decreased, with initiation of migration and formation of dominant front cell protrusion being most dramatically affected. Organization of cells within the cluster and localization of cell-cell adhesion molecules were also abnormal. Given the established role of Lis-1 in migrating neurons, this could indicate a general role of Lis-1/NudE, Dynein and microtubules, in cell-on-cell migration. Spatial regulation of cell-cell adhesion may be a common theme, consistent with observing both cell autonomous and non-autonomous requirements in both systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachen Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, The National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mikiko Inaki
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam Cliffe
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pernille Rørth
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, The National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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