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Naudi-Fabra S, Elena-Real CA, Vedel IM, Tengo M, Motzny K, Jiang PL, Schmieder P, Liu F, Milles S. An extended interaction site determines binding between AP180 and AP2 in clathrin mediated endocytosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5884. [PMID: 39003270 PMCID: PMC11246429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The early phases of clathrin mediated endocytosis are organized through a highly complex interaction network mediated by clathrin associated sorting proteins (CLASPs) that comprise long intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). AP180 is a CLASP exclusively expressed in neurons and comprises a long IDR of around 600 residues, whose function remains partially elusive. Using NMR spectroscopy, we discovered an extended and strong interaction site within AP180 with the major adaptor protein AP2, and describe its binding dynamics at atomic resolution. We find that the 70 residue-long site determines the overall interaction between AP180 and AP2 in a dynamic equilibrium between its bound and unbound states, while weaker binding sites contribute to the overall affinity at much higher concentrations of AP2. Our data suggest that this particular interaction site might play a central role in recruitment of adaptors to the clathrin coated pit, whereas more transient and promiscuous interactions allow reshaping of the interaction network until cargo uptake inside a coated vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Naudi-Fabra
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Carlos A Elena-Real
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ida Marie Vedel
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maud Tengo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Kathrin Motzny
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pin-Lian Jiang
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schmieder
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fan Liu
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sigrid Milles
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
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2
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Matsubayashi HT, Mountain J, Takahashi N, Deb Roy A, Yao T, Peterson AF, Saez Gonzalez C, Kawamata I, Inoue T. Non-catalytic role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in mesenchymal cell migration through non-canonical induction of p85β/AP2-mediated endocytosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2612. [PMID: 38521786 PMCID: PMC10960865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) galvanizes fundamental cellular processes such as migration, proliferation, and differentiation. To enable these multifaceted roles, the catalytic subunit p110 utilizes the multi-domain, regulatory subunit p85 through its inter SH2 domain (iSH2). In cell migration, its product PI(3,4,5)P3 generates locomotive activity. While non-catalytic roles are also implicated, underlying mechanisms and their relationship to PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling remain elusive. Here, we report that a disordered region of iSH2 contains AP2 binding motifs which can trigger clathrin and dynamin-mediated endocytosis independent of PI3K catalytic activity. The AP2 binding motif mutants of p85 aberrantly accumulate at focal adhesions and increase both velocity and persistency in fibroblast migration. We thus propose the dual functionality of PI3K in the control of cell motility, catalytic and non-catalytic, arising distinctly from juxtaposed regions within iSH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki T Matsubayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Tohoku, Japan.
| | - Jack Mountain
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nozomi Takahashi
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Tohoku, Japan
| | - Abhijit Deb Roy
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tony Yao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy F Peterson
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cristian Saez Gonzalez
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ibuki Kawamata
- Department of Robotics, Tohoku University, Tohoku, Japan
- Natural Science Division, Ochanomizu University, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Nguyen MQ, Kim DH, Shim HJ, Ta HKK, Vu TL, Nguyen TKO, Lim JC, Choe H. Novel Anti-Mesothelin Nanobodies and Recombinant Immunotoxins with Pseudomonas Exotoxin Catalytic Domain for Cancer Therapeutics. Mol Cells 2023; 46:764-777. [PMID: 38052492 PMCID: PMC10701305 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are fusion proteins consisting of a targeting domain linked to a toxin, offering a highly specific therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. In this study, we engineered and characterized RITs aimed at mesothelin, a cell surface glycoprotein overexpressed in various malignancies. Through an extensive screening of a large nanobody library, four mesothelin-specific nanobodies were selected and genetically fused to a truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE24B). Various optimizations, including the incorporation of furin cleavage sites, maltose-binding protein tags, and tobacco etch virus protease cleavage sites, were implemented to improve protein expression, solubility, and purification. The RITs were successfully overexpressed in Escherichia coli, achieving high solubility and purity post-purification. In vitro cytotoxicity assays on gastric carcinoma cell lines NCI-N87 and AGS revealed that Meso(Nb2)-PE24B demonstrated the highest cytotoxic efficacy, warranting further characterization. This RIT also displayed selective binding to human and monkey mesothelins but not to mouse mesothelin. The competitive binding assays between different RIT constructs revealed significant alterations in IC50 values, emphasizing the importance of nanobody specificity. Finally, a modification in the endoplasmic reticulum retention signal at the C-terminus further augmented its cytotoxic activity. Our findings offer valuable insights into the design and optimization of RITs, showcasing the potential of Meso(Nb2)-PE24B as a promising therapeutic candidate for targeted cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Quan Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | | | | | - Huynh Kim Khanh Ta
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Thi Luong Vu
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Thi Kieu Oanh Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | | | - Han Choe
- Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea
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4
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Sittewelle M, Ferrandiz N, Fesenko M, Royle SJ. Genetically encoded imaging tools for investigating cell dynamics at a glance. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260783. [PMID: 37039102 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The biology of a cell is the sum of many highly dynamic processes, each orchestrated by a plethora of proteins and other molecules. Microscopy is an invaluable approach to spatially and temporally dissect the molecular details of these processes. Hundreds of genetically encoded imaging tools have been developed that allow cell scientists to determine the function of a protein of interest in the context of these dynamic processes. Broadly, these tools fall into three strategies: observation, inhibition and activation. Using examples for each strategy, in this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we provide a guide to using these tools to dissect protein function in a given cellular process. Our focus here is on tools that allow rapid modification of proteins of interest and how observing the resulting changes in cell states is key to unlocking dynamic cell processes. The aim is to inspire the reader's next set of imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Méghane Sittewelle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nuria Ferrandiz
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mary Fesenko
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Stephen J Royle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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5
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Matsubayashi H, Mountain J, Yao T, Peterson A, Roy AD, Inoue T. Non-catalytic role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in mesenchymal cell migration through non-canonical induction of p85β/AP-2-mediated endocytosis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2432041. [PMID: 36712095 PMCID: PMC9882665 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2432041/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) galvanizes fundamental cellular processes such as migration, proliferation, and differentiation. To enable multifaceted roles, the catalytic subunit p110 utilizes a multi-domain, regulatory subunit p85 through its inter SH2 domain (iSH2). In cell migration, their product PI(3,4,5)P3 generates locomotive activity. While non-catalytic roles are also implicated, underlying mechanisms and its relationship to PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling remain elusive. Here, we report that a disordered region of iSH2 contains previously uncharacterized AP-2 binding motifs which can trigger clathrin and dynamin-mediated endocytosis independent of PI3K catalytic activity. The AP-2 binding motif mutants of p85 aberrantly accumulate at focal adhesions and upregulate both velocity and persistency in fibroblast migration. We thus propose the dual functionality of PI3K in the control of cell motility, catalytic and non-catalytic, arising distinctly from juxtaposed regions within iSH2.
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6
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Matsubayashi HT, Mountain J, Yao T, Peterson AF, Deb Roy A, Inoue T. Non-catalytic role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in mesenchymal cell migration through non-canonical induction of p85β/AP-2-mediated endocytosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2022.12.31.522383. [PMID: 36712134 PMCID: PMC9881872 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.31.522383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) galvanizes fundamental cellular processes such as migration, proliferation, and differentiation. To enable multifaceted roles, the catalytic subunit p110 utilizes a multidomain, regulatory subunit p85 through its inter SH2 domain (iSH2). In cell migration, their product PI(3,4,5)P3 generates locomotive activity. While non-catalytic roles are also implicated, underlying mechanisms and its relationship to PI(3,4,5)P3 signaling remain elusive. Here, we report that a disordered region of iSH2 contains previously uncharacterized AP-2 binding motifs which can trigger clathrin and dynamin-mediated endocytosis independent of PI3K catalytic activity. The AP-2 binding motif mutants of p85 aberrantly accumulate at focal adhesions and upregulate both velocity and persistency in fibroblast migration. We thus propose the dual functionality of PI3K in the control of cell motility, catalytic and non-catalytic, arising distinctly from juxtaposed regions within iSH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki T. Matsubayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Jack Mountain
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Tony Yao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Amy F. Peterson
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Abhijit Deb Roy
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
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7
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Integrin receptor trafficking in health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 196:271-302. [PMID: 36813362 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are a family of 24 different heterodimers that are indispensable for multicellular life. Cell polarity, adhesion and migration are controlled by integrins delivered to the cell surface which in turn is regulated by the exo- and endocytic trafficking of integrins. The deep integration between trafficking and cell signaling determines the spatial and temporal output from any biochemical cue. Integrin trafficking plays a key role in development and many pathological conditions, especially cancer. Several novel regulators of integrin traffic have been discovered in recent times, including a novel class of integrin carrying vesicles, the intracellular nanovesicles (INVs). The tight regulation of trafficking pathways by cell signaling, where kinases phosphorylate key small GTPases in the trafficking pathway enable coordination of cell response to the extracellular milieu. Integrin heterodimer expression and trafficking differ in different tissues and contexts. In this Chapter, we discuss recent studies on integrin trafficking and its contribution to normal physiological and pathophysiological states.
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8
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Smith SM, Smith CJ. Capturing the mechanics of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102427. [PMID: 35872561 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis enables selective uptake of molecules into cells in response to changing cellular needs. It occurs through assembly of coat components around the plasma membrane that determine vesicle contents and facilitate membrane bending to form a clathrin-coated transport vesicle. In this review we discuss recent cryo-electron microscopy structures that have captured a series of events in the life cycle of a clathrin-coated vesicle. Both single particle analysis and tomography approaches have revealed details of the clathrin lattice structure itself, how AP2 may interface with clathrin within a coated vesicle and the importance of PIP2 binding for assembly of the yeast adaptors Sla2 and Ent1 on the membrane. Within cells, cryo-electron tomography of clathrin in flat lattices and high-speed AFM studies provided new insights into how clathrin morphology can adapt during CCV formation. Thus, key mechanical processes driving clathrin-mediated endocytosis have been captured through multiple techniques working in partnership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Corinne J Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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9
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Küey C, Sittewelle M, Larocque G, Hernández-González M, Royle SJ. Recruitment of clathrin to intracellular membranes is sufficient for vesicle formation. eLife 2022; 11:78929. [PMID: 35852853 PMCID: PMC9337851 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of a clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) is a major membrane remodeling process that is crucial for membrane traffic in cells. Besides clathrin, these vesicles contain at least 100 different proteins although it is unclear how many are essential for the formation of the vesicle. Here, we show that intracellular clathrin-coated formation can be induced in living cells using minimal machinery and that it can be achieved on various membranes, including the mitochondrial outer membrane. Chemical heterodimerization was used to inducibly attach a clathrin-binding fragment ‘hook’ to an ‘anchor’ protein targeted to a specific membrane. Endogenous clathrin assembled to form coated pits on the mitochondria, termed MitoPits, within seconds of induction. MitoPits are double-membraned invaginations that form preferentially on high curvature regions of the mitochondrion. Upon induction, all stages of CCV formation – initiation, invagination, and even fission – were faithfully reconstituted. We found no evidence for the functional involvement of accessory proteins in this process. In addition, fission of MitoPit-derived vesicles was independent of known scission factors including dynamins and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), suggesting that the clathrin cage generates sufficient force to bud intracellular vesicles. Our results suggest that, following its recruitment, clathrin is sufficient for intracellular CCV formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Küey
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Warwick
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10
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Catsburg LAE, Westra M, van Schaik AML, MacGillavry HD. Dynamics and nanoscale organization of the postsynaptic endocytic zone at excitatory synapses. eLife 2022; 11:74387. [PMID: 35072626 PMCID: PMC8813055 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
At postsynaptic sites of neurons, a prominent clathrin-coated structure, the endocytic zone (EZ), controls the trafficking of glutamate receptors and is essential for synaptic plasticity. Despite its importance, little is known about how this clathrin structure is organized to mediate endocytosis. We used live-cell and super-resolution microscopy to reveal the dynamic organization of this poorly understood clathrin structure in rat hippocampal neurons. We found that a subset of endocytic proteins only transiently appeared at postsynaptic sites. In contrast, other proteins were persistently enriched and partitioned at the edge of the EZ. We found that uncoupling the EZ from the synapse led to the loss of most of these components, while disrupting interactions with the actin cytoskeleton or membrane did not alter EZ positioning. Finally, we found that plasticity-inducing stimuli promoted the reorganization of the EZ. We conclude that the EZ is a stable, highly organized molecular platform where components are differentially recruited and positioned to orchestrate the endocytosis of synaptic receptors.
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11
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Wang S, Wan C, Squiers GT, Shen J. Endocytosis Assays Using Cleavable Fluorescent Dyes. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2473:181-194. [PMID: 35819767 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2209-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis mediates the entry of surface and extracellular cargoes into the cell. In this chapter, we describe assays to quantitively measure the endocytosis of both soluble and transmembrane cargo proteins, taking advantage of cleavable fluorescent dyes labeling cargo proteins or antibodies recognizing cargo proteins. After removing surface-bound fluorescent dye, internalized cargoes are measured using confocal imaging and flow cytometry. We also describe strategies to determine the role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in the internalization of a cargo by using a small molecule inhibitor of CME and knockout (KO) of the AAGAB gene, which encodes an essential regulator of CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Information Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Chun Wan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Galen T Squiers
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jingshi Shen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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12
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Smith SM, Larocque G, Wood KM, Morris KL, Roseman AM, Sessions RB, Royle SJ, Smith CJ. Multi-modal adaptor-clathrin contacts drive coated vesicle assembly. EMBO J 2021; 40:e108795. [PMID: 34487371 PMCID: PMC8488560 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin‐coated pits are formed by the recognition of membrane and cargo by the AP2 complex and the subsequent recruitment of clathrin triskelia. A role for AP2 in coated‐pit assembly beyond initial clathrin recruitment has not been explored. Clathrin binds the β2 subunit of AP2, and several binding sites have been identified, but our structural knowledge of these interactions is incomplete and their functional importance during endocytosis is unclear. Here, we analysed the cryo‐EM structure of clathrin cages assembled in the presence of β2 hinge‐appendage (β2HA). We find that the β2‐appendage binds in at least two positions in the cage, demonstrating that multi‐modal binding is a fundamental property of clathrin‐AP2 interactions. In one position, β2‐appendage cross‐links two adjacent terminal domains from different triskelia. Functional analysis of β2HA‐clathrin interactions reveals that endocytosis requires two clathrin interaction sites: a clathrin‐box motif on the hinge and the “sandwich site” on the appendage. We propose that β2‐appendage binding to more than one triskelion is a key feature of the system and likely explains why assembly is driven by AP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Gabrielle Larocque
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Kyle L Morris
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Alan M Roseman
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Stephen J Royle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Corinne J Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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13
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Tian D, Guo Y, Zhang D, Gao Q, Liu G, Lin J, Chang Z, Wang Y, Su R, Han Z. Shenzhi Jiannao formula ameliorates vascular dementia in vivo and in vitro by inhibition glutamate neurotoxicity via promoting clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Chin Med 2021; 16:65. [PMID: 34321050 PMCID: PMC8317332 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic damage and glutamate excitotoxicity have been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia (VD). Clathrin, RAB5B and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor 1 (NMDAR1) proteins play a vital role in endocytosis of synaptic vesicles in neurons and glutamate over accumulation. Previous researches have been confirmed that Shenzhi Jiannao (SZJN) formula has an anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effect in VD, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of SZJN formula on cognitive impairment and glutamate excitotoxicity via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in vivo and in vitro. METHODS SZJN formula consists of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey., Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge, and Paeonia anomala subsp. veitchii (Lynch) D.Y.Hong & K.Y.Pan. All herbs were prepared into granules. Both common carotid arteries were permanent occluded (2-vessel occlusion, 2VO) in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats to model VD. One day after operation, the rats began daily treatment with SZJN formula for 2 weeks. The neuroprotective effects of SZJN formula was subsequently assessed by the novel object recognition test, Morris water maze, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Nissl staining. Glutamate cytotoxicity was assessed by detecting cell viability and cell death of PC12 cells. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and quantitative real-time PCR were used to detect the expression levels of clathrin, RAB5B, and NMDAR1. RESULTS Administration of SZJN formula effectively improved short-term memory and spatial memory. SZJN formula treatment significantly reduced hippocampal neuronal loss, and recovered the arrangement and morphology of neurons and Nissl bodies. Moreover, SZJN formula promoted the proliferation of PC12 cells and inhibited glutamate-induced cell death. The down-regulation of clathrin and RAB5B, as well as the upregulation of NMDAR1 in the brain induced by 2VO or glutamate was also notably reversed by SZJN formula at both the protein and mRNA levels, which may contribute to SZJN formula induced improved neurological function. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings provide evidence that the neuroprotective effects of SZJN formula in experimental VD maybe mediated through promoting the expression of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and reducing NMDARs-associated glutamate excitotoxicity. SZJN formula serves as a promising alternative therapy and may be a useful herbal medicine for preventing progression of VD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Tian
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yangyang Guo
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ganlu Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jingfeng Lin
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ze Chang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuchun Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Scientific Research, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100010, China
| | - Zhenyun Han
- Shenzhen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (Longgang), No. 1 Dayun Road, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518172, China.
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14
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Winkler J, Mylle E, De Meyer A, Pavie B, Merchie J, Grones P, Van Damme D. Visualizing protein-protein interactions in plants by rapamycin-dependent delocalization. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1101-1117. [PMID: 33793859 PMCID: PMC7612334 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Identifying protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is crucial for understanding biological processes. Many PPI tools are available, yet only some function within the context of a plant cell. Narrowing down even further, only a few tools allow complex multi-protein interactions to be visualized. Here, we present a conditional in vivo PPI tool for plant research that meets these criteria. Knocksideways in plants (KSP) is based on the ability of rapamycin to alter the localization of a bait protein and its interactors via the heterodimerization of FKBP and FRB domains. KSP is inherently free from many limitations of other PPI systems. This in vivo tool does not require spatial proximity of the bait and prey fluorophores and it is compatible with a broad range of fluorophores. KSP is also a conditional tool and therefore the visualization of the proteins in the absence of rapamycin acts as an internal control. We used KSP to confirm previously identified interactions in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. Furthermore, the scripts that we generated allow the interactions to be quantified at high throughput. Finally, we demonstrate that KSP can easily be used to visualize complex multi-protein interactions. KSP is therefore a versatile tool with unique characteristics and applications that complements other plant PPI methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Winkler
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Mylle
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas De Meyer
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Julie Merchie
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Grones
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniёl Van Damme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Chen Z, Mino RE, Mettlen M, Michaely P, Bhave M, Reed DK, Schmid SL. Wbox2: A clathrin terminal domain-derived peptide inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151850. [PMID: 32520988 PMCID: PMC7480105 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201908189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) occurs via the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles from clathrin-coated pits (CCPs). Clathrin is recruited to CCPs through interactions between the AP2 complex and its N-terminal domain, which in turn recruits endocytic accessory proteins. Inhibitors of CME that interfere with clathrin function have been described, but their specificity and mechanisms of action are unclear. Here we show that overexpression of the N-terminal domain with (TDD) or without (TD) the distal leg inhibits CME and CCP dynamics by perturbing clathrin interactions with AP2 and SNX9. TDD overexpression does not affect clathrin-independent endocytosis or, surprisingly, AP1-dependent lysosomal trafficking from the Golgi. We designed small membrane–permeant peptides that encode key functional residues within the four known binding sites on the TD. One peptide, Wbox2, encoding residues along the W-box motif binding surface, binds to SNX9 and AP2 and potently and acutely inhibits CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX
| | - Rosa E Mino
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX
| | - Marcel Mettlen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX
| | - Peter Michaely
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX
| | - Madhura Bhave
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX
| | - Dana Kim Reed
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX
| | - Sandra L Schmid
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, TX
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16
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From observing to controlling: Inducible control of organelle dynamics and interactions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 71:69-76. [PMID: 33706236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics and interactions of cellular organelles underlie many aspects of cellular functioning. Until recently, assessment of organelle dynamics has been primarily observational or required whole-cell perturbations to assess the implications of altered organelle motility and positioning. However, thanks to recently developed and optimized intervention strategies, we now have the ability to control organelles in their unperturbed state, altering organelle positioning, membrane trafficking pathways, as well as organelle interactions. This can be performed both globally and locally, giving fine control over the range, reversibility, and extent of organelle dynamics. Here, we describe how these tools are currently used for controlling organelles and give insight into the exciting future of this emerging field.
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17
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Ryan EL, Shelford J, Massam-Wu T, Bayliss R, Royle SJ. Defining endogenous TACC3-chTOG-clathrin-GTSE1 interactions at the mitotic spindle using induced relocalization. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs255794. [PMID: 33380489 PMCID: PMC7875487 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiprotein complex containing TACC3, clathrin and other proteins has been implicated in mitotic spindle stability. To disrupt this complex in an anti-cancer context, we need to understand its composition and how it interacts with microtubules. Induced relocalization of proteins in cells is a powerful way to analyze protein-protein interactions and, additionally, monitor where and when these interactions occur. We used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to add tandem FKBP-GFP tags to each complex member. The relocalization of endogenous tagged protein from the mitotic spindle to mitochondria and assessment of the effect on other proteins allowed us to establish that TACC3 and clathrin are core complex members and that chTOG (also known as CKAP5) and GTSE1 are ancillary to the complex, binding respectively to TACC3 and clathrin, but not each other. We also show that PIK3C2A, a clathrin-binding protein that was proposed to stabilize the TACC3-chTOG-clathrin-GTSE1 complex during mitosis, is not a member of the complex. This work establishes that targeting the TACC3-clathrin interface or their microtubule-binding sites are the two strategies most likely to disrupt spindle stability mediated by this multiprotein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis L Ryan
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - James Shelford
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Teresa Massam-Wu
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Richard Bayliss
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen J Royle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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18
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Rondelet A, Lin YC, Singh D, Porfetye AT, Thakur HC, Hecker A, Brinkert P, Schmidt N, Bendre S, Müller F, Mazul L, Widlund PO, Bange T, Hiller M, Vetter IR, Bird AW. Clathrin's adaptor interaction sites are repurposed to stabilize microtubules during mitosis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133599. [PMID: 31932847 PMCID: PMC7041688 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin ensures mitotic spindle stability and efficient chromosome alignment, independently of its vesicle trafficking function. Although clathrin localizes to the mitotic spindle and kinetochore fiber microtubule bundles, the mechanisms by which clathrin stabilizes microtubules are unclear. We show that clathrin adaptor interaction sites on clathrin heavy chain (CHC) are repurposed during mitosis to directly recruit the microtubule-stabilizing protein GTSE1 to the spindle. Structural analyses reveal that these sites interact directly with clathrin-box motifs on GTSE1. Disruption of this interaction releases GTSE1 from spindles, causing defects in chromosome alignment. Surprisingly, this disruption destabilizes astral microtubules, but not kinetochore-microtubule attachments, and chromosome alignment defects are due to a failure of chromosome congression independent of kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability. GTSE1 recruited to the spindle by clathrin stabilizes microtubules by inhibiting the microtubule depolymerase MCAK. This work uncovers a novel role of clathrin adaptor-type interactions to stabilize nonkinetochore fiber microtubules to support chromosome congression, defining for the first time a repurposing of this endocytic interaction mechanism during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Rondelet
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yu-Chih Lin
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Divya Singh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Harish C Thakur
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Hecker
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pia Brinkert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Shweta Bendre
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Mazul
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Per O Widlund
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tanja Bange
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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19
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Chen Z, Schmid SL. Evolving models for assembling and shaping clathrin-coated pits. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202005126. [PMID: 32770195 PMCID: PMC7480099 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis occurs via the assembly of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) that invaginate and pinch off to form clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). It is well known that adaptor protein 2 (AP2) complexes trigger clathrin assembly on the plasma membrane, and biochemical and structural studies have revealed the nature of these interactions. Numerous endocytic accessory proteins collaborate with clathrin and AP2 to drive CCV formation. However, many questions remain as to the molecular events involved in CCP initiation, stabilization, and curvature generation. Indeed, a plethora of recent evidence derived from cell perturbation, correlative light and EM tomography, live-cell imaging, modeling, and high-resolution structural analyses has revealed more complexity and promiscuity in the protein interactions driving CCP maturation than anticipated. After briefly reviewing the evidence supporting prevailing models, we integrate these new lines of evidence to develop a more dynamic and flexible model for how redundant, dynamic, and competing protein interactions can drive endocytic CCV formation and suggest new approaches to test emerging models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra L. Schmid
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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20
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Ju Y, Guo H, Edman M, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Application of advances in endocytosis and membrane trafficking to drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 157:118-141. [PMID: 32758615 PMCID: PMC7853512 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multidisciplinary research efforts in the field of drug delivery have led to the development of a variety of drug delivery systems (DDS) designed for site-specific delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Since efficient uptake of drug carriers into target cells is central to effective drug delivery, a comprehensive understanding of the biological pathways for cellular internalization of DDS can facilitate the development of DDS capable of precise tissue targeting and enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Diverse methods have been applied to study the internalization mechanisms responsible for endocytotic uptake of extracellular materials, which are also the principal pathways exploited by many DDS. Chemical inhibitors remain the most commonly used method to explore endocytotic internalization mechanisms, although genetic methods are increasingly accessible and may constitute more specific approaches. This review highlights the molecular basis of internalization pathways most relevant to internalization of DDS, and the principal methods used to study each route. This review also showcases examples of DDS that are internalized by each route, and reviews the general effects of biophysical properties of DDS on the internalization efficiency. Finally, options for intracellular trafficking and targeting of internalized DDS are briefly reviewed, representing an additional opportunity for multi-level targeting to achieve further specificity and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Ju
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, USA
| | - Maria Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Sarah F Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USC School of Pharmacy, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA.
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21
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Paraan M, Mendez J, Sharum S, Kurtin D, He H, Stagg SM. The structures of natively assembled clathrin-coated vesicles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba8397. [PMID: 32743076 PMCID: PMC7375819 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-coated vesicles mediate trafficking of proteins and nutrients in the cell and between organelles. Proteins included in the clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) category include clathrin heavy chain (CHC), clathrin light chain (CLC), and a variety of adaptor protein complexes. Much is known about the structures of the individual CCV components, but data are lacking about the structures of the fully assembled complexes together with membrane and in complex with cargo. Here, we determined the structures of natively assembled CCVs in a variety of geometries. We show that the adaptor β2 appendages crosslink adjacent CHC β-propellers and that the appendage densities are enriched in CCV hexagonal faces. We resolve how adaptor protein 2 and other associated factors in hexagonal faces form an assembly hub with an extensive web of interactions between neighboring β-propellers and propose a structural model that explains how adaptor binding can direct the formation of pentagonal and hexagonal faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Paraan
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Joshua Mendez
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Savanna Sharum
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Danielle Kurtin
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Huan He
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Scott M. Stagg
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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22
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Baschieri F, Porshneva K, Montagnac G. Frustrated clathrin-mediated endocytosis – causes and possible functions. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/11/jcs240861. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the main entry route for most cell surface receptors and their ligands. It is regulated by clathrin-coated structures that are endowed with the ability to cluster receptors and to locally bend the plasma membrane, resulting in the formation of receptor-containing vesicles that bud into the cytoplasm. This canonical role of clathrin-coated structures has been shown to play a fundamental part in many different aspects of cell physiology. However, it has recently become clear that the ability of clathrin-coated structures to deform membranes can be perturbed. In addition to chemical or genetic alterations, numerous environmental conditions can physically prevent or slow down membrane bending and/or budding at clathrin-coated structures. The resulting ‘frustrated endocytosis’ is emerging as not merely a passive consequence, but one that actually fulfils some very specific and important cellular functions. In this Review, we provide an historical and defining perspective on frustrated endocytosis in the clathrin pathway of mammalian cells, before discussing its causes and highlighting the possible functional consequences in physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Baschieri
- Inserm U1279, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Kseniia Porshneva
- Inserm U1279, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Guillaume Montagnac
- Inserm U1279, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif 94805, France
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23
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Larocque G, La-Borde PJ, Clarke NI, Carter NJ, Royle SJ. Tumor protein D54 defines a new class of intracellular transport vesicles. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201812044. [PMID: 31672706 PMCID: PMC7039206 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of proteins and lipids from one membrane compartment to another is via intracellular vesicles. We investigated the function of tumor protein D54 (TPD54/TPD52L2) and found that TPD54 was involved in multiple membrane trafficking pathways: anterograde traffic, recycling, and Golgi integrity. To understand how TPD54 controls these diverse functions, we used an inducible method to reroute TPD54 to mitochondria. Surprisingly, this manipulation resulted in the capture of many small vesicles (30 nm diameter) at the mitochondrial surface. Super-resolution imaging confirmed the presence of similarly sized TPD54-positive structures under normal conditions. It appears that TPD54 defines a new class of transport vesicle, which we term intracellular nanovesicles (INVs). INVs meet three criteria for functionality. They contain specific cargo, they have certain R-SNAREs for fusion, and they are endowed with a variety of Rab GTPases (16 out of 43 tested). The molecular heterogeneity of INVs and the diverse functions of TPD54 suggest that INVs have various membrane origins and a number of destinations. We propose that INVs are a generic class of transport vesicle that transfer cargo between these varied locations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stephen J. Royle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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24
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Rogers KW, Müller P. Optogenetic approaches to investigate spatiotemporal signaling during development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 137:37-77. [PMID: 32143750 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is coordinated by signaling pathways that pattern the developing organism. Many aspects of this process are not fully understood, including how signaling molecules spread through embryonic tissues, how signaling amplitude and dynamics are decoded, and how multiple signaling pathways cooperate to pattern the body plan. Optogenetic approaches can be used to address these questions by providing precise experimental control over a variety of biological processes. Here, we review how these strategies have provided new insights into developmental signaling and discuss how they could contribute to future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W Rogers
- Systems Biology of Development Group, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Müller
- Systems Biology of Development Group, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Tübingen, Germany; Modeling Tumorigenesis Group, Translational Oncology Division, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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25
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Küey C, Larocque G, Clarke NI, Royle SJ. Unintended perturbation of protein function using GFP nanobodies in human cells. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs234955. [PMID: 31601614 PMCID: PMC6857592 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tagging a protein of interest with GFP using genome editing is a popular approach to study protein function in cell and developmental biology. To avoid re-engineering cell lines or organisms in order to introduce additional tags, functionalized nanobodies that bind GFP can be used to extend the functionality of the GFP tag. We developed functionalized nanobodies, which we termed 'dongles', that could add, for example, an FKBP tag to a GFP-tagged protein of interest, enabling knocksideways experiments in GFP knock-in cell lines. The power of knocksideways is that it allows investigators to rapidly switch the protein from an active to an inactive state. We show that dongles allow for effective knocksideways of GFP-tagged proteins in genome-edited human cells. However, we discovered that nanobody binding to dynamin-2-GFP caused inhibition of dynamin function prior to knocksideways. The function of GFP-tagged tumor protein D54 (TPD54, also known as TPD52L2) in anterograde traffic was also perturbed by dongles. While these issues potentially limit the application of dongles, we discuss strategies for their deployment as cell biological tools.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Küey
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Gabrielle Larocque
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nicholas I Clarke
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Stephen J Royle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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26
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Luo M, Lewik G, Ratcliffe JC, Choi CHJ, Mäkilä E, Tong WY, Voelcker NH. Systematic Evaluation of Transferrin-Modified Porous Silicon Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Doxorubicin to Glioblastoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:33637-33649. [PMID: 31433156 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a dire need to develop more effective therapeutics to combat brain cancer such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). An ideal treatment is expected to target deliver chemotherapeutics to glioma cells across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The overexpression of transferrin (Tf) receptor (TfR) on the BBB and the GBM cell surfaces but not on the surrounding cells renders TfR a promising target. While porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) have been intensely studied as a delivery vehicle due to their high biocompatibility, degradability, and drug-loading capacity, the potential to target deliver drugs with transferrin (Tf)-functionalized pSiNPs remains unaddressed. Here, we developed and systematically evaluated Tf-functionalized pSiNPs (Tf@pSiNPs) as a glioma-targeted drug delivery system. These nanoparticles showed excellent colloidal stability and had a low toxicity profile. As compared with nontargeted pSiNPs, Tf@pSiNPs were selective to BBB-forming cells and GBM cells and were efficiently internalized through clathrin receptor-mediated endocytosis. The anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox) was effectively loaded (8.8 wt %) and released from Tf@pSiNPs in a pH-responsive manner over 24 h. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that Dox delivered by Tf@pSiNPs induced significantly enhanced cytotoxicity to GBM cells across an in vitro BBB monolayer compared with free Dox. Overall, Tf@pSiNPs offer a potential toolbox for enabling targeted therapy to treat GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihua Luo
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University , Parkville Campus , 381 Royal Parade , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories , Hong Kong
| | - Guido Lewik
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University , Parkville Campus , 381 Royal Parade , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
- Faculty of Medicine , Ruhr-University Bochum , Bochum 44801 , Germany
| | - Julian Charles Ratcliffe
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) , Clayton , VIC 3168 , Australia
| | - Chung Hang Jonathan Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories , Hong Kong
| | - Ermei Mäkilä
- Industrial Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Turku , Turku 20014 , Finland
| | - Wing Yin Tong
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University , Parkville Campus , 381 Royal Parade , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) , Clayton , VIC 3168 , Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutics Science, Monash University , Parkville Campus , 381 Royal Parade , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories , Hong Kong
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) , Clayton , VIC 3168 , Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication , Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility , 151 Wellington Road , Clayton , VIC 3168 , Australia
- Materials Science and Engineering , Monash University , 14 Alliance Lane , Clayton , VIC 3800 , Australia
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27
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Liu J, Du J, Wang Y. CDK5 inhibits the clathrin-dependent internalization of TRPV1 by phosphorylating the clathrin adaptor protein AP2μ2. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/585/eaaw2040. [PMID: 31186372 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a nonselective, ligand-gated cation channel, responds to multiple noxious stimuli and is targeted by many kinases that influence its trafficking and activity. Studies on the internalization of TRPV1 have mainly focused on that induced by capsaicin or other agonists. Here, we report that constitutive internalization of TRPV1 occurred in a manner dependent on clathrin, dynamin, and adaptor protein complex 2 (AP2). The μ2 subunit of AP2 (AP2μ2) interacted directly with TRPV1 and was required for its constitutive internalization. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) phosphorylated AP2μ2 at Ser45, which reduced the interaction between TRPV1 and AP2μ2, leading to decreased TRPV1 internalization. Intrathecal delivery of a cell-penetrating fusion peptide corresponding to the Cdk5 phosphorylation site in AP2μ2, which competed with AP2μ2 for phosphorylation by Cdk5, increased the abundance of TRPV1 on the surface of dorsal root ganglion neurons and reduced complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia in rats. In addition to describing a mechanism of TRPV1 constitutive internalization and its inhibition by CDK5, these findings demonstrate that CDK5 promotes inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia by reducing TRPV1 internalization, providing previously unidentified insights into the search for drug targets to treat pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Center of Medical and Health Analysis, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, the Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junxia Du
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Xingtai University, Xingtai 054001, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, the Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China. .,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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28
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From Flat to Curved Clathrin: Controlling a Plastic Ratchet. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:241-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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Moreno-Layseca P, Icha J, Hamidi H, Ivaska J. Integrin trafficking in cells and tissues. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:122-132. [PMID: 30602723 PMCID: PMC6597357 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix is fundamental to metazoan multicellularity and is accomplished primarily through the integrin family of cell-surface receptors. Integrins are internalized and enter the endocytic-exocytic pathway before being recycled back to the plasma membrane. The trafficking of this extensive protein family is regulated in multiple context-dependent ways to modulate integrin function in the cell. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanisms and cellular roles of integrin endocytic trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Moreno-Layseca
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jaroslav Icha
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Hellyeh Hamidi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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30
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Fratini M, Wiegand T, Funaya C, Jiang Z, Shah PNM, Spatz JP, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Boulant S. Surface Immobilization of Viruses and Nanoparticles Elucidates Early Events in Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1585-1600. [PMID: 30200751 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is an important entry pathway for viruses. Here, we applied click chemistry to covalently immobilize reovirus on surfaces to study CME during early host-pathogen interactions. To uncouple chemical and physical properties of viruses and determine their impact on CME initiation, we used the same strategy to covalently immobilize nanoparticles of different sizes. Using fluorescence live microscopy and electron microscopy, we confirmed that clathrin recruitment depends on particle size and discovered that the maturation into clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) is independent from cargo internalization. Surprisingly, we found that the final size of CCVs appears to be imprinted on the clathrin coat at early stages of cargo-cell interactions. Our approach has allowed us to unravel novel aspects of early interactions between viruses and the clathrin machinery that influence late stages of CME and CCVs formation. This method can be easily and broadly applied to the field of nanotechnology, endocytosis, and virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fratini
- Heidelberg University, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology and German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cellular Biophysics, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tina Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cellular Biophysics, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charlotta Funaya
- Heidelberg University, Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhongxiang Jiang
- Leica Microsystems GmbH, Am Friedensplatz 3, 68165 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Pranav N. M. Shah
- Heidelberg University, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology and German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cellular Biophysics, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Ada Cavalcanti-Adam
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cellular Biophysics, Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Heidelberg University, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology and German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Imaging "Hot-Wired" Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30129011 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8719-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) occurs continuously at the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. However, when a vesicle forms and what cargo it contains are unpredictable. We recently developed a system to trigger CME on-demand. This means that we can control when endocytosis is triggered and the design means that the cargo that is internalized is predetermined. The method is called hot-wired CME because several steps and proteins are bypassed in our system. In this chapter, we describe in detail how to use the hot-wiring system to trigger endocytosis in human cell lines and how to image the vesicles that form using microscopy and finally, how to analyze those images.
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32
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Abstract
Sensory photoreceptors underpin light-dependent adaptations of organismal physiology, development, and behavior in nature. Adapted for optogenetics, sensory photoreceptors become genetically encoded actuators and reporters to enable the noninvasive, spatiotemporally accurate and reversible control by light of cellular processes. Rooted in a mechanistic understanding of natural photoreceptors, artificial photoreceptors with customized light-gated function have been engineered that greatly expand the scope of optogenetics beyond the original application of light-controlled ion flow. As we survey presently, UV/blue-light-sensitive photoreceptors have particularly allowed optogenetics to transcend its initial neuroscience applications by unlocking numerous additional cellular processes and parameters for optogenetic intervention, including gene expression, DNA recombination, subcellular localization, cytoskeleton dynamics, intracellular protein stability, signal transduction cascades, apoptosis, and enzyme activity. The engineering of novel photoreceptors benefits from powerful and reusable design strategies, most importantly light-dependent protein association and (un)folding reactions. Additionally, modified versions of these same sensory photoreceptors serve as fluorescent proteins and generators of singlet oxygen, thereby further enriching the optogenetic toolkit. The available and upcoming UV/blue-light-sensitive actuators and reporters enable the detailed and quantitative interrogation of cellular signal networks and processes in increasingly more precise and illuminating manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aba Losi
- Department of Mathematical, Physical and Computer Sciences , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Kevin H Gardner
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center , New York , New York 10031 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States.,Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Biology , The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | - Andreas Möglich
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie , Universität Bayreuth , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany.,Research Center for Bio-Macromolecules , Universität Bayreuth , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany.,Bayreuth Center for Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Universität Bayreuth , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany
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33
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Clarke NI, Royle SJ. FerriTag is a new genetically-encoded inducible tag for correlative light-electron microscopy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2604. [PMID: 29973588 PMCID: PMC6031641 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A current challenge is to develop tags to precisely visualize proteins in cells by light and electron microscopy. Here, we introduce FerriTag, a genetically-encoded chemically-inducible tag for correlative light-electron microscopy. FerriTag is a fluorescent recombinant electron-dense ferritin particle that can be attached to a protein-of-interest using rapamycin-induced heterodimerization. We demonstrate the utility of FerriTag for correlative light-electron microscopy by labeling proteins associated with various intracellular structures including mitochondria, plasma membrane, and clathrin-coated pits and vesicles. FerriTagging has a good signal-to-noise ratio and a labeling resolution of approximately 10 nm. We demonstrate how FerriTagging allows nanoscale mapping of protein location relative to a subcellular structure, and use it to detail the distribution and conformation of huntingtin-interacting protein 1 related (HIP1R) in and around clathrin-coated pits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas I Clarke
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Stephen J Royle
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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