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Henry Kunkel and the teaching of patient-oriented research. Clin Immunol 2016; 172:27-28. [PMID: 27538773 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chaturvedi P, Mukherjee R, Chaturvedi UC, Mathur A. Characterization of the dengue virus-induced helper cytokine. Int J Exp Pathol 1992; 73:263-72. [PMID: 1377930 PMCID: PMC2002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue type 2 virus (DV) induces a subpopulation of T lymphocytes of mouse spleen to secrete a soluble helper cytokine (HF) which enhances the DV-specific IgM antibody plaque forming cells (PFC). The present study undertaken to purify and characterize HF shows that it can be purified by low pressure liquid chromatography (LPLC) using Sephacryl S-200 column. HF consisted of two subunits, having a M(r) of 65-68 kDa on SDS-PAGE, and both had similar activity. The isoelectric point of HF was 6.5. HF-specific antisera (HFAS) raised in mice neutralized the activity of HF in mice, reacted with it in a Western blot assay, and bound HF in an immunosorbent column. HF bound to DV-antigen in an immunosorbent column and enhanced only the DV-specific PFC. HF had no effect on PFC against heterologous antigens such as Japanese encephalitis virus, Coxsackie B4 virus or sheep red blood cells. HF generated in mice of H-2k haplotype, enhanced DV-specific PFC in the same strain of mice but had no effect on that in the H-2d or H-2q haplotype strains of mice. Thus, DV-induced HF with a M(r) of 65-68 kDa, antigen-specificity and genetic-restriction differs from most of the similarly acting cytokines but appears similar to the cell-free form of T cell receptor alpha beta dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chaturvedi
- Postgraduate Department of Microbiology, KG Medical College, Lucknow, India
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Rejnek J, Tucková L, Zikán J, Ríhová B, Kostka J. Antigenic properties of T cell antigen-specific receptors isolated from the surface of rabbit and mouse spleen and lymph node cells. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1985; 30:212-23. [PMID: 3859463 DOI: 10.1007/bf02923513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a allotypic determinants was tested in fractions obtained by gel filtration of antigen-specific receptors isolated by immunoadsorption from lymphoid cells of antigen-stimulated a3-3 rabbits. This technique, as well as the inhibition of the reaction of isolated receptors with anti-T cell receptor antisera (anti R) by anti-a3 antibodies failed to demonstrate the presence of a allotypic determinants. The inhibitory effect of antigen-specific receptors isolated from the lymphoid cells of stimulated A/J mice on the cytotoxic effect of anti-Ia antibodies on mouse spleen cells in the presence of rabbit complement was tested. All preparations inhibited the cytotoxic reaction with the average effectivity of 60%. In order to confirm the presence of Ia determinants on the rabbit and mouse T cell receptor molecules it was shown that the reactions of three anti-R antisera with 12 different receptor preparations were inhibited by anti-Ia antibodies. SDS-PAGE analyses of 125I-labelled mouse specific receptors and the precipitate obtained by anti-R antisera showed that T cell receptors were present in fractions with molar mass 100 and 85 kg/mol. The molar mass of the former fraction after reduction and alkylation was 45 kg/mol.
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Taussig MJ. Antigen-specific helper factor to poly(Tyr,Glu)-poly(DLAla)-poly(Lys), TGAL. Methods Enzymol 1985; 116:340-53. [PMID: 2935707 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(85)16027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Munro AJ, Taussig MJ. Two genes in the major histocompatibility complex control immune response. Nature 1984; 256:103-6. [PMID: 50559 PMCID: PMC8335152 DOI: 10.1038/256103a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-four (57.6%) of 111 cancer patients with cerebrospinal fluid cytology positive for malignant cells had cranial computed tomographic (CT) scans within 2 weeks before or after a lumbar puncture. Twenty-two (34.3%) of the 64 had abnormal CT findings indicative of leptomeningeal metastasis: (1) sulcal-cisternal enhancement, (2) ependymal-subependymal enhancement, (3) widened irregular tentorial enhancement, or (4) communicating hydrocephalus. Thirteen (59.6%) of these 22 patients had associated parenchymal metastases. Recognition of leptomeningeal disease may alter the management of patients with parenchymal metastases. Communicating hydrocephalus in cancer patients should be considered to be related to leptomeningeal metastasis until proven otherwise.
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Kristensen T, Madsen M. One-way positive cellular reactions between two HLA-A, B, C, D/DR genotypically identical brothers following active allogeneic immunization. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1983; 22:359-71. [PMID: 6419387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1983.tb02266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The HLA-D/Dr region in man encodes major determinants which stimulate T lymphocytes to proliferation. The genetic organization of this region is apparently complex and is at present largely unknown. One obstacle is the scarcity and quality of available typing reagents. In an attempt to obtain high quality anti-DR sera, a series of active immunizations was performed between highly selected, healthy unrelated donors and recipients. One recipient (AR8) was immunized using cells incompatible for HLA-A2, B40 (w60), Cw3 and D/DRw6 and readily developed anti-A2 and B40 antibodies but no anti-C, CR, or other antibodies. When tested against his HLA genotypically fully identical brother using te cellular MLC, PLT, or CML techniques before immunization, results were mutually negative as expected. Following immunization, however, AR8 was able to mount MLC, PLT, and possibly CML responses against lymphocytes from the brother while the reverse combinations remained negative. When tested in the family the trait(s) thus identified seems to be maternally inherited. These results suggest the existence of minor histocompatibility determinants encoded from regions not closely linked to HLA. The brother of AR8 and the immunizing donor thus seem to share one or more determinants not possessed by AR8.
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Abstract
Subcutaneous transplantation of the syngeneic P815 mastocytoma in DBA/2J mice induced an activation of splenic T cells which resulted in a hyperresponsiveness of the tumor-bearing animal to the unrelated antigens pneumococcal polysaccharide (Pn) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC). These tumor-activated T cells appeared to increase the plaque-forming cell (PFC) potential of suboptimal numbers of spleen cells, caused normal spleen cells to express increased numbers of PFC, and produced lymphokine(s) which also increased PFC responses of normal splenocytes. The tumor-activated T cells responsible for stimulating normal splenocytes in an in vitro antibody response were shown to be Ly+2- cells. The activity of the tumor-activated T-cell supernatants was not genetically restricted and required additional Ly1 T cells in order to induce rigorously clean B cells to produce antibody. The T cells capable of stimulating non-specific antibody responses were also capable of slowing tumor growth when injected with tumor cells in normal recipient mice. These results suggest that T cells activated by tumor antigens release immunostimulatory lymphokines and, at the same time, are capable of leading to inhibition of tumor growth.
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Corbel C, Melchers F. Requirement for macrophages or for macrophage- or T cell-derived factors in the mitogenic stimulation of murine B lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharides. Eur J Immunol 1983; 13:528-33. [PMID: 6603363 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830130703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Splenic B cells from a variety of mouse strains could be depleted of accessory cells by removal of large cells through velocity sedimentation, followed by adherence to plastic and by passage over Sephadex G-10. Such accessory cell removal abolished the reactivity of the splenic B cells to the mitogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as measured by their capacity to polyclonally proliferate and mature to IgM-secreting cells. Accessory cells from different sources, such as peritoneal exudate cells, irradiated spleen cells, cells of the macrophage line P388 D1 and macrophages from a single colony grown from bone marrow precursors in semi-solid media in the presence of colony-stimulating factor all reconstituted LPS reactivity of the accessory cell-depleted B cells. Limiting dilutions of the cells of a single macrophage colony indicated that as little as 30 to 1000 macrophages can reconstitute the polyclonal response of 3 X 10(4) B cells to LPS. Not only activated macrophages, but also activated long-term helper T cell lines and T cell hybridomas, produced supernatant factors which could also restore responsiveness of depleted B cells to LPS.
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Howie S, McBride W. Cellular interactions in thymus-dependent antibody responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982; 3:273-8. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(82)90083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Takatsu K, Hamaoka T. DBA/2Ha mice as a model of an X-linked immunodeficiency which is defective in the expression of TRF-acceptor site(s) on B lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 1982; 64:25-55. [PMID: 7044951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1982.tb00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Comsa J, Leonhardt H, Wekerle H. Hormonal coordination of the immune response. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1982; 92:115-91. [PMID: 7038822 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
Antigen-specific T-cell factors are mediator molecules which are produced by helper and suppressor T cells and which can perform the function of those cells in an antigen-specific manner. They probably play an important part in immunoregulation. The major histocompatibility complex has a controlling influence on their structure and activity, while their antigen-recognition properties may be conferred by immunoglobulin V regions. Interest in the factors derives from three related areas of research, namely (i) the problem of T-cell recognition of antigen; (ii) the mechanisms of cellular interactions in antibody production and cell-mediated immunity; and (iii) the genetic control of immune responses. This review discusses the literature up to June 1980 on their production, structure, genetic restriction and mechanism of action.
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Zanders ED, Lamb JR, Kontiainen S, Lehner T. Partial characterization of murine and monkey helper factor to a streptococcal antigen. Immunology 1980; 41:587-96. [PMID: 7007212 PMCID: PMC1458155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Helper factors specifically stimulating cooperative antibody responses by normal mouse spleen cells to a dinitrophenylated protein antigen from Streptococcus mutans (DNP-SA) were produced in vitro from monkey peripheral blood leucocytes and mouse spleen cells. The factors were partially characterized by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, isoelectric focusing, treatment with heat and degradative enzymes and binding to specific immunoadsorbents. Gel filtration of both the monkey and mouse factors showed coelution with human serum albumin, suggesting a molecular weight of approximately 70,000. The isoelectric points fell within the range of 4.9-5.2 for monkey and 6.4-6.7 for the mouse helper factors. The glycoprotein nature of both factors was suggested by their lability to heat and sensitivity to pronase and neuraminidase. The factors carried a small fragment of the stimulating antigen and showed specific binding to SA but not to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). Monkey factor bound to rabbit antisera directed against the Fc portion of monkey IgM, but not to the IgG or IgA isotypes. The mouse factor contained determinants coded for by the I-Ak but not I-Jk subregion of the MHC. Both factors were absorbed by an antiserum to helper factor raised in rabbits against a KLH-specific mouse helper factor as immunogen. A corresponding antiserum to suppressor factor failed to adsorb either factor. This emphasizes the specific identities of helper and suppressor factors and suggests an evolutionary relationship between those derived from monkey and mouse leucocytes.
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Melchers F, Andersson J, Lernhardt W, Schreier MH. H-2-unrestricted polyclonal maturation without replication of small B cells induced by antigen-activated T cell help factors. Eur J Immunol 1980; 10:679-85. [PMID: 6968266 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Claman HN, Miller SD, Sy MS, Moorhead JW. Suppressive mechanisms involving sensitization and tolerance in contact allergy. Immunol Rev 1980; 50:105-32. [PMID: 6445861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1980.tb00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
Antigen specific helper and suppressor factors have a similar structure, with two major sections, a 'variable region', determining antigen specificity which is likely to be controlled by Immunoglobulin VH genes, with which it shares idiotype and framework determinants. Specific factors also have a 'constant region' which does not vary between strains and minimally between species or with the antigenic specificity of the factors, which are defined by rabbit anti-helper or anti-suppressor antisera. This region determines the biological function of the molecule. Anti-Ia antisera react with factors, but the nature and function of Ia molecules on T cell factors is still unclear. The model of specific factor structure, with C and V regions resembles that of immunoglobulin, and it is thus possible that the C region of factors, like the V region is Ig linked. Because there are multiple T cells, helping and suppressing antibody responses specifically, it seems improbable that all of these cells could interact directly with rare antigen-specific B cells. Thus we propose that macrophage presenting cells are the key to the integration of signals for immune induction and regulation for T and B cells. Since Ir genes have been identified in the macrophage presenting cells interacting with both T and B cells, this suggests that macrophage Ia antigens are of importance in the integration of triggering signals for the lymphoid pool.
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Germain RN, Benacerraf B. Helper and suppressor T cell factors. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1980; 3:93-127. [PMID: 6792727 DOI: 10.1007/bf00199927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Booth RJ. A microculture system for generating haemolytic antibody responses from human tonsillar lymphocytes. J Immunol Methods 1979; 26:253-63. [PMID: 376749 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(79)90250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Small numbers of Ficoll-Hypaque purified human tonsillar lymphocytes were stimulated with PWM to produce SRBC-specific PFC in a microculture system. The magnitude of the response varied among different tonsils but was typically between 200 and 1000 PFC/10(6) cells cultured. Little or no response was observed in the absence of PWM. SRBC failed to stimulate a SRBC-specific response and the presence of this antigen in PWM-stimulated cultures depressed the response. The time of the maximum response was inversely related to the number of cells cultured. In addition, the duration of the response was limited by rapid depletion of critical medium requirements and/or build up of inhibitory factors especially when the cell concentration exceeded 5 x 10(5) cells/culture. This effect could be partially overcome by daily feeding of cultures with fresh medium. Fractionation studies indicated a requirement for both T and B cell populations. Constant efficiency of PFC production with respect to cell number could be achieved by the addition of inactivated autologous 'filler' cells. The significance of these results and applicability of the microculture system to a detailed analysis of human antibody responses will be discussed.
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Kilburn DG, Talbot FO, Teh HS, Levy JG. A specific helper factor which enhances the cytotoxic response to a syngeneic tumour. Nature 1979; 277:474-6. [PMID: 105295 DOI: 10.1038/277474a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pekárek J, Krejcí J, Rozprimová L, Svejcar J. Some characteristics of the antigen--dependent migration inhibition factor. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1979; 114:491-6. [PMID: 88881 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9101-6_81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Saxon A, Stevens RH. Human T lymphocyte-derived helper factor (HHF): cellular and physical characterization. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1979; 12:82-93. [PMID: 311262 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(79)90113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Binz H, Wigzell H. Recognition of antigens by T lymphocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 1978; 22:93-112. [PMID: 85255 DOI: 10.1007/bf00496237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present review briefly summarizes our knowledge of antigen-specific B and T lymphocyte receptors. Antigen-specific receptors on mammalian B lymphocytes are mainly monomeric IgM and IgD consisting of conventional immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. The nature of the T lymphocyte receptor which can specifically recognize antigens is not yet fully defined. However, it seems that conventional light chains do not participate in the build up of this receptor, and that the receptor is made up of heavy chains of a new immunoglobulin class which has to be further characterized and which we call Tau-chain. The variable region of the T lymphocyte receptors share idiotypic determinants with the corresponding B lymphocyte receptors. The possible linkage between the T cell idiotypes present on the Tau-chains and molecules which are under the control of genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex of the species are discussed. In the last part of the review two methods for the induction of specific transplantation tolerance in adult animals are described. These methods are based on the concept that T lymphocytes reactive against alloantigens bear idiotypic determinants against which a specific auto-immune response can be initiated.
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Primi D, Hammarström L, Smith CI, Möller G. Immunological unresponsiveness of self-recognizing B lymphocytes to the PBA property of a soluble T cell factor. Cell Immunol 1978; 41:320-9. [PMID: 310350 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(78)90229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Supernates of tetanus toxoid (TT) antigen-stimulated human T cells were studied for the presence of an antigen-specific T-cell helper factor (ASF). Supernates were circulated over an immunosorbent column consisting of insolubilized TT antigen. The material which bound to the column was eluted with 3 M NaCNS and was shown to contain a factor which in the presence of TT-induced specific IgG anti-TT antibody synthesis in autologous B cells without causing readily detectable proliferation. ASF activity was partially inhibited by antisera directed against the B-cell alloantigens of the ASF donor. Immunosorbent columns containing such antisera removed ASF activity. Immunosorbent columns containing antisera to human immunoglobulin heavy chain determinants did not remove ASF activity; whereas immunosorbent columns containing rabbit idiotypic antiserum directed against anti-TT antibodies completely removed ASF activity. ASF was destroyed by treatment with proteolytic enzymes; its molecular weight was estimated by Sephadex G-100 gel column chromatography to be between 25,000 and 75,000 daltons.
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Cleveland WL, Erlanger BF. A general method for studying the secretion of macromolecules by single cells. I. Detection of immunoglobulin-secreting cells. Cell Immunol 1978; 37:229-42. [PMID: 418882 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(78)90190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Scott DM, McConnell I, Agomo P, Lachmann PJ. Purification of antigen-dependent macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) from lymph draining a tuberculin reaction. Immunology 1978; 34:591-604. [PMID: 363599 PMCID: PMC1457164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An antigen-dependent factor showing migration inhibition (MIF) and gold uptake stimulation (GUS) activities which has been previously described (Lowe & Lachmann, 1974) has been further purified from efferent lymph collected from cannulated nodes of BCG-sensitized sheep undergoing a delayed hypersensitivity response to PPD. During purification, fractions containing MIF activity also exhibited GUS activity. Initial purification by salt precipitation showed that antigen-dependent MIF activity was in the 40-90% ammonium sulphate precipitate. Non-specific activity and contaminating immunoglobulin were found in the 0--20% and 20--40% precipitates. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 and affinity chromatography on Concanvalin A-Sepharose have shown that antigen-dependent MIF is a glycoprotein of approximately 70,000 molecular weight (Lowe & Lachmann, 1974). Traces of contaminating antibody in the glycoprotein fraction were removed by immuno-adsorption on monospecific anti-sheep IgG-Sepharose. Antigen-dependent MIF was also purified by affinity chromatography on PPD-Sepharose. The eluted fractions with all the antigen-specific activity, contained less than 1% of the applied material. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the major protein component in the purified MIF preparation has a molecular weight and electrophoretic mobility identical with that of sheep albumin. Although this represents a high degree of purification of antigen-dependent MIF it seems that albumin is still present as a contaminant and that the protein associated with MIF activity is present in trace quantities.
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Chaouat G. Suppressor T cells in tolerance to human gamma-globulin: mediation by a specific soluble factor. Cell Immunol 1978; 36:1-14. [PMID: 75765 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(78)90245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tada T, Takemori T, Okumura K, Nonaka M, Tokuhisa T. Two distinct types of helper T cells involved in the secondary antibody response: independent and synergistic effects of Ia- and Ia+ helper T cells. J Exp Med 1978; 147:446-58. [PMID: 415110 PMCID: PMC2184496 DOI: 10.1084/jem.147.2.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have described here two distinct types of carrier-specific helper T cells which act independently and synergistically to augment the B-cell response to a hapten. They are separable by passage through a nylon wool column. The first type of helper T cell, which we designate as Th1, is nylon nonadherent, and can help the response of hapten-primed B cells only if the haptenic and carrier determinants are present on a single molecule (cognate interaction). The second type of helper T cell, Th2, adheres to the nylon wool column, and can help the B-cell response to a hapten coupled to a heterologous carrier upon stimulation with unconjugated relevant carrier (polyclonal interaction). The addition of a small number of Th2 to the mixture of Th1 and B cells significantly augmented the net response to the hapten carrier conjugate. Both Th1 and Th2 cells belong to the Lyt-1+,2-,3- subclass. Th1 has no detectable Ia antigen, whereas Th2 is killed by certain anti-Ia antisera and complement. The Ia antigen detected on Th2 was found to be controlled by a locus in the I-J subregion. The results clearly established the fact that there are two distinct pathways in the T- and B-cell collaboration, which involves two different subsets of carrier-specific helper T cells.
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Müller G, Hübner L, Schimpl A, Wecker E. Partial characterization and purification of murine T cell-replacing factor, TRF. I. Purification procedures and gel electrophoretic analysis. IMMUNOCHEMISTRY 1978; 15:27-32. [PMID: 304832 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(78)90022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Haas W, von Boehmer H. Techniques for separation and selection of antigen specific lymphocytes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1978; 84:1-120. [PMID: 367718 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67078-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Isac R, Dorf M, Mozes E. The T-Cell factor specific for poly(Tyr, Glu)-Poly(Pro)-Poly(Lys) is an I-Region gene product. Immunogenetics 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01570506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Rabbit lymphocytes have been analyzed as to surface Ig markers in relation to the function of the cells. A battery of specific anti-Ig reagents as well as supposed B and T cell-specific mitogens were used, and DNA synthesis as well as high-rate Ig synthesis in vitro were recorded. Using cells from spleen lymph node or blood, surface Ig-negative lymphocytes expressed the expected behavior of T lymphocytes. No evidence was found of significant expression of allotypic markers on the surface of such nonactivated rabbit T lymphocytes. Lymphoid cells from bone marrow constituted an exception to the rule in the sense that they contained a high proportion of cells being surface Ig-negative at the time of anti-Ig column fractionation. They did, however, rapidly express surface Ig molecules as well as B cell markers as judged by B cell mitogenic stimulation shortly after in vitro explanation. In conclusion, we failed to find any constant region Ig markers on rabbit lymphocytes, which in every sense behave like conventional T lymphocytes.
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Ryhal B, Lucas ZJ. Studies on the transformation of lymphocytes separated by suspension in dextran. Cell Immunol 1977; 32:302-16. [PMID: 902323 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(77)90207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Julius MH, Cosenza H, Augustin AA. Parallel expression of new idiotypes on T and B cells. Nature 1977; 267:437-9. [PMID: 69272 DOI: 10.1038/267437a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Supernates of human T cells stimulated with TT antigen contain a factor that induces mitogenesis and immunoglobulin synthesis in autologous as well as allogeneic B cells. A fraction of the IgG produced has specificity against TT. The T-cell-derived LMF-TT eluted after albumin on Sephadex G 200 and did not contain immunoglobulin heavy chain determinants. LMF-TT was active on B cells from TT immune as well as TT- nonimmune individuals but in the latter instance the IgG secreted had no specificity against TT. B cells incubated with LMF-TT in the presence of a second antigen (DT) made IgG with specifity to that antigen provided the B-cell donor was immune to that second antigen. LMF-TT-containing supernates were depleted of TT antigen by Sephadex G 200 chromatography followed by passage over anti-TT immunosorbent columns. The antigen-free supernates were able to induce mitogenesis and IgG synthesis in B cells but the IgG produced failed to exhibit specificity against TT unless the TT antigen was readded to the B-cell cultures. The optimal concentration of LMF-TT (50 percent) inducing B-cell mitogenesis was different from the optimal concentration (20 percent) causing IgG synthesis by B cells. At low LMF concentrations (less than or equal 10 percent) addition of a second antigen to which the cell donor was immune caused an increase in the degree of B-cell mitogenesis. Submitogenic concentrations of LMF-TT (less than or equal to 5 percent) were still capable of inducingimmunoglobulin synthesis in B cells At these low concentrations of LMF-TT the proportion of anti-TT IgG over total IgG increased sharply. B cells from TT immune donors were separated on TT immunosorbent columns. Cells that bound to the column were more sensitive to the mitogenic and IgG synthetic effects of LMF-TT than unfractionated B cells. Thus, LMF is a nonspecific human T-cell helper factor which behaves like a polyclonal B-cell activator. However, in the presence of specific antigen (TT) the antigen-specific B cell is preferentially triggered by LMF. The experimental design of the present study does not rule out the additional presence of an antigen-specific helper factor in the supernates of TT-stimulated human T cells.
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Insel RA, Merler E, Rosen FS. Induction of a specific antibody response in human B cells: role of a human antigenic nonspecific T-cell soluble factor and requirement for antigen. Cell Immunol 1977; 30:321-31. [PMID: 67908 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(77)90075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Theze J, Kapp JA, Benacerraf B. Immunosuppressive factor(s) extracted from lymphoid cells of nonresponder mice primed with L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) III. Immunochemical properties of the GAT-specific suppressive factor. J Exp Med 1977; 145:839-56. [PMID: 67171 PMCID: PMC2180626 DOI: 10.1084/jem.145.4.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The GAT-specific suppressor T-cell factor (GAT-TsF) extracted from lymphoid cells from GAT-primed, nonresponder DBA/1 mice has been partially characterized. It is a protein that has affinity for GAT and determinants encoded by the I region of the H-2 complex. On the basis of specificity and avidity, GAT-TsF resembles anti-GAT-MBSA antibodies produced by DBA/1 mice in spite of the fact that it is too small to be classical antibody and has no constant-region determinants of heavy or light chains. Further, GAT or a fragment of GAT is associated with the GAT-TsF. GAT-TsF has been partially purified from the crude extract by absorption to GAT-Sepharose and elution with 0.4 to 0.6 KCl. GAT-TsF purified on the basis of its affinity for GAT bears I-region determinants but not detectable GAT or GAT fragment.
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Dugan E, Niederhuber JE, Frelinger JA, Mayo L, Shreffler DC. Con A induced suppressor cells: suppression with I region incompatibility. Cell Immunol 1977; 29:322-30. [PMID: 301060 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(77)90326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cosenza H, Julius MH, Augustin AA. Idiotypes as variable region markers: analogies between receptors on phosphorylcholine-specific T and B lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 1977; 34:3-33. [PMID: 322367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1977.tb00366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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48
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Leskov VP, Cheredeev AN, Solov'ev VV. Secretion of suppressor factors by mouse lymphocytes on contact with syngeneic and xenogeneic red cells. Bull Exp Biol Med 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00799360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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McDougal JS, Gordon DS. Generation of T-helper cells in vitro. II. Analysis of supernates derived from T-helper cell cultures. J Exp Med 1977; 145:693-708. [PMID: 233920 PMCID: PMC2180701 DOI: 10.1084/jem.145.3.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Supernates derived from in vitro generated T-helper cells have been analyzed for their capacity to substitute for T-cell carrier reactivity. T-helper cell supernates stimulate both a carrier-specific and nonspecific anti-DNP-PFC response to DNP-carrier conjugates in cultures of hapten-primed spleen cells. The carrier-specific and nonspecific activity can be distinguished by dosage optimum, antigen requirements, binding specificity for carrier, and in the requirement for additional splenic adherent accessory cell involvement. The active factors produced in this system are heat labile and sensitive to trypsin and periodate. They are removed by absorption with alloantisera directed toward the strain from which the supernate was derived but not by a variety of anti-immunoglobulin sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S McDougal
- Parasitology Division, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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50
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Shearer GM, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Rehn TG. Significance of the major histocompatibility complex as assessed by T-cell-mediated lympholysis involving syngeneic stimulating cells. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY 1977; 7:221-43. [PMID: 69516 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3054-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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