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García-Ojeda ME, Dejbakhsh-Jones S, Weissman IL, Strober S. An alternate pathway for T cell development supported by the bone marrow microenvironment: recapitulation of thymic maturation. J Exp Med 1998; 187:1813-23. [PMID: 9607922 PMCID: PMC2212319 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.11.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/1997] [Revised: 03/26/1998] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the principal pathway of alpha/beta T cell maturation, T cell precursors from the bone marrow migrate to the thymus and proceed through several well-characterized developmental stages into mature CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This study demonstrates an alternative pathway in which the bone marrow microenvironment also supports the differentiation of T cell precursors into CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The marrow pathway recapitulates developmental stages of thymic maturation including a CD4+CD8+ intermediary cell and positive and negative selection, and is strongly inhibited by the presence of mature T cells. The contribution of the marrow pathway in vivo requires further study in mice with normal and deficient thymic or immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E García-Ojeda
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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2
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Dejbakhsh-Jones S, Okazaki H, Strober S. Similar rates of production of T and B lymphocytes in the bone marrow. J Exp Med 1995; 181:2201-11. [PMID: 7760006 PMCID: PMC2192039 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.6.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate of renewal of T lymphocytes in the bone marrow of euthymic C57BL/Ka and athymic nu/nu BALB/c mice was estimated by in vivo labeling with bromodeoxyuridine. T lymphocytes accounted for 16-18% of marrow cells in euthymic mice as judged by immunofluorescent staining with monoclonal antibodies for Thy-1, CD3, and alpha/beta T cell antigen receptor markers. About 70% of marrow cells expressed receptors (Mac-1, Gr-1, B220) for myeloid, macrophage, and B lineage cells. Approximately 13% of cells in the athymic bone marrow expressed alpha/beta T cell receptors. Sorted marrow T cells proliferated in response to stimulation with anti-alpha/beta antibodies in vitro and showed functional rearrangements of V beta and J beta genes. Sorted non-T cells did not respond to stimulation in vitro, and all V beta and J beta gene rearrangements identified were nonfunctional. In vivo labeling studies indicated that approximately 17 x 10(6) bone marrow T cells are renewed daily in euthymic mice and approximately 14 x 10(6) are renewed in athymic mice. Approximately 11 x 10(6) mature B cells (immunoglobulin M+) are renewed daily in the bone marrow of the latter mice. To determine whether marrow precursors can give rise to T cells directly, marrow cells from euthymic and athymic mice were depleted of T cells by cell sorting and incubated in vitro for 48 h in the absence of exogenous growth factors or thymic stromal cells. Examination of the cells after culture showed that 10-12% stained brightly for alpha/beta T cell receptors. Although functional rearrangements of V beta and J beta genes were not detected before culture, the majority of rearrangements were functional after culture. The emergence of the bright alpha/beta T cells in culture was dependent on depletion T cells from the marrow cells before culture. The results suggest that most marrow T cells are generated in the marrow itself.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- B-Lymphocytes/cytology
- Base Sequence
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD3 Complex/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cricetinae
- DNA Primers
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/biosynthesis
- Introns
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Species Specificity
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- Thy-1 Antigens/analysis
- Thy-1 Antigens/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dejbakhsh-Jones
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
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3
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Hirayama F, Shih JP, Awgulewitsch A, Warr GW, Clark SC, Ogawa M. Clonal proliferation of murine lymphohemopoietic progenitors in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:5907-11. [PMID: 1631072 PMCID: PMC49406 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.13.5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used a two-step clonal culture system to unequivocally demonstrate that individual primitive lymphohemopoietic progenitor cells have the capacity for differentiation along either the myeloid or the B-lymphoid lineage. Highly enriched murine marrow cells were plated individually in culture by micromanipulation in the presence of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen cell conditioned medium, erythropoietin, steel factor (SF), and interleukin (IL) 7. Forty-five percent of the single cells formed primary colonies expressing multiple hemopoietic lineages. When aliquots from individual colonies were replated in secondary methyl cellulose culture containing SF and IL-7, 41% of the primary colonies gave rise to lymphocyte colonies. Cells of the lymphocyte colonies were blast-like and B220+, sIg-, Mac-1-, Gr-1-, Ly-1-, L3T4-, Ly-2-, and CD3-. Thirty to 70% of the cells were Thy-1+. mu-chain mRNA was detected in most of the cells by in situ hybridization with an antisense RNA probe. When lymphocyte colonies derived from a single cell were pooled and individually injected into scid mice, donor-type IgM was measurable in the serum of mice and spleens contained donor-type B cells. We then carried out initial screening of growth factors to identify growth factors that might replace pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen cell conditioned medium in the primary culture. Combinations of two factors that included SF plus IL-6, IL-11, or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor were all effective in the primary culture in the maintenance of the B-lymphoid potential. Interestingly, IL-3 could neither replace nor act synergistically with SF to support the lymphoid potential of the primary cultures. Our observations demonstrate that many primitive progenitors previously believed to be myeloid-committed also possess B-lymphoid potential. This culture system should prove valuable for elucidation of the mechanisms regulating early stages of lymphohemopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hirayama
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
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4
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Tanabe MJ. Prethymic nylon wool-passed bone marrow cells, substituting for helper T cells, can augment the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes from their precursors. Microbiol Immunol 1991; 35:1115-30. [PMID: 1839692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1991.tb01633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nylon wool-passed bone marrow (NW-BM) cells treated with anti-Thy.1 monoclonal antibody and complement were added to a mixed lymphocyte culture which contained a limiting number of lymph node cells, as responder cells, and a sufficient number of mitomycin-c-treated allogeneic spleen cells as stimulator cells. NW-BM cells of the same MHC haplotype as responder cells enhanced the generation of allo-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) not only at a relatively high dose (3 x 10(3) cells/well) of responder cells, but also at an extremely dilute dose (1 x 10(3) cells/well). NW-BM cells which had a third-party MHC haplotype, a haplotype different from both responder and stimulator cells, also enhanced the generation of CTL at relatively high doses, but not at low doses, of responder cells. NW-BM cells which had MHC haplotypes identical with those of responder cells induced CTL from helper T cell-depleted responder cells, but NW-BM cells which had the third-party haplotype did not. These results showed that the enhancing effects of NW-BM cells of the same MHC haplotype as responder cells might be due to a specific helper effect and the enhancing effect of NW-BM cells of the third-party haplotype might be due to a nonspecific filler effect, which only conditioned the cultured cells. It was also found that, to exhibit the helper effect, NW-BM cells had to possess MHC class II, but not MHC class I, molecules in common with CTL precursors. This study showed that in the induction of CTL, prethymic NW-BM cells had a capability comparable to that of mature helper T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Tanabe
- Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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5
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Suzuki H, Ikemoto M, Yokoyama A, Kamitani T, Yamashita N, Maruyama M, Yano S. Interleukin-2-activated murine cell lines with macrophage- and B-lymphoblast-lytic activity. Cell Immunol 1991; 132:127-39. [PMID: 1829651 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(91)90012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated murine killer cell lines with macrophage- and B-lymphoblastic-lytic activity were established, and their target specificity, surface markers, recognition-related structures, and requirements for optimal cell growth were characterized. Sustained growth of IL-2-activated lymphocytes was supported by the combination of IL-2 and IL-4-enriched T cell conditioned medium (CM), but was not supported by IL-2 alone or the combination of IL-2 and IL-3-containing CM in the presence of macrophages (M phi). The established line required continuous contact with M phi to maintain anti-M phi cytolytic activity. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the original line isolated by the first cloning was Thyl+, CD4-, and weakly CD8+, FcR+. The majority of these cells were CD3+ and TCR-V beta 8+. From this line, the CD3+, TCR-V beta 8+ and CD3-, TCR-V beta 8- clones were isolated by subcloning. The former clone showed Thyl+, CD3+, CD4-, CD8-, TCR-V beta 8+, FcR(+)-phenotype, and the latter clone showed Thyl+, CD3-, CD4-, CD8-, TCR-V beta 8-, FcR- phenotype. The original line and subclones showed a similar target specificity and killed resident or thioglycollate (TG)-induced peritoneal M phi and B-lymphoblasts, but did not kill T-lymphoblasts. Allogeneic M phi, M phi-like cell line P388D1, and B cell hybridoma were sensitive, whereas fresh lymphocytes, T cell lymphoma BW5147, natural killer (NK)-sensitive YAC-1, and NK-resistant P815 tumor cells were resistant to lysis by these cytotoxic lines. The addition of anti-H-2 heteroserum, anti-MHC class 1, anti-MHC class II, anti-CD3, or anti-TCR-V beta 8 monoclonal antibody (mAb) to assay cultures did not inhibit the anti-M phi cytolysis by these killer cells. In addition, the CD3- TCR-V beta 8- clone killed M phi and B lymphoblasts better than the CD3+, TCR-V beta 8+ clone. These results suggest that cytotoxic lines established in this study do not use the T cell receptor (TCR) molecules to recognize target cells and the MHC molecules are not involved in recognition. Anti-LFA-1 mAb partially inhibited anti-M phi-lysis, suggesting that the cell contact between targets and effectors is important in cytolysis. Our present data suggest that the culture condition containing IL-2, IL-4, and M phi may support the continuous growth of non-MHC-restricted killer cells with relative target specificity against M phi and B-lymphoblasts.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD3 Complex
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Immunity, Cellular
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, IgG
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suzuki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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6
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Starling GC, Davidson SE, Nimmo JC, Beard ME, Hart DN. Inhibition of non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity by CD45 but not CD3 monoclonal antibodies in patients with large granular lymphoproliferative disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1989; 78:396-401. [PMID: 2532991 PMCID: PMC1534837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nine patients with a lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by a persistent expansion of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and an increased proportion of cells labelling with natural killer (NK) and T cell markers were identified. The six patients with an expansion of alpha beta CD3/TcR positive cells were shown to have rearranged T cell receptor (TcR) genes whereas three patients whose LGL lacked CD3/alpha beta TcR on the surface had no beta TcR rearrangement detected. Eight of the nine patients were shown to exhibit non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic activity against K562; this activity was inhibited by CD45 and CD45-associated monoclonal antibodies known to inhibit normal non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity but not specific MHC-restricted cytotoxic T cell activity. In contrast, the CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3 did not inhibit but redirected LGL non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity against K562. Following modulation of the CD3 molecule, the LGL were still capable of cytolysis of K562 targets, but additional OKT3 could no longer redirect cytolysis. The data indicate that the CD3/TcR complex on the LGL clones in patients with large granular lymphoproliferative disease is not the receptor for antigen on K562 cells, although it retains functional capabilities. Thus the CD3/TcR positive subset appears to have bipotential cytotoxic characteristics involving additional unique receptors for non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Starling
- Department of Haematology, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
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7
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Saikawa Y, Hasui M, Miura M, Tachinami T, Katayama K, Takano N, Miyawaki T, Koizumi S, Taniguchi N. Interleukin 3 enhanced interleukin 2-dependent maturation of NK progenitor cells in bone marrow from mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Cell Immunol 1989; 124:38-49. [PMID: 2805072 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(89)90110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human recombinant interleukin 2 (IL 2) and highly purified murine interleukin 3 (IL 3) were tested for their ability to generate NK activity in bone marrow cells from mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. IL 2 alone could dose dependently induce NK activity in marrow cells as determined by cytotoxicity against YAC-1 target cells. It was demonstrated that IL 3 had dual effects on the generation of NK activity in this culture system. The addition of IL 3 resulted in inhibition of NK cell activity seen at high concentrations of IL 2. In contrast, when IL 3 was added together with low concentrations of IL 2, the generation of NK cells as judged by cytotoxicity assay as well as the appearance of cells with NK phenotypes was markedly augmented. In some experiments, mice were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to eliminate relatively differentiated NK precursors from bone marrow cells. It was noted that the residual immature marrow cells from 5-FU-treated mice showed little NK activity even after the culture with high concentrations of IL 2. Importantly, IL 3 could induce the generation of NK activity from 5-FU-treated marrow cells in the presence of IL 2. Kinetic studies indicated that NK activity was appreciably generated from 5-FU-treated marrow cells when preincubated with IL 3 at least for 12 hr and subsequently cultured with IL 2. The cells bearing IL 2 receptors appeared in 5-FU-treated marrow cells, even though cultured only with IL 3, which implied that IL 3 could support the development of very primitive NK cells from IL 2-unresponsive to IL 2-responsive states. These results suggested that IL 3 might play a crucial role for the IL 2-induced generation of NK cells in bone marrow through promoting the expression of IL 2R on NK progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Saikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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8
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Ohga S, Yoshikai Y, Matsumoto K, Kishihara K, Matsuzaki G, Nomoto K. Abnormal rearrangements of T-cell receptor genes occur in long-term cultured bone marrow cells of lpr/lpr mice. Immunology 1989; 67:543-6. [PMID: 2548951 PMCID: PMC1385330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To search the abnormality in prethymic T-cell precursors in lpr/lpr(lpr) mice, rearrangement and expression of T-cell receptor (TcR) genes were investigated in long-term cultured bone marrow (LTBM) cells of lpr mice, in which the developmental steps of T-cell precursors may be better synchronized than those in bone marrow (BM) cells. Neither rearrangment nor expression of TCR gamma and delta genes were detected in the LTBM cells from +/+ control mice, whereas some gamma gene rearrangements were detected in those derived from lpr mice, irrespective of the genetic background. When BM cells or LTBM cells from lpr mice were transplanted into supralethally irradiated +/+ mice the lpr-derived BM cells appeared earlier in the thymus of the recipient mice than +/+-derived BM cells and the recipients suffered from lethal wasting syndrome. In addition, the lpr-derived BM cells showed higher activity in colony-forming unit spleen (CFUs) than the +/+-derived BM cells. These results suggest that the T-cell progenitors in the BM of lpr mice may be different not only in quantity but also in quality from those of +/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohga
- Department of Immunology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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9
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Yoshikai Y, Takeda Y, Ohga S, Kishihara K, Matsuzaki G, Nomoto K. Rearrangements of T-cell antigen receptor gamma and delta chain genes are detected in the long-term cultured bone marrow cells of athymic nude mice but not in those of euthymic mice. Immunol Suppl 1989; 66:512-6. [PMID: 2541071 PMCID: PMC1385150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that extrathymic rearrangements of T-cell receptor (TcR) gamma and delta chain genes occur in the peripheral lymphoid tissues of athymic nude mice. To further determine where the TcR gene rearrangements occur in nude mice, we investigated the rearrangement and expression of the TcR genes in the long-term cultured bone marrow (LTBM) cells which were homogenous in developments without mature T cells as assessed by FACS analysis. The LTBM derived from euthymic mice contained TcR gamma and delta chain genes in germline configuration, while gene rearrangements of both locus were detected in the LTBM cells from nude mice. These results suggested that gamma and delta gene rearrangements do occur in the bone marrow cells of nude mice and that the T-cell precursors in bone marrow may be increased in frequency in such animals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Mice
- Mice, Nude/genetics
- Mice, Nude/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yoshikai
- Department of Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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10
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Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells use multiple mechanisms to destroy their target cells. Pore formation resulting in osmotic lysis of the target is one mechanism; the pore-forming protein (perforin) responsible for this activity has been purified. Antigenically and functionally it resembles proteins of the membrane attack complex of complement. The other known mediators of cytotoxicity appear to be closely interrelated. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), lymphotoxin (LT), and leukalexin are the three members of this group that have been purified, although their mechanisms of action are still unknown. CTLs fragment the DNA of target cells, as do TNF, LT, and leukalexin; this may be one of the mechanisms of action of these mediators. CTLs and NK cells do not self lyse. The basis of this phenomenon is unclear, although recent advances have shed some light on the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Joag
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021
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Kiyohara T, Taniguchi K, Kubota S, Koga S, Sakuragi T, Saitoh Y. Induction of lymphokine-activated killer-like cells by cancer chemotherapy. J Exp Med 1988; 168:2355-60. [PMID: 3199072 PMCID: PMC2189131 DOI: 10.1084/jem.168.6.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity against NK-resistant target tumor cells was found in the peripheral blood of tumor-bearing patients approximately 1 mo after combined chemotherapy. The recognition specificity of these effector cells was broad and had no restriction. From the experiments of negative selection with mAbs and complements, these newly developed killer cells after chemotherapy were thought to be LAK-like cells. Contribution of these LAK-like cells to the mechanism of action of anticancer drugs remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kiyohara
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University, Japan
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