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Ali U, Bette M, Ambreen G, Pinnapireddy SR, Tariq I, Marquardt A, Stuck BA, Bakowsky U, Mandic R. RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of Cottontail Rabbit Papillomavirus Oncogenes Using Low-Toxicity Lipopolyplexes as a Paradigm to Treat Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2379. [PMID: 37896139 PMCID: PMC10610439 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV)-associated VX2 carcinoma of the New Zealand White rabbit serves as a model system for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the tumor-inhibiting effect of RNAi-mediated knockdown of the CRPV oncogenes, E6 and E7, using siRNA-loaded lipopolyplexes (LPPs). VX2-carcinoma-derived cells were cultured for up to 150 passages. In addition, CRPV E6 and E7 oncogenes were transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. Efficiency and safety of LPPs were evaluated in both VX2 cells and the COS-7 cell line. Both of these in vitro CRPV systems were validated and characterized by fluorescence microscopy, Western blot, and RT-qPCR. Efficient knockdown of CRPV E6 and E7 was achieved in VX2 cells and COS-7 cells pretransfected with CRPV E6 and E7 expression vectors. Knockdown of CRPV oncogenes in VX2 cells resulted in reduced viability, migration, and proliferation and led to a G0/G1 block in the cell cycle. CRPV E6 and E7 siRNA-loaded LPPs could represent promising therapeutic agents serving as a paradigm for the treatment of papillomavirus-positive cancers and could be of value for the treatment of CRPV-associated diseases in the rabbit such as papillomas and cancers of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany (I.T.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bette
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ghazala Ambreen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany (I.T.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shashank R. Pinnapireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany (I.T.)
- CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, 35041 Marburg, Germany
| | - Imran Tariq
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany (I.T.)
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - André Marquardt
- Department of Pathology, Klinikum Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Boris A. Stuck
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany (I.T.)
| | - Robert Mandic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Lyer S, Tietze R, Unterweger H, Zaloga J, Singh R, Matuszak J, Poettler M, Friedrich RP, Duerr S, Cicha I, Janko C, Alexiou C. Nanomedical innovation: the SEON-concept for an improved cancer therapy with magnetic nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:3287-304. [PMID: 26472623 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine offers tremendous opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic tools. During the last decades, extensive knowledge was gained about stabilizing and the coating of nanoparticles, their functionalization for drug binding and drug release and possible strategies for therapies and diagnostics of different diseases. Most recently, more and more emphasis has been placed on nanotoxicology and nanosafety aspects. The section of experimental oncology and nanomedicine developed a concept for translating this knowledge into clinical application of magnetic drug targeting for the treatment of cancer and other diseases using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. This approach includes reproducible synthesis, detailed characterization, nanotoxicological testing, evaluation in ex vivo models, preclinical animal studies and production of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles according to good manufacturing practice regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lyer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Tietze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Unterweger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Zaloga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raminder Singh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Matuszak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marina Poettler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf P Friedrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Duerr
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Phoniatrics & Pediatric Audiology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Bohlenplatz 21, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iwona Cicha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Janko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Oshiro H, Fukumura H, Nagahama K, Sato I, Sugiura K, Iobe H, Okiyama E, Nagao T, Nagashima Y, Aoki I, Yamanaka S, Murakami A, Maegawa J, Chishima T, Ichikawa Y, Ishikawa Y, Nagai T, Nomura M, Ohashi K, Okudela K. Establishment of successively transplantable rabbit VX2 cancer cells that express enhanced green fluorescent protein. Med Mol Morphol 2014; 48:13-23. [PMID: 24573404 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-014-0071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Morphological detection of cancer cells in the rabbit VX2 allograft transplantation model is often difficult in a certain region such as serosal cavity where reactive mesothelial cells mimic cancer cells and both cells share common markers such as cytokeratins. Therefore, tagging VX2 cells with a specific and sensitive marker that easily distinguishes them from other cells would be advantageous. Thus, we tried to establish a successively transplantable, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-expressing VX2 model. Cancer cells obtained from a conventional VX2-bearing rabbit were cultured in vitro and transfected with an EGFP-encoding vector, and then successively transplanted in Healthy Japanese White rabbits (HJWRs) (n = 8). Besides, conventional VX2 cells were transplanted in other HJWRs (n = 8). Clinicopathological comparison analyses were performed between the two groups. The success rate of transplantation was 100% for both groups. The sensitivity and specificity of EGFP for immunohistochemical detection of VX2 cells were 84.3 and 100%, respectively. No significant differences in cancer cell morphology, tumor size (P = 0.742), Ki-67 labeling index (P = 0.878), or survival rate (P = 0.592) were observed between the two. VX2 cells can be genetically altered, visualized by EGFP, and successively transplanted without significant alteration of morphological and biological properties compared to those of the conventional model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Oshiro
- Department of Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan,
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Handal JA, Schulz JF, Florez GB, Kwok SCM, Khurana JS, Samuel SP. Creation of rabbit bone and soft tissue tumor using cultured VX2 cells. J Surg Res 2012; 179:e127-32. [PMID: 22475353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To create rabbit VX2 bone tumors, it is surgically less demanding to implant VX2 cell suspensions than minced tumor fragments. A VX2 cell line that can be expanded using standard cell culture techniques might provide an unlimited supply of cells needed to create these bone tumors. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to establish a VX2 cell line and verify its tumorigenicity in an athymic mouse and rabbit animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Minced VX2 tumor fragments were allowed to grow as a monolayer in 10 mL Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/nutrient mixture F-12 (1:1) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and passaged multiple times. The tumorigenecity of the cultured VX2 cells were tested in athymic mice (intradermal tumor development) and in New Zealand white rabbits (bone and soft tissue tumor model). RESULTS The VX2 cells proliferated rapidly in tissue culture flasks containing Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/nutrient mixture F-12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. After reaching confluence, the VX2 cells can only be subcultured when plated at a greater density (e.g., at a dilution of 1:1). All 6 athymic mice developed tumors within 15 d of VX2 cell suspension implantation. In the rabbits, the VX2 cells were able to produce tumors in muscle tissue and in the distal femurs but not in the proximal tibia. CONCLUSIONS VX2 cell lines can be successfully created from VX2 tumor fragments and passaged multiple times. In contrast to previous reports, the VX2 cells grown in vitro are capable of maintaining their tumorigenecity. However, successful tumor growth might depend on the initial number of cells implanted and the use of extracellular matrices for tumor proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Handal
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19141, USA,
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Schwegler K, Walter JH, Rudolph R. Epithelial neoplasms of the skin, the cutaneous mucosa and the transitional epithelium in dogs: an immunolocalization study for papillomavirus antigen. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1997; 44:115-23. [PMID: 9284637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1997.tb01093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the prevalence of papillomavirus antigen in canine epithelial neoplasms, 535 neoplastic and hyperplastic specimens of the skin, the cutaneous mucosa and the transitional epithelium were immunohistochemically stained with a polyclonal antiserum against papillomavirus antigen. A positive staining result occurred in 44.2% in a total of 95 papillomas and in 27% of 100 diagnosed squamous cell carcinomas, other tumours did not react with the applied antiserum. Papillomavirus antigen was detectable in 54.2% of all oral and ocular papillomas and in 37.0% of all cutaneous papillomas. The majority of the squamous cell carcinomas with detectable papillomavirus antigen were considered positive but not without restrictions. The average age of dogs with viral oral and ocular papillomas was 2.3 years, with viral cutaneous papillomas it was 3.2 years. The average age of dogs with virus-positive squamous cell carcinomas was nearly 11 years. Papillomavirus-like particles were demonstrated by means of transmission electron microscopy in three positive oral papillomas, in the positive squamous cell carcinomas virion detection failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schwegler
- Institut für Veterinär-Pathologie, Freien Universität Berlin, Germany
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Fujimiya K, Sugihara K, Nishikawa T. Experimental study on the role of osteoclasts and free radicals in the mandibular invasion of VX2 carcinoma in Japanese white rabbits. Bone 1997; 20:245-50. [PMID: 9071475 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(96)00366-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen-derived free radicals are stimulators of bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesized that oxygen-derived free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated around bone matrix invaded by cancer cells might be associated with the activation or formation of osteoclasts in bone metastasis, and thus the administration of an ROS scavenger or a free-radical scavenger might control osteoclastic bone destruction in tumor metastasis. We examined the ability of VX2 carcinoma cells to generate superoxide anion (O2-) as well as the effects of the O2- scavenger superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenger catalase (CAT) on the activation and formation of osteoclasts in VX2 carcinoma tissue of rabbits. VX2 carcinoma cells generated more O2- than tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP+) cells. The TRAP activity from TRAP+ cells in the presence of VX2 carcinoma cells was higher than that from TRAP+ cells in the absence of the carcinoma cells. The addition of SOD but not of CAT into the incubation medium inhibited the TRAP activity from TRAP+ cells in the presence or absence of VX2 carcinoma cells. Similar inhibitory effects were also observed with SOD plus CAT on TRAP+ cells in the presence or absence of carcinoma cells. Intravenous administration of SOD and SOD plus CAT, but not of CAT, caused a decrease in the number of osteoclasts in mandibles implanted with VX2 carcinoma cells, and showed a predominant occupation by osteoclasts with poorly developed ruffled borders in lesions of bone resorption. In contrast, the administration of CAT, but not of SOD and SOD plus CAT, decreased the more mature forms of osteoclasts in implanted mandibles. From the results obtained, it is suggested that O2- may stimulate bone resorption by increasing the activity and number of osteoclasts, and H2O2 may stimulate resorption by enhancing the formation of mature osteoclasts in tumor metastasis. The administration of some ROS or free-radical scavengers to patients with cancer may provide a defense against bone destruction in bone metastatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujimiya
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagoshima University Dental School, Japan
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Carey TE, Laurikainen L, Ptok A, Reinke T, Linder K, Nair TS, Marcelo C. Culture conditions affect expression of the alpha 6 beta 4 integrin associated with aggressive behavior in head and neck cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1992; 320:69-79. [PMID: 1442285 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3468-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T E Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor
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Two Shope papillomavirus-associated VX2 carcinoma cell lines with different levels of keratinocyte differentiation and transplantability. J Virol 1985; 55:246-50. [PMID: 2409299 PMCID: PMC254922 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.55.1.246-250.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cell lines, named VX2T and VX2R, were isolated from the transplantable VX2 carcinoma, a wholly anaplastic tumor established from a carcinoma induced by the Shope cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) (J.G. Kidd and P. Rous, J. Exp. Med. 71:813-838, 1940). The CRPV genome was found to be maintained and transcribed in both cell lines, as in the VX2 carcinoma. The VX2T cells retained the tumor-producing capacity in the rabbit and the low expression of epidermal keratinocyte differentiation of the VX2 tumor cells. The VX2R cells, although tumorigenic for nude mice, were no longer serially transplantable in the rabbit and expressed differentiated functions of keratinocytes. These data indicate that the anaplastic characteristic and the transplantability of VX2 carcinoma cells to immune competent allogenic hosts may be lost without any detectable modification of the physical state and transcription of the CRPV genome.
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Sugawara K, Fujinaga K, Yamashita T, Ito Y. Integration and methylation of shope papilloma virus DNA in the transplantable Vx2 and Vx7 rabbit carcinomas. Virology 1983; 131:88-99. [PMID: 6316657 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Shope papilloma virus (SPV) DNA present in SPV-induced benign and malignant rabbit tumors, particularly in the transplantable carcinoma Vx2 and Vx7, was examined with regard to physical states and extent of methylation. Vx2 and Vx7 carcinomas contained 10-22 viral genomes per diploid cell, and domestic and cottontail rabbit papillomas 40-400 and 1000-8000, respectively. The digestion of Vx2 and Vx7 DNA with the restriction enzyme KpnI, which does not cleave SPV DNA, yielded a single virus-specific DNA band about nine times larger than the genome length, but EcoRI, which cuts the circular SPV DNA once, cleaved this DNA to the genome-size fragments. However, three or four weak bands which may contain viral segments linked to cellular sequences were also identified, and at least two were shared by both Vx2 and Vx7 carcinomas. The analysis with a set of MspI and HpaII, which discriminates the methylated DNA sequence -CC*GG-, showed that 10-40% of the sites of viral DNA are methylated in papillomas, 30-80% in primary carcinomas, and more than 90% in the transplantable carcinomas.
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Easty DM, Easty GC. Establishment of an in vitro cell line from the rabbit VX2 carcinoma. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1982; 39:333-7. [PMID: 6126038 DOI: 10.1007/bf02892859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kreider JW, Bartlett GL. The Shope papilloma-carcinoma complex of rabbits: a model system of neoplastic progression and spontaneous regression. Adv Cancer Res 1981; 35:81-110. [PMID: 6280459 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60909-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Inokuchi T, Ikejiri S, Mizuno F, Osato T. Activation by 5-iododeoxyuridine of shope papilloma viral genome in cultured VX2 and VX7 carcinomas. Arch Virol 1975; 48:275-7. [PMID: 170890 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Nucleic acid extracts from transplantable carcinomas Vx7 and Vx2, long maintained in domestic rabbits, were assayed for their ability to produce papillomas in animals of this kind. The Vx7 had been serially transferred 111 times when this was attempted and Vx2 was in its 203rd generation. The nucleic acid extracts from the Vx7 carcinomas consistently yielded papillomas whereas those from Vx2 completely failed to do so. The tumorigenicity of the Vx7 extracts was slight and regression of the induced papillomas often took place, as happens not infrequently to the growths caused by nucleic acid extracts obtained directly from papillomas. Malignant conversion, a common event in tumors induced by Shope papilloma virus, was also observed to occur among papillomas which were induced by the nucleic acid extracts from Vx7 carcinomas, and which kept persisting over a year on the skin of experimental animals.
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