1
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Ng HY, Adly AN, Whelpley DH, Suhandynata RT, Zhou H, Morgan DO. Phosphate-binding pocket on cyclin B governs CDK substrate phosphorylation and mitotic timing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.28.582599. [PMID: 38464173 PMCID: PMC10925351 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.582599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Cell cycle progression is governed by complexes of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their regulatory subunits cyclin and Cks1. CDKs phosphorylate hundreds of substrates, often at multiple sites. Multisite phosphorylation depends on Cks1, which binds initial priming phosphorylation sites to promote secondary phosphorylation at other sites. Here, we describe a similar role for a recently discovered phosphate-binding pocket (PP) on B-type cyclins. Mutation of the PP in Clb2, the major mitotic cyclin of budding yeast, alters bud morphology and delays the onset of anaphase. Using phosphoproteomics in vivo and kinase reactions in vitro, we find that mutation of the PP reduces phosphorylation of several CDK substrates, including the Bud6 subunit of the polarisome and the Cdc16 and Cdc27 subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome. We conclude that the cyclin PP, like Cks1, controls the timing of multisite phosphorylation on CDK substrates, thereby helping to establish the robust timing of cell-cycle events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Y. Ng
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA
| | - Armin N. Adly
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA
| | - Devon H. Whelpley
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA
| | - Raymond T. Suhandynata
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA
| | - David O. Morgan
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA
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2
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El Dika M, Dudka D, Kloc M, Kubiak JZ. CDC6 as a Key Inhibitory Regulator of CDK1 Activation Dynamics and the Timing of Mitotic Entry and Progression. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:855. [PMID: 37372141 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Timely mitosis is critically important for early embryo development. It is regulated by the activity of the conserved protein kinase CDK1. The dynamics of CDK1 activation must be precisely controlled to assure physiologic and timely entry into mitosis. Recently, a known S-phase regulator CDC6 emerged as a key player in mitotic CDK1 activation cascade in early embryonic divisions, operating together with Xic1 as a CDK1 inhibitor upstream of the Aurora A and PLK1, both CDK1 activators. Herein, we review the molecular mechanisms that underlie the control of mitotic timing, with special emphasis on how CDC6/Xic1 function impacts CDK1 regulatory network in the Xenopus system. We focus on the presence of two independent mechanisms inhibiting the dynamics of CDK1 activation, namely Wee1/Myt1- and CDC6/Xic1-dependent, and how they cooperate with CDK1-activating mechanisms. As a result, we propose a comprehensive model integrating CDC6/Xic1-dependent inhibition into the CDK1-activation cascade. The physiological dynamics of CDK1 activation appear to be controlled by the system of multiple inhibitors and activators, and their integrated modulation ensures concomitantly both the robustness and certain flexibility of the control of this process. Identification of multiple activators and inhibitors of CDK1 upon M-phase entry allows for a better understanding of why cells divide at a specific time and how the pathways involved in the timely regulation of cell division are all integrated to precisely tune the control of mitotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed El Dika
- Department of Biochemistry, Larner College of Medicine, UVM Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Damian Dudka
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Transplant Immunology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jacek Z Kubiak
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine-National Research Institute (WIM-PIB), Szaserow 128, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
- Dynamics and Mechanics of Epithelia Group, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University of Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6290, 35043 Rennes, France
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3
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Evolving DNA repair synthetic lethality targets in cancer. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:232162. [PMID: 36420962 PMCID: PMC9760629 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20221713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage signaling response and repair (DDR) is a critical defense mechanism against genomic instability. Impaired DNA repair capacity is an important risk factor for cancer development. On the other hand, up-regulation of DDR mechanisms is a feature of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. Advances in our understanding of DDR and its complex role in cancer has led to several translational DNA repair-targeted investigations culminating in clinically viable precision oncology strategy using poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancers. While PARP directed synthetic lethality has improved outcomes for many patients, the lack of sustained clinical response and the development of resistance pose significant clinical challenges. Therefore, the search for additional DDR-directed drug targets and novel synthetic lethality approaches is highly desirable and is an area of intense preclinical and clinical investigation. Here, we provide an overview of the mammalian DNA repair pathways and then focus on current state of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) and other emerging DNA repair inhibitors for synthetic lethality in cancer.
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4
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Abstract
Upon DNA damage, complex transduction cascades are unleashed to locate, recognise and repair affected lesions. The process triggers a pause in the cell cycle until the damage is resolved. Even under physiologic conditions, this deliberate interruption of cell division is essential to ensure orderly DNA replication and chromosomal segregation. WEE1 is an established regulatory protein in this vast fidelity-monitoring machinery. Its involvement in the DNA damage response and cell cycle has been a subject of study for decades. Emerging studies have also implicated WEE1 directly and indirectly in other cellular functions, including chromatin remodelling and immune response. The expanding role of WEE1 in pathophysiology is matched by the keen surge of interest in developing WEE1-targeted therapeutic agents. This review summarises WEE1 involvement in the cell cycle checkpoints, epigenetic modification and immune signalling, as well as the current state of WEE1 inhibitors in cancer therapeutics.
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5
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Ferencova I, Vaskovicova M, Drutovic D, Knoblochova L, Macurek L, Schultz RM, Solc P. CDC25B is required for the metaphase I-metaphase II transition in mouse oocytes. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274615. [PMID: 35237831 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes are arrested at meiotic prophase I. The dual-specificity phosphatase CDC25B is essential for cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activation that drives resumption of meiosis. CDC25B reverses the inhibitory effect of the protein kinases WEE1/MYT1 on CDK1 activation. Cdc25b-/- female mice are infertile because oocytes cannot activate CDK1. To identify a role for CDC25B following resumption of meiosis, we restored CDK1 activation in Cdc25b-/- oocytes by inhibiting WEE1/MYT1, or expressing EGFP-CDC25A or constitutively active EGFP-CDK1 from microinjected cRNAs. Forced CDK1 activation in Cdc25b-/- oocytes allowed resumption of meiosis, but oocytes mostly arrested at metaphase I (MI) with intact spindles. Similarly, ∼1/3 of Cdc25b+/- oocytes with reduced amount of CDC25B arrest in MI. MI arrested Cdc25b-/- oocytes also display a transient decrease in CDK1 activity similar to Cdc25b+/+ oocytes during the MI-MII transition, whereas Cdc25b+/- oocytes exhibit only a partial APC/C activation and anaphase I entry. Thus, CDC25B is necessary for resumption of meiosis and the MI-MII transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Ferencova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Vaskovicova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - David Drutovic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Knoblochova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Macurek
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard M Schultz
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Petr Solc
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
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6
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Philip J, Örd M, Silva A, Singh S, Diffley JFX, Remus D, Loog M, Ikui AE. Cdc6 is sequentially regulated by PP2A-Cdc55, Cdc14, and Sic1 for origin licensing in S. cerevisiae. eLife 2022; 11:e74437. [PMID: 35142288 PMCID: PMC8830886 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdc6, a subunit of the pre-replicative complex (pre-RC), contains multiple regulatory cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1) consensus sites, SP or TP motifs. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cdk1 phosphorylates Cdc6-T7 to recruit Cks1, the Cdk1 phospho-adaptor in S phase, for subsequent multisite phosphorylation and protein degradation. Cdc6 accumulates in mitosis and is tightly bound by Clb2 through N-terminal phosphorylation in order to prevent premature origin licensing and degradation. It has been extensively studied how Cdc6 phosphorylation is regulated by the cyclin-Cdk1 complex. However, a detailed mechanism on how Cdc6 phosphorylation is reversed by phosphatases has not been elucidated. Here, we show that PP2ACdc55 dephosphorylates Cdc6 N-terminal sites to release Clb2. Cdc14 dephosphorylates the C-terminal phospho-degron, leading to Cdc6 stabilization in mitosis. In addition, Cdk1 inhibitor Sic1 releases Clb2·Cdk1·Cks1 from Cdc6 to load Mcm2-7 on the chromatin upon mitotic exit. Thus, pre-RC assembly and origin licensing are promoted by phosphatases through the attenuation of distinct Cdk1-dependent Cdc6 inhibitory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Philip
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNYBrooklynUnited States
- Brooklyn CollegeBrooklynUnited States
| | | | - Andriele Silva
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNYBrooklynUnited States
- Brooklyn CollegeBrooklynUnited States
| | - Shaneen Singh
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNYBrooklynUnited States
- Brooklyn CollegeBrooklynUnited States
| | | | - Dirk Remus
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | | | - Amy E Ikui
- The PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, CUNYBrooklynUnited States
- Brooklyn CollegeBrooklynUnited States
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7
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Haluska C, Jin F, Wang Y. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) promotes anaphase entry after DNA replication stress in budding yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar36. [PMID: 34668760 PMCID: PMC8694091 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-04-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication stress activates the S-phase checkpoint that arrests the cell cycle, but it is poorly understood how cells recover from this arrest. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) are key cell cycle regulators, and Cdc55 is a regulatory subunit of PP2A in budding yeast. We found that yeast cells lacking functional PP2ACdc55 showed slow growth in the presence of hydroxyurea (HU), a DNA synthesis inhibitor, without obvious viability loss. Moreover, PP2A mutants exhibited delayed anaphase entry and sustained levels of anaphase inhibitor Pds1 after HU treatment. A DNA damage checkpoint Chk1 phosphorylates and stabilizes Pds1. We show that chk1Δ and mutation of the Chk1 phosphorylation sites in Pds1 largely restored efficient anaphase entry in PP2A mutants after HU treatment. In addition, deletion of SWE1, which encodes the inhibitory kinase for CDK or mutation of the Swe1 phosphorylation site in CDK (cdc28F19), also suppressed the anaphase entry delay in PP2A mutants after HU treatment. Our genetic data suggest that Swe1/CDK acts upstream of Pds1. Surprisingly, cdc55Δ showed significant suppression to the viability loss of S-phase checkpoint mutants during DNA synthesis block. Together, our results uncover a PP2A-Swe1-CDK-Chk1-Pds1 axis that promotes recovery from DNA replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Haluska
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300
| | - Fengzhi Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300
| | - Yanchang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300
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8
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Mengoli V, Jonak K, Lyzak O, Lamb M, Lister LM, Lodge C, Rojas J, Zagoriy I, Herbert M, Zachariae W. Deprotection of centromeric cohesin at meiosis II requires APC/C activity but not kinetochore tension. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106812. [PMID: 33644894 PMCID: PMC8013787 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome haploidization involves sequential loss of cohesin from chromosome arms and centromeres during two meiotic divisions. At centromeres, cohesin's Rec8 subunit is protected from separase cleavage at meiosis I and then deprotected to allow its cleavage at meiosis II. Protection of centromeric cohesin by shugoshin-PP2A seems evolutionarily conserved. However, deprotection has been proposed to rely on spindle forces separating the Rec8 protector from cohesin at metaphase II in mammalian oocytes and on APC/C-dependent destruction of the protector at anaphase II in yeast. Here, we have activated APC/C in the absence of sister kinetochore biorientation at meiosis II in yeast and mouse oocytes, and find that bipolar spindle forces are dispensable for sister centromere separation in both systems. Furthermore, we show that at least in yeast, protection of Rec8 by shugoshin and inhibition of separase by securin are both required for the stability of centromeric cohesin at metaphase II. Our data imply that related mechanisms preserve the integrity of dyad chromosomes during the short metaphase II of yeast and the prolonged metaphase II arrest of mammalian oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mengoli
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
Institute for Research in BiomedicineUniversità della Svizzera ItalianaBellinzonaSwitzerland
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Oleksii Lyzak
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Mahdi Lamb
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Lisa M Lister
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Chris Lodge
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Julie Rojas
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
| | - Ievgeniia Zagoriy
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
- Present address:
EMBL HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Mary Herbert
- Biosciences InstituteCentre for LifeTimes SquareNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Wolfgang Zachariae
- Laboratory of Chromosome BiologyMax Planck Institute of BiochemistryMartinsriedGermany
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9
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Meziane M, Genthial R, Vogel J. Kar9 symmetry breaking alone is insufficient to ensure spindle alignment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4227. [PMID: 33608583 PMCID: PMC7895971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spindle positioning must be tightly regulated to ensure asymmetric cell divisions are successful. In budding yeast, spindle positioning is mediated by the asymmetric localization of microtubule + end tracking protein Kar9. Kar9 asymmetry is believed to be essential for spindle alignment. However, the temporal correlation between symmetry breaking and spindle alignment has not been measured. Here, we establish a method of quantifying Kar9 symmetry breaking and find that Kar9 asymmetry is not well coupled with stable spindle alignment. We report the spindles are not aligned in the majority of asymmetric cells. Rather, stable alignment is correlated with Kar9 residence in the bud, regardless of symmetry state. Our findings suggest that Kar9 asymmetry alone is insufficient for stable alignment and reveal a possible role for Swe1 in regulating Kar9 residence in the bud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miram Meziane
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Rachel Genthial
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Jackie Vogel
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
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10
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Moens S, Zhao P, Baietti MF, Marinelli O, Van Haver D, Impens F, Floris G, Marangoni E, Neven P, Annibali D, Sablina AA, Amant F. The mitotic checkpoint is a targetable vulnerability of carboplatin-resistant triple negative breast cancers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3176. [PMID: 33542435 PMCID: PMC7862668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype, lacking effective therapy. Many TNBCs show remarkable response to carboplatin-based chemotherapy, but often develop resistance over time. With increasing use of carboplatin in the clinic, there is a pressing need to identify vulnerabilities of carboplatin-resistant tumors. In this study, we generated carboplatin-resistant TNBC MDA-MB-468 cell line and patient derived TNBC xenograft models. Mass spectrometry-based proteome profiling demonstrated that carboplatin resistance in TNBC is linked to drastic metabolism rewiring and upregulation of anti-oxidative response that supports cell replication by maintaining low levels of DNA damage in the presence of carboplatin. Carboplatin-resistant cells also exhibited dysregulation of the mitotic checkpoint. A kinome shRNA screen revealed that carboplatin-resistant cells are vulnerable to the depletion of the mitotic checkpoint regulators, whereas the checkpoint kinases CHEK1 and WEE1 are indispensable for the survival of carboplatin-resistant cells in the presence of carboplatin. We confirmed that pharmacological inhibition of CHEK1 by prexasertib in the presence of carboplatin is well tolerated by mice and suppresses the growth of carboplatin-resistant TNBC xenografts. Thus, abrogation of the mitotic checkpoint by CHEK1 inhibition re-sensitizes carboplatin-resistant TNBCs to carboplatin and represents a potential strategy for the treatment of carboplatin-resistant TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Moens
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peihua Zhao
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Francesca Baietti
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oliviero Marinelli
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Delphi Van Haver
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Proteomics Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francis Impens
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Proteomics Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Floris
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Marangoni
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Neven
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniela Annibali
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna A Sablina
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Amant
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Centre for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam (CGOA), Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek-Netherlands Cancer Institute (AvL-NKI), University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Galli M, Diani L, Quadri R, Nespoli A, Galati E, Panigada D, Plevani P, Muzi-Falconi M. Haspin Modulates the G2/M Transition Delay in Response to Polarization Failures in Budding Yeast. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:625717. [PMID: 33585466 PMCID: PMC7876276 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.625717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Symmetry breaking by cellular polarization is an exquisite requirement for the cell-cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, as it allows bud emergence and growth. This process is based on the formation of polarity clusters at the incipient bud site, first, and the bud tip later in the cell-cycle, that overall promote bud emission and growth. Given the extreme relevance of this process, a surveillance mechanism, known as the morphogenesis checkpoint, has evolved to coordinate the formation of the bud and cell cycle progression, delaying mitosis in the presence of morphogenetic problems. The atypical protein kinase haspin is responsible for histone H3-T3 phosphorylation and, in yeast, for resolution of polarity clusters in mitosis. Here, we report a novel role for haspin in the regulation of the morphogenesis checkpoint in response to polarity insults. Particularly, we show that cells lacking the haspin ortholog Alk1 fail to achieve sustained checkpoint activation and enter mitosis even in the absence of a bud. In alk1Δ cells, we report a reduced phosphorylation of Cdc28-Y19, which stems from a premature activation of the Mih1 phosphatase. Overall, the data presented in this work define yeast haspin as a novel regulator of the morphogenesis checkpoint in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where it monitors polarity establishment and it couples bud emergence to the G2/M cell cycle transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Galli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Diani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Quadri
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nespoli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Galati
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Panigada
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Plevani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Muzi-Falconi
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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12
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Touati SA, Hofbauer L, Jones AW, Snijders AP, Kelly G, Uhlmann F. Cdc14 and PP2A Phosphatases Cooperate to Shape Phosphoproteome Dynamics during Mitotic Exit. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2105-2119.e4. [PMID: 31722221 PMCID: PMC6857435 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal control over protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is crucial for accurate chromosome segregation and for completion of the cell division cycle during exit from mitosis. In budding yeast, the Cdc14 phosphatase is thought to be a major regulator at this time, while in higher eukaryotes PP2A phosphatases take a dominant role. Here, we use time-resolved phosphoproteome analysis in budding yeast to evaluate the respective contributions of Cdc14, PP2ACdc55, and PP2ARts1. This reveals an overlapping requirement for all three phosphatases during mitotic progression. Our time-resolved phosphoproteome resource reveals how Cdc14 instructs the sequential pattern of phosphorylation changes, in part through preferential recognition of serine-based cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) substrates. PP2ACdc55 and PP2ARts1 in turn exhibit a broad substrate spectrum with some selectivity for phosphothreonines and a role for PP2ARts1 in sustaining Aurora kinase activity. These results illustrate synergy and coordination between phosphatases as they orchestrate phosphoproteome dynamics during mitotic progression. Cdc14, PP2ACdc55, and PP2ARts1 phosphatases cooperate during budding yeast mitosis Cdc14 targets serine Cdk motifs for rapid dephosphorylation PP2ACdc55 dephosphorylates Cdk and Plk substrates on threonine residues PP2ARts1 displays regulatory crosstalk with Aurora kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Touati
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Lorena Hofbauer
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrew W Jones
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gavin Kelly
- Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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13
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Khondker S, Kajjo S, Chandler-Brown D, Skotheim J, Rudner A, Ikui AE. PP2A Cdc55 dephosphorylates Pds1 and inhibits spindle elongation in S. cerevisiae. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs243766. [PMID: 32591482 PMCID: PMC7406319 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.243766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PP2ACdc55 (the form of protein phosphatase 2A containing Cdc55) regulates cell cycle progression by reversing cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)- and polo-like kinase (Cdc5)-dependent phosphorylation events. In S. cerevisiae, Cdk1 phosphorylates securin (Pds1), which facilitates Pds1 binding and inhibits separase (Esp1). During anaphase, Esp1 cleaves the cohesin subunit Scc1 and promotes spindle elongation. Here, we show that PP2ACdc55 directly dephosphorylates Pds1 both in vivo and in vitro Pds1 hyperphosphorylation in a cdc55 deletion mutant enhanced the Pds1-Esp1 interaction, which played a positive role in Pds1 nuclear accumulation and in spindle elongation. We also show that nuclear PP2ACdc55 plays a role during replication stress to inhibit spindle elongation. This pathway acted independently of the known Mec1, Swe1 or spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) checkpoint pathways. We propose a model where Pds1 dephosphorylation by PP2ACdc55 disrupts the Pds1-Esp1 protein interaction and inhibits Pds1 nuclear accumulation, which prevents spindle elongation, a process that is elevated during replication stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoily Khondker
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11238, USA
- Biology Program, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sam Kajjo
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Jan Skotheim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adam Rudner
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Amy E. Ikui
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11238, USA
- Biology Program, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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14
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Growth-Dependent Activation of Protein Kinases Suggests a Mechanism for Measuring Cell Growth. Genetics 2020; 215:729-746. [PMID: 32461268 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In all cells, progression through the cell cycle occurs only when sufficient growth has occurred. Thus, cells must translate growth into a proportional signal that can be used to measure and transmit information about growth. Previous genetic studies in budding yeast suggested that related kinases called Gin4 and Hsl1 could function in mechanisms that measure bud growth; however, interpretation of the data was complicated by the use of gene deletions that cause complex terminal phenotypes. Here, we used the first conditional alleles of Gin4 and Hsl1 to more precisely define their functions. We show that excessive bud growth during a prolonged mitotic delay is an immediate consequence of inactivating Gin4 and Hsl1 Thus, acute loss of Gin4 and Hsl1 causes cells to behave as though they cannot detect that bud growth has occurred. We further show that Gin4 and Hsl1 undergo gradual hyperphosphorylation during bud growth that is dependent upon growth and correlated with the extent of growth. Moreover, gradual hyperphosphorylation of Gin4 during bud growth requires binding to anionic phospholipids that are delivered to the growing bud. While alternative models are possible, the data suggest that signaling lipids delivered to the growing bud generate a growth-dependent signal that could be used to measure bud growth.
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15
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Yeast Sphingolipid Phospholipase Gene ISC1 Regulates the Spindle Checkpoint by a CDC55-Dependent Mechanism. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00340-19. [PMID: 32205408 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00340-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) can lead to aneuploidy and cancer. Sphingolipids have important roles in many cellular functions, including cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. However, the specific mechanisms and functions of sphingolipids in cell cycle regulation have not been elucidated. Using analysis of concordance for synthetic lethality for the yeast sphingolipid phospholipase ISC1, we identified two groups of genes. The first comprises genes involved in chromosome segregation and stability (CSM3, CTF4, YKE2, DCC1, and GIM4) as synthetically lethal with ISC1 The second group, to which ISC1 belongs, comprises genes involved in the spindle checkpoint (BUB1, MAD1, BIM1, and KAR3), and they all share the same synthetic lethality with the first group. We demonstrate that spindle checkpoint genes act upstream of Isc1, and their deletion phenocopies that of ISC1 Reciprocally, ISC1 deletion mutants were sensitive to benomyl, indicating a SAC defect. Similar to BUB1 deletion, ISC1 deletion prevents spindle elongation in hydroxyurea-treated cells. Mechanistically, PP2A-Cdc55 ceramide-activated phosphatase was found to act downstream of Isc1, thus coupling the spindle checkpoint genes and Isc1 to CDC55-mediated nuclear functions.
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16
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PP2A Functions during Mitosis and Cytokinesis in Yeasts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010264. [PMID: 31906018 PMCID: PMC6981662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a common mechanism for the regulation of cell cycle progression. The opposing functions of cell cycle kinases and phosphatases are crucial for accurate chromosome segregation and exit from mitosis. Protein phosphatases 2A are heterotrimeric complexes that play essential roles in cell growth, proliferation, and regulation of the cell cycle. Here, we review the function of the protein phosphatase 2A family as the counteracting force for the mitotic kinases. We focus on recent findings in the regulation of mitotic exit and cytokinesis by PP2A phosphatases in S. cerevisiae and other fungal species.
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17
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Leitao RM, Jasani A, Talavara RA, Pham A, Okobi QJ, Kellogg DR. A Conserved PP2A Regulatory Subunit Enforces Proportional Relationships Between Cell Size and Growth Rate. Genetics 2019; 213:517-528. [PMID: 31488515 PMCID: PMC6781898 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.301012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell size is proportional to growth rate. Thus, cells growing rapidly in rich nutrients can be nearly twice the size of cells growing slowly in poor nutrients. This proportional relationship appears to hold across all orders of life, yet the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In budding yeast, most growth occurs during mitosis, and the proportional relationship between cell size and growth rate is therefore enforced primarily by modulating growth in mitosis. When growth is slow, the duration of mitosis is increased to allow more time for growth, yet the amount of growth required to complete mitosis is reduced, which leads to the birth of small daughter cells. Previous studies have found that Rts1, a member of the conserved B56 family of protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunits, works in a TORC2 signaling network that influences cell size and growth rate. However, it was unclear whether Rts1 influences cell growth and size in mitosis. Here, we show that Rts1 is required for the proportional relationship between cell size and growth rate during mitosis. Moreover, nutrients and Rts1 influence the duration and extent of growth in mitosis via Wee1 and Pds1/securin, two conserved regulators of mitotic progression. Together, the data are consistent with a model in which global signals that set growth rate also set the critical amount of growth required for cell cycle progression, which would provide a simple mechanistic explanation for the proportional relationship between cell size and growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Leitao
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Akshi Jasani
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Rafael A Talavara
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Annie Pham
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Quincy J Okobi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Douglas R Kellogg
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064
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18
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Baro B, Játiva S, Calabria I, Vinaixa J, Bech-Serra JJ, de LaTorre C, Rodrigues J, Hernáez ML, Gil C, Barceló-Batllori S, Larsen MR, Queralt E. SILAC-based phosphoproteomics reveals new PP2A-Cdc55-regulated processes in budding yeast. Gigascience 2018; 7:4982941. [PMID: 29688323 PMCID: PMC5967524 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a family of conserved serine/threonine phosphatases involved in several essential aspects of cell growth and proliferation. PP2ACdc55 phosphatase has been extensively related to cell cycle events in budding yeast; however, few PP2ACdc55 substrates have been identified. Here, we performed a quantitative mass spectrometry approach to reveal new substrates of PP2ACdc55 phosphatase and new PP2A-related processes in mitotic arrested cells. Results We identified 62 statistically significant PP2ACdc55 substrates involved mainly in actin-cytoskeleton organization. In addition, we validated new PP2ACdc55 substrates such as Slk19 and Lte1, involved in early and late anaphase pathways, and Zeo1, a component of the cell wall integrity pathway. Finally, we constructed docking models of Cdc55 and its substrate Mob1. We found that the predominant interface on Cdc55 is mediated by a protruding loop consisting of residues 84–90, thus highlighting the relevance of these aminoacids for substrate interaction. Conclusions We used phosphoproteomics of Cdc55-deficient cells to uncover new PP2ACdc55 substrates and functions in mitosis. As expected, several hyperphosphorylated proteins corresponded to Cdk1-dependent substrates, although other kinases’ consensus motifs were also enriched in our dataset, suggesting that PP2ACdc55 counteracts and regulates other kinases distinct from Cdk1. Indeed, Pkc1 emerged as a novel node of PP2ACdc55 regulation, highlighting a major role of PP2ACdc55 in actin cytoskeleton and cytokinesis, gene ontology terms significantly enriched in the PP2ACdc55-dependent phosphoproteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Baro
- Cell Cycle Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soraya Játiva
- Cell Cycle Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés Calabria
- Cell Cycle Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Vinaixa
- Cell Cycle Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan-Josep Bech-Serra
- IDIBELL Proteomics Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina de LaTorre
- IDIBELL Proteomics Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - João Rodrigues
- Structural Biology Department, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - María Luisa Hernáez
- Proteomics Unit, Parque Científico de Madrid, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concha Gil
- Proteomics Unit, Parque Científico de Madrid, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Barceló-Batllori
- IDIBELL Proteomics Unit, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ethel Queralt
- Cell Cycle Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Raspelli E, Facchinetti S, Fraschini R. Swe1 and Mih1 regulate mitotic spindle dynamics in budding yeast via Bik1. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.213520. [PMID: 30072442 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic spindle is a very dynamic structure that is built de novo and destroyed at each round of cell division. In order to perform its fundamental function during chromosome segregation, mitotic spindle dynamics must be tightly coordinated with other cell cycle events. These changes are driven by several protein kinases, phosphatases and microtubule-associated proteins. In budding yeast, the kinase Swe1 and the phosphatase Mih1 act in concert in controlling the phosphorylation state of Cdc28, the catalytic subunit of Cdk1, the major regulator of the cell cycle. In this study we show that Swe1 and Mih1 are also involved in the control of mitotic spindle dynamics. Our data indicate that Swe1 and the Polo-like kinase Cdc5 control the balance between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of Mih1, which is, in turn, important for mitotic spindle elongation. Moreover, we show that the microtubule-associated protein Bik1 is a phosphoprotein, and that Swe1 and Mih1 are both involved in controlling phosphorylation of Bik1. These results uncover new players and provide insights into the complex regulation of mitotic spindle dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Raspelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Facchinetti
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Fraschini
- Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Bioscienze, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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20
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Fu S, Wang Y, Keyomarsi K, Meric-Bernstein F. Strategic development of AZD1775, a Wee1 kinase inhibitor, for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:741-751. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1511700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqing Fu
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yudong Wang
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstein
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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21
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Gihana GM, Musser TR, Thompson O, Lacefield S. Prolonged cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition results in septin perturbations during return to growth and mitosis. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2429-2443. [PMID: 29743192 PMCID: PMC6028541 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
By investigating how yeast cells coordinate polarity and division in a special type of cell division called return to growth, Gihana et al. discover that although checkpoints are normally beneficial, prolonged activation of the morphogenesis checkpoint is instead detrimental to the cell. We investigated how Saccharomyces cerevisiae coordinate polarization, budding, and anaphase during a unique developmental program called return to growth (RTG) in which cells in meiosis return to mitosis upon nutrient shift. Cells reentering mitosis from prophase I deviate from the normal cell cycle by budding in G2 instead of G1. We found that cells do not maintain the bipolar budding pattern, a characteristic of diploid cells. Furthermore, strict temporal regulation of M-phase cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK; M-CDK) is important for polarity establishment and morphogenesis. Cells with premature M-CDK activity caused by loss of checkpoint kinase Swe1 failed to polarize and underwent anaphase without budding. Mutants with increased Swe1-dependent M-CDK inhibition showed additional or more penetrant phenotypes in RTG than mitosis, including elongated buds, multiple buds, spindle mispositioning, and septin perturbation. Surprisingly, the enhanced and additional phenotypes were not exclusive to RTG but also occurred with prolonged Swe1-dependent CDK inhibition in mitosis. Our analysis reveals that prolonged activation of the Swe1-dependent checkpoint can be detrimental instead of beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oscar Thompson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Soni Lacefield
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
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22
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Maya Miles D, Peñate X, Sanmartín Olmo T, Jourquin F, Muñoz Centeno MC, Mendoza M, Simon MN, Chavez S, Geli V. High levels of histones promote whole-genome-duplications and trigger a Swe1 WEE1-dependent phosphorylation of Cdc28 CDK1. eLife 2018; 7:35337. [PMID: 29580382 PMCID: PMC5871333 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) have played a central role in the evolution of genomes and constitute an important source of genome instability in cancer. Here, we show in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that abnormal accumulations of histones are sufficient to induce WGDs. Our results link these WGDs to a reduced incorporation of the histone variant H2A.Z to chromatin. Moreover, we show that high levels of histones promote Swe1WEE1 stabilisation thereby triggering the phosphorylation and inhibition of Cdc28CDK1 through a mechanism different of the canonical DNA damage response. Our results link high levels of histones to a specific type of genome instability that is quite frequently observed in cancer and uncovers a new mechanism that might be able to respond to high levels of histones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Maya Miles
- Marseille Cancer Research Center (CRCM), U1068 Inserm, UMR7258 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Equipe Labellisée Ligue, Marseille, France
| | - Xenia Peñate
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Trinidad Sanmartín Olmo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederic Jourquin
- Marseille Cancer Research Center (CRCM), U1068 Inserm, UMR7258 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Equipe Labellisée Ligue, Marseille, France
| | - Maria Cruz Muñoz Centeno
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Mendoza
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marie-Noelle Simon
- Marseille Cancer Research Center (CRCM), U1068 Inserm, UMR7258 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Equipe Labellisée Ligue, Marseille, France
| | - Sebastian Chavez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Vincent Geli
- Marseille Cancer Research Center (CRCM), U1068 Inserm, UMR7258 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Equipe Labellisée Ligue, Marseille, France
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23
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Short B. How mitotic spindles point to the exit. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2018. [PMCID: PMC5839801 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Study reveals that an interaction between myosin-10 and Wee1 may link spindle positioning to mitotic progression. Study reveals that an interaction between myosin-10 and Wee1 may link spindle positioning to mitotic progression.
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24
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Lianga N, Doré C, Kennedy EK, Yeh E, Williams EC, Fortinez CM, Wang A, Bloom KS, Rudner AD. Cdk1 phosphorylation of Esp1/Separase functions with PP2A and Slk19 to regulate pericentric Cohesin and anaphase onset. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007029. [PMID: 29561844 PMCID: PMC5880407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphase onset is an irreversible cell cycle transition that is triggered by the activation of the protease Separase. Separase cleaves the Mcd1 (also known as Scc1) subunit of Cohesin, a complex of proteins that physically links sister chromatids, triggering sister chromatid separation. Separase is regulated by the degradation of the anaphase inhibitor Securin which liberates Separase from inhibitory Securin/Separase complexes. In many organisms, Securin is not essential suggesting that Separase is regulated by additional mechanisms. In this work, we show that in budding yeast Cdk1 activates Separase (Esp1 in yeast) through phosphorylation to trigger anaphase onset. Esp1 activation is opposed by protein phosphatase 2A associated with its regulatory subunit Cdc55 (PP2ACdc55) and the spindle protein Slk19. Premature anaphase spindle elongation occurs when Securin (Pds1 in yeast) is inducibly degraded in cells that also contain phospho-mimetic mutations in ESP1, or deletion of CDC55 or SLK19. This striking phenotype is accompanied by advanced degradation of Mcd1, disruption of pericentric Cohesin organization and chromosome mis-segregation. Our findings suggest that PP2ACdc55 and Slk19 function redundantly with Pds1 to inhibit Esp1 within pericentric chromatin, and both Pds1 degradation and Cdk1-dependent phosphorylation of Esp1 act together to trigger anaphase onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Lianga
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Carole Doré
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Erin K. Kennedy
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Elaine Yeh
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Department of Biology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth C. Williams
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Camille Marie Fortinez
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alick Wang
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kerry S. Bloom
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Department of Biology, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Rudner
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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25
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Sandquist JC, Larson ME, Woolner S, Ding Z, Bement WM. An interaction between myosin-10 and the cell cycle regulator Wee1 links spindle dynamics to mitotic progression in epithelia. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:849-859. [PMID: 29321170 PMCID: PMC5839792 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201708072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper spindle orientation must be achieved before anaphase onset, but whether and how cells link spindle position to anaphase onset is unknown. Sandquist, Larson, et al. identify a novel interaction between the motor protein myosin-10 and the cell cycle regulator wee1 that is proposed to help coordinate preanaphase spindle dynamics and positioning with mitotic exit. Anaphase in epithelia typically does not ensue until after spindles have achieved a characteristic position and orientation, but how or even if cells link spindle position to anaphase onset is unknown. Here, we show that myosin-10 (Myo10), a motor protein involved in epithelial spindle dynamics, binds to Wee1, a conserved regulator of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1). Wee1 inhibition accelerates progression through metaphase and disrupts normal spindle dynamics, whereas perturbing Myo10 function delays anaphase onset in a Wee1-dependent manner. Moreover, Myo10 perturbation increases Wee1-mediated inhibitory phosphorylation on Cdk1, which, unexpectedly, concentrates at cell–cell junctions. Based on these and other results, we propose a model in which the Myo10–Wee1 interaction coordinates attainment of spindle position and orientation with anaphase onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Sandquist
- Biology Department, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA .,Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Matthew E Larson
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Sarah Woolner
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Zhiwei Ding
- Biology Department, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA
| | - William M Bement
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI .,Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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26
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Leitao RM, Kellogg DR. The duration of mitosis and daughter cell size are modulated by nutrients in budding yeast. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3463-3470. [PMID: 28939614 PMCID: PMC5674877 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201609114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The size of nearly all cells is modulated by nutrients. Thus, cells growing in poor nutrients can be nearly half the size of cells in rich nutrients. In budding yeast, cell size is thought to be controlled almost entirely by a mechanism that delays cell cycle entry until sufficient growth has occurred in G1 phase. Here, we show that most growth of a new daughter cell occurs in mitosis. When the rate of growth is slowed by poor nutrients, the duration of mitosis is increased, which suggests that cells compensate for slow growth in mitosis by increasing the duration of growth. The amount of growth required to complete mitosis is reduced in poor nutrients, leading to a large reduction in cell size. Together, these observations suggest that mechanisms that control the extent of growth in mitosis play a major role in cell size control in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M Leitao
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Douglas R Kellogg
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA
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Lewis CW, Jin Z, Macdonald D, Wei W, Qian XJ, Choi WS, He R, Sun X, Chan G. Prolonged mitotic arrest induced by Wee1 inhibition sensitizes breast cancer cells to paclitaxel. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73705-73722. [PMID: 29088738 PMCID: PMC5650293 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wee1 kinase is a crucial negative regulator of Cdk1/cyclin B1 activity and is required for normal entry into and exit from mitosis. Wee1 activity can be chemically inhibited by the small molecule MK-1775, which is currently being tested in phase I/II clinical trials in combination with other anti-cancer drugs. MK-1775 promotes cancer cells to bypass the cell-cycle checkpoints and prematurely enter mitosis. In our study, we show premature mitotic cells that arise from MK-1775 treatment exhibited centromere fragmentation, a morphological feature of mitotic catastrophe that is characterized by centromeres and kinetochore proteins that co-cluster away from the condensed chromosomes. In addition to stimulating early mitotic entry, MK-1775 treatment also delayed mitotic exit. Specifically, cells treated with MK-1775 following release from G1/S or prometaphase arrested in mitosis. MK-1775 induced arrest occurred at metaphase and thus, cells required 12 times longer to transition into anaphase compared to controls. Consistent with an arrest in mitosis, MK-1775 treated prometaphase cells maintained high cyclin B1 and low phospho-tyrosine 15 Cdk1. Importantly, MK-1775 induced mitotic arrest resulted in cell death regardless the of cell-cycle phase prior to treatment suggesting that Wee1 inhibitors are also anti-mitotic agents. We found that paclitaxel enhances MK-1775 mediated cell killing. HeLa and different breast cancer cell lines (T-47D, MCF7, MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231) treated with different concentrations of MK-1775 and low dose paclitaxel exhibited reduced cell survival compared to mono-treatments. Our data highlight a new potential strategy for enhancing MK-1775 mediated cell killing in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody W Lewis
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2.,Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2J7
| | - Zhigang Jin
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2.,Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2J7
| | - Dawn Macdonald
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2.,Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2J7
| | - Wenya Wei
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2
| | - Xu Jing Qian
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2
| | - Won Shik Choi
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2
| | - Ruicen He
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2.,Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2J7
| | - Gordon Chan
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2.,Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1Z2.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2J7
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28
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Cui TZ, Peterson TA, Burd CG. A CDC25 family protein phosphatase gates cargo recognition by the Vps26 retromer subunit. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28362258 PMCID: PMC5409824 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a regulatory mechanism that controls the activity of retromer, an evolutionarily conserved sorting device that orchestrates cargo export from the endosome. A spontaneously arising mutation that activates the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) CDC25 family phosphatase, Mih1, results in accelerated turnover of a subset of endocytosed plasma membrane proteins due to deficient sorting into a retromer-mediated recycling pathway. Mih1 directly modulates the phosphorylation state of the Vps26 retromer subunit; mutations engineered to mimic these states modulate the binding affinities of Vps26 for a retromer cargo, resulting in corresponding changes in cargo sorting at the endosome. The results suggest that a phosphorylation-based gating mechanism controls cargo selection by yeast retromer, and they establish a functional precedent for CDC25 protein phosphatases that lies outside of their canonical role in regulating cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Zhong Cui
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Tabitha A Peterson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
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29
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Godfrey M, Touati SA, Kataria M, Jones A, Snijders AP, Uhlmann F. PP2A Cdc55 Phosphatase Imposes Ordered Cell-Cycle Phosphorylation by Opposing Threonine Phosphorylation. Mol Cell 2017; 65:393-402.e3. [PMID: 28132839 PMCID: PMC5296252 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the quantitative model of cell-cycle control, progression from G1 through S phase and into mitosis is ordered by thresholds of increasing cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) activity. How such thresholds are read out by substrates that respond with the correct phosphorylation timing is not known. Here, using the budding yeast model, we show that the abundant PP2ACdc55 phosphatase counteracts Cdk phosphorylation during interphase and delays phosphorylation of late Cdk substrates. PP2ACdc55 specifically counteracts phosphorylation on threonine residues, and consequently, we find that threonine-directed phosphorylation occurs late in the cell cycle. Furthermore, the late phosphorylation of a model substrate, Ndd1, depends on threonine identity of its Cdk target sites. Our results support a model in which Cdk-counteracting phosphatases contribute to cell-cycle ordering by imposing Cdk thresholds. They also unveil a regulatory principle based on the phosphoacceptor amino acid, which is likely to apply to signaling pathways beyond cell-cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Godfrey
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sandra A Touati
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Meghna Kataria
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrew Jones
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ambrosius P Snijders
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Frank Uhlmann
- Chromosome Segregation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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30
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Lucena R, Alcaide-Gavilán M, Anastasia SD, Kellogg DR. Wee1 and Cdc25 are controlled by conserved PP2A-dependent mechanisms in fission yeast. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:428-435. [PMID: 28103117 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1281476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wee1 and Cdc25 are conserved regulators of mitosis. Wee1 is a kinase that delays mitosis via inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdk1, while Cdc25 is a phosphatase that promotes mitosis by removing the inhibitory phosphorylation. Although Wee1 and Cdc25 are conserved proteins, it has remained unclear whether their functions and regulation are conserved across diverse species. Here, we analyzed regulation of Wee1 and Cdc25 in fission yeast. Both proteins undergo dramatic cell cycle-dependent changes in phosphorylation that are dependent upon PP2A associated with the regulatory subunit Pab1. The mechanisms that control Wee1 and Cdc25 in fission yeast appear to share similarities to those in budding yeast and vertebrates, which suggests that there may be common mechanisms that control mitotic entry in all eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Lucena
- a Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology , University of California , Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz , CA , USA
| | - Maria Alcaide-Gavilán
- a Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology , University of California , Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz , CA , USA
| | - Steph D Anastasia
- a Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology , University of California , Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz , CA , USA
| | - Douglas R Kellogg
- a Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology , University of California , Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz , CA , USA
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31
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Perez AM, Finnigan GC, Roelants FM, Thorner J. Septin-Associated Protein Kinases in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:119. [PMID: 27847804 PMCID: PMC5088441 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Septins are a family of eukaryotic GTP-binding proteins that associate into linear rods, which, in turn, polymerize end-on-end into filaments, and further assemble into other, more elaborate super-structures at discrete subcellular locations. Hence, septin-based ensembles are considered elements of the cytoskeleton. One function of these structures that has been well-documented in studies conducted in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is to serve as a scaffold that recruits regulatory proteins, which dictate the spatial and temporal control of certain aspects of the cell division cycle. In particular, septin-associated protein kinases couple cell cycle progression with cellular morphogenesis. Thus, septin-containing structures serve as signaling platforms that integrate a multitude of signals and coordinate key downstream networks required for cell cycle passage. This review summarizes what we currently understand about how the action of septin-associated protein kinases and their substrates control information flow to drive the cell cycle into and out of mitosis, to regulate bud growth, and especially to direct timely and efficient execution of cytokinesis and cell abscission. Thus, septin structures represent a regulatory node at the intersection of many signaling pathways. In addition, and importantly, the activities of certain septin-associated protein kinases also regulate the state of organization of the septins themselves, creating a complex feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Perez
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gregory C Finnigan
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Françoise M Roelants
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Thorner
- Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
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32
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Improvement of the reverse tetracycline transactivator by single amino acid substitutions that reduce leaky target gene expression to undetectable levels. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27697. [PMID: 27323850 PMCID: PMC4914848 DOI: 10.1038/srep27697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional gene expression systems that enable inducible and reversible transcriptional control are essential research tools and have broad applications in biomedicine and biotechnology. The reverse tetracycline transcriptional activator is a canonical system for engineered gene expression control that enables graded and gratuitous modulation of target gene transcription in eukaryotes from yeast to human cell lines and transgenic animals. However, the system has a tendency to activate transcription even in the absence of tetracycline and this leaky target gene expression impedes its use. Here, we identify single amino-acid substitutions that greatly enhance the dynamic range of the system in yeast by reducing leaky transcription to undetectable levels while retaining high expression capacity in the presence of inducer. While the mutations increase the inducer concentration required for full induction, additional sensitivity-enhancing mutations can compensate for this effect and confer a high degree of robustness to the system. The novel transactivator variants will be useful in applications where tight and tunable regulation of gene expression is paramount.
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33
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Ho TLF, Guilbaud G, Blow JJ, Sale JE, Watson CJ. The KRAB Zinc Finger Protein Roma/Zfp157 Is a Critical Regulator of Cell-Cycle Progression and Genomic Stability. Cell Rep 2016; 15:724-734. [PMID: 27149840 PMCID: PMC4850358 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of DNA replication and cell division is essential for tissue growth and maintenance of genomic integrity and is particularly important in tissues that undergo continuous regeneration such as mammary glands. We have previously shown that disruption of the KRAB-domain zinc finger protein Roma/Zfp157 results in hyperproliferation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) during pregnancy. Here, we delineate the mechanism by which Roma engenders this phenotype. Ablation of Roma in MECs leads to unscheduled proliferation, replication stress, DNA damage, and genomic instability. Furthermore, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) depleted for Roma exhibit downregulation of p21Cip1 and geminin and have accelerated replication fork velocities, which is accompanied by a high rate of mitotic errors and polyploidy. In contrast, overexpression of Roma in MECs halts cell-cycle progression, whereas siRNA-mediated p21Cip1 knockdown ameliorates, in part, this phenotype. Thus, Roma is an essential regulator of the cell cycle and is required to maintain genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L F Ho
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Guillaume Guilbaud
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - J Julian Blow
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Julian E Sale
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Christine J Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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34
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Fujimitsu K, Grimaldi M, Yamano H. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1-dependent activation of APC/C ubiquitin ligase. Science 2016; 352:1121-4. [PMID: 27103671 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Error-free genome duplication and segregation are ensured through the timely activation of ubiquitylation enzymes. The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C), a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase, is regulated by phosphorylation. However, the mechanism remains elusive. Using systematic reconstitution and analysis of vertebrate APC/Cs under physiological conditions, we show how cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) activates the APC/C through coordinated phosphorylation between Apc3 and Apc1. Phosphorylation of the loop domains by CDK1 in complex with p9/Cks2 (a CDK regulatory subunit) controlled loading of coactivator Cdc20 onto APC/C. A phosphomimetic mutation introduced into Apc1 allowed Cdc20 to increase APC/C activity in interphase. These results define a previously unrecognized subunit-subunit communication over a distance and the functional consequences of CDK phosphorylation. Cdc20 is a potential therapeutic target, and our findings may facilitate the development of specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Fujimitsu
- Cell Cycle Control Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Margaret Grimaldi
- Cell Cycle Control Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Hiroyuki Yamano
- Cell Cycle Control Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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35
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Bokros M, Gravenmier C, Jin F, Richmond D, Wang Y. Fin1-PP1 Helps Clear Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Protein Bub1 from Kinetochores in Anaphase. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1074-1085. [PMID: 26832405 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors chromosome attachment defects, and the assembly of SAC proteins at kinetochores is essential for its activation, but the SAC disassembly process remains unknown. We found that deletion of a 14-3-3 protein, Bmh1, or hyperactivation of Cdc14 early anaphase release (FEAR) allows premature SAC silencing in budding yeast, which depends on a kinetochore protein Fin1 that forms a complex with protein phosphatase PP1. Previous works suggest that FEAR-dependent Fin1 dephosphorylation promotes Bmh1-Fin1 dissociation, which enables kinetochore recruitment of Fin1-PP1. We found persistent kinetochore association of SAC protein Bub1 in fin1Δ mutants after anaphase entry. Therefore, we revealed a mechanism that clears SAC proteins from kinetochores. After anaphase entry, FEAR activation promotes kinetochore enrichment of Fin1-PP1, resulting in SAC disassembly at kinetochores. This mechanism is required for efficient SAC silencing after SAC is challenged, and untimely Fin1-kinetochore association causes premature SAC silencing and chromosome missegregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bokros
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
| | - Curtis Gravenmier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Fengzhi Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
| | - Daniel Richmond
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
| | - Yanchang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA.
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36
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Redundant Regulation of Cdk1 Tyrosine Dephosphorylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2015; 202:903-10. [PMID: 26715668 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.182469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdk1 activity drives both mitotic entry and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition in all eukaryotes. The kinase Wee1 and the phosphatase Cdc25 regulate the mitotic activity of Cdk1 by the reversible phosphorylation of a conserved tyrosine residue. Mutation of cdc25 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe blocks Cdk1 dephosphorylation and causes cell cycle arrest. In contrast, deletion of MIH1, the cdc25 homolog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is viable. Although Cdk1-Y19 phosphorylation is elevated during mitosis in mih1∆ cells, Cdk1 is dephosphorylated as cells progress into G1, suggesting that additional phosphatases regulate Cdk1 dephosphorylation. Here we show that the phosphatase Ptp1 also regulates Cdk1 dephosphorylation in vivo and can directly dephosphorylate Cdk1 in vitro. Using a novel in vivo phosphatase assay, we also show that PP2A bound to Rts1, the budding yeast B56-regulatory subunit, regulates dephosphorylation of Cdk1 independently of a function regulating Swe1, Mih1, or Ptp1, suggesting that PP2A(Rts1) either directly dephosphorylates Cdk1-Y19 or regulates an unidentified phosphatase.
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37
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Chauhan N, Han G, Somashekarappa N, Gable K, Dunn T, Kohlwein SD. Regulation of Sphingolipid Biosynthesis by the Morphogenesis Checkpoint Kinase Swe1. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2524-34. [PMID: 26634277 PMCID: PMC4732232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.693200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid (SL) biosynthesis is negatively regulated by the highly conserved endoplasmic reticulum-localized Orm family proteins. Defective SL synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to increased phosphorylation and inhibition of Orm proteins by the kinase Ypk1. Here we present evidence that the yeast morphogenesis checkpoint kinase, Swe1, regulates SL biosynthesis independent of the Ypk1 pathway. Deletion of the Swe1 kinase renders mutant cells sensitive to serine palmitoyltransferase inhibition due to impaired sphingoid long-chain base synthesis. Based on these data and previous results, we suggest that Swe1 kinase perceives alterations in SL homeostasis, activates SL synthesis, and may thus represent the missing regulatory link that controls the SL rheostat during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chauhan
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, BioTechMed-Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/II, 8010 Graz, Austria and
| | - Gongshe Han
- the Department of Biochemistry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | | | - Kenneth Gable
- the Department of Biochemistry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Teresa Dunn
- the Department of Biochemistry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
| | - Sepp D Kohlwein
- From the Institute of Molecular Biosciences, BioTechMed-Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/II, 8010 Graz, Austria and
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38
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Wang Z, Fu S. An overview of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 25:15-30. [PMID: 26560712 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1117071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy and the fifth most common cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Initial treatment with surgery and chemotherapy has improved survival significantly. However, the disease progresses or recurs in most patients. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop more effective treatment strategies. AREAS COVERED This article provides an overview of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for the treatment of EOC, which is based on English peer-reviewed articles on MEDLINE and related abstracts presented at major conferences. The authors highlight the data from the published clinical trials in EOC patients who were treated with TKIs or TKI-based regimens. EXPERT OPINION EOC is responsive to most chemotherapeutic drugs and/or biological agents and represents an ideal disease model for investigating novel anti-cancer agents. Numerous small-molecule TKIs targeting the VEGFR, PARP, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, MAPK, Src, PKC, Wee1 and HER1/2 signaling pathways are currently being tested in clinical trials. Research is needed for devising regimens combining TKIs with other agents in an optimal timing schedule and for identifying potential biomarkers predictive of response and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Wang
- a Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston , TX 77030 , USA.,b Department of Thoracic Medical Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education) , Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute for Cancer Research , Beijing , China
| | - Siqing Fu
- a Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston , TX 77030 , USA
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A haploid genetic screen identifies the G1/S regulatory machinery as a determinant of Wee1 inhibitor sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15160-5. [PMID: 26598692 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505283112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wee1 cell cycle checkpoint kinase prevents premature mitotic entry by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases. Chemical inhibitors of Wee1 are currently being tested clinically as targeted anticancer drugs. Wee1 inhibition is thought to be preferentially cytotoxic in p53-defective cancer cells. However, TP53 mutant cancers do not respond consistently to Wee1 inhibitor treatment, indicating the existence of genetic determinants of Wee1 inhibitor sensitivity other than TP53 status. To optimally facilitate patient selection for Wee1 inhibition and uncover potential resistance mechanisms, identification of these currently unknown genes is necessary. The aim of this study was therefore to identify gene mutations that determine Wee1 inhibitor sensitivity. We performed a genome-wide unbiased functional genetic screen in TP53 mutant near-haploid KBM-7 cells using gene-trap insertional mutagenesis. Insertion site mapping of cells that survived long-term Wee1 inhibition revealed enrichment of G1/S regulatory genes, including SKP2, CUL1, and CDK2. Stable depletion of SKP2, CUL1, or CDK2 or chemical Cdk2 inhibition rescued the γ-H2AX induction and abrogation of G2 phase as induced by Wee1 inhibition in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines. Remarkably, live cell imaging showed that depletion of SKP2, CUL1, or CDK2 did not rescue the Wee1 inhibition-induced karyokinesis and cytokinesis defects. These data indicate that the activity of the DNA replication machinery, beyond TP53 mutation status, determines Wee1 inhibitor sensitivity, and could serve as a selection criterion for Wee1-inhibitor eligible patients. Conversely, loss of the identified S-phase genes could serve as a mechanism of acquired resistance, which goes along with development of severe genomic instability.
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40
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Larin ML, Harding K, Williams EC, Lianga N, Doré C, Pilon S, Langis É, Yanofsky C, Rudner AD. Competition between Heterochromatic Loci Allows the Abundance of the Silencing Protein, Sir4, to Regulate de novo Assembly of Heterochromatin. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005425. [PMID: 26587833 PMCID: PMC4654584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the locations and boundaries of heterochromatin are critical during development, and de novo assembly of silent chromatin in budding yeast is a well-studied model for how new sites of heterochromatin assemble. De novo assembly cannot occur in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and one to two divisions are needed for complete silent chromatin assembly and transcriptional repression. Mutation of DOT1, the histone H3 lysine 79 (K79) methyltransferase, and SET1, the histone H3 lysine 4 (K4) methyltransferase, speed de novo assembly. These observations have led to the model that regulated demethylation of histones may be a mechanism for how cells control the establishment of heterochromatin. We find that the abundance of Sir4, a protein required for the assembly of silent chromatin, decreases dramatically during a G1 arrest and therefore tested if changing the levels of Sir4 would also alter the speed of de novo establishment. Halving the level of Sir4 slows heterochromatin establishment, while increasing Sir4 speeds establishment. yku70Δ and ubp10Δ cells also speed de novo assembly, and like dot1Δ cells have defects in subtelomeric silencing, suggesting that these mutants may indirectly speed de novo establishment by liberating Sir4 from telomeres. Deleting RIF1 and RIF2, which suppresses the subtelomeric silencing defects in these mutants, rescues the advanced de novo establishment in yku70Δ and ubp10Δ cells, but not in dot1Δ cells, suggesting that YKU70 and UBP10 regulate Sir4 availability by modulating subtelomeric silencing, while DOT1 functions directly to regulate establishment. Our data support a model whereby the demethylation of histone H3 K79 and changes in Sir4 abundance and availability define two rate-limiting steps that regulate de novo assembly of heterochromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Larin
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Harding
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth C. Williams
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noel Lianga
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carole Doré
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sophie Pilon
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Éric Langis
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corey Yanofsky
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam D. Rudner
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Li C, Melesse M, Zhang S, Hao C, Wang C, Zhang H, Hall MC, Xu JR. FgCDC14 regulates cytokinesis, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:770-86. [PMID: 26256689 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Members of Cdc14 phosphatases are common in animals and fungi, but absent in plants. Although its orthologs are conserved in plant pathogenic fungi, their functions during infection are not clear. In this study, we showed that the CDC14 ortholog is important for pathogenesis and morphogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. FgCDC14 is required for normal cell division and septum formation and FgCdc14 possesses phosphatase activity with specificity for a subset of Cdk-type phosphorylation sites. The Fgcdc14 mutant was reduced in growth, conidiation, and ascospore formation. It was defective in ascosporogenesis and pathogenesis. Septation in Fgcdc14 was reduced and hyphal compartments contained multiple nuclei, indicating defects in the coordination between nuclear division and cytokinesis. Interestingly, foot cells of mutant conidia often differentiated into conidiogenous cells, resulting in the production of inter-connected conidia. In the interphase, FgCdc14-GFP localized to the nucleus and spindle-pole-body. Taken together, our results indicate that Cdc14 phosphatase functions in cell division and septum formation in F. graminearum, likely by counteracting Cdk phosphorylation, and is required for plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Li
- NWAFU-PU Joint research Center, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Michael Melesse
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Shijie Zhang
- NWAFU-PU Joint research Center, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - ChaoFeng Hao
- NWAFU-PU Joint research Center, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chenfang Wang
- NWAFU-PU Joint research Center, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- NWAFU-PU Joint research Center, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mark C Hall
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jin-Rong Xu
- NWAFU-PU Joint research Center, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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42
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Palou G, Palou R, Zeng F, Vashisht AA, Wohlschlegel JA, Quintana DG. Three Different Pathways Prevent Chromosome Segregation in the Presence of DNA Damage or Replication Stress in Budding Yeast. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005468. [PMID: 26332045 PMCID: PMC4558037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A surveillance mechanism, the S phase checkpoint, blocks progression into mitosis in response to DNA damage and replication stress. Segregation of damaged or incompletely replicated chromosomes results in genomic instability. In humans, the S phase checkpoint has been shown to constitute an anti-cancer barrier. Inhibition of mitotic cyclin dependent kinase (M-CDK) activity by Wee1 kinases is critical to block mitosis in some organisms. However, such mechanism is dispensable in the response to genotoxic stress in the model eukaryotic organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show here that the Wee1 ortholog Swe1 does indeed inhibit M-CDK activity and chromosome segregation in response to genotoxic insults. Swe1 dispensability in budding yeast is the result of a redundant control of M-CDK activity by the checkpoint kinase Rad53. In addition, our results indicate that Swe1 is an effector of the checkpoint central kinase Mec1. When checkpoint control on M-CDK and on Pds1/securin stabilization are abrogated, cells undergo aberrant chromosome segregation. Genetic inheritance during cell proliferation requires chromosome duplication (replication) and segregation of the replicated chromosomes to the two daughter cells. In response to the presence of DNA damage, cells block chromosome segregation to avoid the inheritance of damaged, incompletely replicated chromosomes. Failure to do so results in loss of genomic integrity. Here we show that three different, redundant pathways are responsible for such control in budding yeast, a model eukaryotic organism. One of the pathways had been described before and blocks the separation of the replicated chromosomes. We show now that two additional pathways inhibit the essential pro-mitotic Cyclin Dependent Kinase (M-CDK) activity. One of them involves the conserved inhibition of M-CDK through tyrosine phosphorylation, which was puzzlingly dispensable in the response to challenged replication in budding yeast. We show that the reason for such dispensability is the existence of redundant control of M-CDK activity by Rad53. Rad53 is part of a surveillance mechanism termed the S phase checkpoint that detects and responds to replication insults. Such control mechanism has been proposed to constitute an anti-cancer barrier in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Palou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biophysics Unit, School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Palou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biophysics Unit, School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fanli Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biophysics Unit, School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ajay A. Vashisht
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - James A. Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David G. Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biophysics Unit, School of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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43
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Roccuzzo M, Visintin C, Tili F, Visintin R. FEAR-mediated activation of Cdc14 is the limiting step for spindle elongation and anaphase progression. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:251-61. [PMID: 25706236 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cleavage of cohesins and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibition are thought to be sufficient for triggering chromosome segregation. Here we identify an essential requirement for anaphase chromosome movement. We show that, at anaphase onset, the phosphatase Cdc14 and the polo-like kinase Cdc5 are redundantly required to drive spindle elongation. This role of Cdc14 is mediated by the FEAR network, a group of proteins that activates Cdc14 at anaphase onset, and we suggest that Cdc5 facilitates both Cdc14 activation and CDK inhibition. We further identify the kinesin-5 motor protein Cin8 as a key target of Cdc14. Indeed, Cin8 mutants lacking critical CDK phosphorylation sites suppress the requirement for Cdc14 and Cdc5 in anaphase spindle elongation. Our results indicate that cohesin dissolution and CDK inhibition per se are not sufficient to drive sister chromatid segregation but that the motor protein Cin8 must be activated to elongate the spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Roccuzzo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Clara Visintin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Federico Tili
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Rosella Visintin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
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44
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Morphogenesis checkpoint kinase Swe1 is the executor of lipolysis-dependent cell-cycle progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1077-85. [PMID: 25713391 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423175112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell growth and division requires the precise duplication of cellular DNA content but also of membranes and organelles. Knowledge about the cell-cycle-dependent regulation of membrane and storage lipid homeostasis is only rudimentary. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that the breakdown of triacylglycerols (TGs) is regulated in a cell-cycle-dependent manner, by activation of the Tgl4 lipase by the major cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28. The lipases Tgl3 and Tgl4 are required for efficient cell-cycle progression during the G1/S (Gap1/replication phase) transition, at the onset of bud formation, and their absence leads to a cell-cycle delay. We now show that defective lipolysis activates the Swe1 morphogenesis checkpoint kinase that halts cell-cycle progression by phosphorylation of Cdc28 at tyrosine residue 19. Saturated long-chain fatty acids and phytosphingosine supplementation rescue the cell-cycle delay in the Tgl3/Tgl4 lipase-deficient strain, suggesting that Swe1 activity responds to imbalanced sphingolipid metabolism, in the absence of TG degradation. We propose a model by which TG-derived sphingolipids are required to activate the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A(Cdc55)) to attenuate Swe1 phosphorylation and its inhibitory effect on Cdc28 at the G1/S transition of the cell cycle.
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45
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Szeto SG, Williams EC, Rudner AD, Lee JM. Phosphorylation of filamin A by Cdk1 regulates filamin A localization and daughter cell separation. Exp Cell Res 2015; 330:248-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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46
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Lu D, Hsiao JY, Davey NE, Van Voorhis VA, Foster SA, Tang C, Morgan DO. Multiple mechanisms determine the order of APC/C substrate degradation in mitosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 207:23-39. [PMID: 25287299 PMCID: PMC4195823 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201402041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To ensure proper mitotic progression, robust ordering of the destruction of APC/CCdc20 substrates is driven by the integration of molecular mechanisms ranging from phosphorylation-dependent interaction with substrates to sensing of the status of the spindle assembly checkpoint. The ubiquitin protein ligase anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) controls mitosis by promoting ordered degradation of securin, cyclins, and other proteins. The mechanisms underlying the timing of APC/C substrate degradation are poorly understood. We explored these mechanisms using quantitative fluorescence microscopy of GFP-tagged APC/CCdc20 substrates in living budding yeast cells. Degradation of the S cyclin, Clb5, begins early in mitosis, followed 6 min later by the degradation of securin and Dbf4. Anaphase begins when less than half of securin is degraded. The spindle assembly checkpoint delays the onset of Clb5 degradation but does not influence securin degradation. Early Clb5 degradation depends on its interaction with the Cdk1–Cks1 complex and the presence of a Cdc20-binding “ABBA motif” in its N-terminal region. The degradation of securin and Dbf4 is delayed by Cdk1-dependent phosphorylation near their Cdc20-binding sites. Thus, a remarkably diverse array of mechanisms generates robust ordering of APC/CCdc20 substrate destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- Department of Physiology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Jennifer Y Hsiao
- Department of Physiology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Norman E Davey
- Department of Physiology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Vanessa A Van Voorhis
- Department of Physiology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Scott A Foster
- Department of Physiology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Chao Tang
- Center for Quantitative Biology and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - David O Morgan
- Department of Physiology and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
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Eshleman HD, Morgan DO. Sgo1 recruits PP2A to chromosomes to ensure sister chromatid bi-orientation during mitosis. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4974-83. [PMID: 25236599 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.161273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatid bi-orientation on the mitotic spindle is essential for proper chromosome segregation. Defects in bi-orientation are sensed and corrected to prevent chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy. This response depends on the adaptor protein Sgo1, which associates with pericentromeric chromatin in mitosis. The mechanisms underlying Sgo1 function and regulation are unclear. Here, we show that Sgo1 is an anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) substrate in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and that its mitotic destruction depends on an unusual D-box-related sequence motif near its C-terminus. We find that the removal of Sgo1 from chromosomes before anaphase is not dependent on its destruction, but rather on other mechanisms responsive to tension between sister chromatids. Additionally, we find that Sgo1 recruits the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) isoform containing Rts1 to the pericentromeric region prior to bi-orientation, and that artificial recruitment of Rts1 to this region of a single chromosome is sufficient to perform the function of Sgo1 on that chromosome. We conclude that in early mitosis, Sgo1 associates transiently with pericentromeric chromatin to promote bi-orientation, in large part by recruiting the Rts1 isoform of PP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Eshleman
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David O Morgan
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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48
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Vassilopoulos A, Tominaga Y, Kim HS, Lahusen T, Li B, Yu H, Gius D, Deng CX. WEE1 murine deficiency induces hyper-activation of APC/C and results in genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2014; 34:3023-35. [PMID: 25088202 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase WEE1 controls the timing of entry into mitosis in eukaryotes and its genetic deletion leads to pre-implantation lethality in mice. Here, we show that besides the premature mitotic entry phenotype, Wee1 mutant murine cells fail to complete mitosis properly and exhibit several additional defects that contribute to the deregulation of mitosis, allowing mutant cells to progress through mitosis at the expense of genomic integrity. WEE1 interacts with the anaphase promoting complex, functioning as a negative regulator, and the deletion of Wee1 results in hyper-activation of this complex. Mammary specific knockout mice overcome the DNA damage response pathway triggered by the mis-coordination of the cell cycle in mammary epithelial cells and heterozygote mice spontaneously develop mammary tumors. Thus, WEE1 functions as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor that coordinates distinct cell division events to allow correct segregation of genetic information into daughter cells and maintain genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vassilopoulos
- 1] Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA [2] Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Y Tominaga
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H-Seok Kim
- 1] Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA [2] Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - T Lahusen
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - H Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - D Gius
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C-X Deng
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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49
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Qiu L, Wang JJ, Ying SH, Feng MG. Wee1 and Cdc25 control morphogenesis, virulence and multistress tolerance ofBeauveria bassianaby balancing cell cycle-required cyclin-dependent kinase 1 activity. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:1119-33. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiu
- Institute of Microbiology; College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- Institute of Microbiology; College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology; College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology; College of Life Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China
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50
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Delgoshaie N, Tang X, Kanshin ED, Williams EC, Rudner AD, Thibault P, Tyers M, Verreault A. Regulation of the histone deacetylase Hst3 by cyclin-dependent kinases and the ubiquitin ligase SCFCdc4. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13186-96. [PMID: 24648511 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.523530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, histone H3 lysine 56 acetylation (H3K56ac) is a modification of new H3 molecules deposited throughout the genome during S-phase. H3K56ac is removed by the sirtuins Hst3 and Hst4 at later stages of the cell cycle. Previous studies indicated that regulated degradation of Hst3 plays an important role in the genome-wide waves of H3K56 acetylation and deacetylation that occur during each cell cycle. However, little is known regarding the mechanism of cell cycle-regulated Hst3 degradation. Here, we demonstrate that Hst3 instability in vivo is dependent upon the ubiquitin ligase SCF(Cdc4) and that Hst3 is phosphorylated at two Cdk1 sites, threonine 380 and threonine 384. This creates a diphosphorylated degron that is necessary for Hst3 polyubiquitylation by SCF(Cdc4). Mutation of the Hst3 diphospho-degron does not completely stabilize Hst3 in vivo, but it nonetheless results in a significant fitness defect that is particularly severe in mutant cells treated with the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate. Unexpectedly, we show that Hst3 can be degraded between G2 and anaphase, a window of the cell cycle where Hst3 normally mediates genome-wide deacetylation of H3K56. Our results suggest an intricate coordination between Hst3 synthesis, genome-wide H3K56 deacetylation by Hst3, and cell cycle-regulated degradation of Hst3 by cyclin-dependent kinases and SCF(Cdc4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Delgoshaie
- From the Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7
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