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Takagi M. Neutral proteinases and their inhibitors in the loosening of total hip prostheses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/17453679609155232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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2
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van Setten GB, Tervo T, Tervo K, Tarkkanen A. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) in ocular fluids: presence, origin and therapeutical considerations. Acta Ophthalmol 2009:54-9. [PMID: 1322012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1992.tb02169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G B van Setten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland
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3
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Arcone R, Chinali A, Pozzi N, Parafati M, Maset F, Pietropaolo C, De Filippis V. Conformational and biochemical characterization of a biologically active rat recombinant Protease Nexin-1 expressed in E. coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1794:602-14. [PMID: 19167525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Protease Nexin-1, a 43-kDa glycoprotein, is a major physiological thrombin inhibitor involved in the modulation of nerve cell plasticity. Recombinant rat Protease Nexin-1 (rPN-1) was efficiently produced in Escherichia coli using a T7 RNA polymerase based expression system and purified by heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography yielding 3 mg of protein per liter of cell culture. The purity and chemical identity of rPN-1 were assessed by SDS-PAGE, Reverse Phase- High Performance Liquid Chromatography, mass spectrometry and two-dimensional-gel electrophoresis. Conformational analysis by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed the presence of mixed alpha/beta secondary structure and the prevailing localization of Trp-residues in rather polar environments. Fluorescence titration of rPN-1 with heparin indicated that rPN-1 binds heparin with high affinity. Furthermore, the formation of a SDS-stable 1:1 thrombin-rPN-1 complex, monitored by SDS-PAGE, confirmed the native-like structure of rPN-1. Finally, the cellular effects of rPN-1, such as its ability to promote neurite outgrowth in neuroblastoma cells, were found to be very similar to those elicited by natural PN-1. Altogether, our results demonstrate that glycosylation does not alter neither structure nor function of PN-1 and that E. coli is a suitable expression system for obtaining milligram quantities of pure and fully active rPN-1 for structural and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Arcone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacobiologiche, Università di Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Edificio delle Bioscienze, Campus Universitario "Salvatore Venuta", Viale Europa, Germaneto, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.
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4
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Griffiths JB, Electricwala A. Production of tissue plasminogen activators from animal cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 34:147-66. [PMID: 3113182 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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5
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Richard B, Arocas V, Guillin MC, Michel JB, Jandrot-Perrus M, Bouton MC. Protease nexin-1: a cellular serpin down-regulated by thrombin in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. J Cell Physiol 2004; 201:138-45. [PMID: 15281096 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Protease nexin-1 (PN-1), a potent inhibitor of serine proteases, is present in vascular cells and forms complexes with thrombin, plasminogen activators, and plasmin. We examined the effect of thrombin on PN-1 expression by rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). PN-1 expression was determined by measuring protein and mRNA levels, using respectively immunoblotting and semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thrombin down-regulated PN-1 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This effect was mediated via the interaction of thrombin with its receptor protease activated receptor (PAR-1) since the peptide thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP) reduced PN-1 expression. PN-1 secreted by smooth muscle cells remained essentially associated to cell-surface glycosaminoglycans and was released from the cell surface by heparin. A lower amount of PN-1 was released by heparin from TRAP-stimulated versus unstimulated cells and correlated with a decreased capacity to inhibit thrombin. In addition, the ability to generate peri-cellular plasmin was increased in cells with a low PN-1 expression. Pre-treatment of smooth muscle cells with cycloheximide abolished the reduction of PN-1 expression by thrombin. Furthermore, conditioned media from thrombin-treated cells reproduced the effect of thrombin, suggesting that thrombin acted via the induction of auto/paracrine mediator(s). We observed that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2)-neutralizing antibodies abolished thrombin effect whereas FGF-2 reproduced it, indicating that FGF-2 is one of the involved mediator. Together, these results indicate that (i) PN-1 modulates the activity of endogenous and exogenous serine proteases in RASMCs, (ii) thrombin down-regulates PN-1 expression and thus may increase its own activity on cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Aorta/cytology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/enzymology
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/immunology
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Hemostatics/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Protease Nexins
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Thrombin/pharmacology
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6
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Moll S, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Wohlwend A, Pastore Y, Fulpius T, Monard D, Sappino AP, Schifferli JA, Vassalli JD, Izui S. Protease nexin 1 in the murine kidney: glomerular localization and up-regulation in glomerulopathies. Kidney Int 1996; 50:1936-45. [PMID: 8943477 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1996.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Protease nexin 1 (PN-1), a potent serpin-class antiprotease, is thought to be synthesized in the murine kidney. However, neither the cellular localization of PN-1 synthesis nor its role has yet been defined. To address these questions, we determined by in situ hybridizations RNase protection assay and immunoblotting, the sites of PN-1 mRNA accumulation in normal mouse kidneys and the modulation of PN-1 expression in several pathological conditions. In normal kidneys, PN-1 mRNA was detected primarily in glomeruli, most likely in mesangial cells. The glomerular expression of PN-1 was substantially enhanced not only in lupus-like glomerulonephritis (induced by IgG3 monoclonal rheumatoid factors or occurring spontaneously in lupus-prone mice), but also in mild glomerular lesions associated with intracapillary thrombi induced by IgG3 anti-trinitrophenyl monoclonal antibodies. In contrast, no modulation of PN-1 mRNA levels was observed during the course of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute tubular necrosis. A constitutive PN-1 gene expression and its up-regulation during glomerular injury suggest a possible role for PN-1 in glomerular biology. In view of its high inhibitory activity towards thrombin, mesangial PN-1 may be involved in the control of glomerular coagulation following initial glomerular injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moll
- Department of Pathology, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Conese M, Olson D, Blasi F. Protease nexin-1-urokinase complexes are internalized and degraded through a mechanism that requires both urokinase receptor and alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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8
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Jarrard DF, Blitz BF, Smith RC, Patai BL, Rukstalis DB. Effect of epidermal growth factor on prostate cancer cell line PC3 growth and invasion. Prostate 1994; 24:46-53. [PMID: 8290389 DOI: 10.1002/pros.2990240110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) have been demonstrated in prostate cancer cell lines and clinical specimens suggesting a role for polypeptide growth factors in prostate tumor cell growth and invasion. To more clearly define the role of EGF in prostate cancer invasion, we undertook a series of studies utilizing the PC3 prostate cancer cell line, an aggressive, hormone-independent cell line derived from a metastatic lesion. No statistical differences were noted in the growth of PC3 cells under serum-free conditions when EGF (10(-10) M-10(-8) M) or monoclonal anti-EGF-R antibody (10(-11) M-10(-8) M) were added. Utilizing the Boyden chamber microinvasion assay, EGF supplemented cells demonstrated a statistically significant augmentation in invasion (P < 0.05) when compared to control cells at each time point in the study. With increasing length of exposure to EGF, the number of concentrations that produced significant invasion increased: day 1 (10(-8) M), day 3 (10(-8), 10(-9) M), and day 5 (10(-7), 10(-8), 10(-10) M). Northern blot analysis of EGF supplemented cells revealed an increase in expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) RNA, a serine protease involved in the regulation of pericellular proteolysis and membrane degradation. Protein analysis confirmed these findings. Statistically significant inhibition of invasion by anti-uPA antibodies was demonstrated for EGF-stimulated and PC3 control cells. Our results demonstrate that certain concentrations of EGF augment invasion in the PC3 cell line. This enhancement of invasion occurs in part by an overproduction of uPA, an extracellular protease. These findings suggest that the autocrine production of EGF may potentiate tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Jarrard
- Section of Urology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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9
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Horiuchi Y, Ryan TJ. A comparison of newborn versus old skin fibroblasts, their potential for tissue repair. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 1993; 46:132-5. [PMID: 8461900 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1226(93)90144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An assessment was made of the ability of human skin fibroblasts from newborn and old subjects to produce intracellular urokinase inhibitor and urokinase-plasminogen activator when exposed to phorbol myristate acetate. Urokinase inhibitor produced by human skin fibroblasts may be essential for cell growth regulation. The expression of urokinase inhibitor and/or urokinase-plasminogen activator may possibly be age-related. The principal observation that newborn skin fibroblasts show a low level and poorly sustained production of intracellular inhibitors of urokinase could help to explain the flexibility of the wound healing process in the foetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Horiuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Slade Hospital, Oxford, UK
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10
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Williams NN, Györfi T, Iliopoulos D, Herlyn D, Greenstein D, Linnenbach AJ, Daly JM, Jensen P, Rodeck U, Herlyn M. Growth-factor-independence and invasive properties of colorectal carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 1992; 50:274-80. [PMID: 1730521 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910500218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During serial passage of the colorectal carcinoma cell line SW1116 in athymic nude mice, we selected 2 variants that metastasized to the lungs and liver. The metastatic capacity of these in vivo variant cell lines was associated with their ability to (1) grow under growth-factor-deprived conditions, (2) invade and transgress a reconstructed basement membrane with high effectiveness, and (3) produce higher activities of the substrate-degrading enzymes collagenase and plasminogen activator as compared to parental cells. To assess the relative contribution of growth-factor-independence and high levels of invasiveness/motility to the metastatic phenotype, variants of 6 colorectal carcinomas were selected in vitro by adaptation to a growth-factor-free culture medium followed by selection of highly invasive cells in chemoinvasion assays. Four out of 6 cell lines selected for growth-factor-independence showed significantly higher levels of invasiveness through reconstructed membranes, suggesting co-segregation of growth-factor-independence and high levels of invasiveness in vitro. Using an in vitro chemoinvasion assay, 2 poorly and 1 highly invasive cell line were further selected for invasiveness. After 6 selection passages, all cell lines were highly invasive and showed high motility rates. However, when injected s.c. into athymic nude mice to test their metastatic capacity in vivo, double-selected variant cell lines did not form spontaneous metastases. Our results indicate that growth-factor-independence and high levels of invasiveness, although associated with the metastatic phenotype, are not sufficient for experimental metastasis formation of colorectal carcinoma cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Williams
- Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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11
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Schwartz-Albiez R, Heidtmann HH, Wolf D, Schirrmacher V, Moldenhauer G. Three types of human lung tumour cell lines can be distinguished according to surface expression of endogenous urokinase and their capacity to bind exogenous urokinase. Br J Cancer 1992; 65:51-7. [PMID: 1310252 PMCID: PMC1977363 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1992.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the cell surface expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and the capacity to bind exogenous urokinase as possible parameters for the distinction of various types of human lung tumours. Twelve different tumour cell lines including four small cell carcinoma, two large cell carcinoma, three squamous cell carcinoma, one adenocarcinoma and two mesothelioma cell lines of lung origin were investigated. Surface expression of endogenous u-PA was determined in a cellular radioimmunoassay (CRIA) using the u-PA-specific monoclonal antibody 98/6. To estimate additional u-PA binding capacity, exogenous two-chain, 54 kDa u-PA was employed in the CRIA. The influence of phorbol ester (PMA) treatment on expression and binding of these molecules was studied. Three different groups of lung tumour cell lines could be distinguished according to their expression of u-PA and u-PA-binding ability: (i) non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines of squamous cell carcinoma/adenocarcinoma origin expressed small amounts of u-PA and bound little u-PA. Large cell carcinoma cell lines expressed high amounts of u-PA and bound large amounts of u-PA. In general, expression of u-PA and u-PA binding was enhanced after PMA treatment. (ii) Mesothelioma cell lines did not express u-PA, but were able to bind u-PA. (iii) Small cell carcinoma (SCLC) lines were devoid of surface-expressed u-PA and could not bind u-PA, both under untreated and PMA-treated conditions. It could thus be demonstrated that these three groups of lung tumour cell lines differ in their ability to express u-PA and to bind external u-PA. This may reflect the different in vivo growth behaviour and origin of the respective tumour groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schwartz-Albiez
- Institute of Immunology and Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
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12
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Pöllänen J, Stephens RW, Vaheri A. Directed plasminogen activation at the surface of normal and malignant cells. Adv Cancer Res 1991; 57:273-328. [PMID: 1950706 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)61002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Pöllänen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Radtke KP, Wenz KH, Heimburger N. Isolation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) from human placenta. Evidence for vitronectin/PAI-2 complexes in human placenta extract. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1990; 371:1119-27. [PMID: 1708670 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1990.371.2.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2), found in human placenta and pregnancy plasma, was prepared in a highly purified and functionally active form from human placenta. The purification was achieved by a combination of Rivanol and ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by chromatography on DEAE Affigel Blue, hydroxylapatite and phenylalanine-Sepharose. PAI-2, which is precipitated by low Rivanol concentrations, can be selectively redissolved from the pellet by increasing the Rivanol concentration in the presence of a reducing agent, i.e. dithiothreitol. The purified protein shows a molecular mass of 45 kDa in SDS PAGE, cross-reacts with monoclonal antibodies against PAI-2 (Mab'PAI-2), and inhibits the amidolytic activity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) towards the chromogenic substrate Glu-Gly-Arg-pNA (S-2444). The specific activity of the purified inhibitor was 52,300 units/mg, attaining 71,000 units/mg in peak fractions. In the immunopurification of placental extract on anti-PAI-2 Sepharose, the eluate showed the expected reaction with Mab' PAI-2, and it also cross-reacted with anti-vitronectin serum. In order to complement these results, anti-vitronectin Sepharose was used for immunopurification of placenta extract. In Western Blot experiments the eluates of anti PAI-2 Sepharose and anti-vitronectin Sepharose both showed a heterogeneous pattern of high molecular weight bands recognized by either polyclonal antiserum against vitronectin or Mab'PAI-2. In either case, reduction of the eluates releases mainly a 45-kDa band, which is recognized by Mab'PAI-2, or 80-kDa and 76-kDa bands recognized by anti-serum against vitronectin. These data suggest that the predominant form of PAI-2 in placenta extract is heterogeneous and of high molecular mass, containing complexes in which vitronectin is covalently bound to PAI-2 by disulfide bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Radtke
- Forschungslaboratorien der Behringwerke AG, Marburg/Lahn
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14
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Abstract
Levels of extracellular lysosomal enzymes are relatively high in tumors and especially so at their periphery. By degrading the intercellular matrix, these and other nonlysosomal enzymes could facilitate invasion and metastasis by tumor cells. Using a rapid assay, we have shown that cells transformed by a variety of agents can be stimulated in culture by several growth factors to secrete lysosomal enzymes. These factors have little or no stimulatory activity on their nontransformed counterparts. The basal rate of secretion of N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGA) and the efficiency of the stimulus are greater in transformed cells in log phase of growth. These observations suggest that altered or increased responsiveness to paracrine and autocrine growth factors not only may be responsible for the persistent division of malignant cells but also may promote their invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Warren
- Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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15
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Nelson RB, Siman R. Clipsin, a chymotrypsin-like protease in rat brain which is irreversibly inhibited by alpha-1-antichymotrypsin. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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16
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Andrews HJ, Cawston TE, Hazleman BL. Modulation of plasminogen activator production by interleukin 1: differential responses of fibroblasts derived from human skin and rheumatoid and non-rheumatoid synovium. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1051:84-93. [PMID: 2297544 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(90)90177-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts were treated with purified porcine interleukin 1 alpha and recombinant human interleukin 1B, and the production of secreted and cell-associated plasminogen activator activity was measured. No stimulation of plasminogen activator activity was seen in response to either preparation of interleukin 1, and in more than half of the cell cultures interleukin 1 caused a significant decrease in the secreted levels of PA activity. Increased levels of prostaglandin E were produced in the same experiments, indicating that the cells were responsive to the interleukin 1 preparations. Both retinoic acid and unfractionated monocyte conditioned medium were able to stimulate the production of PA activity by the rheumatoid synovial fibroblast cultures. The rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts produced two species of plasminogen activator as indicated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with apparent Mr of approx. 50,000 and 100,000. The Mr = 50,000 species co-migrates with urokinase-type plasminogen activator. No species is produced which co-migrates with tissue type plasminogen activator. Studies with antibodies also indicate that the activity produced is urokinase-type plasminogen activator. The Mr = 100,000 species may be an enzyme-inhibitor complex. Two non-rheumatoid synovial fibroblast cultures and two out of six human skin fibroblast cultures did produce elevated levels of plasminogen activator activity in response to recombinant human interleukin 1B. The results suggest that fibroblast populations may differ in their response to interleukin 1, in terms of production of plasminogen activator activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Andrews
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, U.K
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17
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Mooradian DL, Diglio CA. Effects of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta 1 on rat heart endothelial cell anchorage-dependent and -independent growth. Exp Cell Res 1990; 186:122-9. [PMID: 2298231 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(90)90218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) on the anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of rat heart endothelial cells (RHE-1A). When RHE-1A cells were grown in monolayer culture with medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented with epidermal growth factor (0.1-100 ng/ml), growth was stimulated fivefold when compared to that of cells grown in medium containing 10% FBS alone. The stimulatory effect of EGF on RHE-1A cell monolayer growth was dose-dependent and half-maximal at 5 ng/ml. The addition of TGF-beta 1 in the range 0.1-10 ng/ml had no effect on RHE-1A cell monolayer growth when added to medium containing 10% FBS alone or 10% FBS supplemented with EGF (50 ng/ml). RHE-1A cells failed to grow under anchorage-independent conditions in 0.3% agar medium containing 10% FBS. In the presence of EGF, however, colony formation increased dramatically. The stimulatory effect of EGF was dose-dependent in the range 0.1-100 ng/ml and was half-maximal at 5 ng/ml. In contrast to its effects under anchorage-dependent conditions, TGF-beta 1 (0.1-10 ng/ml) antagonized the stimulatory effects of EGF on RHE-1A cell anchorage-independent growth. The inhibitory effect of TGF-beta 1 was dose-dependent and half-maximal at 0.1 ng/ml. EGF-induced RHE-1A soft agar colonies were isolated and reinitiated in monolayer culture. They retained the cobblestone morphology and contact-inhibition characteristic of normal vascular endothelial cells. Each of the clones continued to express Factor VIII antigen. These findings suggest that TGF-beta may influence not only endothelial cell proliferation but also anchorage dependence. These effects may in turn be of relevance to endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Mooradian
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
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18
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Keski-Oja J, Lohi J, Laiho M. Transforming growth factor-ßs as modulators of pericellular proteolytic events. Cytotechnology 1989; 2:317-32. [PMID: 22358872 DOI: 10.1007/bf00364996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of transforming growth factor-ß:s an increasing number of different biological effects have been attributed to this group of proteins. Analysis of the cellular responses to TGFß stimulation at the molecular level has indicated that TGFß acts as an activator of transcription of several genes. This may in part explain the plethora of various functions that have been ascribed to TGFß. In addition to the TGFß family of polypeptides there is an increasing number of related factors, whose major roles appear to be involved in developmental processes. A distinct feature of TGFß is its ability to regulate pericellular proteolysis of cultured cells. As yet this property has not been associated with other members of this group of polypeptides. Depending on the target cell type TGFß may either increase or decrease pericellular proteolytic activity. Proteolytic activation of latent TGFß and its possible inhibition by TGFß-induced protease inhibitors could be a physiological feed-back mechanism in the control of proteolytic activity in the vicinity of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Keski-Oja
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, SF-00290, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Ashino-Fuse H, Takano Y, Oikawa T, Shimamura M, Iwaguchi T. Medroxyprogesterone acetate, an anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic steroid, inhibits the plasminogen activator in bovine endothelial cells. Int J Cancer 1989; 44:859-64. [PMID: 2479607 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910440519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is an anti-cancer drug for mammary carcinomas and an angiostatic steroid. The effects of MPA on the growth and plasminogen activator (PA) activity of bovine endothelial cells were investigated to elucidate the inhibitory mechanism observed in angiogenesis. MPA did not suppress the growth of capillary endothelial cells, even at high concentrations. On the other hand, in bovine endothelial cells of 3 types (adrenal cortical capillary, aortic and pulmonary artery endothelial cells), MPA inhibited extracellular and cell-associated activity of PA, which might be a protease involved in the neovascular response. MPA also greatly inhibited the high level of PA induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF). The same result was obtained when PA production was induced by 4 beta-phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) in endothelial cells. These findings suggest that one of the points of inhibitory action of MPA in the process of angiogenesis may be the suppression of PA activity, and that inhibition of this protease might be useful for reduction of tumorigenic or excessive angiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ashino-Fuse
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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20
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Band V, Karlan BY, Zurawski VR, Littlefield BA. Simultaneous stimulation of urokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activators by phorbol esters in human ovarian carcinoma cells. J Cell Physiol 1989; 138:106-14. [PMID: 2492025 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041380115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OVCA 433 human ovarian carcinoma cells secrete both mammalian plasminogen activators (PAs) urokinase (UK) and tissue-type PA (tPA). Treatment of cells with 4 beta-phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), a stimulator of protein kinase C (PKC), leads to large increases in the secretion rates of both PA types. PA stimulation by PMA is time- and concentration-dependent, with maximal effects occurring between 12 and 24 h at PMA concentrations of 1-10 ng/ml. The PMA effect is mimicked by mezerein, another known PKC stimulator, but not by 4 alpha-phorbol or 4 alpha-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate, two phorbol compounds that do not stimulate PKC. PA activity is virtually unaffected by 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol (OAG), a synthetic diacylglycerol that stimulates PKC in vitro but has variable effects on whole cells. PMA stimulation of PA activity is blocked by both actinomycin D and cycloheximide, indicating requirements for new RNA and protein synthesis. When analyzed individually, the relative PMA-induced increases in UK and tPA activities are identical. Increased UK activity is fully accounted for by increased UK antigen secretion, whereas increased tPA secretion accounts for only about one-half of the increased tPA activity. Similarly, PMA induces large increases in steady-state UK mRNA levels, while its effects on tPA mRNA levels are only modest. Thus, while increases in secretion rates and mRNA levels can completely account for UK stimulation, other mechanisms augmenting these processes must exist specifically for tPA. Since the relative increases in UK and tPA activities are identical despite the probable existence of multiple mechanisms contributing to tPA regulation, our data suggest the possibility of interrelationships between the two pathways such that equivalent degrees of UK and tPA activity stimulation are ultimately achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Band
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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21
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Helseth E, Dalen A, Unsgaard G, Vik R. Type beta transforming growth factor and epidermal growth factor suppress the plasminogen activator activity in a human glioblastoma cell line. J Neurooncol 1988; 6:277-83. [PMID: 3265720 DOI: 10.1007/bf00163713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the human glioblastoma cell line, T-MG1, plasminogen activator activity (PA-activity) was demonstrated by using the chromogenic substrate S-2251. Using monoclonal antibodies against human urokinase type PA (u-PA) and human tissue type PA (t-PA), only u-PA activity was found in T-MG1 cell extracts. The u-PA activity in T-MG1 cells was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by B-TGF and EGF after 24 hours of exposure to these growth factors. Twenty units of B-TGF caused a decrease in PA-activity of 80%, while 10 ng/ml EGF gave a decrease in PA-activity of 60%. The suppressive effects of B-TGF and EGF were observed after 2 hours and 4 hours of incubation, respectively and sustained for at least 24 hours. The effects of B-TGF and EGF were not antienzymatic, but rather mediated through regulatory mechanisms. In view of the capacity of invasive growth of gliomas and the potential role of PA in invasive growth, the suppression of PA-activity in gliomas by B-TGF and EGF may be of importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Helseth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Trondheim, Trondheim Regional Hospital, Norway
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22
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Mayer M, Lund LR, Riccio A, Skouv J, Nielsen LS, Stacey SN, Danø K, Andreasen PA. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 protein, mRNA and gene transcription are increased by phorbol esters in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)37642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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23
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Dong Q, Zhou MH, Subbarao V, Ts'ao CH. Cellular and extracellular plasminogen activator and inhibitor in an experimental tumour. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1988; 69:685-95. [PMID: 3143395 PMCID: PMC2013274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We determined plasminogen activator (PA) and PA inhibitor (PAI) activities in the intra- and extracellular compartments of an experimental pancreatic ascites tumour with indirect and direct functional assays, and partially characterized these activities on SDS-polyacrylamide gels coupled with fibrin and reverse fibrin autography. Intact tumour cells caused lysis of plasminogen-rich but not plasminogen-free fibrin clots, and the extent of lysis of the former was related to tumour cell count. Direct assay of PA with a synthetic substrate yielded an equivalent of 109 urokinase units per 10(9) tumour cells. No PAI activity was demonstrated in tumour cells with functional assays. Contrary to tumour cells, cell-free ascitic fluids caused no lysis of fibrin clots. Instead, it inhibited tumour cell- and urokinase-induced, but not plasmin-induced, clot lysis in a dose-dependent fashion. Although functional assays failed to demonstrate PA in ascitic fluid and PAI in tumour cells, both activities were detected in electrophoresed samples of cell lysates and fluids by fibrin and reverse fibrin autography. In tumour cells, a mixture of tissue-type PA (tPA) and urokinase-type PA (uPA) were present. In the fluid, uPA together with two other PAs with greater molecular weights than tPA were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Dong
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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24
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Laiho M. Modulation of extracellular proteolytic activity and anchorage-independent growth of cultured cells by sarcoma cell-derived factors: relationships to transforming growth factor-beta. Exp Cell Res 1988; 176:297-308. [PMID: 3259933 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(88)90332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described a factor(s) produced by 8387 fibrosarcoma cells, which can affect plasminogen activator (PA) activity of cultured cells. Since then, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) has been established as a major growth factor/growth inhibitor that regulates both the expression and activity of PAs and their endothelial-type inhibitor (PAI-1). The present study was undertaken to characterize the 8387 fibrosarcoma cell-derived factor(s) and to investigate its relationships to TGF beta by analysis of modulation of PA activity and cell growth. The fibrosarcoma cell-derived proteins were partially purified from serum-free conditioned culture medium using Bio-Gel P-10 chromatography. Two separate fractions with apparent molecular weights of 16,000 and 12,000 contained activities that both decreased the secretion of PA activity by human lung fibroblasts and inhibited the soft agar growth of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Both factors affected similarly the production of urokinase-type PA and PAI-1 in various cell lines and enhanced anchorage-independent growth of murine AKR-2B fibroblasts. The effects of these factors thus resembled those of TGF beta. The immunological relationships between the Mr 16,000 and Mr 12,000 factors and TGF beta were therefore studied using neutralizing anti-TGF beta antibodies. The TGF beta antibodies efficiently inhibited the effects of the Mr 16,000 factor but not those of the Mr 12,000 factor in cell culture assays. The results suggest that 8387 fibrosarcoma cells produce two major growth inhibitors, one of which is closely related to TGF beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laiho
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Keski-Oja J, Blasi F, Leof EB, Moses HL. Regulation of the synthesis and activity of urokinase plasminogen activator in A549 human lung carcinoma cells by transforming growth factor-beta. J Cell Biol 1988; 106:451-9. [PMID: 3276718 PMCID: PMC2114980 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.106.2.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) is a regulator of cellular proliferation which can alter the proteolytic activity of cultured cells by enhancing the secretion of endothelial type plasminogen activator inhibitor and affecting the secretion of plasminogen activators (PAs) in cultured fibroblastic cells. We used the TGF beta-responsive malignant human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 to study the relationships between the known TGF beta-induced growth inhibition and the effects of TGF beta on the secretion of PA activity by A549 cells. PA activity was quantitated by caseinolysis assays, and characterized by urokinase mRNA analysis, immunoprecipitation, and zymography assays. PA-inhibitor production was observed in autoradiograms of SDS-polyacrylamide gels and reverse zymography assays. It was found that TGF beta enhanced the production of PA activity by these cells, in accordance with an enhancement of urokinase mRNA levels. A concomitant stimulation of type 1 PA-inhibitor production was also observed in A549 cells in response to TGF beta. In contrast to the observations of A549 cells, TGF beta caused a decrease in the expression of both urokinase and the tissue-type PA mRNA in human embryonic WI-38 lung fibroblasts indicating opposite regulation of the expression of PAs in these cells. The results suggest that TGF beta may play a role in the regulation of the invasive, proteolytically active phenotype of certain lung carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Keski-Oja
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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26
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Abstract
The mammalian serine protease zymogen, plasminogen, can be converted into the active enzyme plasmin by vertebrate plasminogen activators urokinase (uPA), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), factor XII-dependent components, or by bacterial streptokinase. The biochemical properties of the major components of the system, plasminogen/plasmin, plasminogen activators, and inhibitors of the plasminogen activators, are reviewed. The plasmin system has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes such as fibrinolysis, tissue remodeling, cell migration, inflammation, and tumor invasion and metastasis. A defective plasminogen activator/inhibitor system also has been linked to some thromboembolic complications. Recent studies of the mechanism of fibrinolysis in human plasma suggest that tPA may be the primary initiator and that overall fibrinolytic activity is strongly regulated at the tPA level. A simple model for the initiation and regulation of plasma fibrinolysis based on these studies has been formulated. The plasminogen activators have been used for thrombolytic therapy. Three new thrombolytic agents--tPA, pro-uPA, and acylated streptokinase-plasminogen complex--have been found to possess better properties over their predecessors, urokinase and streptokinase. Further improvements of these molecules using genetic and protein engineering tactics are being pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Wun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Monsanto Co., Chesterfield, Missouri
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27
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Will H. Plasminogen Activators: Molecular Properties, Biological Cell Function and Clinical Application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-73461-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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28
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Hart DA, Rehemtulla A. Plasminogen activators and their inhibitors: regulators of extracellular proteolysis and cell function. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 90:691-708. [PMID: 2854764 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(88)90323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Hart
- Joint Injury and Diseases Research Group, Department of Microbiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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29
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Keski-Oja J, Postlethwaite AE, Moses HL. Transforming growth factors in the regulation of malignant cell growth and invasion. Cancer Invest 1988; 6:705-24. [PMID: 3072995 DOI: 10.3109/07357908809078038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Keski-Oja
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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30
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Levin EG, Santell L. Association of a plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) with the growth substratum and membrane of human endothelial cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1987; 105:2543-9. [PMID: 3121634 PMCID: PMC2114691 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.105.6.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied the distribution of the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in cultures of confluent human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Plasminogen activator inhibitor activity measured by the 125I-fibrin plate assay was detected in the cytosol (2.85 +/- 0.16 U), 100,000 g particulate fraction (1.26 +/- 0.30 U), and in the growth substratum (9.82 +/- 1.80 U). Characterization of the protein responsible for this activity by reverse fibrin autography, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting demonstrated that it had an Mr of 46,000 and was antigenically related to PAI-1. Only the active form of the inhibitor was found in all three fractions. Inhibitor in the cytosol and particulate fraction converted to the latent form during 37 degrees C incubation while the substratum inhibitor remained fully active. Extracellular PAI-1 was detected in the growth substratum before its appearance in conditioned medium and represented the major protein deposited beneath the cells. The inhibitor was only transiently localized in the substratum, disappearing within 6 h and concomitantly appearing in the culture medium. Incubation of isolated metabolically labeled substratum with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) resulted in the appearance and release of an immunologically related inactive 44,000 Mr form as well as the tPA-PAI-1 complex (110,000 Mr). PAI-1 was also converted into its 44,000-Mr form and released by treatment of the substratum with human leukocyte elastase. The rapid deposition and predominance of PAI-1 in the underlying compartment of endothelial cells may explain how the basement membrane is protected from proteolytic degradation by plasmin-generating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Levin
- Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, LaJolla, California 92037
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31
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Tryggvason K, Höyhtyä M, Salo T. Proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix in tumor invasion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 907:191-217. [PMID: 2823896 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(87)90006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Tryggvason
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Finland
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32
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Blasi F, Vassalli JD, Danø K. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator: proenzyme, receptor, and inhibitors. J Cell Biol 1987; 104:801-4. [PMID: 3031083 PMCID: PMC2114431 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.104.4.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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33
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Regulation of plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator-inhibitor production by tissue culture cells: Evidence for independent induction and regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0268-9499(87)90017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Hart DA, Smith R. Differences between the F10, BL6 and F1 sublines of the B16 melanoma in the enhancement of plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor secretion by phorbol myristate acetate. Cancer Lett 1987; 35:27-38. [PMID: 3105864 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(87)90053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of conditioned medium from three sublines of the B16 melanoma [F1 (parental), BL6 (invasive), F10 (metastatic)] by SDS-PAGE and zymography revealed the presence of plasminogen activator activity at 60,000 daltons. The relative activity was F10 greater than F1 greater than or equal to BL6. Treatment of the cells with the tumor promoter, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) led to increased secretion of PA by F10 cells and a lesser increase in secretion by F1 cells and BL6 cells. In addition, a second plasminogen activator activity at 45,000 daltons was detected in conditioned medium from PMA treated F10 cells. Conditioned medium from F10 and F1 cells was also shown to contain a 33,000 dalton plasminogen activator binding protein. Upon PMA treatment the concentration of the binding protein increased in medium from F10 cells but not in similarly treated F1 cells. The binding protein, very likely a plasminogen activator inhibitor, was nearly undetectable in conditioned medium from control and PMA-treated BL6 cells. Therefore, the three sublines, which differ in in vivo phenotypic characteristics, also differ in their in vitro regulation of proteinase and proteinase inhibitor synthesis.
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35
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Rehemtulla A, Gates J, Hart DA. Treatment of mouse L-cells with phorbol myristate acetate induces the secretion of a plasminogen activator inhibitor which binds to human and mouse urokinase and human tissue plasminogen activator. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 88:277-83. [PMID: 3119281 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(87)90114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
1. Serum-free conditioned medium from L-cells or L-cells treated with the tumor-promotor phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was analyzed for plasminogen activator (PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) activity. Conditioned medium from control or PMA-treated cells did not contain detectable PA activity when assayed by SDS-PAGE and zymography. 2. Conditioned medium from PMA-treated cells, but not control cells, contained a PAI of Mr = 40,000 da when assayed by reverse zymography. 3. The L-cell PAI formed SDS-stable complexes with purified human (homo sapiens) urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator, as well as, mouse (Mus musculus) urinary PA. 4. These results indicate that biochemical and immunological differences between human and mouse urokinase and human urokinase and human tissue plasminogen activator do not influence the interaction of the L-cell PAI with these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rehemtulla
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Calgary Health Sciences Centre, Alberta, Canada
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36
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Scott GK. Proteinases and eukaryotic cell growth. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 87:1-10. [PMID: 3038457 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(87)90462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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37
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Laiho M, Saksela O, Andreasen PA, Keski-Oja J. Enhanced production and extracellular deposition of the endothelial-type plasminogen activator inhibitor in cultured human lung fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-beta. J Cell Biol 1986; 103:2403-10. [PMID: 3491081 PMCID: PMC2114602 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.103.6.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured human embryonic lung fibroblasts were used as a model to study the effects of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) on the plasminogen activator (PA) activity released by nontumorigenic cells into the culture medium. The cells were exposed to TGF beta under serum-free conditions, and the changes in PA activity and protein metabolism were analyzed by caseinolysis-in-agar assays, zymography, and polypeptide analysis. Treatment of the cells with TGF beta caused a significant decrease in the PA activity of the culture medium as analyzed by the caseinolysis-in-agar assays. The quantitatively most prominent effect of TGF beta on confluent cultures of cells was the induction of an Mr 47,000 protein, as detected by metabolic labeling. The Mr 47,000 protein was a PA inhibitor as judged by reverse zymography. It was antigenically related to a PA inhibitor secreted by HT-1080 tumor cells as demonstrated with monoclonal antibodies. The induced Mr 47,000 inhibitor was deposited into the growth substratum of the cells, as detected by metabolic labeling, immunoblotting analysis, and reverse zymography assays of extracellular matrix preparations. TGF beta also decreased the amounts of urokinase-type and tissue-type PAs accumulated in the conditioned medium, as detected by zymography. Epidermal growth factor antagonized the inhibitory effects of TGF beta by enhancing the amounts of the PAs. These results indicate that growth factors modulate the proteolytic balance of cultured cells by altering the amounts of PAs and their inhibitors.
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38
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Denhardt DT, Edwards DR, Parfett CL. Gene expression during the mammalian cell cycle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 865:83-125. [PMID: 3533155 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(86)90024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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39
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Andreasen PA, Nielsen LS, Kristensen P, Grøndahl-Hansen J, Skriver L, Danø K. Plasminogen activator inhibitor from human fibrosarcoma cells binds urokinase-type plasminogen activator, but not its proenzyme. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)57447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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40
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Laiho M, Saksela O, Keski-Oja J. Transforming growth factor beta alters plasminogen activator activity in human skin fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1986; 164:399-407. [PMID: 3519251 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(86)90038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult human skin fibroblasts were used as a model to study the effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) on the secreted plasminogen activator (PA) activity of cultured cells. TGF beta, at nanogram concentrations, enhanced the secretion of pro-PA from two fibroblast strains in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The induced enzymatic activity was inhibited by anti-urokinase antibodies and it co-migrated with purified urokinase in polyacrylamide gels. The secretion of PA activity was abolished when cycloheximide (0.1 microgram/ml) was added to the cultures. The activity was thus dependent on protein synthesis rather than just on direct activation of a plasminogen proactivator. TGF beta had only a slight mitogenic effect on the test cells. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and insulin were ineffective alone in inducing PA. Insulin, on the contrary, had an inhibitory effect on the TGF beta-induced PA activity. In addition to its effects on the secretion of PA, TGF beta enhanced the production of a proteinase inhibitor by these cells. The results suggest a role for TGF beta in the regulation of PA activity and pericellular proteolysis in fibroblastic cells.
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41
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Stoppelli MP, Verde P, Grimaldi G, Locatelli EK, Blasi F. Increase in urokinase plasminogen activator mRNA synthesis in human carcinoma cells is a primary effect of the potent tumor promoter, phorbol myristate acetate. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1986; 102:1235-41. [PMID: 3958045 PMCID: PMC2114165 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.102.4.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of tumor promoters and growth factors on the synthesis of urokinase and urokinase mRNA in human carcinoma cells has been investigated. In urokinase-producing human carcinoma cells (A1251), a 20-40-fold increase in urokinase mRNA level is obtained after treatment with 10 nM phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a smaller effect (two- to fourfold) with 2 ng/ml platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and no effect with epidermal growth factor (EGF) (up to 50 nM). After treatment with PMA, urokinase mRNA level increases already at 30 min peaking 2-4 h thereafter. Cell line A431, which has an abnormally high number of EGF receptors, shows the same response to PMA, but also responds to EGF (two- to fourfold increase in mRNA). The kinetics are similar to those of A1251. Nuclear transcription experiments show that the PMA-induced increase in urokinase mRNA is due to increased synthesis. The protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (10 micrograms/ml), also increases the level of urokinase mRNA. When both cycloheximide and PMA are used, super-induction is observed. This result may indicate that a short-lived protein negatively regulates the level of urokinase. The different efficiency of the effectors (PMA and PDGF better than EGF) and their kinetics, as well as the effect of cycloheximide on urokinase mRNA synthesis, (a) are reminiscent of the effect of PDGF and PMA on competence phase genes (Kelly, K., B.H. Cochran, C.D. Stiles, and P. Leder, 1983, Cell, 35: 603-610), (b) demonstrate that the synthesis of urokinase is part of the early cellular response to these factors, and (c) provide a preliminary insight in the overproduction of urokinase by primary malignant tumors and transformed cells in culture.
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42
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Herron GS, Banda MJ, Clark EJ, Gavrilovic J, Werb Z. Secretion of metalloproteinases by stimulated capillary endothelial cells. II. Expression of collagenase and stromelysin activities is regulated by endogenous inhibitors. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)35860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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43
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Crutchley DJ, Conanan LB. Endotoxin induction of an inhibitor of plasminogen activator in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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44
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Human protease nexin-I. Further characterization using a highly specific polyclonal antibody. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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45
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Plasminogen activation and regulation of pericellular proteolysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 823:35-65. [PMID: 2413894 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(85)90014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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46
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Degen JL, Estensen RD, Nagamine Y, Reich E. Induction and desensitization of plasminogen activator gene expression by tumor promoters. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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47
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Waller EK, Schleuning WD. Induction of fibrinolytic activity in HeLa cells by phorbol myristate acetate. Tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen and mRNA augmentation require intermediate protein biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)88979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Belin D, Vassalli JD, Combépine C, Godeau F, Nagamine Y, Reich E, Kocher HP, Duvoisin RM. Cloning, nucleotide sequencing and expression of cDNAs encoding mouse urokinase-type plasminogen activator. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 148:225-32. [PMID: 2985383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Controlled extracellular proteolysis is catalyzed in part by the secretion of plasminogen activators. As a step in the study of the expression of these enzymes in mouse tissues, we have isolated five cDNAs encoding the mouse urokinase-type plasminogen activator from a cDNA library prepared with size-selected mRNA from MSV-transformed 3T3 cells. The longest cDNA insert contains the entire coding region of mouse urokinase, 58 base pairs of the 5' non-coding region, and the entire 3' non-coding region, which is 942 base pairs long. The deduced protein sequence, which starts with a signal peptide of 20 amino acids, shows extensive homology to that of human and porcine urokinase. However, in contrast to these enzymes, mouse urokinase contains no N-glycosylation site. Bacteria harbouring one of the recombinant plasmids synthesize and secrete into their periplasm a protease indistinguishable from mouse urokinase.
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Biosynthesis of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases by human fibroblasts in culture. Stimulation by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate and interleukin 1 in parallel with collagenase. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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