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Lu R, Lee BJ, Lee E. Three-Dimensional Lymphatics-on-a-Chip Reveals Distinct, Size-Dependent Nanoparticle Transport Mechanisms in Lymphatic Drug Delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 39176471 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Although nanoparticle-based lymphatic drug delivery systems promise better treatment of cancer, infectious disease, and immune disease, their clinical translations are limited by low delivery efficiencies and unclear transport mechanisms. Here, we employed a three-dimensional (3D) lymphatics-on-a-chip featuring an engineered lymphatic vessel (LV) capable of draining interstitial fluids including nanoparticles. We tested lymphatic drainage of different sizes (30, 50, and 70 nm) of PLGA-b-PEG nanoparticles (NPs) using the lymphatics-on-a-chip device. In this study, we discovered that smaller NPs (30 and 50 nm) transported faster than larger NPs (70 nm) through the interstitial space, as expected, but the smaller NPs were captured by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and accumulated within their cytosol, delaying NP transport into the lymphatic lumen, which was not observed in larger NPs. To examine the mechanisms of size-dependent NP transports, we employed four inhibitors, dynasore, nystatin, amiloride, and adrenomedullin, to selectively block dynamin-, caveolin-, macropinocytosis-mediated endocytosis-, and cell junction-mediated paracellular transport. Inhibiting dynamin using dynasore enhanced the transport of smaller NPs (30 and 50 nm) into the lymphatic lumen, minimizing cytosolic accumulation, but showed no effect on larger NP transport. Interestingly, the inhibition of caveolin by nystatin decreased the lymphatic transport of larger NPs without affecting the smaller NP transport, indicating distinct endocytosis mechanisms used by different sizes of NPs. Macropinocytosis inhibition by amiloride did not change the drainage of all sizes of NPs; however, paracellular transport inhibition by adrenomedullin blocked the lymphatic transport of NPs of all sizes. We further revealed that smaller NPs were captured in the Rab7-positive late-stage lymphatic endosomes to delay their lymphatic drainage, which was reversed by dynamin inhibition, suggesting that Rab7 is a potential target to enhance the lymphatic delivery of smaller NPs. Together, our 3D lymphatics-on-a-chip model unveils size-dependent NP transport mechanisms in lymphatic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhao Lu
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Benjamin J Lee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Esak Lee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Nozawa A, Abe T, Niihori T, Ozeki M, Aoki Y, Ohnishi H. Lymphatic endothelial cell-specific NRAS p.Q61R mutant embryos show abnormal lymphatic vessel morphogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:1420-1428. [PMID: 38743908 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Generalized lymphatic anomaly (GLA) and kaposiform lymphangiomatosis (KLA) are rare congenital disorders that arise through anomalous embryogenesis of the lymphatic system. A somatic activating NRAS p.Q61R variant has been recently detected in GLA and KLA tissues, suggesting that the NRAS p.Q61R variant plays an important role in the development of these diseases. To address this role, we studied the effect of the NRAS p.Q61R variant in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) on the structure of the lymphatics during embryonic and postnatal lymphangiogenesis applying inducible, LEC-specific NRAS p.Q61R variant in mice. Lox-stop-Lox NrasQ61R mice were crossed with Prox1-CreERT2 mice expressing tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase specifically in LECs. Whole-mount immunostaining of embryonic back skin using an antibody against the LEC surface marker VEGFR3 showed considerably greater lymphatic vessel width in LEC-specific NRAS p.Q61R mutant embryos than in littermate controls. These mutant embryos also showed a significant reduction in the number of lymphatic vessel branches. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining of whole-mount embryonic back skin using an antibody against the LEC-specific nuclear marker Prox1 showed a large increase in the number of LECs in LEC-specific NRAS p.Q61R mutants. In contrast, postnatal induction of the NRAS p.Q61R variant in LECs did not cause abnormal lymphatic vessel morphogenesis. These results suggest that the NRAS p.Q61R variant in LECs plays a role in development of lymphatic anomalies. While this model does not directly reflect the human pathology of GLA and KLA, there are overlapping features, suggesting that further study of this model may help in studying GLA and KLA mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Nozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Taiki Abe
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Niihori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Michio Ozeki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido,Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ohnishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido,Gifu 501-1194, Japan
- Clinical Genetics Center, Gifu University Hospital, 1-1 Yanagido,Gifu501-1194, Japan
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Campos JL, Suominen S, Pons G, Al-Sakkaf AM, Lusetti IL, Sirota M, Vela FJ, Pires L, Sánchez-Margallo FM, Abellán E, Masiá J. Lymphatic Patterns in the Superficial Circumflex Iliac Artery Perforator Flap. J Reconstr Microsurg 2024. [PMID: 38848754 DOI: 10.1055/a-2340-9629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphedema is a chronic condition, characterized by fluid buildup and tissue swelling and is caused by impairment of the lymphatic system. The lymph interpositional flap transfer technique, in which lymph flow is restored with a flap that includes subdermal lymphatic channels, is an option for surgical reconstruction. The superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator (SCIP) flap can be used for this purpose. This study aimed to describe and characterize the lymphatic patterns within the vascular territory of the SCIP flap. METHODS This cross-sectional multicenter study involved 19 healthy volunteers aged ≥18 years of both sexes assessing the bilateral SCIP flap zone. Superficial lymphatic patterns were evaluated at 4-, 14-, and 24 minutes after indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography injection. Standardized procedures were implemented for all participants in both hospitals. RESULTS The linear pattern was predominant bilaterally. The median number of lymphatic vessels and their length increased over time. Most lymphatic vessels in the SCIP flap were oriented toward the inguinal lymph node (ILN). However, the left SCIP zone lymphatic vessels were directed opposite to the ILN. CONCLUSION The two sides SCIP zones were not significantly different. The primary direction of the bilateral lymphatic vessels was toward the ILN, although only single-side lymphatic vessels were in the opposite direction. These findings emphasize the importance of assessing lymphatic axiality and coherent lymphatic patterns prior to undertaking the SCIP as an interposition flap, to ensure effective restoration of lymphatic flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Campos
- Department of Microsurgery, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Sinikka Suominen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gemma Pons
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ali M Al-Sakkaf
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Laura Lusetti
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Max Sirota
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Vela
- Department of Microsurgery, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Laura Pires
- Department of Microsurgery, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Elena Abellán
- Department of Microsurgery, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jaume Masiá
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Arriola-Alvarez I, Jaunarena I, Izeta A, Lafuente H. Progenitor Cell Sources for 3D Bioprinting of Lymphatic Vessels and Potential Clinical Application. Tissue Eng Part A 2024; 30:353-366. [PMID: 37950710 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system maintains tissue fluid homeostasis and it is involved in the transport of nutrients and immunosurveillance. It also plays a pivotal role in both pathological and regenerative processes. Lymphatic development in the embryo occurs by polarization and proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells from the lymph sacs, that is, lymphangiogenesis. Alternatively, lymphvasculogenesis further contributes to the formation of lymphatic vessels. In adult tissues, lymphatic formation rarely occurs under physiological conditions, being restricted to pathological processes. In lymphvasculogenesis, progenitor cells seem to be a source of lymphatic vessels. Indeed, mesenchymal stem cells, adipose stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and colony-forming endothelial cells are able to promote lymphatic regeneration by different mechanisms, such as direct differentiation and paracrine effects. In this review, we summarize what is known on the diverse stem/progenitor cell niches available for the lymphatic system, emphasizing the potential that these cells hold for lymphatic tissue engineering through 3D bioprinting and their translation to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inazio Arriola-Alvarez
- Tissue Engineering Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ibon Jaunarena
- Gynecology Oncology Unit, Donostia University Hospital, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Department of Medical Surgical Specialties, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ander Izeta
- Tissue Engineering Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Tecnun-University of Navarra, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Héctor Lafuente
- Tissue Engineering Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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Gan L, Tang F, Liao J, Xiang H, Tang L. Modified superior bleb needling of rare hypertrophic bleb after trabeculectomy: A case series. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024:11206721241256689. [PMID: 38767136 DOI: 10.1177/11206721241256689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic bleb is a rare complication of glaucoma filtration surgery characterized by an elevated bleb extended through the nasal 180 degrees of the eye and usually with a normal IOP. Currently, there is little experience and no existing standardized treatment. We describe a new method called modified superior bleb needling and evaluate the clinical outcomes in affected eyes. METHODS In this retrospective, consecutive interventional case series, patients who developed hypertrophic blebs after trabeculectomy from November 2015 to August 2020 at West China Hospital were enrolled. We innovatively adopted a modified superior bleb needling to allow aqueous humor to outflow into the superior subconjunctival space. Repeat needlings were performed if necessary. The technical and clinical success rate and complications were reported. RESULTS At the time of the last follow-up, complete success was achieved in 8/10 patients, qualified success was achieved in 9/10 patients, and failure was achieved in 1/10 patients. Eight patients had a low filtering bleb and IOP ≤21 mmHg. There was no statistically significant difference between the preneedling and postneedling IOP (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Modified superior bleb needling is effective for hypertrophic blebs after trabeculectomy, and there was no significant impact on anterior chamber depth or IOP, making it a viable or preferred alternative option. It is worthy of further study and wider usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- Ophthalmology, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, ChengDu, China
- Ophthalmology, Sichuan University, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, ChengDu, China
| | - Fei Tang
- Ophthalmology, ShangjinNanfu Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinying Liao
- Ophthalmology, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, ChengDu, China
| | - Haotian Xiang
- Ophthalmology, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, ChengDu, China
| | - Li Tang
- Ophthalmology, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, ChengDu, China
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Gan L, Wang L, Chen J, Tang L. Complications of XEN gel stent implantation for the treatment of glaucoma: a systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1360051. [PMID: 38770050 PMCID: PMC11102958 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1360051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim This study was aimed to summarize the complications and their management associated with XEN gel stent implantation. Methods A systematic review of literature was conducted using Medline (via PubMed), EMBASE, the Cochrane Library databases, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, from their inception to February 1, 2024. Results A total of 48 studies published between 2017 and 2024 were identified and included in the systematic review, including 16 original studies (retrospective or prospective clinical studies), 28 case reports, and 4 case series, which followed patients for up to 5 years. Early postoperative complications of XEN gel stent implantation include hypotony maculopathy (1.9-4.6%), occlusion (3.9-8.8%), suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH), choroidal detachment (0-15%), conjunctival erosion, and exposure of the XEN gel stent (1.1-2.3%), wound and bleb leaks (2.1%) and malignant glaucoma (MG) (2.2%). Mid-postoperative complications of XEN gel stent implantation included migration of XEN (1.5%), ptosis (1.2%), endophthalmitis (0.4-3%), macular edema (1.5-4.3%), hypertrophic bleb (8.8%) and subconjunctival XEN gel stent fragmentation (reported in 2 cases). Late postoperative complications reported in cases included spontaneous dislocation and intraocular degradation. Conclusion XEN gel stent implantation is a minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) procedure for glaucoma, known for its potential to minimize tissue damage and reduce surgical duration. However, it is crucial to note that despite these advantages, there remains a risk of severe complications, including endophthalmitis, SCH, and MG. Therefore, postoperative follow-up and early recognition of severe complications are essential for surgical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Khaire OT, Mhaske A, Prasad AG, Almalki WH, Srivastava N, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. State-of-the-art drug delivery system to target the lymphatics. J Drug Target 2024; 32:347-364. [PMID: 38253594 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2309671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE The primary objective of the review is to assess the potential of lymphatic-targeted drug delivery systems, with a particular emphasis on their role in tumour therapy and vaccination efficacy. REASON FOR LYMPHATIC TARGETING The lymphatic system's crucial functions in maintaining bodily equilibrium, regulating metabolism, and orchestrating immune responses make it an ideal target for drug delivery. Lymph nodes, being primary sites for tumour metastasis, underscore the importance of targeting the lymphatic system for effective treatment. OUTCOME Nanotechnologies and innovative biomaterials have facilitated the development of lymphatic-targeted drug carriers, leveraging endogenous macromolecules to enhance drug delivery efficiency. Various systems such as liposomes, micelles, inorganic nanomaterials, hydrogels, and nano-capsules demonstrate significant potential for delivering drugs to the lymphatic system. CONCLUSION Understanding the physiological functions of the lymphatic system and its involvement in diseases underscores the promise of targeted drug delivery in improving treatment outcomes. The strategic targeting of the lymphatic system presents opportunities to enhance patient prognosis and advance therapeutic interventions across various medical contexts, indicating the importance of ongoing research and development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar T Khaire
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Akshada Mhaske
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Aprameya Ganesh Prasad
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Waleed H Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
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Sáinz-Jaspeado M, Ring S, Proulx ST, Richards M, Martinsson P, Li X, Claesson-Welsh L, Ulvmar MH, Jin Y. VE-cadherin junction dynamics in initial lymphatic vessels promotes lymph node metastasis. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302168. [PMID: 38148112 PMCID: PMC10751244 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The endothelial junction component vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin governs junctional dynamics in the blood and lymphatic vasculature. Here, we explored how lymphatic junction stability is modulated by elevated VEGFA signaling to facilitate metastasis to sentinel lymph nodes. Zippering of VE-cadherin junctions was established in dermal initial lymphatic vessels after VEGFA injection and in tumor-proximal lymphatics in mice. Shape analysis of pan-cellular VE-cadherin fragments revealed that junctional zippering was accompanied by accumulation of small round-shaped VE-cadherin fragments in the lymphatic endothelium. In mice expressing a mutant VEGFR2 lacking the Y949 phosphosite (Vegfr2 Y949F/Y949F ) required for activation of Src family kinases, zippering of lymphatic junctions persisted, whereas accumulation of small VE-cadherin fragments was suppressed. Moreover, tumor cell entry into initial lymphatic vessels and subsequent metastatic spread to lymph nodes was reduced in mutant mice compared with WT, after challenge with B16F10 melanoma or EO771 breast cancer. We conclude that VEGFA mediates zippering of VE-cadherin junctions in initial lymphatics. Zippering is accompanied by increased VE-cadherin fragmentation through VEGFA-induced Src kinase activation, correlating with tumor dissemination to sentinel lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Sáinz-Jaspeado
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Department Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Ring
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Department Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Steven T Proulx
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zürich, Switzerland
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark Richards
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Department Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Martinsson
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Department Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lena Claesson-Welsh
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Department Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria H Ulvmar
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Department Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yi Jin
- https://ror.org/048a87296 Beijer and Science for Life Laboratories, Department Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Cowan DB, Wu H, Chen H. Epsin Endocytic Adaptor Proteins in Angiogenic and Lymphangiogenic Signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041165. [PMID: 37217282 PMCID: PMC10759987 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ligands and receptors are central regulators of vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. In response to VEGF ligand binding, VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases initiate the chain of events that transduce extracellular signals into endothelial cell responses such as survival, proliferation, and migration. These events are controlled by intricate cellular processes that include the regulation of gene expression at multiple levels, interactions of numerous proteins, and intracellular trafficking of receptor-ligand complexes. Endocytic uptake and transport of macromolecular complexes through the endosome-lysosome system helps fine-tune endothelial cell responses to VEGF signals. Clathrin-dependent endocytosis remains the best understood means of macromolecular entry into cells, although the importance of non-clathrin-dependent pathways is increasingly recognized. Many of these endocytic events rely on adaptor proteins that coordinate internalization of activated cell-surface receptors. In the endothelium of both blood and lymphatic vessels, epsins 1 and 2 are functionally redundant adaptors involved in receptor endocytosis and intracellular sorting. These proteins are capable of binding both lipids and proteins and are important for promoting curvature of the plasma membrane as well as binding ubiquitinated cargo. Here, we discuss the role of epsin proteins and other endocytic adaptors in governing VEGF signaling in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and discuss their therapeutic potential as molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Cowan
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Zhou S, Zhao G, Chen R, Li Y, Huang J, Kuang L, Zhang D, Li Z, Xu H, Xiang W, Xie Y, Chen L, Ni Z. Lymphatic vessels: roles and potential therapeutic intervention in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Theranostics 2024; 14:265-282. [PMID: 38164153 PMCID: PMC10750203 DOI: 10.7150/thno.90940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessel networks are a main part of the vertebrate cardiovascular system, which participate in various physiological and pathological processes via regulation of fluid transport and immunosurveillance. Targeting lymphatic vessels has become a potent strategy for treating various human diseases. The presence of varying degrees of inflammation in joints of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), characterized by heightened infiltration of inflammatory cells, increased levels of inflammatory factors, and activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, significantly contributes to the disruption of cartilage and bone homeostasis in arthritic conditions. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the pivotal role of lymphatic vessels in maintaining joint homeostasis, with their pathological alterations closely associated with the initiation and progression of inflammatory joint diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving knowledge regarding the structural and functional aspects of lymphatic vessels in the pathogenesis of RA and OA. In addition, we summarized the potential regulatory mechanisms underlying the modulation of lymphatic function in maintaining joint homeostasis during inflammatory conditions, and further discuss the distinctions between RA and OA. Moreover, we describe therapeutic strategies for inflammatory arthritis based on lymphatic vessels, including the promotion of lymphangiogenesis, restoration of proper lymphatic vessel function through anti-inflammatory approaches, enhancement of lymphatic contractility and drainage, and alleviation of congestion within the lymphatic system through the elimination of inflammatory cells. At last, we envisage potential research perspectives and strategies to target lymphatic vessels in treating these inflammatory joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siru Zhou
- War Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 40038, People's Republic of China
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 40038, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Chen
- War Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 40038, People's Republic of China
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 40038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- War Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 40038, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlan Huang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 40038, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Kuang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 40038, People's Republic of China
| | - Dali Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 40038, People's Republic of China
- The Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110015, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Haofeng Xu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangli Xie
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 40038, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Wound Repair and Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 40038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhong Ni
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Army Medical Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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Kraus S, Lee E. A human initial lymphatic chip reveals distinct mechanisms of primary lymphatic valve dysfunction in acute and chronic inflammation. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:5180-5194. [PMID: 37981867 PMCID: PMC10908576 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00486d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial fluid uptake and retention by lymphatic vessels (LVs) play a role in maintaining interstitial fluid homeostasis. While it is well-established that intraluminal lymphatic valves in the collecting LVs prevent fluid backflow (secondary lymphatic valves), a separate valve system in the initial LVs that only permits interstitial fluid influx into the LVs, preventing fluid leakage back to the interstitium (primary lymphatic valves), remains incompletely understood. Although lymphatic dysfunction is commonly observed in inflammation and autoimmune diseases, how the primary lymphatic valves are affected by acute and chronic inflammation has scarcely been explored and even less so using in vitro lymphatic models. Here, we developed a human initial lymphatic vessel chip where interstitial fluid pressure and luminal fluid pressure are controlled to examine primary lymph valve function. In normal conditions, lymphatic drainage (fluid uptake) and permeability (fluid leakage) in engineered LVs were maintained high and low, respectively, which was consistent with our understanding of healthy primary lymph valves. Next, we examined the effects of acute and chronic inflammation. Under the acute inflammation condition with a TNF-α treatment (2 hours), degradation of fibrillin and impeded lymphatic drainage were observed, which were reversed by treatment with anti-inflammatory dexamethasone. Surprisingly, the chronic inflammation condition (repeated TNF-α treatments during 48 hours) deposited fibrillin to compensate for the fibrillin loss, showing no change in lymphatic drainage. Instead, the chronic inflammation condition led to cell death and disruption of lymphatic endothelial cell-cell junctions, increasing lymphatic permeability and fluid leakage. Our human lymphatic model shows two distinct mechanisms by which primary lymphatic valve dysfunction occurs in acute and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Kraus
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Esak Lee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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12
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Iyer D, Mastrogiacomo DM, Li K, Banerjee R, Yang Y, Scallan JP. eNOS Regulates Lymphatic Valve Specification by Controlling β-Catenin Signaling During Embryogenesis in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:2197-2212. [PMID: 37767708 PMCID: PMC10655861 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic valves play a critical role in ensuring unidirectional lymph transport. Loss of lymphatic valves or dysfunctional valves are associated with several diseases including lymphedema, lymphatic malformations, obesity, and ileitis. Lymphatic valves first develop during embryogenesis in response to mechanotransduction signaling pathways triggered by oscillatory lymph flow. In blood vessels, eNOS (endothelial NO synthase; gene name: Nos3) is a well-characterized shear stress signaling effector, but its role in lymphatic valve development remains unexplored. METHODS We used global Nos3-/- mice and cultured human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells to investigate the role of eNOS in lymphatic valve development, which requires oscillatory shear stress signaling. RESULTS Our data reveal a 45% reduction in lymphatic valve specification cell clusters and that loss of eNOS protein inhibited activation of β-catenin and its nuclear translocation. Genetic knockout or knockdown of eNOS led to downregulation of β-catenin target proteins in vivo and in vitro. However, pharmacological inhibition of NO production did not reproduce these effects. Co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays reveal that eNOS directly binds to β-catenin and their binding is enhanced by oscillatory shear stress. Finally, genetic ablation of the Foxo1 gene enhanced FOXC2 expression and partially rescued the loss of valve specification in the eNOS knockouts. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we demonstrate a novel, NO-independent role for eNOS in regulating lymphatic valve specification and propose a mechanism by which eNOS directly binds β-catenin to regulate its nuclear translocation and thereby transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishya Iyer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Diandra M Mastrogiacomo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Kunyu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Richa Banerjee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa
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13
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Kim D, Tian W, Wu TTH, Xiang M, Vinh R, Chang JL, Gu S, Lee S, Zhu Y, Guan T, Schneider EC, Bao E, Dixon JB, Kao P, Pan J, Rockson SG, Jiang X, Nicolls MR. Abnormal Lymphatic Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling Aggravates Lymphatic Dysfunction and Tissue Inflammation. Circulation 2023; 148:1231-1249. [PMID: 37609838 PMCID: PMC10592179 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.064181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphedema is a global health problem with no effective drug treatment. Enhanced T-cell immunity and abnormal lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) signaling are promising therapeutic targets for this condition. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) mediates a key signaling pathway required for normal LEC function, and altered S1P signaling in LECs could lead to lymphatic disease and pathogenic T-cell activation. Characterizing this biology is relevant for developing much needed therapies. METHODS Human and mouse lymphedema was studied. Lymphedema was induced in mice by surgically ligating the tail lymphatics. Lymphedematous dermal tissue was assessed for S1P signaling. To verify the role of altered S1P signaling effects in lymphatic cells, LEC-specific S1pr1-deficient (S1pr1LECKO) mice were generated. Disease progression was quantified by tail-volumetric and -histopathologic measurements over time. LECs from mice and humans, with S1P signaling inhibition, were then cocultured with CD4 T cells, followed by an analysis of CD4 T-cell activation and pathway signaling. Last, animals were treated with a monoclonal antibody specific to P-selectin to assess its efficacy in reducing lymphedema and T-cell activation. RESULTS Human and experimental lymphedema tissues exhibited decreased LEC S1P signaling through S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1). LEC S1pr1 loss-of-function exacerbated lymphatic vascular insufficiency, tail swelling, and increased CD4 T-cell infiltration in mouse lymphedema. LECs, isolated from S1pr1LECKO mice and cocultured with CD4 T cells, resulted in augmented lymphocyte differentiation. Inhibiting S1PR1 signaling in human dermal LECs promoted T-helper type 1 and 2 (Th1 and Th2) cell differentiation through direct cell contact with lymphocytes. Human dermal LECs with dampened S1P signaling exhibited enhanced P-selectin, an important cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated vascular cells. In vitro, P-selectin blockade reduced the activation and differentiation of Th cells cocultured with shS1PR1-treated human dermal LECs. P-selectin-directed antibody treatment improved tail swelling and reduced Th1/Th2 immune responses in mouse lymphedema. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that reduction of the LEC S1P signaling aggravates lymphedema by enhancing LEC adhesion and amplifying pathogenic CD4 T-cell responses. P-selectin inhibitors are suggested as a possible treatment for this pervasive condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongeon Kim
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wen Tian
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Timothy Ting-Hsuan Wu
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford Bio-X, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Menglan Xiang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ryan Vinh
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason Lon Chang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shenbiao Gu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Seunghee Lee
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yu Zhu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Torrey Guan
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Emilie Claire Schneider
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Evan Bao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Peter Kao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Junliang Pan
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Xinguo Jiang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mark Robert Nicolls
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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14
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Bertoldi G, Caputo I, Calò L, Rossitto G. Lymphatic vessels and the renin-angiotensin-system. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H837-H855. [PMID: 37565265 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00023.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is an integral part of the circulatory system and plays an important role in the fluid homeostasis of the human body. Accumulating evidence has recently suggested the involvement of lymphatic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of cardio-reno-vascular (CRV) disease. However, how the sophisticated contractile machinery of lymphatic vessels is modulated and, possibly impaired in CRV disease, remains largely unknown. In particular, little attention has been paid to the effect of the renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) on lymphatics, despite the high concentration of RAS mediators that these tissue-draining vessels are exposed to and the established role of the RAS in the development of classic microvascular dysfunction and overt CRV disease. We herein review recent studies linking RAS to lymphatic function and/or plasticity and further highlight RAS-specific signaling pathways, previously shown to drive adverse arterial remodeling and CRV organ damage that have potential for direct modulation of the lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bertoldi
- Emergency and Hypertension Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- Nephrology Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caputo
- Emergency and Hypertension Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Calò
- Nephrology Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossitto
- Emergency and Hypertension Unit, DIMED, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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15
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Meng Y, Lv T, Zhang J, Shen W, Li L, Li Y, Liu X, Lei X, Lin X, Xu H, Meng A, Jia S. Temporospatial inhibition of Erk signaling is required for lymphatic valve formation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:342. [PMID: 37691058 PMCID: PMC10493226 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraluminal lymphatic valves (LVs) and lymphovenous valves (LVVs) are critical to ensure the unidirectional flow of lymphatic fluid. Morphological abnormalities in these valves always cause lymph or blood reflux, and result in lymphedema. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of valve development remains poorly understood. We here report the implication of Efnb2-Ephb4-Rasa1 regulated Erk signaling axis in lymphatic valve development with identification of two new valve structures. Dynamic monitoring of phospho-Erk activity indicated that Erk signaling is spatiotemporally inhibited in some lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) during the valve cell specification. Inhibition of Erk signaling via simultaneous depletion of zygotic erk1 and erk2 or treatment with MEK inhibitor selumetinib causes lymphatic vessel hypoplasia and lymphatic valve hyperplasia, suggesting opposite roles of Erk signaling during these two processes. ephb4b mutants, efnb2a;efnb2b or rasa1a;rasa1b double mutants all have defective LVs and LVVs and exhibit blood reflux into lymphatic vessels with an edema phenotype. Importantly, the valve defects in ephb4b or rasa1a;rasa1b mutants are mitigated with high-level gata2 expression in the presence of MEK inhibitors. Therefore, Efnb2-Ephb4 signaling acts to suppress Erk activation in valve-forming cells to promote valve specification upstream of Rasa1. Not only do our findings reveal a molecular mechanism of lymphatic valve formation, but also provide a basis for the treatment of lymphatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xing Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xuguang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hanfang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Anming Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Shunji Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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16
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Han H, Xing L, Chen BT, Liu Y, Zhou TJ, Wang Y, Zhang LF, Li L, Cho CS, Jiang HL. Progress on the pathological tissue microenvironment barrier-modulated nanomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115051. [PMID: 37549848 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Imbalance in the tissue microenvironment is the main obstacle to drug delivery and distribution in the human body. Before penetrating the pathological tissue microenvironment to the target site, therapeutic agents are usually accompanied by three consumption steps: the first step is tissue physical barriers for prevention of their penetration, the second step is inactivation of them by biological molecules, and the third step is a cytoprotective mechanism for preventing them from functioning on specific subcellular organelles. However, recent studies in drug-hindering mainly focus on normal physiological rather than pathological microenvironment, and the repair of damaged physiological barriers is also rarely discussed. Actually, both the modulation of pathological barriers and the repair of damaged physiological barriers are essential in the disease treatment and the homeostasis maintenance. In this review, we present an overview describing the latest advances in the generality of these pathological barriers and barrier-modulated nanomedicine. Overall, this review holds considerable significance for guiding the design of nanomedicine to increase drug efficacy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Bi-Te Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ling-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Hu-Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China.
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17
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Angeli V, Lim HY. Biomechanical control of lymphatic vessel physiology and functions. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1051-1062. [PMID: 37264249 PMCID: PMC10469203 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-growing research on lymphatic biology has clearly identified lymphatic vessels as key players that maintain human health through their functional roles in tissue fluid homeostasis, immunosurveillance, lipid metabolism and inflammation. It is therefore not surprising that the list of human diseases associated with lymphatic malfunctions has grown larger, including issues beyond lymphedema, a pathology traditionally associated with lymphatic drainage insufficiency. Thus, the discovery of factors and pathways that can promote optimal lymphatic functions may offer new therapeutic options. Accumulating evidence indicates that aside from biochemical factors, biomechanical signals also regulate lymphatic vessel expansion and functions postnatally. Here, we review how mechanical forces induced by fluid shear stress affect the behavior and functions of lymphatic vessels and the mechanisms lymphatic vessels employ to sense and transduce these mechanical cues into biological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Angeli
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Hwee Ying Lim
- Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Hägerling R. [Genetics, diagnostics and clinical presentation of primary lymphoedema]. DERMATOLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023:10.1007/s00105-023-05183-w. [PMID: 37402871 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-023-05183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary lymphoedema is a hereditary genetic disorder of the lymphatic system. These genetic disorders can result in malformation or dysfunction of the lymphatic system, which leads to an accumulation of fluid in the tissue and, thus to the formation of oedema. The most common form is peripheral lymphoedema of the lower limbs, but systemic manifestations such as intestinal lymphangiectasia, ascites, chylothorax or hydrops fetalis may also occur. The clinical presentation and the degree of lymphoedema varies depending on the causative gene and the specific gene alteration. Primary lymphoedema is divided into five categories: (1) disorders with somatic mosaicism and segmental growth abnormality, (2a) syndromal disorders, (2b) disorders with systemic involvement, (2c) congenital lymphoedema and (2d) disorders that occur after the first year of life (late onset lymphoedema). Targeted genetic diagnosis is based on the patient's clinical presentation and classification into one of the five categories. In general, the diagnosis usually starts with basic diagnostics, which include cytogenetic and molecular genetic testing. Subsequently, a molecular genetic diagnosis is made by performing single-gene analyses, gene panel examinations, exome sequencing or whole genome sequencing. This allows the identification of genetic variants or mutations that are considered to be causative for the presenting symptoms. Combined with human genetic counselling, the genetic diagnosis allows for conclusions about inheritance, the risk of recurrence and potential concomitant symptoms. In many cases, only this approach allows the definite form of primary lymphoedema to be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Hägerling
- Lymphovaskuläre Medizin und Translationale 3D-Histopathologie, Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland.
- BIH Center für Regenerative Therapien, Berlin Institute of Health der Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland.
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19
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Alamilla-Sanchez ME, Alcala-Salgado MA, Cerezo Samperio B, Prado Lozano P, Diaz Garcia JD, Gonzalez Fuentes C, Yama Estrella MB, Morales Lopez EF. Advances in the Physiology of Transvascular Exchange and A New Look At Rational Fluid Prescription. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:2753-2770. [PMID: 37408844 PMCID: PMC10319290 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s405926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Starling principle is a model that explains the transvascular distribution of fluids essentially governed by hydrostatic and oncotic forces, which dynamically allow vascular refilling according to the characteristics of the blood vessel. However, careful analysis of fluid physiology has shown that the principle, while correct, is not complete. The revised Starling principle (Michel-Weinbaum model) provides relevant information on fluid kinetics. Special emphasis has been placed on the endothelial glycocalyx, whose subendothelial area allows a restricted oncotic pressure that limits the reabsorption of fluid from the interstitial space, so that transvascular refilling occurs mainly from the lymphatic vessels. The close correlation between pathological states of the endothelium (eg: sepsis, acute inflammation, or chronic kidney disease) and the prescription of fluids forces the physician to understand the dynamics of fluids in the organism; this will allow rational fluid prescriptions. A theory that integrates the physiology of exchange and transvascular refilling is the "microconstant model", whose variables include dynamic mechanisms that can explain edematous states, management of acute resuscitation, and type of fluids for common clinical conditions. The clinical-physiological integration of the concepts will be the hinges that allow a rational and dynamic prescription of fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pamela Prado Lozano
- Department of Nephrology, Centro Medico Nacional “20 de Noviembre”, Mexico City, Mexico
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20
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Kim D, Tian W, Wu TTH, Xiang M, Vinh R, Chang J, Gu S, Lee S, Zhu Y, Guan T, Schneider EC, Bao E, Dixon JB, Kao P, Pan J, Rockson SG, Jiang X, Nicolls MR. Abnormal lymphatic S1P signaling aggravates lymphatic dysfunction and tissue inflammation. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.06.08.23291175. [PMID: 37398237 PMCID: PMC10312855 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.23291175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphedema is a global health problem with no effective drug treatment. Enhanced T cell immunity and abnormal lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) signaling are promising therapeutic targets for this condition. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) mediates a key signaling pathway required for normal LEC function, and altered S1P signaling in LECs could lead to lymphatic disease and pathogenic T cell activation. Characterizing this biology is relevant for developing much-needed therapies. METHODS Human and mouse lymphedema was studied. Lymphedema was induced in mice by surgically ligating the tail lymphatics. Lymphedematous dermal tissue was assessed for S1P signaling. To verify the role of altered S1P signaling effects in lymphatic cells, LEC-specific S1pr1 -deficient ( S1pr1 LECKO ) mice were generated. Disease progression was quantified by tail-volumetric and -histopathological measurements over time. LECs from mice and humans, with S1P signaling inhibition, were then co-cultured with CD4 T cells, followed by an analysis of CD4 T cell activation and pathway signaling. Finally, animals were treated with a monoclonal antibody specific to P-selectin to assess its efficacy in reducing lymphedema and T cell activation. RESULTS Human and experimental lymphedema tissues exhibited decreased LEC S1P signaling through S1PR1. LEC S1pr1 loss-of-function exacerbated lymphatic vascular insufficiency, tail swelling, and increased CD4 T cell infiltration in mouse lymphedema. LECs, isolated from S1pr1 LECKO mice and co-cultured with CD4 T cells, resulted in augmented lymphocyte differentiation. Inhibiting S1PR1 signaling in human dermal LECs (HDLECs) promoted T helper type 1 and 2 (Th1 and Th2) cell differentiation through direct cell contact with lymphocytes. HDLECs with dampened S1P signaling exhibited enhanced P-selectin, an important cell adhesion molecule expressed on activated vascular cells. In vitro , P-selectin blockade reduced the activation and differentiation of Th cells co-cultured with sh S1PR1 -treated HDLECs. P-selectin-directed antibody treatment improved tail swelling and reduced Th1/Th2 immune responses in mouse lymphedema. CONCLUSION This study suggests that reduction of the LEC S1P signaling aggravates lymphedema by enhancing LEC adhesion and amplifying pathogenic CD4 T cell responses. P-selectin inhibitors are suggested as a possible treatment for this pervasive condition. Clinical Perspective What is New?: Lymphatic-specific S1pr1 deletion exacerbates lymphatic vessel malfunction and Th1/Th2 immune responses during lymphedema pathogenesis. S1pr1 -deficient LECs directly induce Th1/Th2 cell differentiation and decrease anti-inflammatory Treg populations. Peripheral dermal LECs affect CD4 T cell immune responses through direct cell contact.LEC P-selectin, regulated by S1PR1 signaling, affects CD4 T cell activation and differentiation.P-selectin blockade improves lymphedema tail swelling and decreases Th1/Th2 population in the diseased skin.What Are the Clinical Implications?: S1P/S1PR1 signaling in LECs regulates inflammation in lymphedema tissue.S1PR1 expression levels on LECs may be a useful biomarker for assessing predisposition to lymphatic disease, such as at-risk women undergoing mastectomyP-selectin Inhibitors may be effective for certain forms of lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongeon Kim
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wen Tian
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Timothy Ting-Hsuan Wu
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford Bio-X, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Menglan Xiang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ryan Vinh
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jason Chang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shenbiao Gu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Seunghee Lee
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yu Zhu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Torrey Guan
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Emilie Claire Schneider
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Evan Bao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Peter Kao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Junliang Pan
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Xinguo Jiang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mark Robert Nicolls
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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21
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Umemura K, Shimoda H, Ishido K, Kimura N, Wakiya T, Kagiya T, Sato K, Mitsuhashi Y, Watanabe S, Narita H, Chiba T, Hakamada K. Microanatomical organization of hepatic venous lymphatic system in humans. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286316. [PMID: 37228087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic fluid drains from the liver via the periportal lymphatic, hepatic venous lymphatic, and superficial lymphatic systems. We performed a postmortem study to clarify the three-dimensional structure and flow dynamics of the human hepatic venous lymphatic system, as it still remains unclear. Livers were excised whole from three human cadavers, injected with India ink, and sliced into 1-cm sections from which veins were harvested. The distribution of lymphatic vessels was observed in 5 μm sections immunostained for lymphatic and vascular markers (podoplanin and CD31, respectively) using light microscopy. Continuity and density of lymphatic vessel distribution were assessed in en-face whole-mount preparations of veins using stereomicroscopy. The structure of the external hepatic vein wall was assessed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The lymphatic dynamics study suggested that lymphatic fluid flows through an extravascular pathway around the central and sublobular veins. A lymphatic vessel network originates in the wall of sublobular veins, with a diameter greater than 110 μm, and the peripheral portions of hepatic veins and continues to the inferior vena cava. The density distribution of lymphatic vessels is smallest in the peripheral portion of the hepatic vein (0.03%) and increases to the proximal portion (0.22%, p = 0.012) and the main trunk (1.01%, p < 0.001), correlating positively with increasing hepatic vein diameter (Rs = 0.67, p < 0.001). We revealed the three-dimensional structure of the human hepatic venous lymphatic system. The results could improve the understanding of lymphatic physiology and liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Umemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Department of Anatomical Science, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Department of Anatomical Science, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Cell Biology, Histology, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Keinosuke Ishido
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Norihisa Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Taiichi Wakiya
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Takuji Kagiya
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Department of Anatomical Science, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Department of Anatomical Science, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yuto Mitsuhashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- Department of Anatomical Science, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Seiji Watanabe
- Department of Anatomical Science, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Narita
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Research Center, Hakodate Medical Association Nursing and Rehabilitation Academy, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Chiba
- Department of Anatomical Science, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hakamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
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22
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Ren Y, Okazaki T, Ngamnsae P, Hashimoto H, Ikeda R, Honkura Y, Suzuki J, Izumi SI. Anatomy and function of the lymphatic vessels in the parietal pleura and their plasticity under inflammation in mice. Microvasc Res 2023; 148:104546. [PMID: 37230165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory pleuritis often causes pleural effusions, which are drained through lymphatic vessels (lymphatics) in the parietal pleura. The distribution of button- and zipper-like endothelial junctions can identify the subtypes of lymphatics, the initial, pre-collecting, and collecting lymphatics. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3 and its ligands VEGF-C/D are crucial lymphangiogenic factors. Currently, in the pleura covering the chest walls, the anatomy of the lymphatics and connecting networks of blood vessels are incompletely understood. Moreover, their pathological and functional plasticity under inflammation and the effects of VEGFR inhibition are unclear. This study aimed to learn the above-unanswered questions and immunostained mouse chest walls as whole-mount specimens. Confocal microscopic images and their 3-dimensional reconstruction analyzed the vasculatures. Repeated intra-pleural cavity lipopolysaccharide challenge induced pleuritis, which was also treated with VEGFR inhibition. Levels of vascular-related factors were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We observed the initial lymphatics in the intercostals, collecting lymphatics under the ribs, and pre-collecting lymphatics connecting both. Arteries branched into capillaries and gathered into veins from the cranial to the caudal side. Lymphatics and blood vessels were in different layers with an adjacent distribution of the lymphatic layer to the pleural cavity. Inflammatory pleuritis elevated expression levels of VEGF-C/D and angiopoietin-2, induced lymphangiogenesis and blood vessel remodeling, and disorganized the lymphatic structures and subtypes. The disorganized lymphatics showed large sheet-like structures with many branches and holes inside. Such lymphatics were abundant in zipper-like endothelial junctions with some button-like junctions. The blood vessels were tortuous and had various diameters and complex networks. Stratified layers of lymphatics and blood vessels were disorganized, with impaired drainage function. VEGFR inhibition partially maintained their structures and drainage function. These findings demonstrate anatomy and pathological changes of the vasculatures in the parietal pleura and their potential as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Ren
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Okazaki
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Center for Dysphagia of Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Peerada Ngamnsae
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hikaru Hashimoto
- Center for Dysphagia of Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0872, Japan
| | - Ryoukichi Ikeda
- Center for Dysphagia of Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0872, Japan
| | - Yohei Honkura
- Center for Dysphagia of Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0872, Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Center for Dysphagia of Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0872, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Izumi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Center for Dysphagia of Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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23
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Wang R, Wang H, Mu J, Yuan H, Pang Y, Wang Y, Du Y, Han F. Molecular events in the jaw vascular unit: A traditional review of the mechanisms involved in inflammatory jaw bone diseases. J Biomed Res 2023; 37:313-325. [PMID: 37226540 PMCID: PMC10541772 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory jaw bone diseases are common in stomatology, including periodontitis, peri-implantitis, medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, radiation osteomyelitis of the jaw, age-related osteoporosis, and other specific infections. These diseases may lead to tooth loss and maxillofacial deformities, severely affecting patients' quality of life. Over the years, the reconstruction of jaw bone deficiency caused by inflammatory diseases has emerged as a medical and socioeconomic challenge. Therefore, exploring the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases associated with jaw bones is crucial for improving prognosis and developing new targeted therapies. Accumulating evidence indicates that the integrated bone formation and dysfunction arise from complex interactions among a network of multiple cell types, including osteoblast-associated cells, immune cells, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. However, the role of these different cells in the inflammatory process and the 'rules' with which they interact are still not fully understood. Although many investigations have focused on specific pathological processes and molecular events in inflammatory jaw diseases, few articles offer a perspective of integration. Here, we review the changes and mechanisms of various cell types in inflammatory jaw diseases, with the hope of providing insights to drive future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Junyu Mu
- International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yongchu Pang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Department of Orthodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yifei Du
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Feng Han
- International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
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24
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Abstract
Kidney disease is associated with adverse consequences in many organs beyond the kidney, including the heart, lungs, brain, and intestines. The kidney-intestinal cross talk involves intestinal epithelial damage, dysbiosis, and generation of uremic toxins. Recent studies reveal that kidney injury expands the intestinal lymphatics, increases lymphatic flow, and alters the composition of mesenteric lymph. The intestinal lymphatics, like blood vessels, are a route for transporting potentially harmful substances generated by the intestines. The lymphatic architecture and actions are uniquely suited to take up and transport large macromolecules, functions that differentiate them from blood vessels, allowing them to play a distinct role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Here, we focus on the mechanisms by which kidney diseases result in deleterious changes in intestinal lymphatics and consider a novel paradigm of a vicious cycle of detrimental organ cross talk. This concept involves kidney injury-induced modulation of intestinal lymphatics that promotes production and distribution of harmful factors, which in turn contributes to disease progression in distant organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F., E.L.S., V.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (A.K.)
| | - Hai-Chun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F., E.L.S., V.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Department of Pediatrics (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F., E.L.S., V.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Medicine (A.B.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Elaine L Shelton
- Department of Pediatrics (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F., E.L.S., V.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Valentina Kon
- Department of Pediatrics (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F., E.L.S., V.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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25
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Iyer D, Mastrogiacomo D, Li K, Banerjee R, Yang Y, Scallan JP. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Regulates Lymphatic Valve Specification By Controlling β - catenin Signaling During Embryogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.10.536303. [PMID: 37090551 PMCID: PMC10120724 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.536303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective Lymphatic valves play a critical role in ensuring unidirectional lymph transport. Loss of lymphatic valves or dysfunctional valves are associated with several diseases including lymphedema, lymphatic malformations, obesity, and ileitis. Lymphatic valves first develop during embryogenesis in response to mechanotransduction signaling pathways triggered by oscillatory lymph flow. In blood vessels, eNOS (gene name: Nos3 ) is a well characterized shear stress signaling effector, but its role in lymphatic valve development remains unexplored. Approach and Results We used global Nos3 -/- mice and cultured hdLECs to investigate the role of eNOS in lymphatic valve development, which requires oscillatory shear stress signaling. Our data reveal a 45% reduction in lymphatic valve specification cell clusters and that loss of eNOS protein inhibited activation of β-catenin and its nuclear translocation. Genetic knockout or knockdown of eNOS led to downregulation of β-catenin target proteins in vivo and in vitro . However, pharmacological inhibition of NO production did not reproduce these effects. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments reveal that eNOS forms a complex with β-catenin and their association is enhanced by oscillatory shear stress. Finally, genetic ablation of the Foxo1 gene enhanced FOXC2 expression and rescued the loss of valve specification in the eNOS knockouts. Conclusion In conclusion, we demonstrate a novel, nitric oxide-independent role for eNOS in regulating lymphatic valve specification and propose a mechanism by which eNOS forms a complex with β-catenin to regulate its nuclear translocation and thereby transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishya Iyer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA 33612
| | - Diandra Mastrogiacomo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA 33612
| | - Kunyu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA 33612
| | - Richa Banerjee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA 33612
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA 33612
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA 33612
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26
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Watt MM, Moitra P, Sheffield Z, Ostadhossein F, Maxwell EA, Pan D. A narrative review on the role of carbon nanoparticles in oncology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1845. [PMID: 35975704 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is the first site of metastasis for most tumors and is a common reason for the failure of cancer therapy. The lymphatic system's anatomical properties make it difficult to deliver chemotherapy agents at therapeutic concentrations while avoiding systemic toxicity. Carbon nanoparticles offer a promising alternative for identifying and transporting therapeutic molecules. The larger diameter of lymphatic vessels compared to the diameter of blood vessels, allows carbon nanoparticles to selectively enter the lymphatic system once administered subcutaneously. Carbon nanoparticles stain tumor-draining lymph nodes black following intratumoral injection, making them useful in sentinel lymph node mapping. Drug-loaded carbon nanoparticles allow higher concentrations of chemotherapeutics to accumulate in regional lymph nodes while decreasing plasma drug accumulation. The use of carbon nanoparticles for chemotherapy delivery has been associated with lower mortality, fewer histopathology changes in vital organs, and lower serum concentrations of hepatocellular enzymes. This review will focus on the ability of carbon nanoparticles to target the lymphatics as well as their current and potential applications in sentinel lymph node mapping and oncology treatment regimens. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanoscale Tools and Techniques in Surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Watt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Parikshit Moitra
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Health Sciences Facility III, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zach Sheffield
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fatemeh Ostadhossein
- Department of Bioengineering, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Maxwell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Health Sciences Facility III, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Health Sciences Facility III, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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27
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Ashworth ET, Burrowes KS, Clark AR, Ebrahimi BSS, Tawhai MH. An in silico approach to understanding the interaction between cardiovascular and pulmonary lymphatic dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H318-H329. [PMID: 36607796 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00591.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The lung is extremely sensitive to interstitial fluid balance, yet the role of pulmonary lymphatics in lung fluid homeostasis and its interaction with cardiovascular pressures is poorly understood. In health, there is a fine balance between fluid extravasated from the pulmonary capillaries into the interstitium and the return of fluid to the circulation via the lymphatic vessels. This balance is maintained by an extremely interdependent system governed by pressures in the fluids (air and blood) and tissue (interstitium), lung motion during breathing, and the permeability of the tissues. Chronic elevation in left atrial pressure (LAP) due to left heart disease increases the capillary blood pressure. The consequent fluid accumulation in the delicate lung tissue increases its weight, decreases its compliance, and impairs gas exchange. This interdependent system is difficult, if not impossible, to study experimentally. Computational modeling provides a unique perspective to analyze fluid movement in the cardiopulmonary vasculature in health and disease. We have developed an initial in silico model of pulmonary lymphatic function using an anatomically structured model to represent ventilation and perfusion and underlying biophysical laws governing fluid transfer at the interstitium. This novel model was tested against increased LAP and noncardiogenic effects (increased permeability). The model returned physiologically reasonable values for all applications, predicting pulmonary edema when LAP reached 25 mmHg and with increased permeability.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This model presents a novel approach to understanding the interaction between cardiac dysfunction and pulmonary lymphatic function, using anatomically structured models and biophysical equations to estimate regional variation in fluid transport from blood to interstitial and lymphatic flux. This fluid transport model brings together advanced models of ventilation, perfusion, and lung mechanics to produce a detailed model of fluid transport in health and various altered pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Ashworth
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - K S Burrowes
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A R Clark
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - M H Tawhai
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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28
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Ruliffson BNK, Whittington CF. Regulating Lymphatic Vasculature in Fibrosis: Understanding the Biology to Improve the Modeling. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200158. [PMID: 36792967 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis occurs in many chronic diseases with lymphatic vascular insufficiency (e.g., kidney disease, tumors, and lymphedema). New lymphatic capillary growth can be triggered by fibrosis-related tissue stiffening and soluble factors, but questions remain for how related biomechanical, biophysical, and biochemical cues affect lymphatic vascular growth and function. The current preclinical standard for studying lymphatics is animal modeling, but in vitro and in vivo outcomes often do not align. In vitro models can also be limited in their ability to separate vascular growth and function as individual outcomes, and fibrosis is not traditionally included in model design. Tissue engineering provides an opportunity to address in vitro limitations and mimic microenvironmental features that impact lymphatic vasculature. This review discusses fibrosis-related lymphatic vascular growth and function in disease and the current state of in vitro lymphatic vascular models while highlighting relevant knowledge gaps. Additional insights into the future of in vitro lymphatic vascular models demonstrate how prioritizing fibrosis alongside lymphatics will help capture the complexity and dynamics of lymphatics in disease. Overall, this review aims to emphasize that an advanced understanding of lymphatics within a fibrotic disease-enabled through more accurate preclinical modeling-will significantly impact therapeutic development toward restoring lymphatic vessel growth and function in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian N K Ruliffson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Catherine F Whittington
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
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29
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Harris NR, Bálint L, Dy DM, Nielsen NR, Méndez HG, Aghajanian A, Caron KM. The ebb and flow of cardiac lymphatics: a tidal wave of new discoveries. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:391-432. [PMID: 35953269 PMCID: PMC9576179 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00052.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is imbued with a vast lymphatic network that is responsible for fluid homeostasis and immune cell trafficking. Disturbances in the forces that regulate microvascular fluid movement can result in myocardial edema, which has profibrotic and proinflammatory consequences and contributes to cardiovascular dysfunction. This review explores the complex relationship between cardiac lymphatics, myocardial edema, and cardiac disease. It covers the revised paradigm of microvascular forces and fluid movement around the capillary as well as the arsenal of preclinical tools and animal models used to model myocardial edema and cardiac disease. Clinical studies of myocardial edema and their prognostic significance are examined in parallel to the recent elegant animal studies discerning the pathophysiological role and therapeutic potential of cardiac lymphatics in different cardiovascular disease models. This review highlights the outstanding questions of interest to both basic scientists and clinicians regarding the roles of cardiac lymphatics in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Harris
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - László Bálint
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Danielle M Dy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Natalie R Nielsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hernán G Méndez
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Amir Aghajanian
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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30
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Kong AM, Lim SY, Palmer JA, Rixon A, Gerrand YW, Yap KK, Morrison WA, Mitchell GM. Engineering transplantable human lymphatic and blood capillary networks in a porous scaffold. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221140979. [PMID: 36600999 PMCID: PMC9806376 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221140979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a relative paucity of studies on human lymphatic assembly in vitro and subsequent in vivo transplantation, capillary formation and survival of primary human lymphatic (hLEC) and blood endothelial cells (hBEC) ± primary human vascular smooth muscle cells (hvSMC) were evaluated and compared in vitro and in vivo. hLEC ± hvSMC or hBEC ± hvSMC were seeded in a 3D porous scaffold in vitro, and capillary percent vascular volume (PVV) and vascular density (VD)/mm2 assessed. Scaffolds were also transplanted into a sub-cutaneous rat wound with morphology/morphometry assessment. Initially hBEC formed a larger vessel network in vitro than hLEC, with interconnected capillaries evident at 2 days. Interconnected lymphatic capillaries were slower (3 days) to assemble. hLEC capillaries demonstrated a significant overall increase in PVV (p = 0.0083) and VD (p = 0.0039) in vitro when co-cultured with hvSMC. A similar increase did not occur for hBEC + hvSMC in vitro, but hBEC + hvSMC in vivo significantly increased PVV (p = 0.0035) and VD (p = 0.0087). Morphology/morphometry established that hLEC vessels maintained distinct cell markers, and demonstrated significantly increased individual vessel and network size, and longer survival than hBEC capillaries in vivo, and established inosculation with rat lymphatics, with evidence of lymphatic function. The porous polyurethane scaffold provided advantages to capillary network formation due to its large (300-600 μm diameter) interconnected pores, and sufficient stability to ensure successful surgical transplantation in vivo. Given their successful survival and function in vivo within the porous scaffold, in vitro assembled hLEC networks using this method are potentially applicable to clinical scenarios requiring replacement of dysfunctional or absent lymphatic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Kong
- O’Brien Institute Department of St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Shiang Y Lim
- O’Brien Institute Department of St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery at St Vincent’s
Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Faculty of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC,
Australia
- National Heart Research Institute
Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore
| | - Jason A Palmer
- O’Brien Institute Department of St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, East
Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amanda Rixon
- Experimental Medical and Surgical Unit,
St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Yi-Wen Gerrand
- O’Brien Institute Department of St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Kiryu K Yap
- O’Brien Institute Department of St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery at St Vincent’s
Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Wayne A Morrison
- O’Brien Institute Department of St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery at St Vincent’s
Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian
Catholic University, East Melbourne VIC, Australia
- Department of Plastic and
Reconstructive Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC,
Australia
| | - Geraldine M Mitchell
- O’Brien Institute Department of St
Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery at St Vincent’s
Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian
Catholic University, East Melbourne VIC, Australia
- Geraldine M Mitchell, O’Brien Institute
Department at St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street,
Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
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31
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The Impact of Stem/Progenitor Cells on Lymphangiogenesis in Vascular Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244056. [PMID: 36552820 PMCID: PMC9776475 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels, as the main tube network of fluid drainage and leukocyte transfer, are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis and pathological repairment. Recently, by using genetic lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing techniques, significant cognitive progress has been made about the impact of stem/progenitor cells during lymphangiogenesis. In the embryonic stage, the lymphatic network is primarily formed through self-proliferation and polarized-sprouting from the lymph sacs. However, the assembly of lymphatic stem/progenitor cells also guarantees the sustained growth of lymphvasculogenesis to obtain the entire function. In addition, there are abundant sources of stem/progenitor cells in postnatal tissues, including circulating progenitors, mesenchymal stem cells, and adipose tissue stem cells, which can directly differentiate into lymphatic endothelial cells and participate in lymphangiogenesis. Specifically, recent reports indicated a novel function of lymphangiogenesis in transplant arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis. In the present review, we summarized the latest evidence about the diversity and incorporation of stem/progenitor cells in lymphatic vasculature during both the embryonic and postnatal stages, with emphasis on the impact of lymphangiogenesis in the development of vascular diseases to provide a rational guidance for future research.
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32
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Wang B, Sheng Y, Li Y, Li B, Zhang J, Li A, Liu M, Zhang H, Xiu R. Lymphatic microcirculation profile in the progression of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Microcirculation 2022; 29:e12724. [PMID: 34351675 PMCID: PMC9787898 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The contractile behavior of collecting lymphatic vessels occurs in essential hypertension in response to homeostasis, suggesting a possible role for microcirculation. We aimed to clarify the nature of the lymphatic microcirculation profile in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and normotensive controls. METHODS The vasomotion of collecting lymphatic vessels in eight- and thirteen-week-old SHRs and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs, n = 4 per group) was visualized by intravital video and VasTrack. The lymphatic vasomotion profile (frequency and amplitude) and contractile parameters (contraction fraction and total contractility activity index) were compared. Plasma nitrite/nitrate levels were assessed by the Griess reaction, and plasma endothelin-1 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS WKYs and SHRs differed in the vasomotion of collecting lymphatic vessels. Both eight- and thirteen-week-old WKYs revealed a high-amplitude pumping pattern, whereas a low-amplitude pattern was observed in SHRs. Moreover, compared with age-matched WKYs, SHRs exhibited deteriorated output and reflux capability and lost the ability to regulate collecting lymphatic vasomotion. Additionally, the chemistry complements the microcirculatory lymphatic profile as demonstrated by an increase in plasma nitrite, nitrate, and endothelin-1 in SHRs. ET-1 inhibitor meliorated the lymphatic contractile capability in SHRs partially through regulating frequency of lymphatic vasomotion. CONCLUSIONS We used an intravital lymphatic imaging system to observe that SHRs exhibit an impaired collecting lymphatic vasomotion profile and deteriorated contractility and reflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Institute of MicrocirculationChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Youming Sheng
- Institute of MicrocirculationChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of MicrocirculationChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Bingwei Li
- Institute of MicrocirculationChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of MicrocirculationChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina,Diabetes Research CenterChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Ailing Li
- Institute of MicrocirculationChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Mingming Liu
- Institute of MicrocirculationChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina,Diabetes Research CenterChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Honggang Zhang
- Institute of MicrocirculationChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Ruijuan Xiu
- Institute of MicrocirculationChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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33
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Dai W, Yang M, Xia P, Xiao C, Huang S, Zhang Z, Cheng X, Li W, Jin J, Zhang J, Wu B, Zhang Y, Wu PH, Lin Y, Wu W, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Lin WJ, Ye X. A functional role of meningeal lymphatics in sex difference of stress susceptibility in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4825. [PMID: 35974004 PMCID: PMC9381547 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental health conditions. Meningeal lymphatics are essential for drainage of molecules in the cerebrospinal fluid to the peripheral immune system. Their potential role in depression-like behaviour has not been investigated. Here, we show in mice, sub-chronic variable stress as a model of depression-like behaviour impairs meningeal lymphatics in females but not in males. Manipulations of meningeal lymphatics regulate the sex difference in the susceptibility to stress-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice, as well as alterations of the medial prefrontal cortex and the ventral tegmental area, brain regions critical for emotional regulation. Together, our findings suggest meningeal lymphatic impairment contributes to susceptibility to stress in mice, and that restoration of the meningeal lymphatics might have potential for modulation of depression-like behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Dai
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengqian Yang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Xia
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Xiao
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuying Huang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenchang Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Binghuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Hui Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Wei-Jye Lin
- Brain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaojing Ye
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Guangdong Province Translational Forensic Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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34
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Wang C, Qu K, Wang J, Qin R, Li B, Qiu J, Wang G. Biomechanical regulation of planar cell polarity in endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166495. [PMID: 35850177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the uneven distribution of certain cytoplasmic components in a cell with a spatial order. The planar cell polarity (PCP), the cell aligns perpendicular to the polar plane, in endothelial cells (ECs) has become a research hot spot. The planar polarity of ECs has a positive significance on the regulation of cardiovascular dysfunction, pathological angiogenesis, and ischemic stroke. The endothelial polarity is stimulated and regulated by biomechanical force. Mechanical stimuli promote endothelial polarization and make ECs produce PCP to maintain the normal physiological and biochemical functions. Here, we overview recent advances in understanding the interplay and mechanism between PCP and ECs function involved in mechanical forces, with a focus on PCP signaling pathways and organelles in regulating the polarity of ECs. And then showed the related diseases caused by ECs polarity dysfunction. This study provides new ideas and therapeutic targets for the treatment of endothelial PCP-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Qu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qin
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingyi Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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35
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Abstract
The lymphatic system, composed of initial and collecting lymphatic vessels as well as lymph nodes that are present in almost every tissue of the human body, acts as an essential transport system for fluids, biomolecules and cells between peripheral tissues and the central circulation. Consequently, it is required for normal body physiology but is also involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, most notably cancer. The important role of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels and lymphangiogenesis in the formation of lymph node metastasis has been elucidated during the last two decades, whereas the underlying mechanisms and the relation between lymphatic and peripheral organ dissemination of cancer cells are incompletely understood. Lymphatic vessels are also important for tumor-host communication, relaying molecular information from a primary or metastatic tumor to regional lymph nodes and the circulatory system. Beyond antigen transport, lymphatic endothelial cells, particularly those residing in lymph node sinuses, have recently been recognized as direct regulators of tumor immunity and immunotherapy responsiveness, presenting tumor antigens and expressing several immune-modulatory signals including PD-L1. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries in this rapidly evolving field and highlight strategies and challenges of therapeutic targeting of lymphatic vessels or specific lymphatic functions in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar C Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Tacconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ducoli
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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36
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Daratumumab, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone (DRD), an Active Regimen in the Treatment of Immunosuppression-Associated Plasmablastic Lymphoma (PBL) in the Setting of Gorham’s Lymphangiomatosis: Review of the Literature. Case Rep Hematol 2022; 2022:8331766. [PMID: 35795542 PMCID: PMC9252825 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8331766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterized by an aggressive course with a poor overall survival due to treatment refractoriness, plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare variant of diffuse large cell B cell lymphoma. Gorham’s lymphangiomatosis or Gorham–Stout disease (GSD) is a rare skeletal condition of unknown etiology characterized by progressive bone loss and nonmalignant proliferation of vascular and lymphatic channels within the affected bone. Neither disease has a standard of care. We present a 23-year-old HIV-negative woman with GSD, managed medically with octreotide and sirolimus, who developed PBL. After progressing on V-EPOCH (bortezomib, etoposide, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone), she was treated with daratumumab, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (DRD) therapy and achieved complete remission after two cycles with progression after eight cycles. This is a report of treatment of PBL with DRD therapy. Clinical investigations of the DRD regimen in PBL in conjunction with other agents to improve both depth and durability of response are warranted.
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37
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McCright J, Naiknavare R, Yarmovsky J, Maisel K. Targeting Lymphatics for Nanoparticle Drug Delivery. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:887402. [PMID: 35721179 PMCID: PMC9203826 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.887402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatics transport material from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes, where immune responses are formed, before being transported into systemic circulation. With key roles in transport and fluid homeostasis, lymphatic dysregulation is linked to diseases, including lymphedema. Fluid within the interstitium passes into initial lymphatic vessels where a valve system prevents fluid backflow. Additionally, lymphatic endothelial cells produce key chemokines, such as CCL21, that direct the migration of dendritic cells and lymphocytes. As a result, lymphatics are an attractive delivery route for transporting immune modulatory treatments to lymph nodes where immunotherapies are potentiated in addition to being an alternative method of reaching systemic circulation. In this review, we discuss the physiology of lymphatic vessels and mechanisms used in the transport of materials from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes. We then summarize nanomaterial-based strategies to take advantage of lymphatic transport functions for delivering therapeutics to lymph nodes or systemic circulation. We also describe opportunities for targeting lymphatic endothelial cells to modulate transport and immune functions.
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38
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Lee Y, Zawieja SD, Muthuchamy M. Lymphatic Collecting Vessel: New Perspectives on Mechanisms of Contractile Regulation and Potential Lymphatic Contractile Pathways to Target in Obesity and Metabolic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:848088. [PMID: 35355722 PMCID: PMC8959455 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.848088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome pose a significant risk for developing cardiovascular disease and remain a critical healthcare challenge. Given the lymphatic system's role as a nexus for lipid absorption, immune cell trafficking, interstitial fluid and macromolecule homeostasis maintenance, the impact of obesity and metabolic disease on lymphatic function is a burgeoning field in lymphatic research. Work over the past decade has progressed from the association of an obese phenotype with Prox1 haploinsufficiency and the identification of obesity as a risk factor for lymphedema to consistent findings of lymphatic collecting vessel dysfunction across multiple metabolic disease models and organisms and characterization of obesity-induced lymphedema in the morbidly obese. Critically, recent findings have suggested that restoration of lymphatic function can also ameliorate obesity and insulin resistance, positing lymphatic targeted therapies as relevant pharmacological interventions. There remain, however, significant gaps in our understanding of lymphatic collecting vessel function, particularly the mechanisms that regulate the spontaneous contractile activity required for active lymph propulsion and lymph return in humans. In this article, we will review the current findings on lymphatic architecture and collecting vessel function, including recent advances in the ionic basis of lymphatic muscle contractile activity. We will then discuss lymphatic dysfunction observed with metabolic disruption and potential pathways to target with pharmacological approaches to improve lymphatic collecting vessel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Scott D Zawieja
- Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Mariappan Muthuchamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, United States
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39
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Kolarzyk AM, Wong G, Lee E. Lymphatic Tissue and Organ Engineering for In Vitro Modeling and In Vivo Regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2022; 12:a041169. [PMID: 35288402 PMCID: PMC9435571 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system has an important role in maintaining fluid homeostasis and transporting immune cells and biomolecules, such as dietary fat, metabolic products, and antigens in different organs and tissues. Therefore, impaired lymphatic vessel function and/or lymphatic vessel deficiency can lead to numerous human diseases. The discovery of lymphatic endothelial markers and prolymphangiogenic growth factors, along with a growing number of in vitro and in vivo models and technologies has expedited research in lymphatic tissue and organ engineering, advancing therapeutic strategies. In this article, we describe lymphatic tissue and organ engineering in two- and three-dimensional culture systems and recently developed microfluidics and organ-on-a-chip systems in vitro. Next, we discuss advances in lymphatic tissue and organ engineering in vivo, focusing on biomaterial and scaffold engineering and their applications for lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organ regeneration. Last, we provide expert perspective and prospects in the field of lymphatic tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Kolarzyk
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Biomedical and Biological Sciences PhD Program, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Gigi Wong
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Biological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Esak Lee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Biomedical and Biological Sciences PhD Program, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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40
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Singh G, Tucker EW, Rohlwink UK. Infection in the Developing Brain: The Role of Unique Systemic Immune Vulnerabilities. Front Neurol 2022; 12:805643. [PMID: 35140675 PMCID: PMC8818751 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.805643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections remain a major burden of pediatric disease associated with significant long-term morbidity due to injury to the developing brain. Children are susceptible to various etiologies of CNS infection partly because of vulnerabilities in their peripheral immune system. Young children are known to have reduced numbers and functionality of innate and adaptive immune cells, poorer production of immune mediators, impaired responses to inflammatory stimuli and depressed antibody activity in comparison to adults. This has implications not only for their response to pathogen invasion, but also for the development of appropriate vaccines and vaccination strategies. Further, pediatric immune characteristics evolve across the span of childhood into adolescence as their broader physiological and hormonal landscape develop. In addition to intrinsic vulnerabilities, children are subject to external factors that impact their susceptibility to infections, including maternal immunity and exposure, and nutrition. In this review we summarize the current evidence for immune characteristics across childhood that render children at risk for CNS infection and introduce the link with the CNS through the modulatory role that the brain has on the immune response. This manuscript lays the foundation from which we explore the specifics of infection and inflammation within the CNS and the consequences to the maturing brain in part two of this review series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Singh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth W. Tucker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ursula K. Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ursula K. Rohlwink
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Xia Q, Dong H, Guo Y, Fang K, Hu M, Xu L, Lu F, Gong J. The role of lacteal integrity and junction transformation in obesity: A promising therapeutic target? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1007856. [PMID: 36506056 PMCID: PMC9729342 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1007856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacteals are the central lymphatic vessels in the villi of the small intestine and perform nutrient absorption, especially dietary lipids, and the transportation of antigen and antigen-presenting cells. Remodeling, proliferation, and cell-cell junctions of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in lacteals are the basis of the maintenance of lacteal integrity and dietary lipid absorption. Normal lipid absorption in the diet depends on sound lacteal development and proliferation, especially integrity maintenance, namely, maintaining the appropriate proportion of button-like and zipper-like junctions. Maintaining the integrity and transforming button-to-zipper junctions in lacteals are strongly connected with obesity, which could be regulated by intestinal flora and molecular signalings, such as vascular endothelial growth factor C-vascular endothelial growth receptor 3 (VEGFC-VEGFR3) signaling, Hippo signaling, Notch signaling, angiopoietin-TIE signaling, VEGF-A/VEGFR2 signaling, and PROX1. This manuscript reviews the molecular mechanism of development, integrity maintenance, and junction transformation in lacteal related to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Xia
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yujin Guo
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Fang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meilin Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fuer Lu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Gong, ; Fuer Lu,
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Gong, ; Fuer Lu,
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Zhang W, Li J, Liang J, Qi X, Tian J, Liu J. Coagulation in Lymphatic System. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:762648. [PMID: 34901222 PMCID: PMC8652051 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.762648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system maintains homeostasis of the internal environment between the cells in tissues and the blood circulation. The coagulation state of lymph is determined by conditions of coagulation factors and lymphatic vessels. Internal obliteration, external compression or abnormally increased lymphatic pressure may predispose to localized lymphatic coagulation. In physiological conditions, an imbalance of antithrombin and thrombokinase reduces lymphatic thrombosis. However, the release of factor X by lymphatic endothelium injury may trigger coagulation casacade, causing blockage of lymphatic vessels and lymphedema. Heterogeneity of lymphatic vessels in various tissues may lead to distinct levels and patterns of coagulation in specific lymphatic vessels. The quantitative and qualitative measurement of clotting characteristic reveals longer time for clotting to occur in the lymph than in the blood. Cancer, infections, amyloidosis and lymph node dissection may trigger thrombosis in the lymphatic vessels. In contrast to venous or arterial thrombosis, lymphatic thrombosis has rarely been reported, and its actual prevalence is likely underestimated. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of coagulation in lymphatic system, and discuss the lymphatic thrombosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendi Zhang
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Medical Research Center, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Institute of Microvascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Graduate School, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Qeeloo Medical College, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiangjiu Liang
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xiumei Qi
- Department of Education, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated With Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinghui Tian
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Medical Research Center, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Institute of Microvascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
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Lee JY, Heilweil G, Le P, Saraswathy S, Hong YK, Girkin CA, Huang AS. Structural Confirmation of Lymphatic Outflow from Subconjunctival Blebs of Live Human Subjects. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2021; 1. [PMID: 35005679 PMCID: PMC8740887 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To uncover the mechanism of subconjunctival outflow in humans. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants Fifteen patients receiving subconjunctival anesthesia before intravitreal injection for routine clinical care. Methods Anterior segment (AS) OCT was performed in patients with various instances of conjunctival edema or subconjunctival fluid. Other patients received a subconjunctival mixture of 0.005% indocyanine green and 2% lidocaine. After subconjunctival injection of the tracer and anesthetic mixture, blebs and associated outflow pathways were imaged angiographically and the time for appearance was recorded. The pattern and structure of outflow pathways were studied using AS OCT. Angiographic and AS OCT results were compared with trabecular and conventional outflow imaging, which demonstrates veins. Main Outcome Measures Ocular surface lymphangiography and AS OCT images. Results Anterior segment OCT of the conjunctiva in a normal eye demonstrated thin nonedematous conjunctiva with absent intraconjunctival lumens or subconjunctival fluid. Patients with a history of trabeculectomy, subconjunctival drug injection, or chemosis demonstrated thickened conjunctiva and intraconjunctival luminal pathways that contained valve-like structures. Tracer-based studies in patients demonstrated blebs with irregular subconjunctival bleb-related outflow patterns that arose in a time-dependent fashion. These angiographic pathways were luminal on OCT, sausage shaped, and contained intraluminal valve-like structures. This was in contrast to trabecular and conventional outflow imaging, where pathways were classically Y-shaped, of even caliber, and lacked valve-like structures. Conclusions Outflow pathways were seen in patients with conjunctival edema and after subconjunctival tracer injection. These pathways were lymphatic based on pattern and structural study. Better understanding of bleb-related lymphatic outflow may lead to improved bleb-requiring glaucoma surgeries and subconjunctival drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Yeon Lee
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Gad Heilweil
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Phuc Le
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sindhu Saraswathy
- Doheny Eye Institute and Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Girkin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alex S Huang
- The Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Lei D, Zhang X, Rouf MA, Mahendra Y, Wen L, Li Y, Zhang X, Li L, Wang L, Zhang T, Wang G, Wang Y. Noncanonical protease-activated receptor 1 regulates lymphatic differentiation in zebrafish. iScience 2021; 24:103386. [PMID: 34816109 PMCID: PMC8593614 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of lymphatic progenitors is a crucial step in lymphangiogenesis. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that noncanonical protease-activated receptor 1 (par1) regulates the differentiation of lymphatic progenitors in zebrafish embryos. Loss of par1 function impaired lymphatic differentiation by downregulating prox1a expression in parachordal lymphangioblasts and caused compromised thoracic duct formation in zebrafish. Meanwhile, the G protein gnai2a, a par1 downstream effector, was selectively required for lymphatic development in zebrafish, and its mutation mimicked the lymphatic phenotype observed in par1 mutants. Interestingly, mmp13, but not thrombin, was required for lymphatic development in zebrafish. Furthermore, analyses of genetic interactions confirmed that mmp13b serves as a par1 upstream protease to regulate lymphatic development in zebrafish embryos. Mechanistically, par1 promotes flt4 expression and phospho-Erk1/2 activity in the posterior cardinal vein. Taken together, our findings highlight a function of par1 in the regulation of lymphatic differentiation in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoxi Lei
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 400021, China
| | - Xiuru Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Muhammad Abdul Rouf
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yoga Mahendra
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Lin Wen
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Luming Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yeqi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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45
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Zhu M. Immunological perspectives on spatial and temporal vaccine delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113966. [PMID: 34506868 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The so-called rational design of vaccines has been a very attractive concept and also an important direction for vaccine research and development. However, the underlying rationales, especially on the immunological aspect, remain less systemically and deeply understood. Given the critical role of lymph nodes (LNs) in the induction of B and T cell responses upon vaccination, LN targeting has been a popular strategy in vaccine design. The LN is a highly organized structure; induction of adaptive immune response is highly orchestrated by various types of LN stromal cells and hematopoietic immune cells both spatially and temporally. Thus, not only LN targeting, but also cellular targeting and even subcellular compartment targeting should be considered for specifically enhanced vaccine efficacy. Moreover, temporal control of vaccine antigen and adjuvant delivery may also optimize the immune response.
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46
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Molecular mechanisms of cyclic phosphatidic acid-induced lymphangiogenic actions in vitro. Microvasc Res 2021; 139:104273. [PMID: 34699844 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays important roles in various physiological and pathological phenomena. As a bioactive phospholipid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has been reported to function as a lymphangiogenic factor as well as some growth factors, yet the involvement of phospholipids including LPA and its derivatives in lymphangiogenesis is not fully understood. In the present study, we have developed an in-vitro lymphangiogenesis model (termed a collagen sandwich model) by utilizing type-I collagen, which exists around the lymphatic endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries in vivo. The collagen sandwich model has revealed that cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA), and not LPA, augmented the tube formation of human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs). Both cPA and LPA increased the migration of HDLECs cultured on the collagen. As the gene expression of LPA receptor 6 (LPA6) was predominantly expressed in HDLECs, a siRNA experiment against LPA6 attenuated the cPA-mediated tube formation. A synthetic LPA1/3 inhibitor, Ki16425, suppressed the cPA-augmented tube formation and migration of the HDLECs, and the LPA-induced migration. The activity of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) located at the downstream of the LPA receptors was augmented in both the cPA- and LPA-treated cells. A potent ROCK inhibitor, Y-27632, suppressed the cPA-dependent tube formation but not the migration of the HDLECs. Furthermore, cPA, but not LPA, augmented the gene expression of VE-cadherin and β-catenin in the HDLECs. These results provide novel evidence that cPA facilitates the capillary-like morphogenesis and the migration of HDLECs through LPA6/ROCK and LPA1/3 signaling pathways in concomitance with the augmentation of VE-cadherin and β-catenin expression. Thus, cPA is likely to be a potent lymphangiogenic factor for the initial lymphatics adjacent to type I collagen under physiological conditions.
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47
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Biologically active lipids in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis in disease states. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108011. [PMID: 34614423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels have crucial roles in the regulation of interstitial fluids, immune surveillance, and the absorption of dietary fat in the intestine. Lymphatic function is also closely related to the pathogenesis of various disease states such as inflammation, lymphedema, endometriosis, liver dysfunction, and tumor metastasis. Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of new lymphatic vessels from pre-existing lymphatic vessels, is a critical determinant in the above conditions. Although the effect of growth factors on lymphangiogenesis is well-characterized, and biologically active lipids are known to affect smooth muscle contractility and vasoaction, there is accumulating evidence that biologically active lipids are also important inducers of growth factors and cytokines that regulate lymphangiogenesis. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of biologically active lipids, including arachidonic acid metabolites, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and lysophosphatidic acid, as regulators of lymphangiogenesis, and the emerging importance of the lymphangiogenesis as a therapeutic target.
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Donnan MD, Kenig-Kozlovsky Y, Quaggin SE. The lymphatics in kidney health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:655-675. [PMID: 34158633 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian vascular system consists of two networks: the blood vascular system and the lymphatic vascular system. Throughout the body, the lymphatic system contributes to homeostatic mechanisms by draining extravasated interstitial fluid and facilitating the trafficking and activation of immune cells. In the kidney, lymphatic vessels exist mainly in the kidney cortex. In the medulla, the ascending vasa recta represent a hybrid lymphatic-like vessel that performs lymphatic-like roles in interstitial fluid reabsorption. Although the lymphatic network is mainly derived from the venous system, evidence supports the existence of lymphatic beds that are of non-venous origin. Following their development and maturation, lymphatic vessel density remains relatively stable; however, these vessels undergo dynamic functional changes to meet tissue demands. Additionally, new lymphatic growth, or lymphangiogenesis, can be induced by pathological conditions such as tissue injury, interstitial fluid overload, hyperglycaemia and inflammation. Lymphangiogenesis is also associated with conditions such as polycystic kidney disease, hypertension, ultrafiltration failure and transplant rejection. Although lymphangiogenesis has protective functions in clearing accumulated fluid and immune cells, the kidney lymphatics may also propagate an inflammatory feedback loop, exacerbating inflammation and fibrosis. Greater understanding of lymphatic biology, including the developmental origin and function of the lymphatics and their response to pathogenic stimuli, may aid the development of new therapeutic agents that target the lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Donnan
- Feinberg Cardiovascular & Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Susan E Quaggin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular & Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Solari E, Marcozzi C, Negrini D, Moriondo A. Interplay between Gut Lymphatic Vessels and Microbiota. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102584. [PMID: 34685564 PMCID: PMC8534149 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels play a distinctive role in draining fluid, molecules and even cells from interstitial and serosal spaces back to the blood circulation. Lymph vessels of the gut, and especially those located in the villi (called lacteals), not only serve this primary function, but are also responsible for the transport of lipid moieties absorbed by the intestinal mucosa and serve as a second line of defence against possible bacterial infections. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge of the general mechanisms allowing lymph drainage and propulsion and will focus on the most recent findings on the mutual relationship between lacteals and intestinal microbiota.
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50
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Redder E, Kirschnick N, Bobe S, Hägerling R, Hansmeier NR, Kiefer F. Vegfr3-tdTomato, a reporter mouse for microscopic visualization of lymphatic vessel by multiple modalities. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249256. [PMID: 34543279 PMCID: PMC8452004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels are indispensable for tissue fluid homeostasis, transport of solutes and dietary lipids and immune cell trafficking. In contrast to blood vessels, which are easily visible by their erythrocyte cargo, lymphatic vessels are not readily detected in the tissue context. Their invisibility interferes with the analysis of the three-dimensional lymph vessel structure in large tissue volumes and hampers dynamic intravital studies on lymphatic function and pathofunction. An approach to overcome these limitations are mouse models, which express transgenic fluorescent proteins under the control of tissue-specific promotor elements. We introduce here the BAC-transgenic mouse reporter strain Vegfr3-tdTomato that expresses a membrane-tagged version of tdTomato under control of Flt4 regulatory elements. Vegfr3-tdTomato mice inherited the reporter in a mendelian fashion and showed selective and stable fluorescence in the lymphatic vessels of multiple organs tested, including lung, kidney, heart, diaphragm, intestine, mesentery, liver and dermis. In this model, tdTomato expression was sufficient for direct visualisation of lymphatic vessels by epifluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, lymph vessels were readily visualized using a number of microscopic modalities including confocal laser scanning, light sheet fluorescence and two-photon microscopy. Due to the early onset of VEGFR-3 expression in venous embryonic vessels and the short maturation time of tdTomato, this reporter offers an interesting alternative to Prox1-promoter driven lymphatic reporter mice for instance to study the developmental differentiation of venous to lymphatic endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Redder
- European Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Nils Kirschnick
- European Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bobe
- European Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - René Hägerling
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Friedemann Kiefer
- European Institute of Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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