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Akiki P, Delamotte P, Montagne J. Lipid Metabolism in Relation to Carbohydrate Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39192070 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2024_821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates and lipids integrate into a complex metabolic network that is essential to maintain homeostasis. In insects, as in most metazoans, dietary carbohydrates are taken up as monosaccharides whose excess is toxic, even at relatively low concentrations. To cope with this toxicity, monosaccharides are stored either as glycogen or neutral lipids, the latter constituting a quasi-unlimited energy store. Breakdown of these stores in response to energy demand depends on insect species and on several physiological parameters. In this chapter, we review the multiple metabolic pathways and strategies linking carbohydrates and lipids that insects utilize to respond to nutrient availability, food scarcity or physiological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Akiki
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Delamotte
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jacques Montagne
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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2
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Lyophilization induces physicochemical alterations in cryptococcal exopolysaccharide. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119547. [PMID: 35698377 PMCID: PMC10064552 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbial polysaccharide characterization requires purification that often involves detergent precipitation and lyophilization. Here we examined physicochemical changes following lyophilization of Cryptococcus neoformans exopolysaccharide (EPS). Solution 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) reveals significant anomeric signal attenuation following lyophilization of native EPS while 1H solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (ssNMR) shows few changes, suggesting diminished molecular motion and consequent broadening of 1H NMR polysaccharide resonances. 13C ssNMR, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy show that, while native EPS has rigid molecular characteristics and contains small, loosely packed polysaccharide assemblies, lyophilized and resuspended EPS is disordered and contains larger dense aggregates, suggesting that structural water molecules in the interior of the polysaccharide assemblies are removed during extensive lyophilization. Importantly, mAbs to C. neoformans polysaccharide bind native EPS more strongly than lyophilized EPS. Together, these observations argue for caution when interpreting the biological and immunological attributes of polysaccharides that have been lyophilized to dryness.
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Tan X, Sullivan MA, Nada SS, Deng B, Schulz BL, Gilbert RG. Proteomic Investigation of the Binding Agent between Liver Glycogen β Particles. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:3640-3645. [PMID: 30023874 PMCID: PMC6045358 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen is a highly branched glucose polymer which plays an important role in glucose storage and the maintenance of blood sugar homeostasis. The dimeric protein glycogenin can self-glucosylate to act as a primer for glycogen synthesis, eventually resulting in small (∼20 nm diameter) glycogen β particles with a dimer of glycogenin at their core. In the liver, glycogen is also found in the form of α particles: large bound composites of many β particles. Here, we provide evidence using qualitative and quantitative proteomics and size-exclusion chromatography from healthy rat, mouse, and human liver glycogen that glycogenin is the binding agent linking β particles together into α particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinle Tan
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product
Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences,
Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Tongji
School of Pharmacy and Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical
College, Huazhong University of Science
and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Mitchell A. Sullivan
- Glycation
and Diabetes, Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Sharif S. Nada
- School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences,
Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bin Deng
- Tongji
School of Pharmacy and Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical
College, Huazhong University of Science
and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Benjamin L. Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences,
Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product
Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences,
Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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4
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Pontes B, Frases S. The Cryptococcus neoformans capsule: lessons from the use of optical tweezers and other biophysical tools. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:640. [PMID: 26157436 PMCID: PMC4478440 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals, representing one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients. The main virulence factor of C. neoformans is the polysaccharide capsule; however, many fundamental aspects of capsule structure and function remain poorly understood. Recently, important capsule properties were uncovered using optical tweezers and other biophysical techniques, including dynamic and static light scattering, zeta potential and viscosity analysis. This review provides an overview of the latest findings in this emerging field, explaining the impact of these findings on our understanding of C. neoformans biology and resistance to host immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Pontes
- Laboratório de Pinças Óticas da Coordenação de Programas de Estudos Avançados, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Longo MV, Díaz AO. Morphology of the claw closer muscle in two estuarine crab species (Crustacea, Varunidae): an ultrastructural study. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:663-9. [PMID: 23915160 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the ultrastructural features of the claw closer muscles in two estuarine crabs, Cyrtograpsus angulatus and Neohelice granulata, by transmission electron microscopy. Adult male crabs at intermolt stage were collected in the Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon (Buenos Aires, Argentina). The muscle fibers of both species showed evident striations, peripheral and intermyofibrillar nuclei, clefts in continuity with T and Z tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules forming dyads and triads usually located between the A and I bands, and mitochondria located mainly beneath the sarcolemma. Glycogen was observed as diffuse, small particles among myofilaments. The claw closer muscle of C. angulatus exhibited two fiber types: one with relatively fast-contracting fibers (shorter sarcomeres, myofilaments with an ordered arrangement, lineal Z discs, a well-developed sarcotubular system) and fatigue-resistant (numerous large mitochondria); and the other type, with slower-contracting fibers (longer sarcomeres, less orderly arranged myofilaments, wavy Z discs, a less developed sarcotubular system) and less resistant to fatigue (lower mitochondrial density). N. granulata showed only the slow, less resistant to fatigue type. The fibers less resistant to fatigue and more slowly contracting would presumably be used primarily for displays and agonistic interactions, whereas fast fibers with abundant mitochondria would be associated with continuous movements during feeding and grooming.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Longo
- Institute of Marine and Coastal Research, National University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Fraga A, Ribeiro L, Lobato M, Santos V, Silva JR, Gomes H, da Cunha Moraes JL, de Souza Menezes J, de Oliveira CJL, Campos E, da Fonseca RN. Glycogen and glucose metabolism are essential for early embryonic development of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65125. [PMID: 23750237 PMCID: PMC3672164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of energy metabolism is an essential process for life. In insects, egg formation (oogenesis) and embryogenesis is dependent on stored molecules deposited by the mother or transcribed later by the zygote. In oviparous insects the egg becomes an isolated system after egg laying with all energy conversion taking place during embryogenesis. Previous studies in a few vector species showed a strong correlation of key morphogenetic events and changes in glucose metabolism. Here, we investigate glycogen and glucose metabolism in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, an insect amenable to functional genomic studies. To examine the role of the key enzymes on glycogen and glucose regulation we cloned and analyzed the function of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) and hexokinase (HexA) genes during T. castaneum embryogenesis. Expression analysis via in situ hybridization shows that both genes are expressed only in the embryonic tissue, suggesting that embryonic and extra-embryonic cells display different metabolic activities. dsRNA adult female injection (parental RNAi) of both genes lead a reduction in egg laying and to embryonic lethality. Morphological analysis via DAPI stainings indicates that early development is impaired in Tc-GSK-3 and Tc-HexA1 RNAi embryos. Importantly, glycogen levels are upregulated after Tc-GSK-3 RNAi and glucose levels are upregulated after Tc-HexA1 RNAi, indicating that both genes control metabolism during embryogenesis and oogenesis, respectively. Altogether our results show that T. castaneum embryogenesis depends on the proper control of glucose and glycogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Fraga
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lupis Ribeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Lobato
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vitória Santos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Silva
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helga Gomes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Luiz da Cunha Moraes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jackson de Souza Menezes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Jorge Logullo de Oliveira
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos and Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eldo Campos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), Núcleo de Pesquisas Ecológicas e Sócioambientais de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pósgraduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJCampus Macaé), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Sullivan MA, O'Connor MJ, Umana F, Roura E, Jack K, Stapleton DI, Gilbert RG. Molecular insights into glycogen α-particle formation. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3805-13. [PMID: 23004915 DOI: 10.1021/bm3012727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen, a hyperbranched complex glucose polymer, is an intracellular glucose store that provides energy for cellular functions, with liver glycogen involved in blood-glucose regulation. Liver glycogen comprises complex α particles made up of smaller β particles. The recent discovery that these α particles are smaller and fewer in diabetic, compared with healthy, mice highlights the need to elucidate the nature of α-particle formation; this paper tests various possibilities for binding within α particles. Acid hydrolysis effects, examined using dynamic light scattering and size exclusion chromatography, showed that the binding is not simple α-(1→4) or α-(1→6) glycosidic linkages. There was no significant change in α particle size after the addition of various reagents, which disrupt disulfide, protein, and hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The results are consistent with proteinaceous binding between β particles in α particles, with the inability of protease to break apart particles being attributed to steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Sullivan
- Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences (Building 83/S434), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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8
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Cordero RJB, Frases S, Guimaräes AJ, Rivera J, Casadevall A. Evidence for branching in cryptococcal capsular polysaccharides and consequences on its biological activity. Mol Microbiol 2011; 79:1101-17. [PMID: 21208301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The encapsulated fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is a common cause of life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals. Its major virulence determinant is the polysaccharide (PS) capsule. An unsolved problem in cryptococcal biology is whether the PSs composing the capsule are linear or complex branched polymers, as well as the implications of this structural composition in pathogenesis. In this study we approached the problem by combining static and dynamic light scattering, viscosity analysis, and high-resolution microscopy and correlated the findings with biological properties. Analysis of the dependence of capsular PS molecular mass and the radius of gyration provided strong evidence against a simple linear PS configuration. Shape factors calculated from light scattering measurements in solution revealed values consistent with polymer branching. Furthermore, viscosity measurements provided complementary evidence for structural branching. Electron microscopy showed PS spherical-like structures similar to other branched PS. Finally, we show that the capacity of capsular PS to interfere in complement-mediated phagocytosis, inhibit nitric oxide production by macrophage-like cells, protect against reactive oxygen species, antibody reactivity and half-life in serum were influenced by the degree of branching, providing evidence for the notion that PS branching is an important parameter in determining the biological activity of C. neoformans PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radames J B Cordero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
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Feala JD, Coquin L, Zhou D, Haddad GG, Paternostro G, McCulloch AD. Metabolism as means for hypoxia adaptation: metabolic profiling and flux balance analysis. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2009; 3:91. [PMID: 19740440 PMCID: PMC2749811 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-3-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Cellular hypoxia is a component of many diseases, but mechanisms of global hypoxic adaptation and resistance are not completely understood. Previously, a population of Drosophila flies was experimentally selected over several generations to survive a chronically hypoxic environment. NMR-based metabolomics, combined with flux-balance simulations of genome-scale metabolic networks, can generate specific hypotheses for global reaction fluxes within the cell. We applied these techniques to compare metabolic activity during acute hypoxia in muscle tissue of adapted versus "naïve" control flies. Results Metabolic profiles were gathered for adapted and control flies after exposure to acute hypoxia using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Principal Component Analysis suggested that the adapted flies are tuned to survive a specific oxygen level. Adapted flies better tolerate acute hypoxic stress, and we explored the mechanisms of this tolerance using a flux-balance model of central metabolism. In the model, adapted flies produced more ATP per glucose and created fewer protons than control flies, had lower pyruvate carboxylase flux, and had greater usage of Complex I over Complex II. Conclusion We suggest a network-level hypothesis of metabolic regulation in hypoxia-adapted flies, in which lower baseline rates of biosynthesis in adapted flies draws less anaplerotic flux, resulting in lower rates of glycolysis, less acidosis, and more efficient use of substrate during acute hypoxic stress. In addition we suggest new specific hypothesis, which were found to be consistent with existing data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Feala
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Coquin L, Feala JD, McCulloch AD, Paternostro G. Metabolomic and flux-balance analysis of age-related decline of hypoxia tolerance in Drosophila muscle tissue. Mol Syst Biol 2008; 4:233. [PMID: 19096360 PMCID: PMC2615305 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2008.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster is increasingly used as a model organism for studying acute hypoxia tolerance and for studying aging, but the interactions between these two factors are not well known. Here we show that hypoxia tolerance degrades with age in post-hypoxic recovery of whole-body movement, heart rate and ATP content. We previously used (1)H NMR metabolomics and a constraint-based model of ATP-generating metabolism to discover the end products of hypoxic metabolism in flies and generate hypotheses for the biological mechanisms. We expand the reactions in the model using tissue- and age-specific microarray data from the literature, and then examine metabolomic profiles of thoraxes after 4 h at 0.5% O(2) and after 5 min of recovery in 40- versus 3-day-old flies. Model simulations were constrained to fluxes calculated from these data. Simulations suggest that the decreased ATP production during reoxygenation seen in aging flies can be attributed to reduced recovery of mitochondrial respiration pathways and concomitant overdependence on the acetate production pathway as an energy source.
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Ryman BE, Whelan WJ. New aspects of glycogen metabolism. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 34:285-443. [PMID: 4335607 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122792.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Calder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, England
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Calder PC, Geddes R. Regulation of lysosomal glycogen metabolism: studies of the actions of mammalian acid alpha-glucosidases. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 21:569-76. [PMID: 2668064 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(89)90139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
1. Acid alpha-glucosidases were purified to homogeneity from rat liver, rat skeletal muscle and human placenta. The properties of these enzymes were investigated. 2. Their pH optima for activity toward various substrates were in the range 4-5. 3. Time course and pH dependence experiments revealed that all glycogen substrates were not hydrolysed at the same rate; the rate of hydrolysis was inversely related to the molecular size of the substrate. The most rapidly hydrolysed glycogen substrate was the smallest (commercial oyster) while the least rapidly hydrolysed was the largest (native rat or rabbit liver). Intermediate sized glycogens were hydrolysed at intermediate rates. 4. Glycogen hydrolysis was stimulated by added sodium ions; this stimulation was pH dependent. 5. It is suggested that lysosomal glycogen metabolism may be controlled by pH, salt concentration and the size of the glycogen substrate. 6. Since the high molecular weight glycogen associated with lysosomes is formed by disulphide bridges between lower molecular weight material it is proposed that an important step of lysosomal glycogen degradation is disulphide bond reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Calder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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14
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Calder PC, Geddes R, Leech H. The heterogeneity of the protein content of liver and muscle glycogens. Glycoconj J 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01049502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Glycogen of high molecular weight has been isolated from mammalian muscle, in contrast to the material of low molecular weight commonly described. The large polysaccharide is similar to liver glycogen in the structure of its individual beta-particles and also, partially, in the mode of assembly into the gross alpha-particles. The large particles may be disrupted by 2-mercaptoethanol, but not to the same extent as their liver counterparts.
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Carbohydrate Metabolism. Biochemistry 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030811-1.50008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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17
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Bulos BA, Thomas BJ, Shukla SP, Sacktor B. Regulation of pyruvate oxidation in blowfly flight muscle mitochondria: requirement for ADP. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 234:382-93. [PMID: 6497378 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Blowfly (Phormia regina) flight muscle mitochondria oxidized pyruvate ( + proline) in the presence of either ADP (coupled respiration) or carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP-uncoupled respiration). There was an absolute requirement for ADP (Km = 8.0 microM) when pyruvate oxidation was stimulated by FCCP in the presence of oligomycin. This requirement for ADP was limited to the oxidation of pyruvate; uncoupled alpha-glycerolphosphate oxidation proceeded maximally even in the absence of added ADP. Atractylate inhibited uncoupled pyruvate oxidation whether added before (greater than 99%) or after (95%) initiation of respiration with FCCP. In the presence of FCCP, oligomycin, and limiting concentrations of ADP (less than 110 microM), there was a shutoff in the uptake of oxygen. This inhibition of respiration was completely reversed by the addition of more ADP. Plots of net oxygen uptake as a function of the limiting ADP concentration were linear; the observed ADP/O ratio was 0.22 +/- 0.025. An ADP/O ratio of 0.2 was predicted if phosphorylation occurred only at the succinyl-CoA synthetase step of the tricarboxylate cycle. Experiments performed in the presence of limiting concentrations of ADP, and designed to monitor changes in the mitochondrial content of ADP and ATP, demonstrated that the shutoff in oxygen uptake was not due to the presence of a high intramitochondrial concentration of ATP. Indeed, ATP, added to the medium prior to the addition of FCCP, inhibited uncoupled pyruvate oxidation; the apparent KI was 0.8 mM. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that it is the intramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio that is one of the controlling factors in determining the rate of flux through the tricarboxylate cycle. Changes in the mitochondrial content of citrate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and malate during uncoupled pyruvate oxidation in the presence of a limiting concentration of ADP were consistent with the hypothesis that the mitochondrial NAD + -linked isocitric dehydrogenase is a major site for such control through the tricarboxylate cycle.
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Bulos BA, Thomas BJ, Sacktor B. Calcium inhibition of the NAD+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase from blowfly flight muscle mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Takeuchi T, Weinbach EC, Diamond LS. Entamoeba histolytica: localization and characterization of phosphorylase and particulate glycogen. Exp Parasitol 1977; 43:107-14. [PMID: 196880 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(77)90013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wensler RJ. The Ultrastructure of the Indirect Flight Muscles of the Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) with Implications for Fuel Utilization. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1977. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1977.tb00251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chiang PK. Glycogen metabolism in the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 58:9-12. [PMID: 122559 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(77)90117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The distribution of glycogen in different tissues of the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata was determined; the cephalopedal region contained 15-17 mg, the mantle region 23-29 mg, the hepatopancreas 31-45 mg, and the ovotestis 50 mg of glycogen/g wet wt. 2. There was a significant decrease in the glycogen content in the cephalopedal region after incubating the snails with 5-hydroxytryptamine (4 x 10(-5) M) in vivo. 3. Enzymatic degradation of glycogen from different tissues revealed that the degree of branching was 9% of the total glucosyl residues, and the length of outer branches was about 40% of the total glucosyl residues. 4. There was an active form of glycogen phosphorylase in the cephalopedal region and the mantle region. Phosphorylase in the hepatopancreas was generally inactive, but could be activated by an endogenous phosphorylase kinase. 5. Glycogen synthetase of the snail tissues required glucose-6-phosphate to be active.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Chiang
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Guarnieri M, Nair PP, Sacktor B. The lipid composition of flight muscle mitochondria isolated from the blowfly, Phormia regina. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 172:672-8. [PMID: 1259426 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Bulos BA, Shukla SP, Sacktor B. Bioenergetics of mitochondria from flight muscles of aging blowflies: partial reactions of oxidation and phosphorylation. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 166:639-44. [PMID: 164153 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Medicus R, Mendicino J. Role of enzyme interactions in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Purification and properties of the phospho- and dephospho-forms of glycogen phosphorylase from swine kidney. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 40:63-75. [PMID: 4772683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Roberts LS, Bueding E, Orrell SA. Developmental physiology of cestodes--XI. Synthetic activity in various molecular weight fractions of glycogen during development of Hymenolepis diminuta. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 43:825-36. [PMID: 4662573 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(72)90229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bulos B, Shukla S, Sacktor B. Bioenergetic properties of mitochondria from flight muscle of aging blowflies. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 149:461-9. [PMID: 4666114 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90345-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sacktor B, Shimada Y. Degenerative changes in the mitochondria of flight muscle from aging blowflies. J Cell Biol 1972; 52:465-77. [PMID: 4333452 PMCID: PMC2108640 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.52.2.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria from flight muscle of aging blowflies, Phormia regina, were examined morphologically and biochemically with the electron microscope. An age-dependent degeneration of the mitochondria that is characterized, in part, by the reorganization of the inner membrane into myelin-like whorls has been found. The concentric rings increase in size and number, eventually replacing the normal cristal conformation. Glycogen rosettes are frequently seen in the center of the whorl and may represent the intrusion into the mitochondria of the glycogen in the cytoplasmic matrix of the muscle. The degenerating mitochondria are not associated with lysosomal activity, as indicated by the absence of acid phosphatase. An intense acid phosphatase activity is noted, however, in the dyad, comprising elements of the T system and sarcoplasmic reticulurn. Cytochrome oxidase is active in the ultrastructurally intact portion of the mitochondrion but activity is not evident in that part of the mitochondrion that has undergone morphological change. Thus, the ultrastructural degradation of the mitochondria is correlated with a decrease in biochemical function. This suggests a correspondence between a decrease in the bioenergetic capacity of the flight muscle and a decline in the ability of the aged insect to fly.
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Smith EE. On the affinity of rabbit-muscle glycogen phosphorylase for highly branched macromolecular subtrates. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 146:380-90. [PMID: 5165516 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Reed WD, Sacktor B. Localization of trehalase in flight muscle of the blowfly Phormia regina. Arch Biochem Biophys 1971; 145:392-401. [PMID: 5123145 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(71)90052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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FISCHER EDMONDH, HEILMEYER LUDWIGM, HASCHKE RICHARDH. Phosphorylase and the Control of Glycogen Degradation* *The authors wish to thank the National Institutes of Arthritis and Metabolic Disease, NIH, United States Public Health Service (AM 07902), the National Science Foundation (GN 5932X), and the Muscular Dystrophy Association of America for support during preparation of this review. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152804-1.50012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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