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Tuong ZK, Stewart BJ, Guo SA, Clatworthy MR. Epigenetics and tissue immunity-Translating environmental cues into functional adaptations. Immunol Rev 2021; 305:111-136. [PMID: 34821397 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing appreciation that many innate and adaptive immune cell subsets permanently reside within non-lymphoid organs, playing a critical role in tissue homeostasis and defense. The best characterized are macrophages and tissue-resident T lymphocytes that work in concert with organ structural cells to generate appropriate immune responses and are functionally shaped by organ-specific environmental cues. The interaction of tissue epithelial, endothelial and stromal cells is also required to attract, differentiate, polarize and maintain organ immune cells in their tissue niche. All of these processes require dynamic regulation of cellular transcriptional programmes, with epigenetic mechanisms playing a critical role, including DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications. A failure to appropriately regulate immune cell transcription inevitably results in inadequate or inappropriate immune responses and organ pathology. Here, with a focus on the mammalian kidney, an organ which generates differing regional environmental cues (including hypersalinity and hypoxia) due to its physiological functions, we will review the basic concepts of tissue immunity, discuss the technologies available to profile epigenetic modifications in tissue immune cells, including those that enable single-cell profiling, and consider how these mechanisms influence the development, phenotype, activation and function of different tissue immune cell subsets, as well as the immunological function of structural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Benjamin J Stewart
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Shuang Andrew Guo
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Erlich JR, To EE, Liong S, Brooks R, Vlahos R, O'Leary JJ, Brooks DA, Selemidis S. Targeting Evolutionary Conserved Oxidative Stress and Immunometabolic Pathways for the Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:993-1013. [PMID: 32008371 PMCID: PMC7426980 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Up until recently, metabolism has scarcely been referenced in terms of immunology. However, emerging evidence has shown that immune cells undergo an adaptation of metabolic processes, known as the metabolic switch. This switch is key to the activation, and sustained inflammatory phenotype in immune cells, which includes the production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that underpin infectious diseases, respiratory and cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, as well as cancer. Recent Advances: There is a burgeoning body of evidence that immunometabolism and redox biology drive infectious diseases. For example, influenza A virus (IAV) utilizes endogenous ROS production via NADPH oxidase (NOX)2-containing NOXs and mitochondria to circumvent antiviral responses. These evolutionary conserved processes are promoted by glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle that drive inflammation. Such metabolic products involve succinate, which stimulates inflammation through ROS-dependent stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, promoting interleukin-1β production by the inflammasome. In addition, itaconate has recently gained significant attention for its role as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant metabolite of the TCA cycle. Critical Issues: The molecular mechanisms by which immunometabolism and ROS promote viral and bacterial pathology are largely unknown. This review will provide an overview of the current paradigms with an emphasis on the roles of immunometabolism and ROS in the context of IAV infection and secondary complications due to bacterial infection such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Future Directions: Molecular targets based on metabolic cell processes and ROS generation may provide novel and effective therapeutic strategies for IAV and associated bacterial superinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Erlich
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Eunice E. To
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Stella Liong
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Robert Brooks
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - John J. O'Leary
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Sir Patrick Dun's Laboratory, Central Pathology Laboratory, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Doug A. Brooks
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Coombe Women and Infants' University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
- Address correspondence to: Prof. Stavros Selemidis, Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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Dahiya S, Kumari S, Rani P, Onteru SK, Singh D. Postpartum uterine infection & ovarian dysfunction. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148:S64-S70. [PMID: 30964082 PMCID: PMC6469370 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_961_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Postpartum uterine infections such as metritis, endometritis and mastitis have been considered as underlying causes for ovarian dysfunction in mammals. Almost all mammals, particularly dairy animals are susceptible to postpartum uterine infections, resulting in impaired fertility and economic loss. One of the factors for low fertility in females is ovarian dysfunction, which is exhibited as impaired growth and function of ovarian follicles by the postpartum infection. Immune system of mammals provides a host defence mechanism against pathogenic microbes through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and forming inflammasomes. Like immune cells, ovarian granulosa cells also exhibit a similar pattern of cytokine gene expressions on exposure to PAMPs. Genome-wide transcriptomic approaches explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune function of buffalo granulosa cells during endotoxin exposure. Understanding the molecular mechanism of ovarian dysfunction due to uterine infection would be helpful to implement various strategies to handle the adverse effects of postpartum uterine disease on fertility by developing potential therapeutics. Therefore, this article focuses on key factors that are responsible for postpartum infection and particularly summarizes the molecular mechanism of infection underlying the ovarian dysfunction in dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Dahiya
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Suman Kumari
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Payal Rani
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Dheer Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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Schultze JL, Schmidt SV. Molecular features of macrophage activation. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:416-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Li WC, Jiang R, Jiang DM, Zhu FC, Su B, Qiao B, Qi XT. Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning attenuates apoptotic processes and improves neuropathologic changes after spinal cord injury in rats. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:585-92. [PMID: 24205811 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.864289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We have shown earlier that administration of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly contributed to recovery of motor function after traumatic spinal cord injury in the adult female rat. Using the same standardized animal model, we have now designed a set of experiments to test the hypothesis that LPS preconditioning attenuates stress-related apoptotic processes early after spinal cord trauma. The lower thoracic spinal cord injury in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats was caused by a 10 g weight rod drop from 25 mm on the dural surface of the exposed spinal cord at T10. The rats were randomly assigned to three groups: Sham injury, control (received normal saline alone), and LPS preconditioning (0.2 mg/kg, ip; 72 h prior to the injury). The animals were euthanized at 72 h postinjury. Neuropathologic changes were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. SCI-induced apoptosis were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 were examined with immunohistochemistry or Western blotting. Compared with the control group, LPS preconditioning group showed significant improvement in the SCI-induced morphology changes. Furthermore, LPS preconditioning reduced the expressions of apoptotic markers caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax, upregulated the expression of antiapoptotic marker Bcl-2 in the samples of spinal cord. Low-dose LPS attenuated the recruitment of inflammatory cells and the proliferation of glial cells in the site of injury. LPS preconditioning has neuroprotective effects against TSCI in rats due to its antiapoptosis properties as shown by the inhibition of caspase pathway and the upregulation of antiapoptotic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chao Li
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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MicroRNA-146a and RBM4 form a negative feed-forward loop that disrupts cytokine mRNA translation following TLR4 responses in human THP-1 monocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:532-40. [PMID: 23897118 PMCID: PMC3770753 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Within hours after its initiation, the severe systemic inflammatory response of sepsis shifts to an adaptive anti-inflammatory state with coincident immunosuppression. This anti-inflammatory phenotype is characterized by diminished proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in response to toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation with bacterial endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin tolerance/adaptation. Our and other studies have established that gene-specific reprogramming following TLR4 responses independently represses transcription and translation of proinflammatory genes such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). We also previously demonstrated that TNFα and interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA translation is repressed in endotoxin-adapted THP-1 human monocytes by an miRNA-based mechanism involving the argonaute family protein argonaute 2 (Ago2). Here, we further define the molecular nature of reprogramming translation by showing that TLR4-induced microRNA-146 promotes a feed-forward loop that modifies the subcellular localization of the RNA-binding protein RBM4 (RNA-binding motif protein 4) and promotes its interaction with Ago2. This interaction results in the assembly of a translation-repressor complex that disrupts TNFα and IL-6 cytokine synthesis in endotoxin-adapted THP-1 monocytes. This novel molecular path prevents the phosphorylation of RBM4 on serine-309 by p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), which leads to RBM4 accumulation in the cytosol and interaction with Ago2. We further find that microRNA-146a knockdown by antagomirs or protein phosphatase inhibition by okadaic acid increases p38 MAPK phosphorylation and results in RBM4 serine-309 phosphorylation and nuclear relocalization, which disrupts RBM4 and Ago2 interactions and restores TLR4-dependent synthesis of TNFα and IL-6. We conclude that miR-146a has a diverse and critical role in limiting an excessive acute inflammatory reaction.
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Kanaan Z, Barnett R, Gardner S, Keskey B, Druen D, Billeter A, Cheadle WG. Differential microRNA (miRNA) expression could explain microbial tolerance in a novel chronic peritonitis model. Innate Immun 2012; 19:203-12. [PMID: 23060456 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912460557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We observed persistent peritoneal bacteria despite a transient early innate immune response to intraperitoneal (IP) Klebsiella pneumoniae. Pretreatment with LPS prior to peritonitis induced a tolerant pattern of pro-inflammatory cytokine protein production over 72 h, but not at the mRNA level. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate inflammatory cytokines and may explain this paradox. After pretreatment with IP LPS or saline, C57BL/6 mice were given 10(3) CFU of K. pneumoniae IP. Total RNA was isolated from peritoneal exudate cells (4 h, 24 h and 48 h following infection). mRNA and miRNA expression levels were detected and bioinformatics pathway analysis was performed, followed by measuring TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and High-mobility Group Box 1 (HMBG1) protein levels. Of 88 miRNAs studied, 30 were significantly dysregulated at all time points in the LPS-pretreated group, including MiR-155, -146a, -142-3p, -299, and -200c -132 and -21. TNF-α, regulated by miR-155 and miR-146a, was decreased in the LPS-pretreated group at all time points (P < 0.05), as were HMGB1, a key alarmin regulated by miR-146, -142-3p, -299 and -200c (P < 0.05), and IL-1β and IL-6, both regulated by miR-132and miR-21 respectively (P < 0.05). Specific dysregulation of miR-155, -146a, -142-3p, -299, and -200c -132 and -21 with their corresponding effects on the TLR and NF-κB signaling pathways during inflammation, suggests a plausible mechanism for tolerance in this novel chronic model with persistent peritoneal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Kanaan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Macrophage Genetic Reprogramming During Chronic Peritonitis is Augmented by LPS Pretreatment. J Surg Res 2012; 175:289-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Lenz AM, Qadan M, Gardner SA, Cheadle WG. Impact of microbial tolerance in persistent secondary Klebsiella pneumoniae peritonitis. Cytokine 2011; 53:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Kim HG, Lee SY, Kim NR, Lee HY, Ko MY, Jung BJ, Kim CM, Lee JM, Park JH, Han SH, Chung DK. Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid down-regulated Shigella flexneri peptidoglycan-induced inflammation. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:382-91. [PMID: 21129777 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial peptidoglycans (PGNs) are recognized by the host's innate immune system. This process is mediated by the NOD/CARD family of proteins, which induces inflammation by activating nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Excessive activation of monocytes by Shigella flexneri PGN (flexPGN) leads to serious inflammatory diseases such as intestinal bowel diseases (IBD) and Crohn's disease. In this study, we examined whether Lactobacillus plantarum lipoteichoic acid (pLTA) could attenuate the pro-inflammatory signaling induced by flexPGN in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Compared to control THP-1 cells, pLTA-tolerant cells showed a significant reduction in TNF-α and IL-1β production in response to flexPGN. We also examined the inhibition of NF-κB and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in pLTA-tolerant cells. We found that the expression of NOD2 in pLTA-tolerant cells was down-regulated at the mRNA and protein levels, suggesting that pLTA is a potent modulator of the pro-inflammatory NOD2-related signaling pathways induced by flexPGN. Together, these data indicate that pLTA induces cross-tolerance against flexPGN. Notably, these effects are related not only to IL-1 signaling, which is known to play a role in LPS tolerance, but also to NOD-Rick signaling. This study provides insight into how commensal microflora may contribute to homeostasis of the host intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Geun Kim
- School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 449-701, South Korea
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Hacker S, Lambers C, Pollreisz A, Hoetzenecker K, Lichtenauer M, Mangold A, Niederpold T, Hacker A, Lang G, Dworschak M, Vukovich T, Gerner C, Klepetko W, Ankersmit HJ. Increased soluble serum markers caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18, histones, and ST2 indicate apoptotic turnover and chronic immune response in COPD. J Clin Lab Anal 2010; 23:372-9. [PMID: 19927353 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a worldwide burden and a major cause of death. The disease is accompanied by chronic inflammation and increased cellular turnover that is partly due to an overwhelming induction of apoptosis. In this study, we hypothesized that systemic markers of apoptosis are altered in patients with mild-to-severe COPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total number of 64 patients and controls were enrolled in the study. Lung function parameters of all groups (nonsmoker, healthy smoker, COPD GOLD I&II, COPD GOLD III&IV) were evaluated at the time of inclusion. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to quantify protein levels in serum samples. RESULTS Serum contents of apoptotic end-products caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18 and histone-associated-DNA-fragments were increased in patients with COPD, whereas anti-inflammatory soluble ST2 showed a peak in patients with COPD I&II (P=0.031) compared to healthy smokers. Levels of pro-inflammatory caspase-1/ ICE correlated significantly with the number of pack years (R=0.337; P=0.007). DISCUSSION Our results indicate a systemic release of apoptosis-specific proteins as markers for increased cellular turnover accompanied by progression of COPD. Furthermore, soluble ST2 seems to have a critical role in the anti-inflammatory regulatory mechanism at early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hacker
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Haugen J. Haematological changes after injection of endotoxin into warfarin-treated rabbits. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 80:589-98. [PMID: 4509190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1972.tb00183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Haugen J. The pyrogenic response to endotoxin in warfarin-treated rabbits. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION B: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 79:209-18. [PMID: 5282549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1971.tb02147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Lin CT, Lee SY, Chen CY, Chen CA, Lin CP, Huang HM. Long-term continuous exposure to static magnetic field reduces popolysaccharide-induced cytotoxicity of fibroblasts. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 84:219-26. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000801902158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Draisma A, Dorresteijn M, Pickkers P, van der Hoeven H. The effect of systemic iNOS inhibition during human endotoxemia on the development of tolerance to different TLR-stimuli. Innate Immun 2008; 14:153-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425908091959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of repeated exposure to endotoxin resulting in diminished release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is called endotoxin tolerance, in which there is a putative role for nitric oxide (NO). We investigated the effect of selective inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) inhibition during experimental human endotoxemia on the development of tolerance to various Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists ex vivo. Volunteers received 2 ng/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin in the absence ( n = 7) or presence ( n = 7) of the selective iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (bolus 5 mM followed by a continuous infusion of 1.5 mmol/h). At 0, 2 and 4 h, blood samples were drawn for ex vivo stimulation with different TLR agonists. Experimental endotoxemia did not induce tolerance to TLR-2 and TLR-7 stimulation. In TLR-3, TLR-4 and TLR-5 stimulated whole blood, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine release was attenuated at 4 h, indicating that endotoxin-induced tolerance is not confined to subsequent TLR-4 stimulation alone. Aminoguanidine-treated subjects also developed tolerance to TLR-4 stimulation. In contrast, tolerance to TLR-3 stimulation did not occur for IL-10, and tolerance in TLR-5 stimulated blood did not develop for both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The role of NO in the development of tolerance is different for the various TLRs stimulated and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Draisma
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre
| | - Mirrin Dorresteijn
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre,
| | - Hans van der Hoeven
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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A genome-wide analysis of LPS tolerance in macrophages. Immunobiology 2008; 212:723-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Idoyaga J, Moreno J, Bonifaz L. Tumor cells prevent mouse dendritic cell maturation induced by TLR ligands. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1237-50. [PMID: 17237931 PMCID: PMC11029892 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells can evade the immune system through several mechanisms, one of which is to block DC maturation. It has been suggested that signaling via Toll-like receptors (TLR) may be involved in the induction of prophylactic anti-cancer immunity and in the treatment of established tumors. In the present study we found that high numbers of tumor cells interfere with BMDC activation induced by the TLR ligands LPS and poly IC. Tumor cells blocked TLR3- and TLR4-mediated induction of MHCII and the co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86, as well as the cytokines IL-12, TNF-alpha and IL-6. Importantly, tumor cells induced inhibitory molecules (B7-DC, B7-H1 and CD80) on spleen DC in vivo and on BMDC, even in the presence of TLR ligands. Moreover, after a long exposure with tumor cells, purified BMDC were unable to respond to a second challenge with TLR ligands. The failure of tumor exposed-BMDC to express co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines in the presence of TLR ligands has implications for the future development of DC-based cancer immune therapies using TLR ligands as adjuvants for the activation of DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Idoyaga
- Research Unit on Autoimmune Diseases, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Apartado Postal A-047, Coahuila No. 5, Col. Roma, Código Postal 06703 México DF, México
| | - José Moreno
- Research Unit on Autoimmune Diseases, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Apartado Postal A-047, Coahuila No. 5, Col. Roma, Código Postal 06703 México DF, México
| | - Laura Bonifaz
- Research Unit on Autoimmune Diseases, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Apartado Postal A-047, Coahuila No. 5, Col. Roma, Código Postal 06703 México DF, México
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Mashima R, Saeki K, Aki D, Minoda Y, Takaki H, Sanada T, Kobayashi T, Aburatani H, Yamanashi Y, Yoshimura A. FLN29, a Novel Interferon- and LPS-inducible Gene Acting as a Negative Regulator of Toll-like Receptor Signaling. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:41289-97. [PMID: 16221674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508221200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates macrophages through toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. Although the mechanism of the TLR signaling pathway has been well documented, the mechanism of the negative regulation in response to LPS, particularly LPS tolerance, is still poorly understood. In this study we identified and characterized a novel interferon- and LPS-inducible gene, FLN29, which contains a TRAF6-related zinc finger motif and TRAF family member-associated NF-kappaB activator-related sequences. The induction of FLN29 was dependent on STAT1. The forced expression of FLN29 in macrophage-like RAW cells resulted in the suppression of TLR-mediated NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, while a reduced expression of FLN29 by small interfering RNA partly cancelled the down-regulation of LPS signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrated that NF-kappaB activation induced by TRAF6 and TAB2 was impaired by co-expression of FLN29, suggesting FLN29 may regulate the downstream of TRAF6. Taken together, FLN29 is a new negative feedback regulator of TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Mashima
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Dalpke AH, Lehner MD, Hartung T, Heeg K. Differential effects of CpG-DNA in Toll-like receptor-2/-4/-9 tolerance and cross-tolerance. Immunology 2005; 116:203-12. [PMID: 16162269 PMCID: PMC1817820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) tolerance is a state of refractoriness towards a second stimulation by LPS after a preceding stimulation. LPS is recognized by Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), which belongs to a group of pattern recognition receptors mediating activation of innate immunity by microbial components. To date, it is not known in detail to what extent other TLR-dependent stimuli also induce tolerance and whether preceding and challenging stimuli are interchangeable. We have examined tolerance induction in detail for lipoteichoic acid (LTA), LPS and CpG-DNA, which are recognized by TLR-2, -4 and -9, respectively. In RAW264.7 macrophages, all three stimuli induced tolerance towards a subsequent challenge with the same stimulus used for priming, as well as cross-tolerance towards subsequent challenge with other stimuli signalling via different TLRs. However, whereas LPS/LTA cross-tolerance was also functional in an in vivo model of galactosamine (GalN)-primed liver damage, pretreatment with CpG only protected against GalN/CpG challenge and failed to induce cross-tolerance for LPS and LTA. CpG-DNA pretreatment even enhanced tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production and liver damage upon subsequent challenge with LPS or LTA. Stimulation with CpG-DNA resulted in a peculiar sensitization for interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion. The data indicate that, in contrast to in vitro macrophage desensitization, the in vivo consequences of repeated TLR stimulation greatly differ amongst different TLR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Dalpke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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20
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Feterowski C, Novotny A, Kaiser-Moore S, Mühlradt PF, Rossmann-Bloeck T, Rump M, Holzmann B, Weighardt H. Attenuated pathogenesis of polymicrobial peritonitis in mice after TLR2 agonist pre-treatment involves ST2 up-regulation. Int Immunol 2005; 17:1035-46. [PMID: 16000329 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system uses Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to activate and instruct immune responses against microbial pathogens. Administration of TLR agonists to mice induces a state of hyporesponsiveness, or tolerance, characterized by reduced cytokine production upon subsequent second challenge. The present study examined the effects of pre-treatment of mice with TLR2-dependent stimuli on the host defense against acute polymicrobial infection. Immune priming of mice with macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) 4 days prior to infection greatly improves survival and bacterial clearance in a model of polymicrobial septic peritonitis which is associated with enhanced accumulation of effector neutrophils in the peritoneal cavity. Further, the systemic and local production of both myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependently and MyD88-independently produced cytokines was substantially diminished, but not completely absent, in TLR2-treated mice. While pre-treatment with MALP-2 does not involve differential expression of TLR and IL-1R-associated kinase proteins, ST2, a negative regulator of TLR signaling, was up-regulated after treatment of mice with either MALP-2 or N-alpha-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-L-cysteine. Therefore, ST2 may be a mechanism, among others, to attenuate the sepsis-induced cytokine burst. Thus, these results suggest that immune protection in mice after pre-treatment with TLR2-dependent stimuli involves the induction of enhanced pathogen defense by neutrophils. In addition, up-regulation of ST2 could contribute to the diminished cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Feterowski
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich 81675, Germany
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21
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Schuchmann M, Hermann F, Herkel J, van der Zee R, Galle PR, Lohse AW. HSP60 and CpG-DNA-oligonucleotides differentially regulate LPS-tolerance of hepatic Kupffer cells. Immunol Lett 2005; 93:199-204. [PMID: 15158617 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2004.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Hepatic Kupffer cells (KC) are major regulators of the immune response to gut-derived bacterial products; uncontrolled activation of KC by bacterial components is of pathogenic relevance in alcoholic hepatitis and septic shock. METHODS We examined the role of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), bacterial and autologous HSP60 and bacterial DNA, which are recognized by innate Toll-like receptors, during activation of murine KC. RESULTS In cultivated KC, autologous HSP60 induced a state of LPS-hyporesponsiveness; bacterial DNA did not mitigate the response to subsequent LPS-challenge in vitro; in contrast, pre-treatment of mice with bacterial DNA even significantly increased serum TNF levels, liver function tests and mortality in a model of LPS-induced hemorrhagic liver failure. CONCLUSION HSP60 and CpG-DNA differentially modulated the threshold of KC activation by LPS and might therefore contribute to the regulation of inflammatory immunity to gut-derived bacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Schuchmann
- Department of Medicine, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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22
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Epelman S, Stack D, Bell C, Wong E, Neely GG, Krutzik S, Miyake K, Kubes P, Zbytnuik LD, Ma LL, Xie X, Woods DE, Mody CH. Different domains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S activate distinct TLRs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2031-40. [PMID: 15265938 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some bacterial products possess multiple immunomodulatory effects and thereby complex mechanisms of action. Exogenous administration of an important Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factor, exoenzyme S (ExoS) induces potent monocyte activation leading to the production of numerous proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. However, ExoS is also injected directly into target cells, inducing cell death through its multiple effects on signaling pathways. This study addresses the mechanisms used by ExoS to induce monocyte activation. Exogenous administration resulted in specific internalization of ExoS via an actin-dependent mechanism. However, ExoS-mediated cellular activation was not inhibited if internalization was blocked, suggesting an alternate mechanism of activation. ExoS bound a saturable and specific receptor on the surface of monocytic cells. ExoS, LPS, and peptidoglycan were all able to induce tolerance and cross-tolerance to each other suggesting the involvement of a TLR in ExoS-recognition. ExoS activated monocytic cells via a myeloid differentiation Ag-88 pathway, using both TLR2 and the TLR4/MD-2/CD14 complex for cellular activation. Interestingly, the TLR2 activity was localized to the C-terminal domain of ExoS while the TLR4 activity was localized to the N-terminal domain. This study provides the first example of how different domains of the same molecule activate two TLRs, and also highlights the possible overlapping pathophysiological processes possessed by microbial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slava Epelman
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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23
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Kobayashi KS, Flavell RA. Shielding the double-edged sword: negative regulation of the innate immune system. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 75:428-33. [PMID: 14597727 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0703321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is evolutionarily conserved among all multicellular organisms and is the first line of defense against microorganisms. It enables the host not only to combat pathogenic organisms but also to cohabit with nonpathogenic microorganisms by balancing the host-microorganism interaction. The innate immune response is activated rapidly (within hours) compared with adaptive immunity. Activation of the innate immune system allows the activation of the adaptive immune response by production of proinflammatory cytokines and by providing stimulatory signals via major histocompatibility complex molecules and costimulatory molecules such as CD40, CD80, or CD86; together, these lead to the full activation of both immune systems to fight against pathogenic microorganisms. Activation of the innate immune system, however, can be a double-edged sword for the host. Proinflammatory cytokines mediate a positive feedback loop on the innate immune system, and overproduction of cytokines, if unchecked, is hazardous to the host and may cause severe outcomes such as hyperthermia, organ failure, and even death in extreme cases. Moreover, if the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines persists, it may cause chronic inflammatory diseases. During evolution, the innate immune system has acquired complicated regulatory systems to control itself so that this "sword" will not kill the host. Various mechanisms including inhibition of Toll-like receptor signaling by interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-M have evolved for this purpose and are important not only to fight against pathogenic microorganisms efficiently but also are critical for the peaceful coexistence with commensal bacterial flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi S Kobayashi
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8011, USA
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24
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Kinjyo I, Hanada T, Inagaki-Ohara K, Mori H, Aki D, Ohishi M, Yoshida H, Kubo M, Yoshimura A. SOCS1/JAB is a negative regulator of LPS-induced macrophage activation. Immunity 2002; 17:583-91. [PMID: 12433365 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers innate immune responses through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. We show here that the suppressor of cytokine-signaling-1 (SOCS1/JAB) is rapidly induced by LPS and negatively regulates LPS signaling. SOCS1(+/-) mice or SOCS1(-/-) mice with interferon-gamma (IFNgamma)-deficient background were more sensitive to LPS-induced lethal effects than were wild-type littermates. LPS-induced NO(2)(-) synthesis and TNFalpha production were augmented in SOCS1(-/-) macrophages. Furthermore, LPS tolerance, a protection mechanism against endotoxin shock, was also strikingly reduced in SOCS1(-/-) cells. LPS-induced I-kappaB and p38 phosphorylation was upregulated in SOCS1(-/-) macrophages, and forced expression of SOCS1 suppressed LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation. Thus, SOCS1 directly suppresses TLR4 signaling and modulates innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiko Kinjyo
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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25
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Kobayashi K, Hernandez LD, Galán JE, Janeway CA, Medzhitov R, Flavell RA. IRAK-M is a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor signaling. Cell 2002; 110:191-202. [PMID: 12150927 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00827-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1069] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microorganisms and protect multicellular organisms from infection. TLRs transduce their signals through MyD88 and the serine/threonine kinase IRAK. The IRAK family consists of two active kinases, IRAK and IRAK-4, and two inactive kinases, IRAK-2 and IRAK-M. IRAK-M expression is restricted to monocytes/macrophages, whereas other IRAKs are ubiquitous. We show here that IRAK-M is induced upon TLR stimulation and negatively regulates TLR signaling. IRAK-M prevented dissociation of IRAK and IRAK-4 from MyD88 and formation of IRAK-TRAF6 complexes. IRAK-M(-/-) cells exhibited increased cytokine production upon TLR/IL-1 stimulation and bacterial challenge, and IRAK-M(-/-) mice showed increased inflammatory responses to bacterial infection. Endotoxin tolerance, a protection mechanism against endotoxin shock, was significantly reduced in IRAK-M(-/-) cells. Thus, IRAK-M regulates TLR signaling and innate immune homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary
- Drosophila Proteins
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Lipopolysaccharides/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/immunology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
- NF-kappa B/immunology
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Salmonella Infections/immunology
- Salmonella Infections/microbiology
- Salmonella Infections/pathology
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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26
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Lehner MD, Hartung T. Endotoxin tolerance-mechanisms and beneficial effects in bacterial infection. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 144:95-141. [PMID: 11987826 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0116586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M D Lehner
- Universität Konstanz, Biochemische Pharmakologie, Fach M655, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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27
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Lehner MD, Morath S, Michelsen KS, Schumann RR, Hartung T. Induction of cross-tolerance by lipopolysaccharide and highly purified lipoteichoic acid via different Toll-like receptors independent of paracrine mediators. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:5161-7. [PMID: 11290799 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.8.5161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of macrophages to LPS induces a state of hyporesponsiveness to subsequent stimulation with LPS termed LPS desensitization or tolerance. To date, it is not known whether similar mechanisms of macrophage refractoriness are induced on contact with components of Gram-positive bacteria. In the present study, we demonstrate that pretreatment with highly purified lipoteichoic acid (LTA) results in suppression of cytokine release on restimulation with LTA in vitro and in vivo in both C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice, but not in macrophages from Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2-deficient mice. Furthermore, desensitization in response to LPS or LTA exposure also inhibits responses to the other stimulus ("cross-tolerance"), suggesting that signaling pathways shared by TLR2 and TLR4 are impaired during tolerance. Finally, we show that LPS- or LTA-induced cross-tolerance is not transferred to hyporesponsive cells cocultured with LPS/LTA-responsive macrophages, showing that soluble mediators do not suffice for tolerance induction in neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Lehner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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28
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Balkhy HH, Heinzel FP. Endotoxin Fails to Induce IFN-γ in Endotoxin-Tolerant Mice: Deficiencies in Both IL-12 Heterodimer Production and IL-12 Responsiveness. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.6.3633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Mice exposed to sublethal endotoxemia develop short-term endotoxin tolerance, a state characterized by decreased monokine production and enhanced protection against endotoxic lethality. We confirmed that TNF-α production is markedly impaired in endotoxin-tolerant mice and additionally found 2- to 6-fold decreases in serum IFN-γ in these animals following endotoxin challenge. The IFN-γ deficiency of endotoxin tolerance correlated with 8-fold decreases in the bioactive p40/p35 heterodimeric form of IL-12. In contrast, total circulating IL-12 p40 was reduced by only 30–50%. Endotoxin-tolerant mice were less responsive to IL-12 than control mice, as evidenced by 3-fold lower levels of IFN-γ inducible in vivo when rIL-12 was administered at the time of endotoxin challenge. Similarly, spleen cell cultures of endotoxin-tolerant mice produced 3-fold less IFN-γ in the presence of optimal concentrations of both IL-12 and IL-18. Finally, levels of IL-12R β2 subunit mRNA and the percent composition of NK lymphocytes in the spleen were both decreased in endotoxin-tolerant mice relative to controls. We conclude that endotoxin-tolerant mice are profoundly impaired in their ability to produce IFN-γ in response to endotoxin and that this is associated with acquired defects in both the production of circulating IL-12 heterodimer response and the response to IL-12 by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan H. Balkhy
- *Cleveland Citywide Pediatric Infectious Diseases Program, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106; and
| | - Frederick P. Heinzel
- †Division of Geographic Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Medical Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland OH 44106
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29
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Porter MH, Arnold M, Langhans W. TNF-alpha tolerance blocks LPS-induced hypophagia but LPS tolerance fails to prevent TNF-alpha-induced hypophagia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:R741-5. [PMID: 9530241 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.3.r741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hypophagia, we tested whether a cross tolerance between LPS and TNF-alpha exists with respect to their anorectic effects. Only the first of three subsequent intraperitoneal injections of LPS (100 micrograms/kg body wt) given every second day at dark onset (12:12-h light-dark cycle) led to a significant reduction of food intake in male rats. Likewise, intraperitoneal injections of human recombinant TNF-alpha (150 micrograms > or = 3 x 10(6) U/kg body wt) also resulted in tolerance to its hypophagic effect. LPS tolerance did not alter the hypophagic response to subsequently injected TNF-alpha (n = 14). However, TNF-alpha pretreatment completely blocked the hypophagic response to LPS (n = 14). The results demonstrate that tolerance to the hypophagic effect of exogenous TNF-alpha is sufficient to eliminate LPS-induced hypophagia. This is consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous TNF-alpha plays a major role in LPS-induced hypophagia. The ineffectiveness of LPS tolerance to attenuate TNF-alpha-induced hypophagia is compatible with findings demonstrating that reduced TNF-alpha production is an important feature of LPS tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Porter
- Institute for Animal Sciences, Physiology and Animal Husbandry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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del Castillo D, Agarwal A, Jaimes EA, Raij L. Glomerular and vascular tissues do not down-regulate nitric oxide synthesis during protracted endotoxemia. Kidney Int 1997; 52:460-7. [PMID: 9264002 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1997.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Down-regulation of cytokines is implicated as an important component of the phenomenon of tolerance to bacterial products in humans and animals. Since many effects of endotoxin and cytokines are mediated by nitric oxide, this study was designed to evaluate in vivo the L-arginine:NO pathway in endotoxin tolerance. Sublethal injections of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg body wt, i.p.) were given to rats daily for five days. Blood levels of NO2-/NO3-, stable metabolites of nitric oxide (NO), significantly increased on day 1 (baseline, 89.64 +/- 40, day 1, 260.32 +/- 36 nmol/ml; P < 0.05) but returned to baseline levels on day 5 (77.60 +/- 5 nmol/ml). However, urinary NO2-/NO3- remained significantly elevated several-fold throughout the study period (baseline, 121.25 +/- 11.4, day 1, 899.35 +/- 15.8, day 5, 250.23 +/- 21.4 nmol/hr/100 g body wt). Glomeruli and aortae obtained from these rats showed increased NO production that was maintained at similar levels even at day 5 (glomeruli: control, 0.01 +/- 0.0, day 1, 22.4 +/- 0.3, and day 5, 22.0 +/- 2.5, P < 0.05 vs. control; aortae; control, 0.01 +/- 0.0, day 1, 4.3 +/- 2.2, and day 5, 5.4 +/- 1.0 nmol/hr/mg protein, P < 0.05 vs. control, respectively); this further increased significantly in response to in vitro LPS challenge. However, peritoneal macrophages, liver and spleen showed an initial increase in NO production that decreased significantly by the fifth day of LPS and could not be further stimulated by in vitro LPS challenge. Thus, in vivo NO synthesis is down-regulated during protracted LPS. Our results show that the process is relatively specific to the liver, spleen and macrophages, and is qualitatively and quantitatively different in vascular tissues such as aortae and glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- D del Castillo
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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31
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Allen GK, Campbell-Beggs C, Robinson JA, Johnson PJ, Green EM. Induction of early-phase endotoxin tolerance in horses. Equine Vet J 1996; 28:269-74. [PMID: 8818592 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb03090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Six, clinically healthy horses, of mixed age and sex, were infused via a jugular venous catheter with 100 ml of pyrogenfree sterile saline (PFSS; 0.9% NaCl). Animals were infused with Escherichia coli O55:B5 endotoxin (total dose = 50 ng/kg bwt), 24 (LPS-1) and 48 h (LPS-2) after PFSS infusion. Blood was collected before, and every 15 min after, each infusion for the first 8 h and then every 2 h for the following 14 h. Clinical responses (rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration rate and blood pressure) were determined before and every 4 h after each infusion for 20 h. Geometric mean anti-endotoxin antibody titres in serum samples, harvested just before each infusion, were unchanged over the course of the experiment. Serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) activity was estimated using a cytotoxic bioassay and WEHI 164 clone 13 murine fibrosarcoma cells as targets. Mean clinical parameter values and geometric mean serum TNF alpha activity at given time points were compared across the 3 infusions. Both LPS-1 and LPS-2 resulted in elevated mean rectal temperature at 4 h after infusion. However, duration of mean rectal temperature elevation was greater (P < 0.05) after LPS-1 (through 12 h) than after LPS-2 (through 8 h). More substantial increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were observed after LPS-1 than LPS-2 and mean systolic blood pressure after LPS-1 was elevated at 4 h when compared to PFSS (P < 0.05). Decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures were observed at 16 h after both LPS infusions, when compared to PFSS infusion. Heart rate was increased, compared to PFSS, after both LPS-1 (8-12 h) and LPS-2 (4-12 h) (P < 0.05). No significant elevations in mean respiratory rate were observed after either LPS-1 or LPS-2 when compared to PFSS. However, at 4 h post infusion, mean respiratory rate after LPS-2 was greater (P < 0.05) than that after LPS-1. Serum TNF alpha activity was not detected after infusion of PFSS, but was detected after both LPS-1 and LPS-2. Serum TNF alpha activity was elevated earlier, was present in higher concentrations and persisted longer after LPS-1 than after LPS-2 (P < 0.05). The decreased duration of fever and attenuated serum TNF alpha response subsequent to successive sublethal LPS challenge observed in this study support the conclusion that these horses developed early-phase endotoxin tolerance (EPET) and, therefore, contributes to the understanding of the role of endotoxaemia in a number of clinical conditions in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Allen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia 65211, USA
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32
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Ziegler-Heitbrock HW, Frankenberger M, Wedel A. Tolerance to lipopolysaccharide in human blood monocytes. Immunobiology 1995; 193:217-23. [PMID: 8530146 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
When monocytes are stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), they efficiently produce cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Upon secondary stimulation, this response is only minimal, and there is little TNF mRNA transcription, mRNA accumulation, and protein production. Studies with the monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6 have shown that in such tolerant cells the CD14 LPS receptor is still present, and the transcription factor NF-kB is still efficiently mobilized. This NF-kB complex has, however, a different composition, that does not transactivate TNF promoter reportergene constructs. We now show that similar mechanisms apply to primary blood monocytes. After primary stimulation these cells also produce high levels of TNF and then develop tolerance in that upon secondary challenge little TNF is produced. CD14 cell surface expression is unchanged or even increased in tolerant cells and NF-kB mobilization does still occur. The complex mobilized in such tolerant monocytes is, however, composed mainly of high mobility binding proteins. This indicates that p50 homodimers predominate in NF-kB complex of tolerant blood monocytes, similar to what has been reported for Mono Mac 6 cells. The data add to the notion that p50 binding to the cognate -kB DNA motif in the TNF promoter may be responsible for the unresponsiveness in LPS tolerance.
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33
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Haas JG, Baeuerle PA, Riethmüller G, Ziegler-Heitbrock HW. Molecular mechanisms in down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:9563-7. [PMID: 2263611 PMCID: PMC55212 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.24.9563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) after stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may result in fever, intravascular coagulation, and lethal shock. An efficient way of preventing the excessive TNF production is desensitization of monocytes/macrophages to LPS. We have analyzed the molecular mechanisms involved in the induction of desensitization and the mechanisms operative in the desensitized, LPS-refractory cells by employing the human monocytic cell line Mono-Mac-6. Similar to human blood monocytes, treatment of Mono-Mac-6 cells with LPS (1 microgram/ml) results in a rapid and transient expression of TNF. When Mono-Mac-6 cells are precultured in medium containing low levels of LPS, they become refractory to subsequent LPS stimulation and show no or little secretion of TNF protein. Desensitization can be blocked by the inhibition of cyclooxygenase and protein kinase C; both prostaglandin E2 (together with a second signal) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate can mimic desensitization. By employing prostaglandin E2 and low concentrations of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a synergism in the induction of desensitization can be demonstrated. Hence, our studies show that two distinct pathways are involved in the induction of hyporesponsiveness. In both LPS-responsive and LPS-desensitized Mono-Mac-6 cells, LPS was able to induce the transcription factor NF-kappa B in the nucleus. Still, the prevalence of TNF-specific mRNA was dramatically reduced in the desensitized cells. These data indicate that LPS-desensitized Mono-Mac-6 cells are able to activate initial steps of signal transduction up to the level of the NF-kappa B transcription factor. The absence of TNF transcripts, however, indicates that additional nuclear factors may be missing or that silencers may be active such that transcription of the TNF gene is prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Haas
- Institute for Immunology, University of Munich, Federal Republic of Germany
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Haas JG, Meyer N, Riethmüller G, Ziegler-Heitbrock HW. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced in vitro desensitization by interferon-gamma. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20:1181-4. [PMID: 2113478 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830200535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of Mono-Mac-6 cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can induce rapid and transient expression of cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 and interleukin 6. Preculture of Mono-Mac-6 cells in culture medium containing small amounts (1-50 ng/ml) of LPS for 3 days leads to an unresponsiveness to a subsequent stimulation with a high amount of LPS. This in vitro desensitization of a monocytic cell line may serve as a model for desensitization to LPS seen in vivo, for example in mice or man repetitively treated with LPS. Addition of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to the Mono-Mac-6 cells during the LPS preculture period leads to an inhibition of desensitization, whereas addition of IFN-alpha or IFN-beta is not able to inhibit the LPS-induced desensitization. The inhibition of desensitization by IFN-gamma was dose dependent and time dependent. Preculture of Mono-Mac-6 cells with LPS leads to a strong reduction of TNF mRNA. This reduction of specific mRNA is also overcome by addition of IFN-gamma, but not by IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, indicating that pretranslational mechanisms are responsible for the regulation of TNF in desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Haas
- Institute for Immunology, University of Munich, FRG
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Fraker DL, Stovroff MC, Merino MJ, Norton JA. Tolerance to tumor necrosis factor in rats and the relationship to endotoxin tolerance and toxicity. J Exp Med 1988; 168:95-105. [PMID: 3294337 PMCID: PMC2188973 DOI: 10.1084/jem.168.1.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of rats with recombinant human TNF initially causes a marked decrease in food intake, a loss of body weight, and a negative nitrogen balance. These alterations normalize with continued twice daily intraperitoneal injections of the same dose. Rats tolerized to TNF in this manner are refractory to a lethal dose of TNF. Also, TNF-pretreated and -tolerized rats have prolonged survival and reversed histopathologic changes after injection of a lethal dose of endotoxin compared with control animals. The TNF-tolerant state is dependent on the dose of TNF used and the length of TNF pretreatment. TNF-induced tolerance is relatively short lived, being present 2-4 d after TNF pretreatment and dissipating by 2 wk. Rats made tolerant to endotoxin are also tolerant to a lethal dose of TNF. A bidirectional crossreacting tolerance exists between TNF and endotoxin. The mechanism of TNF tolerance is unclear, but it does not appear to be due to a humoral immune response or a perturbation of the uptake and clearance of injected TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Fraker
- Surgical Metabolism Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Abstract
Two important concepts are presented in this review. First, endotoxin fever, like all fevers, is mediated by a host product, leukocytic pyrogen (LP). The mechanism by which LP production is initiated by endotoxin is discussed and evidence is provided which clearly distinguishes the biological and physical differences between LP and endotoxins. The second concept is that many of the molecular and neurochemical mechanisms by which LP causes fever by its action on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center are also observed when endotoxins are introduced into the central nervous system. Thus, there may be experimental and clinical situations in which endotoxins can directly affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever. Although this bi-modal effect of endotoxin on the production of fever can occur, the importance of LP in mediating endotoxin and other fevers cannot be overstated.
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Abstract
Mice responded to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with a dose-dependent, monophasic hypothermia reaching a maximum at 2 h postinjection. Degraded polysaccharide was not active; free lipid A, however, induced a similar pattern of hypothermia, indicating that the hypothermic principle of LPS was embedded within the lipid A component. The hypothermic response of mice to LPS was modified by prior exposure of the host to LPS. This altered reactivity was manifested by refractory periods (early and late tolerance), in which animals no longer responded with hypothermia, or a hyperreactive phase (hypersensitivity), in which hypothermic responses were greatly augmented upon LPS challenge. Thus, tolerance observed 24 h after a single injection of LPS (early tolerance) was followed, on further LPS challenge, by an enhanced hypothermic responses reaching a maximum on day 4. Further daily exposure of the animals to LPS eliminated hyperreactivity and led to the establishment of a late tolerance maximally expressed on day 8. Hyperreactivity could also be evoked on day 4 after a single injection of LPS. Mice pretreated with Salmonella S- and R-form LPS or free lipid A (Salmonella) demonstrated tolerance and hyperreactivity to both homologous and heterologous challenge. In addition, complete cross-tolerance was observed with S-form LPS derived from Shigella. It was concluded that the differential effects of LPS on host responses (tolerance and hyperreactivity) were due to lipid A.
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Greisman SE, Young EJ, Workman JB, Ollodart RM, Hornick RB. Mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance. The role of the spleen. J Clin Invest 1975; 56:1597-1607. [PMID: 1104660 PMCID: PMC333139 DOI: 10.1172/jci108242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Splenectomy markedly impaired the production of circulating anti-endotoxin antibodies during the initial 10 days after .v. administration of a Boivin preparation of Escherichia coli endotoxin (ET) in both rabbit and man. Increase in antibodies with secondary (flocculating and bactericidal) activities were virtually abolished, whereas increases in antibodies with primary (binding) activity were significantly reduced. On the basis of these findings, splenectomized rabbit and man were employed to test the hypothesis that the early phase (less than 72 h) of pyrogenic tolerance to endotoxin is independent of anti-endotoxin antibody but that such antibody contributes significantly to the later phase (less than or equal to 72 h) of tolerance. In the splenectomized rabbit, the initial pyrogenic reponses to ET and the subsequent tolerant responses at 24 and 48 h were comparable to sham-operated controls...
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Abstract
Pyrogenic responses, ranging up to 4.8 F, were induced in cats by oral administration of highly purified staphylococcal enterotoxin B in doses from 10 to 100 mug/kg. Fever was a more sensitive indicator of intoxication than was emesis. Highly purified preparations of enterotoxin A, whether administered intravenously (0.01 to 1.0 mug/kg), orally (10 to 25 mug/kg), or into the cerebral ventricles (0.005 to 0.020 mug in 0.20 ml), were also pyrogenic in cats. Tolerance to the pyrogenic activity was produced by repeated intravenous injection of a given dose of enterotoxin A but not by repeated intracerebroventricular injection. Enterotoxin A was more potent than enterotoxin B after intravenous injection in causing both fever and emesis. Cross-tolerance could not be demonstrated between enterotoxin A and enterotoxin B or Salmonella typhosa endotoxin. This lack of cross-tolerance plus the inability of large oral doses (100 to 4,700 mug/kg) of endotoxin to cause fever or emesis indicate that the reported responses were attributable to the specific toxins administered and not to contamination by other pyrogens.
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