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Abstract
Bubel, H. Curt (University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio), and David A. Wolff. Proflavine inhibition of vaccinia virus synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 89:977-983. 1965.-The synthesis of vaccinia virus, hemagglutinin, and blocking antigen, as well as the development of cytopathic effects, were inhibited by low concentrations of proflavine. This inhibitor did not exert a selective effect on any particular portion of the virus synthetic cycle. Proflavine added to infected KB cells during the eclipse period or later stages of virus maturation rapidly arrested further production of infectious virus and virus-related products. Suppression of virus synthesis was completely reversible, indicating that permanent damage to the virus synthetic mechanism did not result from a transient exposure to proflavine. Photosensitization of maturating vaccinia virus by subinhibiting concentrations of proflavine suggested an interaction of the inhibitor with viral nucleic acid.
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ODA M. VACCINIA VIRUS-HELA CELL INTERACTION. I. THE EFFECT OF IMMUNE SERUM ON THE PRODUCTION OF INFECTIVE VIRUS, COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIGEN, AND HEMAGGLUTININ. Virology 1996; 20:552-8. [PMID: 14059822 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(63)90279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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BECKER Y, JOKLIK WK. MESSENGER RNA IN CELLS INFECTED WITH VACCINIA VIRUS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 51:577-85. [PMID: 14166765 PMCID: PMC300120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.51.4.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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CARTER GB. THE RAPID DETECTION, TITRATION, AND DIFFERENTIATION OF VARIOLA AND VACCINIA VIRUSES BY A FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY-COVERSLIP CELL MONOLAYER SYSTEM. Virology 1996; 25:659-62. [PMID: 14329139 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(65)90094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wilton S, Gordon J, Dales S. Identification of antigenic determinants by polyclonal and hybridoma antibodies induced during the course of infection by vaccinia virus. Virology 1986; 148:84-96. [PMID: 2417414 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In order to extend the understanding of determinants involved in the humoral response in the infected host, mice were subjected to an immunization regimen using both active and uv-killed vaccinia virus. The spectrum of antibody specificity in hyperimmune sera was followed by Western blotting. Comparable studies involving Western blotting and immunofluorescence were conducted with a panel of monoclonal antibodies derived from hybridomas selected from similarly immunized animals. Hyperimmune sera contained circulating antibodies primarily against three polypeptides of 28K, 35K, and 62K. These antigens were shown to be located both at the surface and within the virion. The repertoire of monoclonal antibodies included some that reacted with the 28K and 35K antigens and others that recognized a 32K core complex component or a nonvirion cell surface component, corresponding to the viral hemagglutinin. Within the panel of monoclonal antibodies was a large group which reacted with a 32K antigen found in the IHD-J virion but absent from the IHD-W strain. This finding correlates with the absence of a 32K polypeptide from the IHD-W particle. Overall, the current findings reveal the absence of any particular correlation between the incidence of polyclonal antibodies in the circulation of the immune host and the frequency of selected hybridomas against vaccinia antigens. Application of this type of immunological analysis should provide useful data concerning the detection and mapping of the antigens and their epitopes which are significant for humoral immunity.
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Abstract
The histological and electron microscopic findings from a solitary cutaneous monkeypox lesion taken post mortem from a child who died after a five-day illness are reported. This child is 44th in the WHO register of monkeypox cases. The lesion was at the papulonecrotic stage, with early evidence of vesiculation and minimal evidence of pustulation. Necrosis affected the stratum basale, the related basement membrane and adjacent areas of the dermal papillae at the centre of the lesion. Cell necrosis affected the next two or three layers of stratum spinosum above the destroyed stratum basale. Lateral to this zone, marked hyperplasia and intracellular oedema of the stratum spinosum constituted the papule and produced spindle-cell features. In the middle layer of the stratum spinosum, above the necrotic focus, there were minute vesicles and between these were occasional multinuclear giant cells. Bodies similar to Guarnieri bodies (GB) were present in the cytoplasm of sweat duct-lining cells in the epidermis and upper corium. Very scanty similar bodies were evident elsewhere in the papular epidermis but were difficult to distinguish from debris. Granules in the lesion with the same size as mature virions (elementary bodies) have been assessed not to be these because similar granules are present in the normal epidermis. Changes in the dermis apart from those mentioned above were minimal oedema, very mild perivascular infiltration by round cells and an occasional eosinophil. Electron microscopy showed abundant immature and mature orthopoxvirus particles in the cytoplasms of infected epidermal cells. A limited range of histochemical tests is detailed. In general, the features are indistinguishable from the papulonecrotic stage of smallpox (variola) and from tanapox as recorded in man.
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Osborn JG, Chesters PM, Williamson JD. Arginine metabolism in infected cell cultures as a marker character for the differentiation of orthopoxviruses. J Hyg (Lond) 1984; 93:213-23. [PMID: 6094662 PMCID: PMC2129447 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400064731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Arginine has been shown to be essential for the replication of several orthopoxviruses in mouse sarcoma 180 cells and in chick embryo fibroblast cultures. Both host systems are characterized by their inabilities to utilize citrulline for the biosynthesis of arginine due to deficiencies in the requisite cellular enzymes and cell multiplication is absolutely dependent on the availability of exogenous arginine. Virus replication in such cells maintained with citrulline results from the induction of virus-specific enzymes. Significant virus yields in the absence of exogenous arginine or citrulline can arise from the replenishment of intracellular amino acid pools by increased utilization of arginyl residues in cellular proteins. The extent of the phenotypic expression of these characters in infected cells permitted significant discrimination between the viruses examined. Distinctions could be drawn between rabbitpox, ectromelia, cowpox, buffalopox and vaccinia strains. However, cowpox could not be distinguished from other viruses isolated from diseased animals in European zoos.
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Hiller G, Jungwirth C, Weber K. Fluorescence microscopical analysis of the life cycle of vaccinia virus in chick embryo fibroblasts. Virus-cytoskeleton interactions. Exp Cell Res 1981; 132:81-7. [PMID: 7193591 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(81)90085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Williamson JD. The effect of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) on vaccinia virus replication. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976; 73:120-6. [PMID: 999693 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)90505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Goorha R, Naegele RF, Purifoy D, Granoff A. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected with frog virus 3. III. Virus-specific protein synthesis by temperature-sensitive mutants. Virology 1975; 66:428-39. [PMID: 1171552 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Goorha R, Granoff A. Macromolecular synthesis in cells infected by frog virus 3. I. Virus-specific protein synthesis and its regulation. Virology 1974; 60:237-50. [PMID: 4276315 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ibrahim AL, Loh PC. Comparison of the immunofluorescent-cell counting and plaque methods for the assay of vaccinia virus. Appl Microbiol 1972; 23:214-7. [PMID: 4622819 PMCID: PMC380321 DOI: 10.1128/am.23.2.214-217.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The immunofluorescent-cell counting method was compared with the agarand liquid-overlay plaque techniques for the assay of vaccinia virus. In addition to being as quantitative, reproducible, and simple to use as the two plaque techniques, the immunofluorescent assay method was found to be more sensitive, rapid, and specific.
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O'Brien TC, Tauraso NM. Vaccinia virus: kinetics of the hemagglutination-inhibition test and preparation of hemagglutinin. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1972; 36:158-65. [PMID: 4622262 DOI: 10.1007/bf01250306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Inhibition of HeLa cell protein synthesis and the sequential synthesis of viral proteins were followed by pulse-labeling infected cells with (14)C-phenylalanine. Proteins were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The viral origin of native proteins was confirmed by immunodiffusion. The inhibition of host protein synthesis and the synthesis of early viral proteins occur 1 to 3 hr after infection. This early sequence of events also occurs in the presence of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, an inhibitor of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Other viral proteins are synthesized at a later time. Those proteins which are not made in the absence of viral deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis can be further subdivided into intermediate and late classes. The intermediate protein is synthesized before the late proteins but does not appear to be a precursor of them. Many more viral polypeptides were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after solubilization of the entire cytoplasmic fraction with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Virion and nonvirion proteins were identified. Kinetic experiments suggested that certain structural proteins as well as certain nonstructural proteins are made early, whereas others of both classes are made primarily at later times.
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Abstract
Vaccinia virus replication was studied in pig kidney (PK-15) cells synchronized by excess thymidine treatment. It was found that virus replication with concomitant inhibition of mitosis can occur at any period in the life cycle of the cell except for the narrow span of time from late prophase through telophase. Cells infected at this time continue to divide, and vaccinia does not replicate until cell division is complete.
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Wilcox WC, Cohen GH. Soluble antigens of vaccinia-infected mammalian cells. II. Time course of synthesis of soluble antigens and virus structural proteins. J Virol 1967; 1:500-8. [PMID: 5623969 PMCID: PMC375265 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.1.3.500-508.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced soluble antigens produced in mammalian cells after infection with vaccinia virus can be divided into two classes on the basis of molecular weight. Synthesis of the low molecular weight antigens begins early in the course of infection (1 to 2 hr), and is switched-off rather abruptly 4 to 5 hr after infection in a manner similar to that reported for the early enzymes characteristic of this same system. It was demonstrated, however, that these antigens do not include virus-induced thymidine kinase, a major virus-induced enzyme, nor is it likely that the low molecular weight antigens described here share identity with any of the virus-induced enzymes. A portion of the low molecular weight antigens appear to be incorporated into the structure of newly synthesized virus, probably as internal proteins. In contrast, synthesis of the high molecular weight antigen class is initiated later in the course of infection (4 to 5 hr), just prior to the appearance of newly synthesized virus. Antiserum directed specifically against virus structural proteins forms precipitin bands with all of the high molecular weight antigens recognizable by immunoelectrophoresis. This evidence, coupled with the observation that the high molecular weight antigen fraction elicits production of specific virus-neutralizing antibody, strongly suggests that this antigen class represents virus structural subunits produced in excess.
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Cheville NF. Cytopathologic changes in fowlpox (turkey origin) inclusion body formation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1966; 49:723-37. [PMID: 4288600 PMCID: PMC1907243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ichihashi Y, Matsumoto S. Studies on the nature of Marchal bodies (A-type inclusion) during ectromelia virus infection. Virology 1966; 29:264-75. [PMID: 5329147 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(66)90033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Yohn, David S. (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, N.Y.), Victoria A. Haendiges, and Etienne de Harven. Yaba tumor poxvirus synthesis in vitro. III. Growth kinetics. J. Bacteriol. 91:1986-1991. 1966.-The infectious synthetic cycle of Yaba poxvirus by BSC-1 cells at 35 C is described and discussed together with related observations obtained by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. After adsorption of virus at 25 C, at least 6 hr of incubation at 35 C was required before viral eclipse was demonstrable. Infectious progeny appeared after an additional 48 hr of incubation at 35 C. Newly synthesized virus particles were seen at 68 hr but not at 44 hr by electron microscopy. Maximal maturation occurred between 100 and 120 hr. Maximal yields were obtained from the 5th through the 8th day. The differences in kinetics between Yaba and vaccinia poxviruses, as described for the latter in the literature, are discussed. Possible factors accounting for these differences are enumerated.
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Yohn DS, Haendiges VA, Grace JT. Yaba tumor poxvirus synthesis in vitro. I. Cytopathological, histochemical, and immunofluorescent studies. J Bacteriol 1966; 91:1977-85. [PMID: 4287080 PMCID: PMC316154 DOI: 10.1128/jb.91.5.1977-1985.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Yohn, David S. (Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, N.Y.), Victoria A. Haendiges, and James T. Grace, Jr. Yaba tumor poxvirus synthesis in vitro. I. Cytopathological, histochemical, and immunofluorescent studies. J. Bacteriol. 91:1977-1985. 1966.-Yaba tumor poxvirus synthesis in BSC-1 cell culture was followed sequentially with light microscopy, immunofluorescent microscopy, and various histochemical stains. The first evidence of infection was detected at 24 hr when nucleoli became hypertrophic, reflecting enhanced ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. At 36 hr, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis was detected in the cytoplasm. This was immediately followed by or associated with antigen synthesis at paranuclear sites and enhanced RNA synthesis in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic inclusions were readily apparent at 4 days in initially infected cells. Contiguous spread of virus was judged to have occurred around the third day of infection. The time required to complete the synthetic cycle from time of infection to production of infectious progeny was estimated to be of the order of 60 hr. This cycle is 6 to 10 times longer than for vaccinia virus. By light microscopy, cytopathic effects (CPE) were detectable in 5 days in heavily infected cultures. With 100 units or less of infectious virus, CPE was not readily detected until the 10th to 14th day. At this time, focal areas of infection classified either as microtumors or microplaques were present. Secondary foci appeared during the 4th week of incubation.
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Abstract
A quantitative assay for infective variola virus particles was developed which is based on the enumeration of cells containing fluorescent viral antigen after infection of McCoy cell monolayers. The direct fluorescent-antibody technique was employed to stain cells. The efficiency of virus adsorption was markedly enhanced by centrifugation of virus inoculum onto McCoy cell monolayers at 500 x g for 15 min. By this procedure, a proportionality was obtained between the number of fluorescent cells and volume of inoculum. Observations on the sequential development of viral antigen within cells and counts of fluorescent cells showed that the optimal time for enumerating fluorescent cells was after an incubation period of 16 to 20 hr. A linear function existed between virus concentration and cell-infecting units. Fluorescent cells were distributed randomly in infected cover slip cell monolayers. The assay was demonstrated to be highly sensitive, precise, and reproducible.
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Zalan E, Kelen AE, Labzoffsky NA. Immunofluorescence studies on Coxsackie group a viruses. Arch Virol 1965. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01245213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mannweiler E. Freies H�magglutinin als Kriterium der Vermehrung von Vaccinevirus in H�hnerembryo-Zellkulturen. Arch Virol 1964. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01555096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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MANNWELLER E. [FREE HEMAGGLUTININ AS A CRITERION FOR THE PROPAGATION OF VACCINIA VIRUS IN CHICK EMBRYO CELL CULTURES]. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1964; 14:253-62. [PMID: 14141584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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JAMISON RM, MAYOR HD, MELNICK JL. Studies on ECHO 4 virus (Picornavirus Group) and its intracellular development. Exp Mol Pathol 1963; 2:188-202. [PMID: 13957296 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(63)90052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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BUBEL HC, WOLFF DA. Attempts to Isolate Infectious Nucleic Acid from Vaccinia Virus and Virus-Infected Cells. Nature 1963; 197:867-9. [PMID: 14016466 DOI: 10.1038/197867a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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KIRSH D, KISSLING R. THE USE OF IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE IN THE RAPID PRESUMPTIVE DIAGNOSIS OF VARIOLA. Bull World Health Organ 1963; 29:126-8. [PMID: 14043750 PMCID: PMC2554785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
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NEFF BJ, ACKERMANN WW, EPSTEIN FH, FRANCIS T. Inhibition of Vaccinial Hemagglutinins by Sera of Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Other Chronic Illnesses. Circ Res 1962; 10:836-45. [PMID: 14478768 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.10.6.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Serum inhibitory titers to the agglutination of chicken red cells by vaccinial hemagglutinin have been measured in persons with a variety of chronic diseases and in a control sample of the general population. Between the ages of 30 and 74, elevated titers occurred in 63 per cent of the men and 56 per cent of the women with chronic diseases, but in only 40 per cent of the men and 36 per cent of the women in the "control" population. Patients with coronary heart disease tended to show the highest titers. The suggestion is made that the serum inhibitor under study may reflect, in part, relatively "nonspecific" pathological changes and tissue responses provoked by various biological stresses and is a promising approach to the recognition of cardiovascular disease and related disorders.
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FRANCIS T. Problems of acute respiratory disease. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 1961; 34:191-9. [PMID: 13894516 PMCID: PMC2605058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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