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Hu Q, Huang T. Regulation of the Cell Cycle by ncRNAs Affects the Efficiency of CDK4/6 Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108939. [PMID: 37240281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate cell division at multiple levels. Aberrant proliferation induced by abnormal cell cycle is a hallmark of cancer. Over the past few decades, several drugs that inhibit CDK activity have been created to stop the development of cancer cells. The third generation of selective CDK4/6 inhibition has proceeded into clinical trials for a range of cancers and is quickly becoming the backbone of contemporary cancer therapy. Non-coding RNAs, or ncRNAs, do not encode proteins. Many studies have demonstrated the involvement of ncRNAs in the regulation of the cell cycle and their abnormal expression in cancer. By interacting with important cell cycle regulators, preclinical studies have demonstrated that ncRNAs may decrease or increase the treatment outcome of CDK4/6 inhibition. As a result, cell cycle-associated ncRNAs may act as predictors of CDK4/6 inhibition efficacy and perhaps present novel candidates for tumor therapy and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Hu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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2
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Cyclin E-induced replicative stress drives p53-dependent whole-genome duplication. Cell 2023; 186:528-542.e14. [PMID: 36681079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is a frequent event in cancer evolution and an important driver of aneuploidy. The role of the p53 tumor suppressor in WGD has been enigmatic: p53 can block the proliferation of tetraploid cells, acting as a barrier to WGD, but can also promote mitotic bypass, a key step in WGD via endoreduplication. In wild-type (WT) p53 tumors, WGD is frequently associated with activation of the E2F pathway, especially amplification of CCNE1, encoding cyclin E1. Here, we show that elevated cyclin E1 expression causes replicative stress, which activates ATR- and Chk1-dependent G2 phase arrest. p53, via its downstream target p21, together with Wee1, then inhibits mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase activity sufficiently to activate APC/CCdh1 and promote mitotic bypass. Cyclin E expression suppresses p53-dependent senescence after mitotic bypass, allowing cells to complete endoreduplication. Our results indicate that p53 can contribute to cancer evolution through the promotion of WGD.
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3
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Martín-Rufo R, de la Vega-Barranco G, Lecona E. Ubiquitin and SUMO as timers during DNA replication. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:62-73. [PMID: 35210137 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Every time a cell copies its DNA the genetic material is exposed to the acquisition of mutations and genomic alterations that corrupt the information passed on to daughter cells. A tight temporal regulation of DNA replication is necessary to ensure the full copy of the DNA while preventing the appearance of genomic instability. Protein modification by ubiquitin and SUMO constitutes a very complex and versatile system that allows the coordinated control of protein stability, activity and interactome. In chromatin, their action is complemented by the AAA+ ATPase VCP/p97 that recognizes and removes ubiquitylated and SUMOylated factors from specific cellular compartments. The concerted action of the ubiquitin/SUMO system and VCP/p97 determines every step of DNA replication enforcing the ordered activation/inactivation, loading/unloading and stabilization/destabilization of replication factors. Here we analyze the mechanisms used by ubiquitin/SUMO and VCP/p97 to establish molecular timers throughout DNA replication and their relevance in maintaining genome stability. We propose that these PTMs are the main molecular watch of DNA replication from origin recognition to replisome disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Martín-Rufo
- Chromatin, Cancer and the Ubiquitin System lab, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Department of Genome Dynamics and Function, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Guillermo de la Vega-Barranco
- Chromatin, Cancer and the Ubiquitin System lab, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Department of Genome Dynamics and Function, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Emilio Lecona
- Chromatin, Cancer and the Ubiquitin System lab, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Department of Genome Dynamics and Function, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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4
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Wong MK, Ho VWS, Huang X, Chan LY, Xie D, Li R, Ren X, Guan G, Ma Y, Hu B, Yan H, Zhao Z. Initial characterization of gap phase introduction in every cell cycle of C. elegans embryogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:978962. [PMID: 36393848 PMCID: PMC9641140 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.978962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Early embryonic cell cycles usually alternate between S and M phases without any gap phase. When the gap phases are developmentally introduced in various cell types remains poorly defined especially during embryogenesis. To establish the cell-specific introduction of gap phases in embryo, we generate multiple fluorescence ubiquitin cell cycle indicators (FUCCI) in C. elegans. Time-lapse 3D imaging followed by lineal expression profiling reveals sharp and differential accumulation of the FUCCI reporters, allowing the systematic demarcation of cell cycle phases throughout embryogenesis. Accumulation of the reporters reliably identifies both G1 and G2 phases only in two embryonic cells with an extended cell cycle length, suggesting that the remaining cells divide either without a G1 phase, or with a brief G1 phase that is too short to be picked up by our reporters. In summary, we provide an initial picture of gap phase introduction in a metazoan embryo. The newly developed FUCCI reporters pave the way for further characterization of developmental control of cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Kin Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vincy Wing Sze Ho
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaotai Huang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lu-Yan Chan
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dongying Xie
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Runsheng Li
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoliang Ren
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guoye Guan
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Boyi Hu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhongying Zhao
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongying Zhao,
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5
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Okoye CN, Rowling PJE, Itzhaki LS, Lindon C. Counting Degrons: Lessons From Multivalent Substrates for Targeted Protein Degradation. Front Physiol 2022; 13:913063. [PMID: 35860655 PMCID: PMC9289945 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.913063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
E3s comprise a structurally diverse group of at least 800 members, most of which target multiple substrates through specific and regulated protein-protein interactions. These interactions typically rely on short linear motifs (SLiMs), called "degrons", in an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of the substrate, with variable rules of engagement governing different E3-docking events. These rules of engagement are of importance to the field of targeted protein degradation (TPD), where substrate ubiquitination and destruction require tools to effectively harness ubiquitin ligases (E3s). Substrates are often found to contain multiple degrons, or multiple copies of a degron, contributing to the affinity and selectivity of the substrate for its E3. One important paradigm for E3-substrate docking is presented by the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), a multi-subunit E3 ligase that targets hundreds of proteins for destruction during mitotic exit. APC/C substrate targeting takes place in an ordered manner thought to depend on tightly regulated interactions of substrates, with docking sites provided by the substoichiometric APC/C substrate adaptors and coactivators, Cdc20 or Cdh1/FZR1. Both structural and functional studies of individual APC/C substrates indicate that productive ubiquitination usually requires more than one degron, and that degrons are of different types docking to distinct sites on the coactivators. However, the dynamic nature of APC/C substrate recruitment, and the influence of multiple degrons, remains poorly understood. Here we review the significance of multiple degrons in a number of E3-substrate interactions that have been studied in detail, illustrating distinct kinetic effects of multivalency and allovalency, before addressing the role of multiple degrons in APC/C substrates, key to understanding ordered substrate destruction by APC/C. Lastly, we consider how lessons learnt from these studies can be applied in the design of TPD tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Catherine Lindon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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6
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Deng T, Zhu Q, Xie L, Liu Y, Peng Y, Yin L, Gao Y, Cao T, Fu Y, Qi X, Zhang S, Peng Y, Hou Y, Li X. Norcantharidin promotes cancer radiosensitization through Cullin1 neddylation-mediated CDC6 protein degradation. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:812-824. [PMID: 35652616 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a conventional cancer therapeutic modality. However, cancer cells tend to develop radioresistance after a period of treatment. Diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for radiosensitivity are severely lacking. Our recently published studies demonstrated that the cell division cycle (CDC6) is a critical molecule contributing to radioresistance, and maybe a potential therapeutic target to overcome radioresistance. In the present study, we for the first time reported that Norcantharidin (NCTD), a demethylated form of cantharidin, re-sensitized radioresistant cancer cells to overcome radioresistance, and synergistically promoted irradiation (IR)-induced cell killing and apoptosis by inducing CDC6 protein degradation. Mechanistically, NCTD induced CDC6 protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathways. By using small interfering RNA (siRNA) interference or small compound inhibitors, we further determined that NCTD induced CDC6 protein degradation through a neddylation-dependent pathway, but not through Huwe1, Cyclin F, and APC/C-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathways. We screened the six most relevant Cullin subunits (CUL1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, and 5) using siRNAs. The knockdown of Cullin1 but not the other five cullins remarkably elevated CDC6 protein levels. NCTD promoted the binding of Cullin1 to CDC6, thereby promoting CDC6 protein degradation through a Cullin1 neddylation-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. NCTD can be used in combination with radiotherapy to achieve better anticancer efficacy, or work as a radiosensitizer to overcome cancer radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanggang Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianling Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Youhong Liu
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuchong Peng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Linglong Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingxue Gao
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tuoyu Cao
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuxin Fu
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuli Qi
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Songwei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yongbo Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Youxiang Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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7
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Bruno S, Ghelli Luserna di Rorà A, Napolitano R, Soverini S, Martinelli G, Simonetti G. CDC20 in and out of mitosis: a prognostic factor and therapeutic target in hematological malignancies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:159. [PMID: 35490245 PMCID: PMC9055704 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle 20 homologue (CDC20) is a well-known regulator of cell cycle, as it controls the correct segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. Many studies have focused on the biological role of CDC20 in cancer development, as alterations of its functionality have been linked to genomic instability and evidence demonstrated that high CDC20 expression levels are associated with poor overall survival in solid cancers. More recently, novel CDC20 functions have been demonstrated or suggested, including the regulation of apoptosis and stemness properties and a correlation with immune cell infiltration. Here, we here summarize and discuss the role of CDC20 inside and outside mitosis, starting from its network of interacting proteins. In the last years, CDC20 has also attracted more interest in the blood cancer field, being overexpressed and showing an association with prognosis both in myeloid and lymphoid malignancies. Preclinical findings showed that selective CDC20 and APC/CCDC20/APC/CCDH1 inhibitors, namely Apcin and proTAME, are effective against lymphoma and multiple myeloma cells, resulting in mitotic arrest and apoptosis and synergizing with clinically-relevant drugs. The evidence and hypothesis presented in this review provide the input for further biological and chemical studies aiming to dissect novel potential CDC20 roles and targeting strategies in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bruno
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna and Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Ghelli Luserna di Rorà
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy.
| | - Roberta Napolitano
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Simona Soverini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna and Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Scientific Directorate, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giorgia Simonetti
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", via Piero Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
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8
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Thielhelm TP, Goncalves S, Welford SM, Mellon EA, Cohen ER, Nourbakhsh A, Fernandez-Valle C, Telischi F, Ivan ME, Dinh CT. Understanding the Radiobiology of Vestibular Schwannomas to Overcome Radiation Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4575. [PMID: 34572805 PMCID: PMC8467596 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are benign tumors arising from cranial nerve VIII that account for 8-10% of all intracranial tumors and are the most common tumors of the cerebellopontine angle. These tumors are typically managed with observation, radiation therapy, or microsurgical resection. Of the VS that are irradiated, there is a subset of tumors that are radioresistant and continue to grow; the mechanisms behind this phenomenon are not fully understood. In this review, the authors summarize how radiation causes cellular and DNA injury that can activate (1) checkpoints in the cell cycle to initiate cell cycle arrest and DNA repair and (2) key events that lead to cell death. In addition, we discuss the current knowledge of VS radiobiology and how it may contribute to clinical outcomes. A better understanding of VS radiobiology can help optimize existing treatment protocols and lead to new therapies to overcome radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torin P Thielhelm
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Stefania Goncalves
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Scott M Welford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eric A Mellon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Erin R Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Aida Nourbakhsh
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Cristina Fernandez-Valle
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Fred Telischi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michael E Ivan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Christine T Dinh
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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9
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Benary M, Bohn S, Lüthen M, Nolis IK, Blüthgen N, Loewer A. Disentangling Pro-mitotic Signaling during Cell Cycle Progression using Time-Resolved Single-Cell Imaging. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107514. [PMID: 32294432 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells rely on input from extracellular growth factors to control their proliferation during development and adult homeostasis. Such mitogenic inputs are transmitted through multiple signaling pathways that synergize to precisely regulate cell cycle entry and progression. Although the architecture of these signaling networks has been characterized in molecular detail, their relative contribution, especially at later cell cycle stages, remains largely unexplored. By combining quantitative time-resolved measurements of fluorescent reporters in untransformed human cells with targeted pharmacological inhibitors and statistical analysis, we quantify epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced signal processing in individual cells over time and dissect the dynamic contribution of downstream pathways. We define signaling features that encode information about extracellular ligand concentrations and critical time windows for inducing cell cycle transitions. We show that both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity are necessary for initial cell cycle entry, whereas only PI3K affects the duration of S phase at later stages of mitogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Benary
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Integrative Research Institute Life Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bohn
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mareen Lüthen
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilias K Nolis
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Blüthgen
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Integrative Research Institute Life Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Loewer
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Dang F, Nie L, Wei W. Ubiquitin signaling in cell cycle control and tumorigenesis. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:427-438. [PMID: 33130827 PMCID: PMC7862229 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00648-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle progression is a tightly regulated process by which DNA replicates and cell reproduces. The major driving force underlying cell cycle progression is the sequential activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which is achieved in part by the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of their cyclin partners and kinase inhibitors (CKIs). In eukaryotic cells, two families of E3 ubiquitin ligases, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome and Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein complex, are responsible for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of many of these CDK regulators, ensuring cell cycle progresses in a timely and precisely regulated manner. In the past couple of decades, accumulating evidence have demonstrated that the dysregulated cell cycle transition caused by inefficient proteolytic control leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation and finally results in tumorigenesis. Based upon this notion, targeting the E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle regulation is expected to provide novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Thus, a better understanding of the diversity and complexity of ubiquitin signaling in cell cycle regulation will shed new light on the precise control of the cell cycle progression and guide anticancer drug development. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabin Dang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Li Nie
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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11
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Manohar S, Yu Q, Gygi SP, King RW. The Insulin Receptor Adaptor IRS2 is an APC/C Substrate That Promotes Cell Cycle Protein Expression and a Robust Spindle Assembly Checkpoint. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1450-1467. [PMID: 32554797 PMCID: PMC8143631 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) is an essential adaptor that mediates signaling downstream of the insulin receptor and other receptor tyrosine kinases. Transduction through IRS2-dependent pathways is important for coordinating metabolic homeostasis, and dysregulation of IRS2 causes systemic insulin signaling defects. Despite the importance of maintaining proper IRS2 abundance, little is known about what factors mediate its protein stability. We conducted an unbiased proteomic screen to uncover novel substrates of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), a ubiquitin ligase that controls the abundance of key cell cycle regulators. We found that IRS2 levels are regulated by APC/C activity and that IRS2 is a direct APC/C target in G1 Consistent with the APC/C's role in degrading cell cycle regulators, quantitative proteomic analysis of IRS2-null cells revealed a deficiency in proteins involved in cell cycle progression. We further show that cells lacking IRS2 display a weakened spindle assembly checkpoint in cells treated with microtubule inhibitors. Together, these findings reveal a new pathway for IRS2 turnover and indicate that IRS2 is a component of the cell cycle control system in addition to acting as an essential metabolic regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Manohar
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randall W King
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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12
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Holder J, Mohammed S, Barr FA. Ordered dephosphorylation initiated by the selective proteolysis of cyclin B drives mitotic exit. eLife 2020; 9:e59885. [PMID: 32869743 PMCID: PMC7529458 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
APC/C-mediated proteolysis of cyclin B and securin promotes anaphase entry, inactivating CDK1 and permitting chromosome segregation, respectively. Reduction of CDK1 activity relieves inhibition of the CDK1-counteracting phosphatases PP1 and PP2A-B55, allowing wide-spread dephosphorylation of substrates. Meanwhile, continued APC/C activity promotes proteolysis of other mitotic regulators. Together, these activities orchestrate a complex series of events during mitotic exit. However, the relative importance of regulated proteolysis and dephosphorylation in dictating the order and timing of these events remains unclear. Using high temporal-resolution proteomics, we compare the relative extent of proteolysis and protein dephosphorylation. This reveals highly-selective rapid proteolysis of cyclin B, securin and geminin at the metaphase-anaphase transition, followed by slow proteolysis of other substrates. Dephosphorylation requires APC/C-dependent destruction of cyclin B and was resolved into PP1-dependent categories with unique sequence motifs. We conclude that dephosphorylation initiated by selective proteolysis of cyclin B drives the bulk of changes observed during mitotic exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Holder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Francis A Barr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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13
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Abdelbaki A, Akman HB, Poteau M, Grant R, Gavet O, Guarguaglini G, Lindon C. AURKA destruction is decoupled from its activity at mitotic exit but is essential to suppress interphase activity. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs243071. [PMID: 32393600 PMCID: PMC7328152 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity of AURKA is controlled through multiple mechanisms including phosphorylation, ubiquitin-mediated degradation and allosteric interaction with TPX2. Activity peaks at mitosis, before AURKA is degraded during and after mitotic exit in a process strictly dependent on the APC/C coactivator FZR1. We used FZR1 knockout cells (FZR1KO) and a novel FRET-based AURKA biosensor to investigate how AURKA activity is regulated in the absence of destruction. We found that AURKA activity in FZR1KO cells dropped at mitotic exit as rapidly as in parental cells, despite absence of AURKA destruction. Unexpectedly, TPX2 was degraded normally in FZR1KO cells. Overexpression of an N-terminal TPX2 fragment sufficient for AURKA binding, but that is not degraded at mitotic exit, caused delay in AURKA inactivation. We conclude that inactivation of AURKA at mitotic exit is determined not by AURKA degradation but by degradation of TPX2 and therefore is dependent on CDC20 rather than FZR1. The biosensor revealed that FZR1 instead suppresses AURKA activity in interphase and is critically required for assembly of the interphase mitochondrial network after mitosis.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelbaki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - H Begum Akman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Marion Poteau
- Institut Gustave Roussy, UMR9019 - CNRS, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Rhys Grant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Olivier Gavet
- Institut Gustave Roussy, UMR9019 - CNRS, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Giulia Guarguaglini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Via degli Apuli 4, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Catherine Lindon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, UK
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14
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Grant GD, Kedziora KM, Limas JC, Cook JG, Purvis JE. Accurate delineation of cell cycle phase transitions in living cells with PIP-FUCCI. Cell Cycle 2019; 17:2496-2516. [PMID: 30421640 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1547001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle phase transitions are tightly orchestrated to ensure efficient cell cycle progression and genome stability. Interrogating these transitions is important for understanding both normal and pathological cell proliferation. By quantifying the dynamics of the popular FUCCI reporters relative to the transitions into and out of S phase, we found that their dynamics are substantially and variably offset from true S phase boundaries. To enhance detection of phase transitions, we generated a new reporter whose oscillations are directly coupled to DNA replication and combined it with the FUCCI APC/C reporter to create "PIP-FUCCI". The PIP degron fusion protein precisely marks the G1/S and S/G2 transitions; shows a rapid decrease in signal in response to large doses of DNA damage only during G1; and distinguishes cell type-specific and DNA damage source-dependent arrest phenotypes. We provide guidance to investigators in selecting appropriate fluorescent cell cycle reporters and new analysis strategies for delineating cell cycle transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Grant
- a Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,b Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Katarzyna M Kedziora
- c Department of Genetics , The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Juanita C Limas
- d Department of Pharmacology , The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Jeanette Gowen Cook
- a Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,b Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,d Department of Pharmacology , The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Jeremy E Purvis
- b Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,c Department of Genetics , The University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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15
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Wu Q, Zhang W, Xue L, Wang Y, Fu M, Ma L, Song Y, Zhan QM. APC/C-CDH1–Regulated IDH3β Coordinates with the Cell Cycle to Promote Cell Proliferation. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3281-3293. [PMID: 31053633 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingnan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Liyan Xue
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Min Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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16
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Petrachkova T, Wortinger LA, Bard AJ, Singh J, Warga RM, Kane DA. Lack of Cyclin B1 in zebrafish causes lengthening of G2 and M phases. Dev Biol 2019; 451:167-179. [PMID: 30930047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An essential part of the Mitosis Promoting Factor, Cyclin B1 is indispensable for cells to enter mitosis. We report here that the zebrafish early arrest mutant specter is a loss-of-function mutation in the сyclin B1 gene. cyclin B1 is maternally transcribed in zebrafish, and the zygotic phenotype is apparent by early segmentation. Lack of zygotic Cyclin B1 does not stop cells from dividing, rather it causes an abnormal and elongated progression through the G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. Many mutant cells show signs of chromosomal instability or enter apoptosis. Using CRISPR-mediated gene editing, we produced a more severe gain-of-function mutation confirming that specter is the result of nonfunctional Cyclin B1. Although also a recessive phenotype, this new mutation produces an alternative splice-form of cyclin B1 mRNA, whose product lacks several key components for Cyclin B1, but not the Cdk1-binding domain. This mutant form of Cyclin B1 completely prevents cell division. We conclude that, although Cyclin B1 is critical for cells to enter mitosis, another cell cycle protein may be cooperating with Cdk1 at the G2/M checkpoint to sustain a partly functional Mitosis Promoting Factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Petrachkova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA.
| | - Laura A Wortinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Amber J Bard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Jyotika Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Rachel M Warga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Donald A Kane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
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17
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Aygun N, Altungoz O. MYCN is amplified during S phase, and c‑myb is involved in controlling MYCN expression and amplification in MYCN‑amplified neuroblastoma cell lines. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:345-361. [PMID: 30483774 PMCID: PMC6297758 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma derived from primitive sympathetic neural precursors is a common type of solid tumor in infants. MYCN proto-oncogene bHLH transcription factor (MYCN) amplification and 1p36 deletion are important factors associated with the poor prognosis of neuroblastoma. Expression levels of MYCN and c-MYB proto-oncogene transcription factor (c-myb) decline during the differentiation of neuroblastoma cells; E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1) activates the MYCN promoter. However, the underlying mechanism of MYCN overexpression and amplification requires further investigation. In the present study, potential c-Myb target genes, and the effect of c-myb RNA interference (RNAi) on MYCN expression and amplification were investigated in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines. The mRNA expression levels and MYCN gene copy number in five neuroblastoma cell lines were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, variations in potential target gene expression and MYCN gene copy number between pre- and post-c-myb RNAi treatment groups in MYCN-amplified Kelly, IMR32, SIMA and MHH-NB-11 cell lines, normalized to those of non-MYCN-amplified SH-SY5Y, were examined. To determine the associations between gene expression levels and chromosomal aberrations, MYCN amplification and 1p36 alterations in interphases/metaphases were analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Statistical analyses revealed correlations between 1p36 alterations and the expression of c-myb, MYB proto-oncogene like 2 (B-myb) and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21). Additionally, the results of the present study also demonstrated that c-myb may be associated with E2F1 and L3MBTL1 histone methyl-lysine binding protein (L3MBTL1) expression, and that E2F1 may contribute to MYCN, B-myb, p21 and chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1 (hCdt1) expression, but to the repression of geminin (GMNN). On c-myb RNAi treatment, L3MBTL1 expression was silenced, while GMNN was upregulated, indicating G2/M arrest. In addition, MYCN gene copy number increased following treatment with c-myb RNAi. Notably, the present study also reported a 43.545% sequence identity between upstream of MYCN and Drosophila melanogaster amplification control element 3, suggesting that expression and/or amplification mechanisms of developmentally-regulated genes may be evolutionarily conserved. In conclusion, c-myb may be associated with regulating MYCN expression and amplification. c-myb, B-myb and p21 may also serve a role against chromosome 1p aberrations. Together, it was concluded that MYCN gene is amplified during S phase, potentially via a replication-based mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevim Aygun
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Oguz Altungoz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
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18
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Hernández-Carralero E, Cabrera E, Alonso-de Vega I, Hernández-Pérez S, Smits VAJ, Freire R. Control of DNA Replication Initiation by Ubiquitin. Cells 2018; 7:E146. [PMID: 30241373 PMCID: PMC6211026 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells divide by accomplishing a program of events in which the replication of the genome is a fundamental part. To ensure all cells have an accurate copy of the genome, DNA replication occurs only once per cell cycle and is controlled by numerous pathways. A key step in this process is the initiation of DNA replication in which certain regions of DNA are marked as competent to replicate. Moreover, initiation of DNA replication needs to be coordinated with other cell cycle processes. At the molecular level, initiation of DNA replication relies, among other mechanisms, upon post-translational modifications, including the conjugation and hydrolysis of ubiquitin. An example is the precise control of the levels of the DNA replication initiation protein Cdt1 and its inhibitor Geminin by ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. This control ensures that DNA replication occurs with the right timing during the cell cycle, thereby avoiding re-replication events. Here, we review the events that involve ubiquitin signalling during DNA replication initiation, and how they are linked to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Hernández-Carralero
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Elisa Cabrera
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Alonso-de Vega
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Santiago Hernández-Pérez
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Veronique A J Smits
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Ofra s/n, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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19
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Yu X, Liu Y, Yin L, Peng Y, Peng Y, Gao Y, Yuan B, Zhu Q, Cao T, Xie B, Sun L, Chen Y, Gong Z, Qiu Y, Fan X, Li X. Radiation-promoted CDC6 protein stability contributes to radioresistance by regulating senescence and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Oncogene 2018; 38:549-563. [PMID: 30158672 PMCID: PMC6345673 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a conventional cancer therapeutic, to which cancer cells develop radioresistance with exposure. The residual cancer cells after radiation treatment also have increased metastatic potential. The mechanisms by which cancer cells develop radioresistance and gain metastatic potential are still unknown. In this study acute IR exposure induced cancer cell senescence and apoptosis, but after long-term IR exposure, cancer cells exhibited radioresistance. The proliferation of radioresistant cells was retarded, and most cells were arrested in G0/G1 phase. The radioresistant cells simultaneously showed resistance to further IR-induced apoptosis, premature senescence, and epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Acute IR exposure steadily elevated CDC6 protein levels due to the attenuation of ubiquitination, while CDC6 overexpression was observed in the radioresistant cells because the insufficiency of CDC6 phosphorylation blocked protein translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm, resulting in subcellular protein accumulation when the cells were arrested in G0/G1 phase. CDC6 ectopic overexpression in CNE2 cells resulted in apoptosis resistance, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, premature senescence, and EMT, similar to the characteristics of radioresistant CNE2-R cells. Targeting CDC6 with siRNA promoted IR-induced senescence, sensitized cancer cells to IR-induced apoptosis, and reversed EMT. Furthermore, CDC6 depletion synergistically repressed the growth of CNE2-R xenografts when combined with IR. The study describes for the first time cell models for IR-induced senescence, apoptosis resistance, and EMT, three major mechanisms by which radioresistance develops. CDC6 is a novel radioresistance switch regulating senescence, apoptosis, and EMT. These studies suggest that CDC6highKI67low represents a new diagnostic marker of radiosensitivity, and CDC6 represents a new therapeutic target for cancer radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Youhong Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Linglong Yin
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongbo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuchong Peng
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingxue Gao
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bowen Yuan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianling Zhu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tuoyu Cao
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bowen Xie
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanzheng Qiu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuegong Fan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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20
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Rona G, Roberti D, Yin Y, Pagan JK, Homer H, Sassani E, Zeke A, Busino L, Rothenberg E, Pagano M. PARP1-dependent recruitment of the FBXL10-RNF68-RNF2 ubiquitin ligase to sites of DNA damage controls H2A.Z loading. eLife 2018; 7:e38771. [PMID: 29985131 PMCID: PMC6037479 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian FBXL10-RNF68-RNF2 ubiquitin ligase complex (FRRUC) mono-ubiquitylates H2A at Lys119 to repress transcription in unstressed cells. We found that the FRRUC is rapidly and transiently recruited to sites of DNA damage in a PARP1- and TIMELESS-dependent manner to promote mono-ubiquitylation of H2A at Lys119, a local decrease of H2A levels, and an increase of H2A.Z incorporation. Both the FRRUC and H2A.Z promote transcriptional repression, double strand break signaling, and homologous recombination repair (HRR). All these events require both the presence and activity of the FRRUC. Moreover, the FRRUC and its activity are required for the proper recruitment of BMI1-RNF2 and MEL18-RNF2, two other ubiquitin ligases that mono-ubiquitylate Lys119 in H2A upon genotoxic stress. Notably, whereas H2A.Z is not required for H2A mono-ubiquitylation, impairment of the latter results in the inhibition of H2A.Z incorporation. We propose that the recruitment of the FRRUC represents an early and critical regulatory step in HRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Rona
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Perlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Domenico Roberti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Perlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Yandong Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Perlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Julia K Pagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Perlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Harrison Homer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Perlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Elizabeth Sassani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Perlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Andras Zeke
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural SciencesHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Luca Busino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Perlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Perlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Perlmutter Cancer CenterNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
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21
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Matson JP, Dumitru R, Coryell P, Baxley RM, Chen W, Twaroski K, Webber BR, Tolar J, Bielinsky AK, Purvis JE, Cook JG. Rapid DNA replication origin licensing protects stem cell pluripotency. eLife 2017; 6:30473. [PMID: 29148972 PMCID: PMC5720591 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete and robust human genome duplication requires loading minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase complexes at many DNA replication origins, an essential process termed origin licensing. Licensing is restricted to G1 phase of the cell cycle, but G1 length varies widely among cell types. Using quantitative single-cell analyses, we found that pluripotent stem cells with naturally short G1 phases load MCM much faster than their isogenic differentiated counterparts with long G1 phases. During the earliest stages of differentiation toward all lineages, MCM loading slows concurrently with G1 lengthening, revealing developmental control of MCM loading. In contrast, ectopic Cyclin E overproduction uncouples short G1 from fast MCM loading. Rapid licensing in stem cells is caused by accumulation of the MCM loading protein, Cdt1. Prematurely slowing MCM loading in pluripotent cells not only lengthens G1 but also accelerates differentiation. Thus, rapid origin licensing is an intrinsic characteristic of stem cells that contributes to pluripotency maintenance. From red blood cells to nerve cells, animals’ bodies contain many different types of specialized cells. These all begin as stem cells, which have the potential to divide and make more stem cells or to specialize. All dividing cells must first unwind their DNA so that it can be copied. To achieve this, cells load DNA-unwinding enzymes called helicases onto their DNA during the part of the cell cycle known as G1 phase. Cells must load enough helicase enzymes to ensure that their DNA is copied completely and in time. Stem cells divide faster than their specialized descendants, and have a much shorter G1 phase too. Yet these cells still manage to load enough helicases to copy their DNA. Little is known about how the amount, rate and timing of helicase loading varies between cells that divide at different speeds. Now Matson et al. have measured how quickly helicase enzymes are loaded onto DNA in individual human cells, including stem cells and specialized or “differentiated” cells. Stem cells loaded helicases rapidly to make up for the short time they spent in G1 phase, while differentiated cells loaded the enzymes more slowly. Measuring how the loading rate changed when stem cells were triggered to specialize showed that helicase loading slowed as the G1 phase got longer. Matson et al. found that the levels of key proteins required for helicase loading correlated with the rates of loading. Altering the levels of the proteins changed how quickly the enzymes were loaded and how the cells behaved – for example, slowing down the loading of helicases made the stem cells specialize quicker. These findings show that the processes of cell differentiation and DNA replication are closely linked. This study and future ones will help scientists understand what is happening during early animal development, when specialization first takes place, as well as what has gone wrong in cancer cells, which also divide quickly. A better understanding of this process also helps in regenerative medicine – where one of the challenges is to make enough specialized cells to transplant into a patient with tissue damage without those cells becoming cancerous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Peter Matson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Raluca Dumitru
- Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Core Facility, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Philip Coryell
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Ryan M Baxley
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Weili Chen
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States
| | - Kirk Twaroski
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States
| | - Beau R Webber
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, United States
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Jeremy E Purvis
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Jeanette Gowen Cook
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
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22
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USP37 deubiquitinates Cdt1 and contributes to regulate DNA replication. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:1196-206. [PMID: 27296872 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication control is a key process in maintaining genomic integrity. Monitoring DNA replication initiation is particularly important as it needs to be coordinated with other cellular events and should occur only once per cell cycle. Crucial players in the initiation of DNA replication are the ORC protein complex, marking the origin of replication, and the Cdt1 and Cdc6 proteins, that license these origins to replicate by recruiting the MCM2-7 helicase. To accurately achieve its functions, Cdt1 is tightly regulated. Cdt1 levels are high from metaphase and during G1 and low in S/G2 phases of the cell cycle. This control is achieved, among other processes, by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In an overexpression screen for Cdt1 deubiquitinating enzymes, we isolated USP37, to date the first ubiquitin hydrolase controlling Cdt1. USP37 overexpression stabilizes Cdt1, most likely a phosphorylated form of the protein. In contrast, USP37 knock down destabilizes Cdt1, predominantly during G1 and G1/S phases of the cell cycle. USP37 interacts with Cdt1 and is able to de-ubiquitinate Cdt1 in vivo and, USP37 is able to regulate the loading of MCM complexes onto the chromatin. In addition, downregulation of USP37 reduces DNA replication fork speed. Taken together, here we show that the deubiquitinase USP37 plays an important role in the regulation of DNA replication. Whether this is achieved via Cdt1, a central protein in this process, which we have shown to be stabilized by USP37, or via additional factors, remains to be tested.
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Segev H, Zenvirth D, Simpson-Lavy KJ, Melamed-Book N, Brandeis M. Imaging Cell Cycle Phases and Transitions of Living Cells from Yeast to Woman. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1342:321-36. [PMID: 26254934 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2957-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell cycle is comprised of different phases that take place sequentially once, and normally only once, every division cycle. Such a dynamic process is best viewed in real time in living dividing cells. The insights that can be gained from such methods are considerably larger than any alternative technique that only generates snapshots. A great number of studies can gain from live cell imaging; however this method often feels somewhat intimidating to the novice. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate that imaging cell cycle phases in living cells from yeast to human is relatively easy and can be performed with equipment that is available in most research institutes. We present the different approaches, review different types of reporters, and discuss in depth all the aspects to be considered to obtain optimal results. We also describe our latest cell cycle markers, which afford unprecedented "sub"-phase temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Segev
- The Department of Genetics and The Bio-Imaging Unit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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24
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Link LA, Howley BV, Hussey GS, Howe PH. PCBP1/HNRNP E1 Protects Chromosomal Integrity by Translational Regulation of CDC27. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:634-46. [PMID: 27102006 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED CDC27 is a core component of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase, whose oscillatory activity is responsible for the metaphase-to-anaphase transition and mitotic exit. Here, in normal murine mammary gland epithelial cells (NMuMG), CDC27 expression is controlled posttranscriptionally through the RNA binding protein poly(rC) binding protein 1 (PCBP1)/heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1 (HNRNP E1). shRNA-mediated knockdown of HNRNP E1 abrogates translational silencing of the Cdc27 transcript, resulting in constitutive expression of CDC27. Dysregulated expression of CDC27 leads to premature activation of the G2-M-APC/C-CDC20 complex, resulting in the aberrant degradation of FZR1/CDH1, a cofactor of the G1 and late G2-M-APC/C and a substrate normally reserved for the SCF-βTRCP ligase. Loss of CDH1 expression and of APC/C-CDH1 activity, upon constitutive expression of CDC27, results in mitotic aberrations and aneuploidy in NMuMG cells. Furthermore, tissue microarray of breast cancer patient tumor samples reveals high CDC27 levels compared with nonneoplastic breast tissue and a significant correlation between disease recurrence and CDC27 expression. These results suggest that dysregulation of HNRNP E1-mediated translational regulation of Cdc27 leads to chromosomal instability and aneuploidy and that CDC27 expression represents a significant predictor of breast cancer recurrence. IMPLICATIONS The RNA-binding protein HNRNP E1 mediates translational regulation of the cell-cycle regulator CDC27 and that dysregulation of CDC27 leads to aneuploidy. In addition, high CDC27 expression in breast cancer patient tumor specimens significantly predicts disease recurrence, suggesting a novel role for CDC27 as a predictor of relapse. Mol Cancer Res; 14(7); 634-46. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Link
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Breege V Howley
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - George S Hussey
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Philip H Howe
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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25
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Boekhout M, Yuan R, Wondergem AP, Segeren HA, van Liere EA, Awol N, Jansen I, Wolthuis RMF, de Bruin A, Westendorp B. Feedback regulation between atypical E2Fs and APC/CCdh1 coordinates cell cycle progression. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:414-27. [PMID: 26882548 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
E2F transcription factors control the oscillating expression pattern of multiple target genes during the cell cycle. Activator E2Fs, E2F1-3, induce an upswing of E2F targets, which is essential for the G1-to-S phase transition, whereas atypical E2Fs, E2F7 and E2F8, mediate a downswing of the same targets during late S, G2, and M phases. Expression of atypical E2Fs is induced by E2F1-3, but it is unknown how atypical E2Fs are inactivated in a timely manner. Here, we demonstrate that E2F7 and E2F8 are substrates of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Removal of CDH1, or mutating the CDH1-interacting KEN boxes, stabilized E2F7/8 from anaphase onwards and during G1. Expressing KEN mutant E2F7 during G1 impairs S phase entry and eventually results in cell death. Furthermore, we show that E2F8, but not E2F7, interacts also with APC/C(C) (dc20). Importantly, atypical E2Fs can activate APC/C(C) (dh1) by repressing its inhibitors cyclin A, cyclin E, and Emi1. In conclusion, we discovered a feedback loop between atypical E2Fs and APC/C(C) (dh1), which ensures balanced expression of cell cycle genes and normal cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Boekhout
- Division of Cell Biology I (B5), The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AvL), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruixue Yuan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annelotte P Wondergem
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrika A Segeren
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elsbeth A van Liere
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nesibu Awol
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Imke Jansen
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob M F Wolthuis
- Division of Cell Biology I (B5), The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AvL), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Westendorp
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Lindon C, Grant R, Min M. Ubiquitin-Mediated Degradation of Aurora Kinases. Front Oncol 2016; 5:307. [PMID: 26835416 PMCID: PMC4716142 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aurora kinases are essential regulators of mitosis in eukaryotes. In somatic cell divisions of higher eukaryotes, the paralogs Aurora kinase A (AurA) and Aurora kinase B (AurB) play non-overlapping roles that depend on their distinct spatiotemporal activities. These mitotic roles of Aurora kinases depend on their interactions with different partners that direct them to different mitotic destinations and different substrates: AurB is a component of the chromosome passenger complex that orchestrates the tasks of chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, while AurA has many known binding partners and mitotic roles, including a well-characterized interaction with TPX2 that mediates its role in mitotic spindle assembly. Beyond the spatial control conferred by different binding partners, Aurora kinases are subject to temporal control of their activation and inactivation. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is a critical route to irreversible inactivation of these kinases, which must occur for ordered transition from mitosis back to interphase. Both AurA and AurB undergo targeted proteolysis after anaphase onset as substrates of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase, even while they continue to regulate steps during mitotic exit. Temporal control of Aurora kinase destruction ensures that AurB remains active at the midbody during cytokinesis long after AurA activity has been largely eliminated from the cell. Differential destruction of Aurora kinases is achieved despite the fact that they are targeted at the same time and by the same ubiquitin ligase, making these substrates an interesting case study for investigating molecular determinants of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in higher eukaryotes. The prevalence of Aurora overexpression in cancers and their potential as therapeutic targets add importance to the task of understanding the molecular determinants of Aurora kinase stability. Here, we review what is known about ubiquitin-mediated targeting of these critical mitotic regulators and discuss the different factors that contribute to proteolytic control of Aurora kinase activity in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lindon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Rhys Grant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | - Mingwei Min
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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27
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The role of APC/C(Cdh1) in replication stress and origin of genomic instability. Oncogene 2015; 35:3062-70. [PMID: 26455319 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the APC/C(Cdh1) functions as a tumor suppressor by maintaining genomic stability. However, the exact nature of genomic instability following loss of Cdh1 is unclear. Using biochemistry and live cell imaging of single cells we found that Cdh1 knockdown (kd) leads to strong nuclear stabilization of the substrates cyclin A and B and deregulated kinetics of DNA replication. Restoration of the Cdh1-dependent G2 DNA damage checkpoint did not result in G2 arrest but blocked cells in prometaphase, suggesting that these cells enter mitosis despite incomplete replication. This results in DNA double-strand breaks, anaphase bridges, cytokinesis defects and tetraploidization. Tetraploid cells are the source of supernumerary centrosomes following Cdh1-kd, leading to multipolar mitosis or centrosome clustering, in turn resulting in merotelic attachment and lagging chromosomes. Whereas some of these events cause apoptosis during mitosis, surviving cells may accumulate chromosomal aberrations.
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Min M, Mevissen TET, De Luca M, Komander D, Lindon C. Efficient APC/C substrate degradation in cells undergoing mitotic exit depends on K11 ubiquitin linkages. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4325-32. [PMID: 26446837 PMCID: PMC4666129 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-02-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) directs programmed destruction of key cellular regulators via posttranslational modification of its targets with polyubiquitin chains. These commonly contain Lys-48 (K48)-directed ubiquitin linkages, but chains containing atypical Lys-11 (K11) linkages also target substrates to the proteasome--for example, to regulate cell cycle progression. The ubiquitin ligase called the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) controls mitotic exit. In higher eukaryotes, the APC/C works with the E2 enzyme UBE2S to assemble K11 linkages in cells released from mitotic arrest, and these are proposed to constitute an improved proteolytic signal during exit from mitosis. We tested this idea by correlating quantitative measures of in vivo K11-specific ubiquitination of individual substrates, including Aurora kinases, with their degradation kinetics tracked at the single-cell level. All anaphase substrates tested by this methodology are stabilized by depletion of K11 linkages via UBE2S knockdown, even if the same substrates are significantly modified with K48-linked polyubiquitin. Specific examination of substrates depending on the APC/C coactivator Cdh1 for their degradation revealed Cdh1-dependent enrichment of K11 chains on these substrates, whereas other ubiquitin linkages on the same substrates added during mitotic exit were Cdh1-independent. Therefore we show that K11 linkages provide the APC/C with a means to regulate the rate of substrate degradation in a coactivator-specified manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Min
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - Tycho E T Mevissen
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 OQH, United Kingdom
| | - Maria De Luca
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - David Komander
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 OQH, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Lindon
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
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29
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Defective sister chromatid cohesion is synthetically lethal with impaired APC/C function. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8399. [PMID: 26423134 PMCID: PMC4600715 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Warsaw breakage syndrome (WABS) is caused by defective DDX11, a DNA helicase that is essential for chromatid cohesion. Here, a paired genome-wide siRNA screen in patient-derived cell lines reveals that WABS cells do not tolerate partial depletion of individual APC/C subunits or the spindle checkpoint inhibitor p31comet. A combination of reduced cohesion and impaired APC/C function also leads to fatal mitotic arrest in diploid RPE1 cells. Moreover, WABS cell lines, and several cancer cell lines with cohesion defects, display a highly increased response to a new cell-permeable APC/C inhibitor, apcin, but not to the spindle poison paclitaxel. Synthetic lethality of APC/C inhibition and cohesion defects strictly depends on a functional mitotic spindle checkpoint as well as on intact microtubule pulling forces. This indicates that the underlying mechanism involves cohesion fatigue in response to mitotic delay, leading to spindle checkpoint re-activation and lethal mitotic arrest. Our results point to APC/C inhibitors as promising therapeutic agents targeting cohesion-defective cancers. Cohesion is associated with many forms of cancer. De Lange et al. show that such cohesion defects can sensitise cells to apoptosis in response to a new APC/C ubiquitin ligase inhibitor, by prolonging mitotic arrest and checkpoint activation due to cohesion fatigue.
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30
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Rahimi H, Ahmadzadeh A, Yousef-amoli S, Kokabee L, Shokrgozar MA, Mahdian R, Karimipoor M. The expression pattern of APC2 and APC7 in various cancer cell lines and AML patients. Adv Med Sci 2015; 60:259-63. [PMID: 26046517 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anaphase promoting complex (APC/C) is an E3 ligase enzyme, which ubiquinates various proteins involved in the cell cycle. This protein complex may have a pivotal role in the cell cycle control affecting pathological conditions such as cancer. APC7 and APC2 subunits of the APC/C complex are involved in the substrate recognition and the catalytic reaction, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, quantitative Real-time PCR was used to analyse APC2 and APC7 expression in different cancer cell lines as well as AML patient's blood cells. RESULTS The results showed that APC2 and APC7 subunits were both over expressed in cancer cell lines (p=0.008). The mean expression ratio of APC2 and APC7 in different cancer cells were 2.60±0.22 and 4.83±0.11, respectively. An increase in expression of APC2 and APC7 was seen among 12 out of 14 AML patients (85%). There was a significant positive correlation between APC2 upregulation and the detection of splenomegaly in the patients (r=0.808, p=0.001). CONCLUSION This was the first study suggesting that APC/C upregulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer and can be used as a molecular biomarker to predict the progression and the prognosis of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzeh Rahimi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadzadeh
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Shafa Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shamseddin Yousef-amoli
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Kokabee
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mortaza Karimipoor
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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31
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Tsunematsu T, Arakaki R, Yamada A, Ishimaru N, Kudo Y. The Non-Canonical Role of Aurora-A in DNA Replication. Front Oncol 2015; 5:187. [PMID: 26380219 PMCID: PMC4548192 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurora-A is a well-known mitotic kinase that regulates mitotic entry, spindle formation, and chromosome maturation as a canonical role. During mitosis, Aurora-A protein is stabilized by its phosphorylation at Ser51 via blocking anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-mediated proteolysis. Importantly, overexpression and/or hyperactivation of Aurora-A is involved in tumorigenesis via aneuploidy and genomic instability. Recently, the novel function of Aurora-A for DNA replication has been revealed. In mammalian cells, DNA replication is strictly regulated for preventing over-replication. Pre-replication complex (pre-RC) formation is required for DNA replication as an initiation step occurring at the origin of replication. The timing of pre-RC formation depends on the protein level of geminin, which is controlled by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Aurora-A phosphorylates geminin to prevent its ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis at the mitotic phase to ensure proper pre-RC formation and ensuing DNA replication. In this review, we introduce the novel non-canonical role of Aurora-A in DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Tsunematsu
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Rieko Arakaki
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Akiko Yamada
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
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32
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Tanenbaum ME, Stern-Ginossar N, Weissman JS, Vale RD. Regulation of mRNA translation during mitosis. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26305499 PMCID: PMC4548207 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Passage through mitosis is driven by precisely-timed changes in transcriptional regulation and protein degradation. However, the importance of translational regulation during mitosis remains poorly understood. Here, using ribosome profiling, we find both a global translational repression and identified ∼200 mRNAs that undergo specific translational regulation at mitotic entry. In contrast, few changes in mRNA abundance are observed, indicating that regulation of translation is the primary mechanism of modulating protein expression during mitosis. Interestingly, 91% of the mRNAs that undergo gene-specific regulation in mitosis are translationally repressed, rather than activated. One of the most pronounced translationally-repressed genes is Emi1, an inhibitor of the anaphase promoting complex (APC) which is degraded during mitosis. We show that full APC activation requires translational repression of Emi1 in addition to its degradation. These results identify gene-specific translational repression as a means of controlling the mitotic proteome, which may complement post-translational mechanisms for inactivating protein function. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07957.001 The human body contains billions of cells, most of which formed via a process called mitosis in which a single cell divides to produce two new daughter cells. Actively dividing cells pass through a series of events (or phases) that are collectively known as the cell cycle. These phases allow the cell to grow in size, copy its genetic material, and then make preparations for cell division before taking the final decision to divide. Many proteins are involved in regulating the cell cycle and each protein has a particular role in specific phases. The levels of these proteins in cells may change during the cycle, which is often crucial to allow the cell to progress to the next phase. For example, cells need a group of proteins called the anaphase-promoting complex (or APC for short) to destroy other specific proteins at the end of mitosis. Another way in which the amount of protein in a cell can be adjusted is by controlling how much new protein is made during a process known as translation. During this process, a molecule called a messenger RNA (mRNA)—which contains information copied from a particular gene—is used as a template to assemble a new protein. However, it is not clear whether regulation of translation is involved in control of the cell division. Tanenbaum et al. now address this question using a technique called ribosome profiling to measure the translation of individual mRNA molecules. The experiments analysed the changes in protein production before, during and after mitosis. The overall level of translation of all the mRNAs was about 35% lower during mitosis. However, some mRNAs in particular experienced a very large reduction in the level of translation (between three- and ten-fold less than the levels before mitosis). One example of an mRNA whose translation is turned off in mitosis is the mRNA that makes a protein called Emi1. It is known from previous work that Emi1 inhibits the activity of the APC. Therefore, Emi1 needs to be inactivated in mitosis so that the APC can become active and promote progression to the next phase of the cell cycle. It was previously shown that Emi1 is destroyed during mitosis to allow the APC to operate. Tanenbaum et al. found that translation of the Emi1 mRNA must also be suppressed during mitosis in order to keep Emi1 protein levels very low and allow the APC to become fully active. These findings uncover a new role for the control of protein production in regulating the cell cycle. The next challenge will be to find out whether suppression of translation is also used in other biological systems where proteins need to be rapidly inactivated. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07957.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin E Tanenbaum
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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33
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Clijsters L, van Zon W, Riet BT, Voets E, Boekhout M, Ogink J, Rumpf-Kienzl C, Wolthuis RMF. Inefficient degradation of cyclin B1 re-activates the spindle checkpoint right after sister chromatid disjunction. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2370-8. [PMID: 25483188 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatid separation creates a sudden loss of tension on kinetochores, which could, in principle, re-activate the spindle checkpoint in anaphase. This so-called "anaphase problem" is probably avoided by timely inactivation of cyclin B1-Cdk1, which may prevent the spindle tension sensing Aurora B kinase from destabilizing kinetochore-microtubule interactions as they lose tension in anaphase. However, exactly how spindle checkpoint re-activation is prevented remains unclear. Here, we investigated how different degrees of cyclin B1 stabilization affected the spindle checkpoint in metaphase and anaphase. Cells expressing a strongly stabilized (R42A) mutant of cyclin B1 degraded APC/C(Cdc20) substrates normally, showing that checkpoint release was not inhibited by high cyclin B1-Cdk1 activity. However, after this initial wave of APC/C(Cdc20) activity, the spindle checkpoint returned in cells with uncohesed sister chromatids. Expression of a lysine mutant of cyclin B1 that is degraded only slightly inefficiently allowed a normal metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Strikingly, however, the spindle checkpoint returned in cells that had not degraded the cyclin B1 mutant 10-15 min after anaphase onset. When cyclin B1 remained in late anaphase, cytokinesis stalled, and translocation of INCENP from separated sister chromatids to the spindle midzone was blocked. This late anaphase arrest required the activity of Aurora B and Mps1. In conclusion, our results reveal that complete removal of cyclin B1 is essential to prevent the return of the spindle checkpoint following sister chromatid disjunction. Speculatively, increasing activity of APC/C(Cdc20) in late anaphase helps to keep cyclin B1 levels low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Clijsters
- a Division of Cell Biology I (B5) and Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis (B7); The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AvL); Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nasmyth K. A meiotic mystery: How sister kinetochores avoid being pulled in opposite directions during the first division. Bioessays 2015; 37:657-65. [PMID: 25874377 PMCID: PMC4683677 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We now take for granted that despite the disproportionate contribution of females to initial growth of their progeny, there is little or no asymmetry in the contribution of males and females to the eventual character of their shared offspring. In fact, this key insight was only established towards the end of the eighteenth century by Joseph Koelreuter's pioneering plant breeding experiments. If males and females supply equal amounts of hereditary material, then the latter must double each time an embryo is conceived. How then does the amount of this mysterious stuff not multiply exponentially from generation to generation? A compensatory mechanism for diluting the hereditary material must exist, one that ensures that if each parent contributes one half, each grandparent contributes a quarter, and each great grandparent merely an eighth. An important piece of the puzzle of how hereditary material is diluted at each generation has been elucidated over the past ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Nasmyth
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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35
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Targeting Cdc20 as a novel cancer therapeutic strategy. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 151:141-51. [PMID: 25850036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC, also called APC/C) regulates cell cycle progression by forming two closely related, but functionally distinct E3 ubiquitin ligase sub-complexes, APC(Cdc20) and APC(Cdh1), respectively. Emerging evidence has begun to reveal that Cdc20 and Cdh1 have opposing functions in tumorigenesis. Specifically, Cdh1 functions largely as a tumor suppressor, whereas Cdc20 exhibits an oncogenic function, suggesting that Cdc20 could be a promising therapeutic target for combating human cancer. However, the exact underlying molecular mechanisms accounting for their differences in tumorigenesis remain largely unknown. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the downstream substrates of Cdc20 and the critical functions of Cdc20 in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, ciliary disassembly and brain development. Moreover, we briefly describe the upstream regulators of Cdc20 and the oncogenic role of Cdc20 in a variety of human malignancies. Furthermore, we summarize multiple pharmacological Cdc20 inhibitors including TAME and Apcin, and their potential clinical benefits. Taken together, development of specific Cdc20 inhibitors could be a novel strategy for the treatment of human cancers with elevated Cdc20 expression.
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36
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Voets E, Wolthuis R. MASTL promotes cyclin B1 destruction by enforcing Cdc20-independent binding of cyclin B1 to the APC/C. Biol Open 2015; 4:484-95. [PMID: 25750436 PMCID: PMC4400591 DOI: 10.1242/bio.201410793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When cells enter mitosis, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is activated by phosphorylation and binding of Cdc20. The RXXL destruction box (D-box) of cyclin B1 only binds Cdc20 after release of the spindle checkpoint in metaphase, initiating cyclin B1 ubiquitination upon chromosome bi-orientation. However, we found that cyclin B1, through Cdk1 and Cks, is targeted to the phosphorylated APC/CCdc20 at the start of prometaphase, when the spindle checkpoint is still active. Here, we show that MASTL is essential for cyclin B1 recruitment to the mitotic APC/C and that this occurs entirely independently of Cdc20. Importantly, MASTL-directed binding of cyclin B1 to spindle checkpoint-inhibited APC/CCdc20 critically supports efficient cyclin B1 destruction after checkpoint release. A high incidence of anaphase bridges observed in response to MASTL RNAi may result from cyclin B1 remaining after securin destruction, which is insufficient to keep MASTL-depleted cells in mitosis but delays the activation of separase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Voets
- Division of Cell Biology I (B5) and Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis (B7), The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AvL), Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Wolthuis
- Division of Cell Biology I (B5) and Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis (B7), The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AvL), Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands Section of Oncogenetics, Department of Clinical Genetics and CCA/V-ICI Research Program Oncogenesis, VUmc Medical Faculty, van de Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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37
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Rb and FZR1/Cdh1 determine CDK4/6-cyclin D requirement in C. elegans and human cancer cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5906. [PMID: 25562820 PMCID: PMC4354291 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) in complex with D-type cyclins promote cell cycle entry. Most human cancers contain overactive CDK4/6-cyclin D, and CDK4/6-specific inhibitors are promising anti-cancer therapeutics. Here, we investigate the critical functions of CDK4/6-cyclin D kinases, starting from an unbiased screen in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that simultaneous mutation of lin-35, a retinoblastoma (Rb)-related gene, and fzr-1, an orthologue to the APC/C co-activator Cdh1, completely eliminates the essential requirement of CDK4/6-cyclin D (CDK-4/CYD-1) in C. elegans. CDK-4/CYD-1 phosphorylates specific residues in the LIN-35 Rb spacer domain and FZR-1 amino terminus, resembling inactivating phosphorylations of the human proteins. In human breast cancer cells, simultaneous knockdown of Rb and FZR1 synergistically bypasses cell division arrest induced by the CDK4/6-specific inhibitor PD-0332991. Our data identify FZR1 as a candidate CDK4/6-cyclin D substrate and point to an APC/CFZR1 activity as an important determinant in response to CDK4/6-inhibitors. In most human tumours, the cell cycle regulators Cdk4/6-cyclinD are overactive. Here the authors use C. elegans as a model system to identify downstream regulators that are critical in the response of tumour cells to Cdk4/6 inhibitors.
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Powell SK, MacAlpine HK, Prinz JA, Li Y, Belsky JA, MacAlpine DM. Dynamic loading and redistribution of the Mcm2-7 helicase complex through the cell cycle. EMBO J 2015; 34:531-43. [PMID: 25555795 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic replication origins are defined by the ORC-dependent loading of the Mcm2-7 helicase complex onto chromatin in G1. Paradoxically, there is a vast excess of Mcm2-7 relative to ORC assembled onto chromatin in G1. These excess Mcm2-7 complexes exhibit little co-localization with ORC or replication foci and can function as dormant origins. We dissected the mechanisms regulating the assembly and distribution of the Mcm2-7 complex in the Drosophila genome. We found that in the absence of cyclin E/Cdk2 activity, there was a 10-fold decrease in chromatin-associated Mcm2-7 relative to the levels found at the G1/S transition. The minimal amounts of Mcm2-7 loaded in the absence of cyclin E/Cdk2 activity were strictly localized to ORC binding sites. In contrast, cyclin E/Cdk2 activity was required for maximal loading of Mcm2-7 and a dramatic genome-wide reorganization of the distribution of Mcm2-7 that is shaped by active transcription. Thus, increasing cyclin E/Cdk2 activity over the course of G1 is not only critical for Mcm2-7 loading, but also for the distribution of the Mcm2-7 helicase prior to S-phase entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Powell
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heather K MacAlpine
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph A Prinz
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason A Belsky
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David M MacAlpine
- Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Boekhout M, Wolthuis R. Nek2A destruction marks APC/C activation at the prophase-to-prometaphase transition by spindle-checkpoint restricted Cdc20. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1639-53. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.163279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nek2A is a presumed APC/CCdc20 substrate, which, like cyclin A, is degraded in mitosis while the spindle checkpoint is active. Cyclin A prevents spindle checkpoint proteins from binding to Cdc20 and is recruited to the APC/C in prometaphase. We found that Nek2A and cyclin A avoid stabilization by the spindle checkpoint in different ways. First, enhancing mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) formation by nocodazole treatment inhibited the degradation of geminin and cyclin A while Nek2A disappeared at normal rate. Secondly, depleting Cdc20 effectively stabilized cyclin A but not Nek2A. Nevertheless, Nek2A destruction critically depended on Cdc20 binding to the APC/C. Thirdly, in contrast to cyclin A, Nek2A was recruited to the APC/C before the start of mitosis. Interestingly, the spindle checkpoint very effectively stabilized an APC/C-binding mutant of Nek2A, which required the Nek2A KEN box. Apparently, in cells, the spindle checkpoint primarily prevents Cdc20 from binding destruction motifs. Nek2A disappearance marks the prophase-to-prometaphase transition, when Cdc20, regardless of the spindle checkpoint, activates the APC/C. However, Mad2 depletion accelerated Nek2A destruction, showing that spindle checkpoint release further increases APC/CCdc20 catalytic activity.
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Rahimi H, Negahdari B, Shokrgozar M, Madadkar-Sobhani A, Mahdian R, Foroumadi A, Amin MK, Karimipoor M. A structural model of the anaphase promoting complex co-activator (Cdh1) and in silico design of inhibitory compounds. Res Pharm Sci 2015; 10:59-67. [PMID: 26430458 PMCID: PMC4578213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphase promoting complex (APC) controls cell cycle and chromosome segregation. The APC activation occurs after binding of co-activators, cdh1 and cdc20. Cdh1 plays a role in cancer pathogenesis and is known as a potential drug target. The main aim of this study was prediction of 3D structure of cdh1 and designing the inhibitory compounds based on the structural model. First, 3D structure of cdh1 was predicted by means of homology modelling and molecular dynamics tools, MODELLER and Gromacs package, respectively. Then, inhibitory compounds were designed using virtual screening and molecular docking by means AutoDock package. The overall structure of cdh1 is propeller like and each DW40 repeat contains four anti-parallel beta-sheets. Moreover, binding pocket of the inhibitory compounds was determined. The results might be helpful in finding a suitable cdh1 inhibitor for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Rahimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - B. Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Science School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - M.A. Shokrgozar
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - A. Madadkar-Sobhani
- Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain,Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - R. Mahdian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - A. Foroumadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - M. Kafshdouzi Amin
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, I.R. Iran
| | - M. Karimipoor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran,Corresponding author: M. Karimipoor Tel: 0098 9122806133, Fax: 00982166480780
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41
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Kim GS, Kang J, Bang SW, Hwang DS. Cdc6 localizes to S- and G2-phase centrosomes in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 456:763-7. [PMID: 25498505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Cdc6 protein has been primarily investigated as a component of the pre-replicative complex for the initiation of chromosome replication, which contributes to maintenance of chromosomal integrity. Here, we show that Cdc6 localized to the centrosomes during S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. The centrosomal localization was mediated by Cdc6 amino acid residues 311-366, which are conserved within other Cdc6 homologues and contains a putative nuclear export signal. Deletions or substitutions of the amino acid residues did not allow the proteins to localize to centrosomes. In contrast, DsRed tag fused to the amino acid residues localized to centrosomes. These results indicated that a centrosome localization signal is contained within amino acid residues 311-366. The cell cycle-dependent centrosomal localization of Cdc6 in S and G2 phases suggest a novel function of Cdc6 in centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwang Su Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeheon Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woong Bang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog Su Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Role of peptide processing predictions in T cell epitope identification: contribution of different prediction programs. Immunogenetics 2014; 67:85-93. [PMID: 25475908 PMCID: PMC4297296 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Proteolysis is the general term to describe the process of protein degradation into peptides. Proteasomes are the main actors in cellular proteolysis, and their activity can be measured in in vitro digestion experiments. However, in vivo proteolysis can be different than what is measured in these experiments if other proteases participate or if proteasomal activity is different in vivo. The in vivo proteolysis can be measured only indirectly, by the analysis of peptides presented on MHC-I molecules. MHC-I presented peptides are protected from further degradation, thus enabling an indirect view on the underlying in vivo proteolysis. The ligands presented on different MHC-I molecules enable different views on this process; in combination, they might give a complete picture. Based on in vitro proteasome-only digestions and MHC-I ligand data, different proteolysis predictors have been developed. With new in vitro digestion and MHC-I ligand data sets, we benchmarked how well these predictors capture in vitro proteasome-only activity and in vivo whole-cell proteolysis, respectively. Even though the in vitro proteasome digestion patterns were best captured by methods trained on such data (ProteaSMM and NetChop 20S), the in vivo whole-cell proteolysis was best predicted by a method trained on MHC-I ligand data (NetChop Cterm). Follow-up analysis showed that the likely source of this difference is the activity from proteases other than the proteasome, such as TPPII. This non-proteasomal in vivo activity is captured by NetChop Cterm and should be taken into account in MHC-I ligand predictions.
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43
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Fernandez-Vidal A, Guitton-Sert L, Cadoret JC, Drac M, Schwob E, Baldacci G, Cazaux C, Hoffmann JS. A role for DNA polymerase θ in the timing of DNA replication. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4285. [PMID: 24989122 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although DNA polymerase θ (Pol θ) is known to carry out translesion synthesis and has been implicated in DNA repair, its physiological function under normal growth conditions remains unclear. Here we present evidence that Pol θ plays a role in determining the timing of replication in human cells. We find that Pol θ binds to chromatin during early G1, interacts with the Orc2 and Orc4 components of the Origin recognition complex and that the association of Mcm proteins with chromatin is enhanced in G1 when Pol θ is downregulated. Pol θ-depleted cells exhibit a normal density of activated origins in S phase, but early-to-late and late-to-early shifts are observed at a number of replication domains. Pol θ overexpression, on the other hand, causes delayed replication. Our results therefore suggest that Pol θ functions during the earliest steps of DNA replication and influences the timing of replication initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fernandez-Vidal
- 1] Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2013 INSERM Unit 1037; CNRS ERL 5294; CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), BP3028, CHU Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France [2] Université Paul Sabatier, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse F-31062, France [3]
| | - Laure Guitton-Sert
- 1] Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2013 INSERM Unit 1037; CNRS ERL 5294; CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), BP3028, CHU Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France [2] Université Paul Sabatier, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse F-31062, France [3]
| | - Jean-Charles Cadoret
- 1] Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592, CNRS and University Paris-Diderot, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, Cedex 13 75205, France [2]
| | - Marjorie Drac
- Institut of Molecular Genetics, CNRS UMR5535 and University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Etienne Schwob
- Institut of Molecular Genetics, CNRS UMR5535 and University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Giuseppe Baldacci
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592, CNRS and University Paris-Diderot, 15 Rue Hélène Brion, Paris, Cedex 13 75205, France
| | - Christophe Cazaux
- 1] Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2013 INSERM Unit 1037; CNRS ERL 5294; CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), BP3028, CHU Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France [2] Université Paul Sabatier, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse F-31062, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- 1] Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2013 INSERM Unit 1037; CNRS ERL 5294; CRCT (Cancer Research Center of Toulouse), BP3028, CHU Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France [2] Université Paul Sabatier, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse F-31062, France
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Clijsters L, Wolthuis R. PIP-box-mediated degradation prohibits re-accumulation of Cdc6 during S phase. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1336-45. [PMID: 24434580 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.145862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdc6 and Cdt1 initiate DNA replication licensing when cells exit mitosis. In cycling cells, Cdc6 is efficiently degraded from anaphase onwards as a result of APC/C-Cdh1 activity. When APC/C-Cdh1 is switched off again, at the end of G1 phase, Cdc6 could thus re-accumulate, risking the re-licensing of DNA as long as Cdt1 is present. Here, we carefully investigated the dynamics of Cdt1 and Cdc6 in cycling cells. We reveal a novel APC/C-Cdh1-independent degradation pathway that prevents nuclear Cdc6 re-accumulation at the G1-S transition and during S phase. Similar to Cdt1, nuclear clearance of Cdc6 depends on an N-terminal PIP-box and the Cdt2-containing CRL4 complex. When cells reach G2 phase, Cdc6 rapidly re-accumulates but, at this time, Cdt1 is mostly absent and expression of Cdc6 is limited to the cytoplasm. We propose that Cdk1 contributes to the nuclear export of Cdc6 at the S-to-G2 transition. In summary, our results show that different control mechanisms of Cdc6 restrain erroneous licensing of DNA replication during G1, S and G2 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Clijsters
- Division of Cell Biology (B5) and Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis (B7), The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI-AVL), Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Nishitani H, Morino M, Murakami Y, Maeda T, Shiomi Y. Chromatin fractionation analysis of licensing factors in mammalian cells. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1170:517-527. [PMID: 24906333 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0888-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, and MCM2-7 are replication-licensing factors, which play a central role in the once-per-cell cycle control of DNA replication. ORC, Cdc6, and Cdt1 collaborate to load MCM2-7 onto replication origins in order to license them for replication. MCM2-7 is a DNA helicase directly involved in DNA replication and dissociates from DNA as S phase progresses and each replicon is replicated. In the cell cycle, the loading of MCM2-7 is restricted during the end of mitosis and the G1 phase. Thus, the levels of chromatin-bound MCM2-7 and its loaders oscillate during the cell cycle. Chromatin association of these factors can be analyzed by separating a cell lysate into soluble and chromatin-enriched insoluble fractions in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Nishitani
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan,
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