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Gu L, Grodzinski B, Han J, Marie T, Zhang YJ, Song YC, Sun Y. An exploratory steady-state redox model of photosynthetic linear electron transport for use in complete modelling of photosynthesis for broad applications. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1540-1561. [PMID: 36760139 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A photochemical model of photosynthetic electron transport (PET) is needed to integrate photophysics, photochemistry, and biochemistry to determine redox conditions of electron carriers and enzymes for plant stress assessment and mechanistically link sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence to carbon assimilation for remotely sensing photosynthesis. Towards this goal, we derived photochemical equations governing the states and redox reactions of complexes and electron carriers along the PET chain. These equations allow the redox conditions of the mobile plastoquinone pool and the cytochrome b6 f complex (Cyt) to be inferred with typical fluorometry. The equations agreed well with fluorometry measurements from diverse C3 /C4 species across environments in the relationship between the PET rate and fraction of open photosystem II reaction centres. We found the oxidation of plastoquinol by Cyt is the bottleneck of PET, and genetically improving the oxidation of plastoquinol by Cyt may enhance the efficiency of PET and photosynthesis across species. Redox reactions and photochemical and biochemical interactions are highly redundant in their complex controls of PET. Although individual reaction rate constants cannot be resolved, they appear in parameter groups which can be collectively inferred with fluorometry measurements for broad applications. The new photochemical model developed enables advances in different fronts of photosynthesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhong Gu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bernard Grodzinski
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jimei Han
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Telesphore Marie
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
| | - Yang C Song
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Reprint of: Photoperoxidation in Isolated Chloroplasts I. Kinetics and Stoichiometry of Fatty Acid Peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 726:109248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang R, Wise RR, Struck KR, Sharkey TD. Moderate heat stress of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves causes chloroplast swelling and plastoglobule formation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2010; 105:123-134. [PMID: 20563644 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-010-9572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is inhibited by heat stress. This inhibition is rapidly reversible when heat stress is moderate but irreversible at higher temperature. Absorbance changes can be used to detect a variety of biophysical parameters in intact leaves. We found that moderate heat stress caused a large reduction of the apparent absorbance of green light in light-adapted, intact Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. Three mechanisms that can affect green light absorbance of leaves, namely, zeaxanthin accumulation (absorbance peak at 505 nm), the electrochromic shift (ECS) of carotenoid absorption spectra (peak at 518 nm), and light scattering (peak at 535 nm) were investigated. The change of green light absorbance caused by heat treatment was not caused by changes of zeaxanthin content nor by the ECS. The formation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), chloroplast movements, and chloroplast swelling and shrinkage can all affect light scattering inside leaves. The formation of NPQ under high temperature was not well correlated with the heat-induced absorbance change, and light microscopy revealed no appreciable changes of chloroplast location because of heat treatment. Transmission electron microscopy results showed swollen chloroplasts and increased number of plastoglobules in heat-treated leaves, indicating that the structural changes of chloroplasts and thylakoids are significant results of moderate heat stress and may explain the reduced apparent absorbance of green light under moderately high temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Akimoto T. Photosynthesis-related infrared light transmission changes in spinach leaf segments. Arch Biochem Biophys 1985; 242:320-3. [PMID: 4051506 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(85)90507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The time courses of infrared light transmission changes and fluorescence induced by light in spinach leaf segments were measured. The illumination by red light exhibited a complex wave pattern. The transmission approached the baseline after repeating decreases and increases. Illumination by far-red light decreased the transmission. One of the differences between the two responses was the difference between the two amplitudes of the first increasing component. The component in the red light response was larger than the component in the far-red light response. The transmission decrease by far-red light is supposed to correspond to "red drop." The transmission decrease by far-red light was suppressed by red light. This is due to an activation of a transmission-increasing component. This probably corresponds to "enhancement." A proportional correlation existed between the intensity of far-red light and the minimum intensity of red light that suppressed the transmission decrease induced by far-red light. The component which made Peak D in the time course of fluorescence yield and the first increasing component in the transmission changes were suppressed by intense light.
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Haraux F, de Kouchkovsky Y. Measurement of chloroplast internal protons with 9-aminoacridine. Probe binding, dark proton gradient, and salt effects. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 592:153-68. [PMID: 6249352 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(80)90122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A defined ratio, gamma, of the total proton uptake to the concentration change of free internal H+ is observed for illuminated envelope-free chloroplasts (Haraux, F. and de Kouchkovsky, Y. (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 546, 455-471). Proton uptake is measured by the external pH shift, free internal H+ by 9-aminoacridine fluorescence quenching. Extension of this work leads to the following conclusions, which, in the case of 9-aminoacridine behaviour, should apply to any kind of diffusible protonizable delta pH probe: 1. The gamma constancy is preserved when the internal volume (Vi) is modulated by chlorophyll and osmolarity changes: thus, 9-aminoacridine behaves as expected from the delta pH distribution of an amine of high pK; previous doubts on this point are attributed to the lack of control of the external proton uptake. 2. With variable 9-aminoacridine concentration, however, some variation of gamma confirms the existence of slight light-induced probe-membrane interactions. 3. According to the diffuse layer theory, salts decrease the negative potential at the 'plane of closest approach' of the thylakoids, thereby releasing the excess 9-aminoacridine in this diffuse layer, which increases its fluorescence. Although of equal valency, NH4+ is more potent than K+, suggesting competition between amines for specific anionic binding sites. 4. Two categories of membrane modifications are induced by salts: in addition to the above-mentioned electrical effect, mono- and divalent cations at high concentration increase the chloroplast proton binding capacity. La3+ is only able to release the excess dye in the diffuse layer and leaves gamma unchanged. Therefore the probe-membrane interactions should have limited importance for steady-state delta pH measurement. 5. A Donnan-type dark pH difference, which could seriously bias these delta pH estimates, is found experimentally to be less than 2 (no significant gamma change when Vi varies) and even theoretically less than 1 (on the basis of the concentration of the non-diffusible internal protonizable groups). Similarly, the predictable errors of Vi and its possible light-induced variations must have a small effect on delta pH under present experimental conditions.
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Bonzon M, Greppin H. Migration of adult spinach chloroplasts in the S-rho space, before and after photoperiodic floral induction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(77)80200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gimmler H, Schäfer G, Kraminer H, Heber U. Amino acid permeability of the chloroplast envelope as measured by light scattering, volumetry and amino acid uptake. PLANTA 1974; 120:47-61. [PMID: 24442617 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/1974] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The amino acid permeability of the envelope of intact, functional spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts was investigated by light scattering, volumetry and uptake of (14)C-labelled amino acids. The criterion for the functionally of the chloroplasts was their ability to reduce CO2, PGA and oxaloacetate in the light at high rates.Net uptake into the chloroplast interior of neutral amino acids such as alanine, glycine, serine, proline, threonine or valine occurred only at very low rates. The uptake was concentration dependent, indicating unspecific diffusion rather than carrier-mediated transport. The slowness of uptake is emphasized by the capability of neutral amino acids to provide osmotic support for intact chloroplasts during a considerable length of time. Back-exchange experiments also failed to indicate the existence of specific exchange carriers for the transport of neutral amino acids such as alanine or glycine through the envelope of intact chloroplasts. Dicarboxylic amino-acids are known to be taken up by the so-called dicarboxylate translocator. The same carrier was found to catalyze also the transfer of asparagine and glutamine.The data do not support current assumptions concerning fast carrier-mediated transport of neutral amino acids and their role in the transfer of carbon during photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gimmler
- Botanisches Institut der Universität, Ulenbergstraße 127, D-4, Düsseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany
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Siegenthaler PA. Change in pH dependence and sequential inhibition of photosynthetic activity in chloroplasts by unsaturated fatty acids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 305:153-62. [PMID: 4719597 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(73)90240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Siegenthaler PA. Aging of the photosynthetic apparatus. IV. Similarity between the effects of aging and unsaturated fatty acids on isolated spinach chloroplasts as expressed by volume changes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 275:182-91. [PMID: 4672617 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(72)90039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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11
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Packer L, Murakami S. Methods for the measurement of chloroplast volume and structure in vitro and in vivo. Methods Enzymol 1972; 24:181-205. [PMID: 4206742 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(72)24068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Seigenthaler PA. Synergetic effect of light and aging on the swelling and photochemical activities of isolated chloroplasts. EXPERIENTIA 1968; 24:1198-9. [PMID: 5703007 DOI: 10.1007/bf02146617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Latimer P, Moore DM, Bryant FD. Changes in total light scattering and absorption caused by changes in particle conformation. J Theor Biol 1968; 21:348-67. [PMID: 5719249 DOI: 10.1016/0022-5193(68)90120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Yamashita K, Itoh M, Shibata K. Light-absorption and light-scattering changes during shrinking and swelling of chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 162:610-3. [PMID: 5727382 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(68)90068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Heath RL, Packer L. Steady-state fluorescence of spinach chloroplasts and electron flow. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 125:1019-22. [PMID: 5677588 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Heath RL, Packer L. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 125:189-98. [PMID: 5655425 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4202] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Nobel PS. Chloroplast shrinkage and increased photophosphorylation in vitro upon illuminating intact plants of Pisum sativum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 153:170-82. [PMID: 5638385 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(68)90157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Winocur BA, Macey RI, Tolberg AB. Electrolyte exchange in isolated spinach chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 150:32-40. [PMID: 5642632 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(68)90005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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19
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Deamer DW, Crofts A. Action of Triton X-100 on chloroplast membranes. Mechanisms of structural and functional disruption. J Cell Biol 1967; 33:395-410. [PMID: 6039379 PMCID: PMC2108347 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.33.2.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Addition of Triton X-100 to chloroplast suspensions to a final concentration of 100-200 microM causes an approximate tripling of chloroplast volume and complete inhibition of light-induced conformational changes, light-dependent hydrogen ion transport, and photophosphorylation. Electron microscopic studies show that chloroplasts treated in this manner manifest extensive swelling in the form of vesicles within their inner membrane structure. Triton was adsorbed to chloroplast membranes in a manner suggesting a partition between the membrane phase and the suspending medium, rather than a strong, irreversible binding. This adsorption results in the production of pores through which ions may freely pass, and it is suggested that the inhibition of conformational changes, hydrogen ion transport, and photophosphorylation by Triton is due to an inability of treated chloroplast membranes to maintain a light-dependent pH gradient. The observed swelling is due to water influx in response to a fixed, osmotically active species within the chloroplasts, after ionic equilibrium has occurred. This is supported by the fact that chloroplasts will shrink upon Triton addition if a nonpenetrating, osmotically active material such as dextran or polyvinylpyrrolidone is present externally in sufficient concentration (>0.1 mM) to offset the osmotic activity of the internal species.
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Deamer DW, Packer L. Correlation of ultrastructure with light-induced ion transport in chloroplasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 1967; 119:83-97. [PMID: 6052455 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(67)90432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Nobel PS. Relation of swelling and photophosphorylation to light-induced ion uptake by chloroplasts in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(67)90035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Deamer DW, Crofts AR, Packer L. Mechanisms of light-induced structural changes in chloroplasts I. Light-scattering increments and ultrastructural changes mediated by proton transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(67)90032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Crofts AR, Deamer DW, Packer L. Mechanisms of light-induced structural change in chloroplasts II. The role of ion movements in volume changes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(67)90033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Vanden Driessche T. Circadian rhythms in Acetabularia: photosynthetic capacity and chloroplast shape. Exp Cell Res 1966; 42:18-30. [PMID: 5929566 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(66)90315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Nobel PS, Mel HC. Electrophoretic studies of light-induced charge in spinach chloroplasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 1966; 113:695-702. [PMID: 5944970 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(66)90250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Packer L, Nobel PS, Gross EL, Mel HC. Fractionation of spinach chloroplasts by flow sedimentation--electrophoresis. J Cell Biol 1966; 28:443-8. [PMID: 5960807 PMCID: PMC2106942 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.28.3.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A separation of spinach chloroplasts in vitro into fractions according to size (volume) and activity (light-dependent shrinkage and NADP reduction) has been achieved by stable-flow free boundary sedimentation-electrophoresis. The salient features of this chloroplast study are: (a) separation is achieved within 30 min; (b) only small density gradients are required, thus minimizing osmotic effects; (c) the fractions are collected continuously, with size fractionation being evidenced; and (d) particles are separated into fractions of higher and lower activities as compared with the control population.
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Packer L, Siegenthaler PA. Control of chloroplast structure by light. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1966; 20:97-124. [PMID: 5337303 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Gross E, Packer L. Osmotic and light-induced volume changes in chloroplast membrane fragments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1965; 20:715-9. [PMID: 5861689 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(65)90075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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