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Hu J, Xie X, Li Y, Wang S, Feng Q, Wang X, Liang D. A novel noninvasive method to detect rejection after heart transplantation. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:1195-201. [PMID: 23070236 PMCID: PMC3854206 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt and accurate detection of rejection prior to pathological changes after organ transplantation is vital for monitoring rejections. Although biopsy remains the current gold standard for rejection diagnosis, it is an invasive method and cannot be repeated daily. Thus, noninvasive monitoring methods are needed. In this study, by introducing an IL-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibody (IL-2 N-mAb) and immunosuppressants into the culture with the presence of specific stimulators and activated lymphocytes, an activated lymphocyte-specific assay (ALSA) system was established to detect the specific activated lymphocytes. This assay demonstrated that the suppression in the ALSA test was closely related to the existence of specific activated lymphocytes. The ALSA test was applied to 47 heart graft recipients and the proliferation of activated lymphocytes from all rejection recipients proven by endomyocardial biopsies was found to be inhibited by spleen cells from the corresponding donors, suggesting that this suppression could reflect the existence of activated lymphocytes against donor antigens, and thus the rejection of a heart graft. The sensitivity of the ALSA test in these 47 heart graft recipients was 100%; however, the specificity was only 37.5%. It was also demonstrated that IL-2 N-mAb was indispensible, and the proper culture time courses and concentrations of stimulators were essential for the ALSA test. This preliminary study with 47 grafts revealed that the ALSA test was a promising noninvasive tool, which could be used in vitro to assist with the diagnosis of rejection post-heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- Central Laboratory, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Third Affiliated Hospital of the School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Moses RD, Pierson RN, Winn HJ, Auchincloss H. Xenogeneic proliferation and lymphokine production are dependent on CD4+ helper T cells and self antigen-presenting cells in the mouse. J Exp Med 1990; 172:567-75. [PMID: 2142721 PMCID: PMC2188348 DOI: 10.1084/jem.172.2.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied proliferation and interleukin 2 production by B6 mouse spleen cells in response to stimulation by irradiated cynomolgus monkey spleen cells and compared the results with responses against whole MHC-disparate allogeneic controls (BALB/c). We found that (a) primary xenogeneic helper responses were absent, whereas primary allogeneic responses were brisk, (b) secondary xenogeneic helper responses were dependent on CD4+ T cells and responder antigen-presenting cells (APCs), whereas allogeneic responses could be mediated by either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells independently and were primarily dependent on the presence of stimulator APCs, and (c) secondary xenogeneic helper responses were blocked by an antibody directed against responder class II MHC molecules. These results suggest that mouse helper T cells recognize disparate xenoantigens as processed peptides in association with self class II MHC molecules, similar to the recognition of nominal antigens and unlike direct allo-recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Moses
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114
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Ginsburg H, Jehuda-Cohen T, Kinarty A, Coleman R, Davidson S, Lapidot Z. Does stem cell self renewal and progenitor cell commitment operate through an effector-memory cell mechanism? Immunol Lett 1986; 13:107-19. [PMID: 3091489 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(86)90042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose a model for stem cell self renewal and transition into commitment towards a variety of cell lineages. In this model the production of both "effector cells" (as represented by the mature cells in the different cell lineages) and of progenitor "memory" lymphocytes, takes place concomitantly. The experimental evidence supporting this model is as follows: Pure lymphocytic suspensions (PLS) are established and persist in culture when nude mouse-spleen and lymph-node cells are maintained on X-irradiated fibroblast monolayers in the presence of the S-phase cytotoxic agent cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C). From these PLS the following colony types can be initiated by the corresponding inducing (stimulating) factors (CSF): histiocytes (tissue macrophages) - CSF-1; granulocytes-macrophages (GM) - CSF-GM; mast cells - MMSF; granular-NK mucus secreting cells - IL-2; and multilineage colonies - IL-3. Mitotically active blast cells (formed by transformation of lymphocytes), condense into motile small cells when the stimulatory factor is removed. These "memory" lymphocytes are committed as they carry the receptors for the specific CSF; they respond by retransformation into blast cells. A dramatic increase in mast-cell colony forming cells is found in bone marrow, spleen and lymph-nodes of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. By maintaining PLS with both Ara-C and each of the CSFs and then titrating the incidence of CFC in the residual PLS, we find that each one of the CSFs acts on an independent set of cells in the PLS to produce the corresponding colony type. Finally, the concept suggests that the various blast cells carrying the receptors, undergo condensation into memory lymphocytes when dissociated from the environment prevailed by the corresponding CSF. In this way pluripotential blast-cells condense into motile lymphocytes which are committed to pluripotentiality.
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Ben-Sasson SZ, Kagan J. In vitro selection of murine antigen-specific T-lymphocytes. I. Description of selection procedure. J Immunol Methods 1981; 42:291-304. [PMID: 6169763 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(81)90158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Ginsburg H, Nir I, Hammel I, Eren R, Weissman BA, Naot Y. Differentiation and activity of mast cells following immunization in cultures of lymph-node cells. Immunol Suppl 1978; 35:485-502. [PMID: 700779 PMCID: PMC1457637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An extensive clonal differentiation into mast cells from primitive blast cell precursors occurred when lymph node cells obtained from mice immunized with horse serum were cultured on mouse embryonic skin monolayers. Horse serum was always present in the culture as a constituent of the nutritional medium. Mast cells developed to lesser extent also in cultures prepared from non-immunized mice. However, a clear difference in mast cell-granule ultrastructure and in histamine content was noted between the two. In cultures of lymph nodes cells from non-immunized mice the granules were tiny and uniform in size and in staining density; whereas granules in the immune cultures were larger and non-uniform in size and in staining density, and the intragranular organization manifested alterations of various forms. The content of intracellular histamine per 10(6) mast cells was about equal in both cultures. However, much more free histamine (per 10(6) mast cells) gradually accumulated in cultures of the immune lymph node cells, indicating higher rates of synthesis and release of histamine. The mast cells were readily degranulated by heat-inactivated (IgG1) sera of the mice used as donors of the lymph node cells. 92% of the mast cells were degranulated and as much as 80% of the histamine was released. The degranulation was accompanied by an immediate (albeit reversible) response of the fibroblast cells in the monolayer. A shift of the well-stretched cytoplasm of the fibroblasts opened numerous 'window' over the whole monolayer. The degranulated mast cells survived the process and could be maintained further in the cultures. Moreover, they were capable of repeated degranulation, releasing 50% of their histamine, even after four degranulation cycles performed over a 7 days' period of culture. No cytotoxic effect on the mast cells was noted and the histamine content in culture, 3 days after degranulation, seemed to be higher than in the undergranulated control cultures--suggesting an intensified rate of histamine synthesis.
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Gorczynski RM. Response of tumour-related and normal lymphocytes to antigens on fibroblasts from embryos of varying age. Br J Cancer 1978; 37:786-96. [PMID: 656306 PMCID: PMC2009611 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1978.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro cytotoxic immune response of spleen lymphocytes from primiparous and tumour-related mice to embryonic cells from embryos of varying age and tumour cells has been investigated. The results indicate that lymphocytes from both primiparous and tumour-related (i.e., tumour-bearing or tumour-excised) animals give a response which is greater than that from cells from control mice ("virgin cells"). Moreover, in this putative anamnestic response the immune cells detect antigenic differences in the cell populations of embryos of varying age, which are not as readily demonstrable when cytotoxicity is derived from virgin cells. As a further indication of the in vivo priming to embryo-assoicated antigens, the data show that the precursors of cytotoxic cells apparently undergo a blastogenic response in the presence of embryo antigen, and revert to small quiescent cells when antigen is removed, in a way entirely analogous to that described for reactivity of mixed leucocyte cultures to antigens of the major histocompatibility complex. Finally, it seems that in animals immediately after removal of embryonic antigen (and to a lesser degree in virgin or late-embryo-immune mice) there exists a suppressor cell population which inhibits an anti-embryo cytotoxic response far more than an antiallograft response.
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Wekerle H. Immunological T-cell memory in the in vitro-induced experimental autoimmune orchitis: specificity of the reaction and tissue distribution of the autoantigens. J Exp Med 1978; 147:233-50. [PMID: 304879 PMCID: PMC2184096 DOI: 10.1084/jem.147.1.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory has been induced in vitro against testicular autoantigens by priming normal rat T lymphocytes against autologous testis cells, and by permitting the isolated blast cells to revert back to small secondary lymphocytes (secondary EAO cells) in the absence of the priming antigen. The secondary EAO cells vigorously respond in a secondary response when reconfronted with syngeneic testis or lymphoid cells. Their responsiveness to nonself stimulator cells is, however, reduced. Secondary cells derived from concanavalin A-stimulated blasts, do not show that pattern of specificity. The specificity of the secondary EAO cells is definite, and cannot be affected by further culture on allogeneic fibroblasts, which are antigenic for unprimed T lymphocytes. At least part of the autoantigens are determined by the major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC). Factors provided by the culture system do not appear to determine the specificity of this reaction. Only minor cell populations can restimulate secondary EAO cells. One of these populations is presumably phage-like cells within the lymphoid populations can elicit a secondary EAO response. Thus, the autoantigens relevant in the secondary EAO response are either MHC antigens restricted to these testicular and lymphoid subpopulations, or MHC antigens recognized in conjunction with organ-specific non-MHC determinants.
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Haas W, von Boehmer H. Techniques for separation and selection of antigen specific lymphocytes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1978; 84:1-120. [PMID: 367718 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67078-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Anamnestic responses in mixed lymphocyte culture-induced cytolysis (MLC-CML) reaction. Immunogenetics 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01576973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
The nature of the antigens stimulating xenogeneic lymphocytes was studied using "primed LD typing". Human lymphocytes were sensitized in vitro against mouse spleen cells and restimulated with spleen cells of mouse strains sharing non-H-2 antigens or various regions of H-2 with the initial stimulating strain. The largest thymidine uptake was caused by restimulation with cells from the specific primary stimulator or an H-2-identical strain. Species-specific antigens or strain-specific antigens carried in the C57BL/10 background account for less than 15% of the total stimulation; a non-H-2 antigen associated with the Mlsalpha genotype caused moderate restimulation, amounting to 25% of the average H-2 response. Within H-2, the strongest restimulation was caused by antigens controlled by the I-A subregion; the K and D regions caused moderate, the I-C and S regions very weak, and the I-B subregion no restimulation. Thus, the genetic control of antigens stimulating xenogeneic and allogeneic MLC responses requires T cells and adherent cells, but in the human-mouse MLC, both cell types must come from the human responder; the majority of the proliferating cells are T cells. It is suggested that allograft and xenograft reactions are fundamentally identical processes, and that the relative vigor of alloaggression may be explained by secondary potentiating mechanisms depending on species-specific interactions between aggressor and target cells.
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Hayry P, Andersson LC. Functional significance of the Fc receptor on mixed lymphocyte culture-activated T blasts. Cell Immunol 1976; 25:237-44. [PMID: 133765 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(76)90114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kalina M. Characterization of in vitro differentiated secondary lymphocytes. Quantitative and ultrastructural study. Exp Cell Res 1976; 100:281-90. [PMID: 939254 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Häyry P, Anderson LC. Generation of T memory cells in one-way mixed lymphocyte culture. IV. Primary and secondary responses to soluble and insoluble membrane preparations and to ultraviolet-light-inactivated stimulator cells. Scand J Immunol 1976; 5:391-9. [PMID: 133453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1976.tb00293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neither normal CBA (H-2k) nor purified spleen T cells respond in vitro to soluble or insoluble membrane preparations or to ultraviolet-light-inactivated stimulator cells of the allogeneic DBA/2 (H-2d) strain. However, CBA spleen cells deprived of phagocytic cells show a slight proliferative response under these conditions. After being primed against mitomycin-blocked DBA/2 cells in one-way mixed lymphocyte culture, the secondary blast-derived T 'memory' cells display a good secondary blast (proliferative) response to both membrane antigens and to ultraviolet-light-inactivated stimulator cells. In addition to this, the secondary T lymphocytes--in contrast to nonprimed T cells--respond by cytotoxicity when ultraviolet-light-inactivated cells are used as the second stimulant.
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Wekerle H. Rat anti-lymphocyte alloantibodies block con A-stimulation of T lymphocytes: inhibition of a polyclonally specific T cell reaction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1976; 66:403-8. [PMID: 1083646 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4355-4_62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Röllinghoff M, Wagner H. Secondary cytotoxic allograft responsein vitro. I. Antigenic requirements. Eur J Immunol 1975. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830051214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Andersson LC, Häyry P. Clonal isolation of alloantigen-reactive T-cells and characterization of their memory functions. Immunol Rev 1975; 25:121-62. [PMID: 127410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1975.tb00728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sheehy MJ, Sondel PM, Bach ML, Wank R, Bach FH. HL-A LD (lymphocyte defined) typing: a rapid assay with primed lymphocytes. Science 1975; 188:1308-10. [PMID: 124948 DOI: 10.1126/science.124948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
When human lymphocytes are cultured for 9 to 14 days with stimulating cells of a family member differing by a single HL-A haplotype they become "primed" to recognize specific HL-A LD (mixed lymphocyte culture) antigens. These primed lymphocytes respond specifically and rapidly when "restimulated" with cells of a person that contain the same LD antigens as those of the priming haplotype. Specific HL-A LD antigens can be detected within 24 hours by this primed LD typing.
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