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Battaglia M, Garrett-Sinha LA. Bacterial infections in lupus: Roles in promoting immune activation and in pathogenesis of the disease. J Transl Autoimmun 2020; 4:100078. [PMID: 33490939 PMCID: PMC7804979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial infections of the lung, skin, bloodstream and other tissues are common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) and are often more severe and invasive than similar infections in control populations. A variety of studies have explored the changes in bacterial abundance in lupus patients, the rates of infection and the influence of particular bacterial species on disease progression, using both human patient samples and mouse models of lupus. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to summarize human and mouse studies that describe changes in the bacterial microbiome in lupus, the role of a leaky gut in stimulating inflammation, identification of specific bacterial species associated with lupus, and the potential roles of certain common bacterial infections in promoting lupus progression. METHODS Information was collected using searches of the Pubmed database for articles relevant to bacterial infections in lupus and to microbiome changes associated with lupus. RESULTS The reviewed studies demonstrate significant changes in the bacterial microbiome of lupus patients as compared to control subjects and in lupus-prone mice compared to control mice. Furthermore, there is evidence supporting the existence of a leaky gut in lupus patients and in lupus-prone mice. This leaky gut may allow live bacteria or bacterial components to enter the circulation and cause inflammation. Invasive bacterial infections are more common and often more severe in lupus patients. These include infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae and mycobacteria. These bacterial infections can trigger increased immune activation and inflammation, potentially stimulating activation of autoreactive lymphocytes and leading to worsening of lupus symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Together, the evidence suggests that lupus predisposes to infection, while infection may trigger worsening lupus, leading to a feedback loop that may reinforce autoimmune symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Battaglia
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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Hamad ARAR, Arcara K, Uddin S, Donner T. The potential of Fas ligand (apoptosis-inducing molecule) as an unconventional therapeutic target in type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol 2012; 3:196. [PMID: 22807927 PMCID: PMC3395106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is driven by autoreactive T cells that attack and destroy the insulin-producing β-cells in pancreatic islets, forcing patients to take multiple daily insulin injections. Insulin therapy, however, is not a cure and diabetic patients often develop serious long-term microvascular and cardiovascular complications. Therefore, intensive efforts are being directed toward developing safe immunotherapy for the disease that does not impair host defense and preserves β-cells, leading to better glycemic control than exogenous insulin therapy. Engineering therapies that differentially cripple or tolerate autoreactive diabetogenic T cells while sparing protective T cells necessary for maintaining a competent immune system has proven challenging. Instead, recent efforts have focused on modulating or resetting the immune system through global but transient deletion of T cells or B cells using anti-CD3 or anti-CD20 mAb, respectively. However, phase III clinical trials have shown promising but modest efficacy so far with these approaches. Therefore, there is a need to identify novel biological targets that do not fit the classic properties of being involved in adaptive immune cell activation. In this prospective, we provide preclinical evidence that targeting Fas ligand (FasL) may provide a unique opportunity to prevent or cure T1D and perhaps other organ-specific autoimmune diseases without causing immune suppression. Unlike conventional targets that are involved in T and B lymphocyte activation (such as CD3 and CD20, respectively), FasL is an apoptosis-inducing surface molecule that triggers cell death by binding to Fas (also known as CD95 Apo-1). Therefore, targeting FasL is not expected to cause immune suppression, the Achilles Heel of conventional approaches. We will discuss the hypothesis that targeting FasL has unique benefits that are not offered by current immunomodulatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Rahim A R Hamad
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,MD, USA
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Hamad ARA. Analysis of gene profile, steady state proliferation and apoptosis of double-negative T cells in the periphery and gut epithelium provides new insights into the biological functions of the Fas pathway. Immunol Res 2010; 47:134-42. [PMID: 20066510 PMCID: PMC6677393 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-009-8144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in understanding the Fas pathway at the molecular and cellular levels, but fundamental questions about the overall biological role of the Fas pathway remain unresolved. A major question is why lymphoproliferation caused by the lpr mutation of Fas and gld mutation of FasL ligand (FasL) is dominated by CD4(-) and CD8(-) double-negative alphabeta T cells (DN T cells) that are otherwise rare components of the peripheral T cell repertoire. A second unresolved question is why inactivation of the Fas pathway prevents organ-specific autoimmunity (including as type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis) while causing systemic lymphoproliferation? Understanding the mechanisms of these processes could uncover important aspects of the biological role of the Fas pathway and could have significant therapeutic implications. For example, revealing the basis of how inactivation of the Fas pathway prevents organ-specific autoimmunity could lead to new immunotherapeutic strategies to promote self tolerance without causing immunosuppression, as the Fas pathway is not essential for T cell activation. Here we discuss recent and new findings from my laboratory that address these questions. On the basis of these findings, we propose a new role for the Fas pathway in sequestration of DN T cells within the gut epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Rahim A Hamad
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross 659, Baltimore, 21205, USA.
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Mohamood AS, Bargatze D, Xiao Z, Jie C, Yagita H, Ruben D, Watson J, Chakravarti S, Schneck JP, Hamad ARA. Fas-mediated apoptosis regulates the composition of peripheral alphabeta T cell repertoire by constitutively purging out double negative T cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3465. [PMID: 18941614 PMCID: PMC2565807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Fas pathway is a major regulator of T cell homeostasis, however, the T cell population that is controlled by the Fas pathway in vivo is poorly defined. Although CD4 and CD8 single positive (SP) T cells are the two major T cell subsets in the periphery of wild type mice, the repertoire of mice bearing loss-of-function mutation in either Fas (lpr mice) or Fas ligand (gld mice) is predominated by CD4−CD8− double negative αβ T cells that also express B220 and generally referred to as B220+DN T cells. Despite extensive analysis, the basis of B220+DN T cell lymphoproliferation remains poorly understood. In this study we re-examined the issue of why T cell lymphoproliferation caused by gld mutation is predominated by B220+DN T cells. Methodology and Principal Findings We combined the following approaches to study this question: Gene transcript profiling, BrdU labeling, and apoptosis assays. Our results show that B220+DN T cells are proliferating and dying at exceptionally high rates than SP T cells in the steady state. The high proliferation rate is restricted to B220+DN T cells found in the gut epithelium whereas the high apoptosis rate occurred both in the gut epithelium and periphery. However, only in the periphery, apoptosis of B220+DN T cell is Fas-dependent. When the Fas pathway is genetically impaired, apoptosis of peripheral B220+DN T cells was reduced to a baseline level similar to that of SP T cells. Under these conditions of normalized apoptosis, B220+DN T cells progressively accumulate in the periphery, eventually resulting in B220+DN T cell lymphoproliferation. Conclusions/Significance The Fas pathway plays a critical role in regulating the tissue distribution of DN T cells through targeting and elimination of DN T cells from the periphery in the steady state. The results provide new insight into pathogenesis of DN T cell lymphoproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdiaziz S. Mohamood
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dylan Bargatze
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zuoxiang Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chunfa Jie
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dawn Ruben
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julie Watson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Schneck
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Abdel Rahim A. Hamad
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Huang Z, Wang R, Xie H, Shang W, Manicassamy S, Sun Z. Stabilized beta-catenin potentiates Fas-mediated T cell apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6586-92. [PMID: 18453577 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.10.6586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In response to Ag stimulation, Ag-specific T cells proliferate and accumulate in the peripheral lymphoid tissues. To avoid excessive T cell accumulation, the immune system has developed mechanisms to delete clonally expanded T cells. Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis plays a critical role in the deletion of activated peripheral T cells, which is clearly demonstrated by superantigen (staphylococcal enterotoxin B)-induced deletion of Vbeta8(+) T cells. Using transgenic mice expressing a stabilized beta-catenin (beta-cat(Tg)), we show here that beta-catenin was able to enhance apoptosis of activated T cells by up-regulating Fas. In response to staphylococcal enterotoxin B stimulation, beta-cat(Tg) mice exhibited accelerated deletion of CD4(+)Vbeta8(+) T cells compared with wild type mice. Surface Fas levels were significantly higher on activated T cells obtained from beta-cat(Tg) mice than that from wild type mice. Additionally, T cells from beta-cat(Tg) mice were more sensitive to apoptosis induced by crosslinking Fas, activation-induced cell death, and to apoptosis induced by cytokine withdrawal. Lastly, beta-catenin bound to and stimulated the Fas promoter. Therefore, our data demonstrated that the beta-catenin pathway was able to promote the apoptosis of activated T cells in part via up-regulation of Fas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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6
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Manicassamy S, Sun Z. The critical role of protein kinase C-theta in Fas/Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:312-9. [PMID: 17182568 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.1.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A functional immune system not only requires rapid expansion of antigenic specific T cells, but also requires efficient deletion of clonally expanded T cells to avoid accumulation of T cells. Fas/Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated apoptosis plays a critical role in the deletion of activated peripheral T cells, which is clearly demonstrated by superantigen-induced expansion and subsequent deletion of T cells. In this study, we show that in the absence of protein kinase C-theta (PKC-theta), superantigen (staphylococcal enterotoxin B)-induced deletion of Vbeta8(+) CD4(+) T cells was defective in PKC-theta(-/-) mice. In response to staphylococcal enterotoxin B challenge, up-regulation of FasL, but not Fas, was significantly reduced in PKC-theta(-/-) mice. PKC-theta is thus required for maximum up-regulation of FasL in vivo. We further show that stimulation of FasL expression depends on PKC-theta-mediated activation of NF-AT pathway. In addition, PKC-theta(-/-) T cells displayed resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis as well as activation-induced cell death (AICD). In the absence of PKC-theta, Fas-induced activation of apoptotic molecules such as caspase-8, caspase-3, and Bid was not efficient. However, AICD as well as Fas-mediated apoptosis of PKC-theta(-/-) T cells were restored in the presence of high concentration of IL-2, a critical factor required for potentiating T cells for AICD. PKC-theta is thus required for promoting FasL expression and for potentiating Fas-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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7
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Gronski MA, Weinem M. Death pathways in T cell homeostasis and their role in autoimmune diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud 2006; 3:88-95. [PMID: 17487332 PMCID: PMC1783577 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2006.3.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell apoptosis is a process necessary for central and peripheral tolerance. It ensures the proper removal of autoreactive T cells during thymic development as well as T cell homeostasis and the downregulation of immune responses against antigens in the periphery. Thus it is essential for the prevention of autoimmunity. Apoptotic pathways can be triggered by intrinsic (mitochondria-based) and extrinsic (receptor-based) stimuli. Both pathways involve a cascade of proteolytic enzymes called caspases whose activation commits the cell to death. In the periphery, autoreactive lymphocytes can be silenced by developmental arrest (anergy), or deleted by programmed cell death (apoptosis) through receptor-based activation-induced cell death (AICD). Central tolerance seems to rely more heavily on the mitochondria-based, T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated apoptotic pathway, since thymocytes lacking the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim are resistant to TCR-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, defects in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis may impair clonal deletion of autoreactive T cells. Several animal models exist in which impaired apoptosis results in autoimmunity. Here, we discuss data that suggest defects in T cell apoptosis in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Gronski
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Fortner KA, Budd RC. The death receptor Fas (CD95/APO-1) mediates the deletion of T lymphocytes undergoing homeostatic proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4374-82. [PMID: 16177078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Murine T cells adoptively transferred into syngeneic lymphopenic recipients undergo proliferation. Despite continued cell division, this lymphopenia-induced or homeostatic proliferation of a limited number of transferred T cells does not fill the T cell compartment. The continued expansion of the transferred T cells, even after stable T cell numbers have been reached, suggests that active cell death prevents further increase in T cell number. In this study, we show that wild-type T cells undergoing homeostatic proliferation are sensitive to Fas-mediated cell death. In the absence of Fas, T cells accumulate to significantly higher levels after transfer into lymphopenic recipients. Fas is, thus, a principal regulator of the expansion of peripheral T cells in response to self-peptide/MHC during T cell homeostasis. As Fas-deficient lpr mice manifest no significant abnormalities in thymic negative selection or in foreign Ag-induced peripheral T cell deletion, their lymphadenopathy may result from unrestrained homeostatic proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Fortner
- Immunobiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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9
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Michaels MA, Kang HK, Kaliyaperumal A, Satyaraj E, Shi Y, Datta SK. A Defect in Deletion of Nucleosome-Specific Autoimmune T Cells in Lupus-Prone Thymus: Role of Thymic Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:5857-65. [PMID: 16237078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.9.5857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To study central tolerance to the major product of ongoing apoptosis in the thymus, we made new lines of transgenic (Tg) mice expressing TCR of a pathogenic autoantibody-inducing Th cell that was specific for nucleosomes and its histone peptide H4(71-94). In the lupus-prone (SWR x NZB)F1 (SNF1) thymus, introduction of the lupus TCR transgene caused no deletion, but marked down-regulation of the Tg TCR and up-regulation of endogenous TCRs. Paradoxically, autoimmune disease was suppressed in the alphabetaTCR Tg SNF1 mice with induction of highly potent regulatory T cells in the periphery. By contrast, in the MHC-matched, normal (SWR x B10. D2)F1 (SBF1), or in the normal SWR backgrounds, marked deletion of transgenic thymocytes occurred. Thymic lymphoid cells of the normal or lupus-prone mice were equally susceptible to deletion by anti-CD3 Ab or irradiation. However, in the steady state, spontaneous presentation of naturally processed peptides related to the nucleosomal autoepitope was markedly greater by thymic dendritic cells (DC) from normal mice than that from lupus mice. Unmanipulated thymic DC of SNF1 mice expressed lesser amounts of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules than their normal counterparts. These results indicate that apoptotic nucleosomal autoepitopes are naturally processed and presented to developing thymocytes, and a relative deficiency in the natural display of nucleosomal autoepitopes by thymic DC occurs in lupus-prone SNF1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Michaels
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Yokota A, Takeuchi E, Iizuka M, Ikegami Y, Takayama H, Shinohara N. Prominent dominant negative effect of a mutant Fas molecule lacking death domain on cell-mediated induction of apoptosis. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:71-8. [PMID: 15488945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Using a panel of transfectant B lymphoma cells expressing varying amounts of the mutant Fas together with the endogenous wild type Fas, semi-quantitative studies on the dominant negative effect of a murine mutant Fas molecule lacking death domain were carried out. In anti-Fas antibody-mediated induction of apoptosis, the mutant molecules exerted significant dominant-negative effect only when their expression level was comparable to or higher than that of wild type molecules, or when exposed to low amounts of the antibody. The inhibitory effect was accompanied by the failure in DISC formation in spite of Fas aggregation. When they were subjected to T cell-mediated Fas-based induction of apoptosis, however, the dominant negative effect was prominent such that the expression of even a small amount of the mutant molecules resulted in significant inhibition. Such a strong inhibitory effect explains the dominant phenotype of this type of mutant Fas molecules in ALPS heterozygous patients and also implies that the physiological effectors for Fas in vivo are cells, i.e., FasL-expressing activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yokota
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan
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Nakken B, Davis KE, Pan ZJ, Bachmann M, Farris AD. T-helper cell tolerance to ubiquitous nuclear antigens. Scand J Immunol 2003; 58:478-92. [PMID: 14629620 PMCID: PMC2579760 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases are characterized by the development of antinuclear autoantibodies. In order to understand the immunologic events leading to the development of such antibodies, knowledge of mechanisms of immune tolerance to nuclear antigens is required. By utilizing adoptive T-cell transfer strategies with transgenic mouse models expressing nuclear neo-self antigens, T-cell tolerance to the lupus-related nuclear antigens human La and nRNP A has been demonstrated. These findings also indicate the existence in normal animals of autoreactive B cells continuously presenting nuclear antigen, suggesting that nuclear antigens are not sequestered from the immune system. Investigations of CD4+ T-cell tolerance to non-nuclear antigens have revealed a number of mechanisms that protect the host from autoreactivity, including autoreactive T-cell deletion, regulatory T-cell development and anergy induction. Recent studies using T-cell receptor and neo-self nuclear antigen transgenic mice are revealing the importance of such mechanisms in maintaining tolerance to nuclear antigens. Mechanisms of tolerogenic antigen presentation, identification of tolerogenic antigen source(s) and the pathways leading to loss of tolerance to nuclear antigens in systemic autoimmune disease states are currently being sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nakken
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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12
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Abstract
The proteins of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily are a group of cell-surface receptors critically involved in the maintenance of homeostasis of the immune system. By interacting with their corresponding ligands, these receptors either induce cell death or promote cell survival of immune cells. The number of recognized members of the TNF receptor and ligand superfamily has expanded substantially in the last several years. More important, the biologic function of this group of proteins has been closely associated with the regulation of the immune response and the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Thus, the direct targeting of these receptors by either inducing apoptosis or blocking survival of autoimmune T and B cells may be an important therapeutic strategy in the treatment of autoimmune disease. This review summarizes the recent progress in immunobiology of the TNF receptor superfamily and focuses on our studies of three critical family members-FasL/Fas, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/TRAIL-Rs, and B lymphocyte stimulator(BLyS)/BLyS-Rs--to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting these receptors for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA.
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13
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Pheng SR, Auger C, Chakrabarti S, Massicotte E, Lamontagne L. Sensitivity to methylmercury-induced autoimmune disease in mice correlates with resistance to apoptosis of activated CD4+ lymphocytes. J Autoimmun 2003; 20:147-60. [PMID: 12657528 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-8411(02)00115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of splenic lymphoid cells to apoptosis induced by low concentrations of methylmercury (MeHgCl) has been examined in C57BL/6 and SJL mice, which are, respectively, resistant and sensitive to a genetically determined autoimmune disease induced by subtoxic doses of MeHgCl. To determine the implications of subtoxic doses of MeHgCl in the susceptibility of SJL mice to autoimmune disease, Concanavalin A (ConA) stimulated spleen cells from both mouse strains were treated in vitro with MeHgCl concentrations varying between 0.001 and 1.0 microM for 48h. Results have shown that ConA-activated splenic lymphoid cells from SJL mice increased in the presence of low concentrations of MeHgCl while the number of lymphoid cells from C57BL/6 mice rather decreased. Flow cytometric analysis of the cells showing a typical lymphoid forward scatter (FSC)/side scatter (SSC) pattern (region R1), and those characterized by a lower FSC and a higher SSC parameters (region R2), morphologically corresponding to apoptotic cells, revealed that lymphoid cells from C57BL/6 mice suffered a dose-dependent shift from region R1 toward region R2 when treated with concentrations ranging between 0.01 and 1 microM of MeHgCl. However, SJL splenic lymphoid cells cultured in the presence of low concentrations of MeHgCl proved more resistant to apoptosis. The level of apoptosis induced by MeHgCl in both regions was verified by AnnexinV-propidium iodide (PI) and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) immunolabelings. Phenotyping of lymphoid cells from both mouse strains cultured in the presence of low concentrations of MeHgCl and stimulated with ConA, indicated that CD4+ T cells from SJL mice increased while the corresponding cell subset from C57BL/6 mice became apoptotic. The resistance to apoptosis of ConA-activated lymphoid cells from SJL mice seemed related to an increase of CD4+ cells induced by the lower concentrations of MeHgCl (0.001 and 0.01 microM). However, these SJL cells were sensitive to anti-Fas-mediated apoptosis while residual anti-Fas-resistant cells from C57BL/6 mice were, themselves, sensitive to MeHgCl-induced apoptosis. The in vivo significance of these results has been confirmed by an observed increase in splenic cellularity and in the percentage of activated CD4+ cells from SJL mice. These increases were not observed in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Say-Ry Pheng
- Département de Médecine du Travail et d'Hygiène du Milieu, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Montréal, Canada
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Bouzahzah F, Jung S, Craft J. CD4+ T cells from lupus-prone mice avoid antigen-specific tolerance induction in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:741-8. [PMID: 12517936 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.2.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activated T cells in spontaneous lupus presumably bypass normal tolerance mechanisms in the periphery, since thymic tolerance appears intact. To determine whether such T cells indeed avoid in vivo peripheral tolerance mechanisms, we assessed their activation and recall responses after in vivo Ag stimulation in the absence of exogenously supplied costimulatory signals. Naive CD4(+) AND (transgenic mice bearing rearranged TCR specific for pigeon cytochrome c, peptides 88-104) TCR-transgenic T cells, specific for pigeon cytochrome c, from lupus-prone Fas-intact MRL/Mp+(Fas-lpr) and from H-2(k)-matched control CBA/CaJ and B10.BR mice (MRL.AND, CBA.AND, and B10.AND, respectively) were adoptively transferred into (MRL x CBA)F(1) or (MRL x B10)F(1) recipients transgenically expressing membrane-bound pigeon cytochrome c as a self-Ag. MRL.AND and control CBA.AND and B10.AND-transgenic T cells were activated and divided after transfer, indicating encounter with their cognate Ag; however, T cells from CBA.AND and B10.AND mice were impaired in their ability to proliferate and produce IL-2 after challenge with pigeon cytochrome c in ex vivo recall assays, a typical phenotype of anergized cells. By contrast, MRL.AND T cells proliferated more, and a significantly higher percentage of such cells produced IL-2, compared with control T cells. This observation that MRL T cells avoided anergy induction in vivo was confirmed in an in vitro system where the cells were stimulated with an anti-CD3 in the absence of a costimulatory signal. These experiments provide direct evidence that CD4(+) T cells from Fas-intact lupus-prone MRL mice are more resistant than nonautoimmune control cells to anergy induction. Anergy avoidance in the periphery might contribute to the characteristic finding in lupus of inappropriate T cell activation in response to ubiquitous self-Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Bouzahzah
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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15
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Bodey B. The significance of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis and therapy of neoplasms. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002; 2:371-93. [PMID: 11955276 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2.4.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review article details the diagnostical significance of immunohistochemistry, which has developed during the last quarter of the century. Certainly, the advancement of monoclonal antibody technology has been of great significance in assuring the place of immunohistochemistry in the modern accurate microscopic diagnosis of human neoplasms, as a method of choice in histopathology. The fact still remains that in order to properly assess any immunohistochemical reactivity used for differential diagnostic purposes, the target cells have to be identified as neoplastically transformed cells by routine histopathological techniques. Selected groups of target molecules of great significance in cancer biology are discussed. The discovery of neoplasm-associated antigens has not only made the more accurate diagnosis of human cancer feasible but has also shed light on the extensive immunophenotypical heterogeneity of even the most closely linked human malignancies. The identification of disseminated neoplastically transformed cells by immunohistochemistry has allowed for a clearer picture of cancer invasion and metastasis, as well as the evolution of the tumour cell associated immunophenotype towards increased malignancy. Some possibilities of neoplasm-associated antigen targeted, receptor-directed immunotherapy are discussed and reviewed in this manuscript. Future antineoplastic therapeutical approaches should see the inclusion of a variety of immunotherapies, in the form of an individualised 'cocktail' specific for the particular immunophenotypical pattern associated with each individual patient's neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela Bodey
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
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16
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Shlomchik MJ, Craft JE, Mamula MJ. From T to B and back again: positive feedback in systemic autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2001; 1:147-53. [PMID: 11905822 DOI: 10.1038/35100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus, a prototypical systemic autoimmune disease, is the result of a series of interactions within the immune system that ultimately lead to the loss of self-tolerance to nuclear autoantigens. Here, we present an integrated model that explains how self-tolerance is initially lost and how the loss of tolerance is then amplified and maintained as a chronic autoimmune state. Key to this model are the self-reinforcing interactions of T and B cells, which we suggest lead to perpetuation of autoimmunity as well as its spread to multiple autoantigen targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Shlomchik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8035, USA
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17
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Bodey B, Bodey B, Siegel SE, Kaiser HE. Immunocytochemical detection of leukocyte-associated and apoptosis-related antigen expression in childhood brain tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2001; 39:3-16. [PMID: 11418297 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During systematic cell-surface antigen expression profile analyses of 76 primary childhood brain tumors [34 medulloblastomas (MED)/primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) and 42 astrocytomas (ASTR)], a library of monoclonal antibodies (MoABs) directed against various leukocyte-associated, lymphocyte cell-line differentiation antigens in childhood brain tumors was utilized. The antigens were detected employing an indirect, biotin-streptavidin conjugated alkaline phosphatase (AP) immunocytochemical technique. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I restricted, tumor-associated antigen (TAA) specific, CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were identified in 58/76 (76.32%) brain tumors, and usually represented 1-10% of all cells, but in some cases 30-44% of the cells were CD8(+). CD4(+), MHC class II restricted helper lymphocytes were present in 65/76 (85.53%) brain tumors, and accounted for 1-10% of the observed cells. Macrophages were present in 74/76 (97.37%) brain tumors, and their number also represented 1-10% of all observed cells in the brain tumor frozen sections. Leukocyte common antigen (LCA) expression was detected in all 76 (100%) brain tumors studied. MoAB UJ 308 detected the presence of premyelocytes and mature granulocytes in 60/76 (78.95%) brain tumors. Natural killer (NK) cells were not defined in the observed brain tumors. The great majority of childhood glial tumors, particularly ASTRs express Fas (APO-1/CD95) receptor whereas normal cells in the central nervous system (CNS) do not. FasR is a transmembrane glycoprotein which belongs to the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor (NGF/TNF) receptor superfamily. As part of our screening, the 42 childhood ASTRs were also investigated for expression of CD95. We detected strong expression (strong intensity of staining, number of stained cells 50-100%) of FasR, employing formalin fixed, paraffin-wax embedded tissue slides. Brain tumors and melanomas have been shown to produce their autocrine FasL, and are even capable of switching CD95-related signal transduction from the PCD pathway to a proliferative pathway. In view of our results, we conclude that: (1) the tumor infiltrating leukocytes in MEDs/PNETs and ASTRs represent a very diverse population and are present in a great majority of the cases studied; (2) the strong expression of FasR in ASTRs provides a manner in which T lymphocytes may exert their anti-tumor effects, but may also represent yet another way that tumors may evade the immune response; and (3) further observations of the expression of various antigens involved in juxtacrine, in situ growth control are necessary for the refinement of cellular immunotherapeutical approaches in the treatment of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bodey
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, 8000-1 Canby Avenue, Reseda, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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18
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Takenaka K, Fujiyama Y, Andoh A, Sasaki T, Amakata Y, Matsubara H, Hodohara K, Bamba T. Prevention of murine acute graft-versus-host disease by staphylococcal enterotoxin B treatment. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 123:155-61. [PMID: 11168013 PMCID: PMC1905963 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviral superantigens such as minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mls) antigen play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, it remains unclear how exogenous bacterial superantigens modulate acute GVHD. In this study, we tested the effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) on the development of acute GVHD in a model involving the systemic transfer of parental C57Bl/6 spleen cells into BDF1 mice. SEB treatment suppressed the expansion of donor-derived T cells and blocked the decrease in the number of host cells. Impaired haematopoiesis was actually rescued by treatment with SEB. In SEB-treated mice, both spontaneous proliferation and IL-2 production in T cells were suppressed on day 2 after parental cell infusion. On day 21, the number of donor-derived CD4+ Vbeta8+ T cells markedly decreased in the spleen of SEB-treated mice. Donor-derived CD4+ T cells failed to proliferate in response to host alloantigens, and both donor- and host-derived T cells were unable to produce IL-2 in response to concanavalin A stimulation, suggesting that SEB treatment induced a general immunosuppressive state. Our results indicate that SEB treatment prevents the development of acute GVHD by leading to unresponsiveness of donor-derived T cells against host alloantigens in a Vbeta-restricted and unrestricted manner.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterotoxins/administration & dosage
- Enterotoxins/therapeutic use
- Female
- Graft vs Host Disease/blood
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/pathology
- Graft vs Host Disease/prevention & control
- Hematopoiesis/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- K Takenaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Coordination Centre and Blood Services Division,Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tukinowa, Otsu, Japan
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19
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly regulated process of cell death that is required for the development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis eliminates individual cells without inducing an inflammatory response. Activation or prevention of cell death could be a critical factor in the outcome of an infection. Programmed cell death has been observed as a response to infection by a wide range of animal and plant pathogens and is mediated by an array of pathogen-encoded virulence determinants. Pathogen-induced modulation of the host cell-death pathway may serve to eliminate key immune cells or evade host defenses that can act to limit the infection. Alternatively, suppression of the death pathway may facilitate the proliferation of intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Weinrauch
- Department of Microbiology, Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA
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20
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Craft J, Peng S, Fujii T, Okada M, Fatenejad S. Autoreactive T cells in murine lupus: origins and roles in autoantibody production. Immunol Res 1999; 19:245-57. [PMID: 10493178 DOI: 10.1007/bf02786492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The conventional paradigm to explain systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is that disease results from tissue deposition of pathogenic autoantibodies and immune complexes, secondary to activation of autoreactive B cells in the context of help from alphabeta T cells. Recent work in murine lupus has confirmed this notion and demonstrated that autoantigen-specific alphabeta T cells are absolutely required for full penetrance of disease, with such autoreactive alphabeta T cells, even in Fas-intact mice, likely arising from defects in peripheral tolerance. These studies have also revealed a network of regulation that also involves nonclassical pathogenic and downregulatory alphabeta and gammadelta T cells, suggesting that the lupus immune system involves more complex interactions than the conventional paradigm suggests.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Craft
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8031, USA.
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21
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Komano H, Ikegami Y, Yokoyama M, Suzuki R, Yonehara S, Yamasaki Y, Shinohara N. Severe impairment of B cell function in lpr/lpr mice expressing transgenic Fas selectively on B cells. Int Immunol 1999; 11:1035-42. [PMID: 10383935 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.7.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic lpr/lpr mice expressing functional Fas selectively on B cells were produced in an attempt to elucidate the role of Fas on B cells in the regulation of autoantibody production. The homozygous lpr/lpr mice carrying the transgene did not produce anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies throughout their lives, whereas the development of abnormal lpr T cells (double negative, B220(+)) was not suppressed. Further analyses, however, revealed that the expression of the transgenic Fas on B cells of lpr/lpr homozygous mice resulted in severe impairment of the B cell function. The defect was characterized by a decrease in the number of mature peripheral B cells, a reduction in the serum Ig level and the total failure of B cells to mount antibody responses to stimulations of T-dependent as well as T-independent antigens. Such a defect was prominent only when the transgene was expressed on the lpr/lpr homozygous background. On the contrary, B cells of the transgenic lpr/lpr mice were shown to be capable of producing Ig when stimulated with anti-CD40 in the presence of IL-4 and IL-5. Furthermore, lpr/lpr T cells showed enhanced non-specific cytolytic activity. These observations suggested that the observed B cell defect was probably attributable to the destruction of activated B cells expressing transgenic Fas by aggressive lpr/lpr T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Komano
- Department of Immunology, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Machida, Japan
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22
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Zhang HG, Su X, Liu D, Liu W, Yang P, Wang Z, Edwards CK, Bluethmann H, Mountz JD, Zhou T. Induction of Specific T Cell Tolerance by Fas Ligand- Expressing Antigen-Presenting Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Autocrine interaction of Fas and Fas ligand leads to apoptosis of activated T cells, a process that is critical for the maintenance of peripheral T cell tolerance. Paracrine interactions of Fas ligand with T cells also may play an important role in the maintenance of tolerance, as Fas ligand can create immune-privileged sites and prevent graft rejection by inducing apoptosis in T cells. We surmised that APCs that express Fas ligand might directly induce apoptosis of T cells during presentation of Ag to the T cells, thus inducing Ag-specific, systemic T cell tolerance. Here, we show that profound, specific T cell unresponsiveness to alloantigen was induced by treatment of H-2k mice with H-2b APCs that expressed Fas ligand and that profound T cell unresponsiveness specific for the H-Y Ag was induced by treatment of H-2Db/H-Y TCR transgenic female mice with H-2Db/H-Y APCs that expressed Fas ligand. The induction of this systemic T cell tolerance required the expression of Fas ligand on the APCs as well as the expression of Fas on the T cells. The tolerance was restricted to the Ag presented by the APCs. The rapid and profound clonal deletion of the Ag-specific, peripheral T cells mediated by the Fas ligand-expressing APCs contributed to the induction of tolerance. These findings demonstrate that Ag-specific T cell tolerance can be induced by APCs that express Fas ligand and suggest a novel function for APCs in the induction of T cell apoptosis. Furthermore, they indicate a novel immunointervention strategy for treatment of graft rejection and autoantigen-specific autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-ge Zhang
- *Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Xiao Su
- *Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Di Liu
- *Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Weimin Liu
- *Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Pingar Yang
- *Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Zheng Wang
- *Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | | | | | - John D. Mountz
- §Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Tong Zhou
- *Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294
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23
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Fatenejad S, Peng SL, Disorbo O, Craft J. Central T Cell Tolerance in Lupus-Prone Mice: Influence of Autoimmune Background and the lpr Mutation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.11.6427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Lupus-prone mice develop a systemic autoimmune disease that is dependent upon the B cell help provided by autoreactive αβ CD4+ T cells. Since autoreactive T cells with high affinity for self peptides are normally deleted in the thymus, their presence in these mice suggests the possibility that intrathymic negative selection may be defective. Here, we directly compared central T cell tolerance in response to a conventional peptide Ag in lupus-prone MRL/MpJ mice with a nonautoimmune strain using an MHC class II-restricted TCR transgene. Our results did not demonstrate any defects after Ag exposure in the induction of intrathymic deletion of immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, in TCR down-regulation, or in the number of apoptotic thymocytes in MRL/MpJ compared with nonautoimmune mice. Furthermore, we found that the lpr mutation had no influence upon the Ag-induced thymic deletion of immature thymocytes. These data support the notion that T cell autoreactivity in MRL/MpJ mice is caused by defects in peripheral control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Fatenejad
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Stanford L. Peng
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Olimpia Disorbo
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Joe Craft
- Section of Rheumatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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24
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Zhang HG, Liu D, Heike Y, Yang P, Wang Z, Wang X, Curiel DT, Zhou T, Mountz JD. Induction of specific T-cell tolerance by adenovirus-transfected, Fas ligand-producing antigen presenting cells. Nat Biotechnol 1998; 16:1045-9. [PMID: 9831033 DOI: 10.1038/3488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A major problem associated with adenovirus gene therapy is the T cell-mediated immune response, which is elicited by inoculation of the adenovirus vector and leads to rapid clearance of the virus and loss of transgene expression. In this study, the immune response to adenovirus was prevented by induction of specific T-cell tolerance by pretreatment with adenovirus-infected antigen-presenting cells (APC) that express Fas ligand. Compared with control-treated mice, the tolerized mice showed prolonged expression of lacZ upon administration of AdCMVlacZ 1 week after tolerance induction. In contrast to the control mice, the tolerized mice did not display proliferation of CD3+ T cells in the spleen in response to AdCMVlacZ. Tolerance induction also was indicated by the lower production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 by peripheral T cells isolated from AdCMVlacZ-challenged tolerized mice than by AdCMVlacZ-challenged control-treated mice. The T-cell tolerance was specific for the adenovirus as the T-cell responses to irrelative murine cytomegalovirus remained unimpaired. Our results indicate that adenovirus-specific T-cell tolerance can be induced by APCs that coexpress Fas ligand and adenovirus antigens. We propose that this new strategy can be used to induce tolerance to adenovirus vector gene therapy with resultant prolonged expression of the transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Zhang
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine, 35294, USA
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25
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Kishimoto H, Surh CD, Sprent J. A role for Fas in negative selection of thymocytes in vivo. J Exp Med 1998; 187:1427-38. [PMID: 9565635 PMCID: PMC2212270 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.9.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/1997] [Revised: 03/02/1998] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To seek information on the role of Fas in negative selection, we examined subsets of thymocytes from normal neonatal mice versus Fas-deficient lpr/lpr mice injected with graded doses of antigen. In normal mice, injection of 1-100 microg of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) induced clonal elimination of SEB-reactive Vbeta8+ cells at the level of the semi-mature population of HSAhi CD4+ 8- cells found in the thymic medulla; deletion of CD4+ 8+ cells was minimal. SEB injection also caused marked elimination of Vbeta8+ HSAhi CD4+ 8- thymocytes in lpr/lpr mice. Paradoxically, however, elimination of these cells in lpr/lpr mice was induced by low-to-moderate doses of SEB (=1 microg) but not by high doses (100 microg). Similar findings applied when T cell receptor transgenic mice were injected with specific peptide. These findings suggest that clonal elimination of semi-mature medullary T cells is Fas independent at low doses of antigen but Fas dependent at high doses. Previous reports documenting that negative selection is not obviously impaired in lpr/lpr mice could thus reflect that the antigens studied were expressed at only a low level.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kishimoto
- Department of Immunology, IMM4, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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26
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Walunas TL, Bluestone JA. CTLA-4 Regulates Tolerance Induction and T Cell Differentiation In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.8.3855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte Ag-4 (CTLA-4; CD152) is an important T cell regulatory molecule. In vitro experiments have shown that the blockade of signals through CTLA-4 augments T cell expansion, while CTLA-4 cross-linking results in decreased T cell proliferation due to decreased IL-2 production. However, less is known about the role of CTLA-4 in regulating an ongoing immune response. In this study, we examined the role of CTLA-4 in the expansion, decline, tolerization, and differentiation of T cells following treatment with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Anti-CTLA-4 treatment resulted in increased numbers of SEB-reactive T cells and blockade of subsequent tolerance induction. Further examination of the SEB-reactive cells from anti-CTLA-4-treated mice demonstrated that both the CD4+ and CD8+ Vβ8+ T cells produced IL-4, providing evidence that not only do signals through CTLA-4 regulate T cell-tolerizing events, but they also play an important role in the differentiation of T cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L. Walunas
- The Committee on Immunology and the Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jeffrey A. Bluestone
- The Committee on Immunology and the Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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27
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Su X, Zhou T, Yang P, Edwards CK, Mountz JD. Reduction of arthritis and pneumonitis in motheaten mice by soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1998; 41:139-49. [PMID: 9433879 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199801)41:1<139::aid-art17>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy in the inflammatory and autoimmune disease in motheaten (me/me) mice, which exhibit a Fas apoptosis signaling defect. METHODS Arthritis, pneumonitis, and mortality were analyzed in me/me mice treated with a novel, soluble, dimeric TNF receptor I (sTNFRI) molecule capable of high-affinity binding and neutralization of TNFalpha. RESULTS Soluble TNFRI reduced serum levels of TNFalpha and led to a 2-fold increase in the lifespan of me/me mice, compared with the control treatment group. The treatment also reduced the development of the "motheaten" skin patches and alleviated pneumonitis and inflammatory lesions in the extremities of me/me mice compared with controls. However, the serum levels of IgM and IgM anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibody were comparable to those of untreated control mice. CONCLUSION TNFalpha is an important cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease in me/me mice, resulting in tissue damage and early mortality. Therapies directed at blocking TNF/TNFR interactions, such as the sTNFRI used in these experiments, may be effective in diseases associated with apoptosis defects leading to overutilization of the TNF/TNFR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Su
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-0007, USA
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28
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Telford WG, Nam SY, Podack ER, Miller RA. CD30-regulated apoptosis in murine CD8 T cells after cessation of TCR signals. Cell Immunol 1997; 182:125-36. [PMID: 9514701 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1997.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A variety of culture systems have been developed to study mechanisms of activation-induced cell death in peripheral T lymphocytes either during the initial period after exposure to an activating stimulus or following repeated stimulation of activated T cells. In this study we describe a new culture model for the analysis of apoptosis after withdrawal of TCR signals from activated T cells. T cells activated by anti-CD3 antibodies for 48 h and then further cultured in the presence of IL-2 but absence of continued CD3/TCR stimulation underwent dramatic cell death approximately 4 days following removal of the TCR stimulus. Apoptotic cells generated in this protocol, unlike those produced by hyperstimulation, retained substantial levels of degraded DNA following fixation, consistent with death in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. This "agonist withdrawal" cell death occurred largely within the CD8 T cell subset, with CD4 cells showing lower levels of apoptosis. This form of cell death did not appear to be the result of IL-2 exhaustion, since repeated addition of IL-2 during the culture period did not significantly alter the number of apoptotic cells. Apoptosis induced by agonist withdrawal was not blocked by Fas antigen fusion protein or by anti-TNF alpha-neutralizing antibodies, suggesting a mechanism independent of Fas/FasL and TNF alpha/TNF-R interactions. Cell death was, however, significantly inhibited by treatment with a CD30 fusion protein. CD30 was found to be transiently expressed on CD8 T cells immediately prior to death, with lower expression on CD4 cells, while CD30 ligand was found to be expressed most strongly by CD4 T cells. These results suggest a role for CD30 in regulating the onset of apoptosis in CD8 T cells after interruption of CD3/TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Telford
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA
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29
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Wang JK, Zhu B, Ju ST, Tschopp J, Marshak-Rothstein A. CD4+ T cells reactivated with superantigen are both more sensitive to FasL-mediated killing and express a higher level of FasL. Cell Immunol 1997; 179:153-64. [PMID: 9268499 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1997.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Naive CD4(+) T cells proliferate strongly in response to superantigens such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). When these cells are rested and challenged a second time, they undergo activation-induced cell death (AICD). Fas/FasL interactions have been shown to mediate AICD, even though the level of Fas expression in the 2 degrees SEB responder populations is no higher than in the 1 degrees cultures. To determine whether the dissimilarity between the 1 degrees and 2 degrees cultures could be attributed to differences in FasL cytotoxic activity or in the sensitivity of the Fas apoptosis signaling pathway, we compared these parameters during the 1 degrees and 2 degrees responses of lpr and gld CD4+ T cells (which do not undergo AICD due to a lack of Fas and an inactive FasL, respectively) so that each parameter could be evaluated independently. The results demonstrate that 2 degrees responders both express a higher level of functional FasL and are more sensitive to FasL-mediated killing. These findings account for the differences between the 1 degrees and 2 degrees responses of CD4+ T cells to superantigen. In addition, we found that the apparent level of FasL-mediated cytotoxic activity in the 2 degrees lpr CD4+ T cell population is much higher than that of wild-type cells, suggesting that deficient Fas expression leads to inordinately high levels of FasL expression or subsaturation of FasL binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University Medical Center, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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30
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Fuse Y, Nishimura H, Maeda K, Yoshikai Y. CD95 (Fas) may control the expansion of activated T cells after elimination of bacteria in murine listeriosis. Infect Immun 1997; 65:1883-91. [PMID: 9125576 PMCID: PMC175236 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.5.1883-1891.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD95 (Fas) is known to mediate activation-induced T-cell death by apoptosis. To understand the role of CD95 during the course of bacterial infection, we examined the kinetics of alphabeta and gammadelta T cells in the peritoneal cavities and livers of 5-week-old CD95-defective MRL/lpr mice after an intraperitoneal infection with Listeria monocytogenes. The number of bacteria in the spleen decreased to an undetectable level by day 10 after infection with 7 x 10(3) Listeria cells similar to the number in MRL/+/+ mice. The number of alphabeta T cells expressing CD44 and CD95 reached a maximum in the peritoneal cavity on day 6 after listerial infection and thereafter decreased gradually in MRL/+/+ mice, whereas CD44+ alphabeta T cells without CD95 expression continued to increase throughout the course of listerial infection in MRL/lpr mice. Freshly isolated T cells from MRL/+/+ mice infected with L. monocytogenes 10 days previously showed DNA fragmentation with apoptosis, whereas such fragmentation was not prominent in T cells from infected MRL/lpr mice. In correlation with the increased number of CD44+ alphabeta T cells, Listeria-specific T-cell proliferation of peritoneal exudate cells was significantly greater in MRL/lpr mice than in MRL/+/+ mice on day 10 after listerial infection. In contrast to alphabeta T cells, gammadelta T cells increased in number only transiently in the peritoneal cavity and liver after listerial infection in both MRL/lpr mice and MRL/+/+ mice. These results suggest that CD95-mediated cell death with apoptosis may be involved in termination of the alphabeta-T-cell-mediated immune response after the battle against L. monocytogenes has been won, whereas gammadelta T cells may undergo apoptosis independently of CD95 during the course of listerial infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Colony Count, Microbial
- DNA Fragmentation
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Kinetics
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Peritoneal Cavity/cytology
- Peritoneum/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Spleen/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- fas Receptor/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fuse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Branch Hospital, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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31
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Zhou T, Fleck M, Müeller-Ladner U, Yang P, Wang Z, Gay S, Matsumoto S, Mountz JD. Kinetics of Fas-induced apoptosis in thymic organ culture. J Clin Immunol 1997; 17:74-84. [PMID: 9049788 DOI: 10.1023/a:1027392613714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although most thymocytes express high levels of Fas antigen (CD95), the role of Fas in apoptosis signaling during thymocyte maturation has not been defined. Fas apoptosis occurs primarily in the CD4+CD8+ subpopulations of thymocytes. Fas expression and apoptosis function were investigated in the CD4-8-, CD4+8+, and CD4+ and CD8 single positive thymocyte subpopulations by in vivo injection of anti-Fas and in vitro incubation of Fas with thymic organ cultures. Fas was first expressed on CD4-8- thymocytes coincident with expression of IL-2R and CD44. In Fas mutant lpr/lpr mice, defective Fas expression correlated with overproduction of late-stage CD4-8(-)-thymocytes. Fas was highly expressed on CD3dull and CD3bright thymocytes. CD4+8+CD3dull thymocytes were sensitive to Fas apoptosis, whereas more mature CD4+8+CD3bright thymocytes were resistant to Fas apoptosis. Anti-Fas incubation with established thymic organ culture for 24 hr resulted in apoptosis of approximately 25% of thymocytes. Continued incubation of thymic organ culture with anti-Fas resulted in an apoptosis rate of 25% of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes per day for the first 3 days of culture. Continued culture for further time points up to 6 days did not result in further apoptosis of the CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. These results suggest that CD4-CD8-CD44+ IL-2R+ thymocytes express Fas and there is overpopulation of the subsequent developmental stage of thymocytes in Fas mutant lpr mice. Also, early-stage CD4+8+ thymocytes are susceptible to Fas apoptosis, whereas Fas apoptosis resistance is required after 3 days of thymic organ culture. We conclude that these two populations of thymocytes are susceptible to Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis during T cell development in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhou
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine 35294, USA
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32
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Boshell M, McLeod J, Walker L, Hall N, Patel Y, Sansom D. Effects of antigen presentation on superantigen-induced apoptosis mediated by Fas/Fas ligand interactions in human T cells. Immunol Suppl 1996; 87:586-92. [PMID: 8675213 PMCID: PMC1384137 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.509582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of T cells with bacterial superantigens has several distinct functional outcomes including proliferation, anergy and apoptosis. At present however, the mechanisms that dictate whether activation, anergy, or apoptosis predominate are unclear. In this study we have investigated the effects of superantigen presentation to mature superantigen-reactive human T-cell lines. Despite expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, these lines failed to proliferate in response to superantigen in the absence of antigen-presenting cells (APC) but proliferated when minimal APC were added. In the absence of APC a significant proportion of the T cells underwent apoptosis. This response was rapid, antigen dependent and largely abolished by the addition of cyclosporin A. Interestingly the response was not blocked by the addition of a number of antibodies to cell surface molecules including MHC class II and intracellular adhesion molecule-1. Using both a bioassay and messenger RNA analysis we were able to demonstrate that stimulation of these T cells with superantigen resulted in the induction of Fas-ligand expression on the T cells and furthermore, the ability of these cells to induce apoptosis was inhibited by the addition of blocking Fas antibodies as well as a Fas-Fc fusion protein. These data demonstrate that stimulation of T cells with staphylococcal enterotoxin B induces expression of Fas-ligand resulting in T-cell apoptosis; however, the final outcome of proliferation or apoptosis is determined by the presence of APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boshell
- Bath Institute for Rheumatic Diseases, University of Bath, UK
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33
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Zhou T, Cheng J, Yang P, Wang Z, Liu C, Su X, Bluethmann H, Mountz JD. Inhibition of Nur77/Nurr1 leads to inefficient clonal deletion of self-reactive T cells. J Exp Med 1996; 183:1879-92. [PMID: 8666944 PMCID: PMC2192482 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.4.1879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Nur77/Nurr1 family of DNA binding proteins has been reported to be required for the signal transduction of CD3/T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated apoptosis in T cell hybridomas. To determine the role of this family of DNA-binding proteins in thymic clonal deletion, transgenic (Tg) mice bearing a dominant negative mutation were produced. The transgene consisted of a truncated Nur77 (deltaNur77) gene encoding the DNA-binding domain of Nur77 ligated to a TCR-beta enhancer resulting in early expression in thymocytes. Apoptosis of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes mediated by CD3/TCR signaling was greatly inhibited in the deltaNur77 Tg mice, compared with non-Tg littermates, after treatment with anti-CD3 or anti-TCR antibody in vivo and in vitro. Clonal deletion of self-reactive T cells was investigated in deltaNur77-Db/HY TCR-alpha/beta double Tg mice. There was a five-fold increase in the total number of thymocytes expressing self-reactive Db/HY TCR-alpha/beta in the deltaNur77-TCR-alpha/beta double Tg male mice. Deficient clonal deletion of self-reactive thymocytes was demonstrated by a 10-fold increase in the CD4+CD8+ thymocytes that expressed Tg TCR-alpha/beta. There was an eightfold increase in the CD8+, Db/HY TCR-alpha/beta T cells in the lymph nodes (LN) of delta Nur77-Db/HY TCR-alpha/beta double Tg compared with Db/HY TCR-alpha/beta Tg male mice. In spite of defective clonal deletion, the T cells expressing the Tg TCR were functionally anergic. In vivo analysis revealed increased activation and apoptosis of T cells associated with increased expression of Fas and Fas ligand in LN of deltaNur77-Db/HY TCR-alpha/beta double male mice. These results indicate that inhibition of Nur77/Nurr1 DNA binding in T cells leads to inefficient thymic clonal deletion, but T cell tolerance is maintained by Fas-dependent clonal deletion in LN and spleen.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Base Sequence
- CD3 Complex
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
- Clonal Deletion
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Receptors, Steroid
- Self Tolerance
- Sequence Deletion
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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34
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Mountz JD, Edwards CK, Cheng J, Yang P, Wang Z, Liu C, Su X, Bluethmann H, Zhou T. Autoimmunity due to defective Nur77, Fas, and TNF-RI apoptosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 406:241-62. [PMID: 8910690 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0274-0_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Autoimmunity/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Macrophages/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Receptors, Steroid
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Shock, Septic
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/immunology
- fas Receptor/genetics
- fas Receptor/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Mountz
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Medicine 35294, USA
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35
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Sellins KS, Gold DP, Bellgrau D. Resistance to tolerance induction in the diabetes-prone biobreeding rat as one manifestation of abnormal responses to superantigens. Diabetologia 1996; 39:28-36. [PMID: 8720600 DOI: 10.1007/bf00400410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
T cells taken from normal rats treated with an exogenous source of bacterial superantigen in vivo specifically failed to proliferate following re-stimulation with the same superantigen in vitro. Responsiveness was restored following the addition of an exogenous source of interleukin-2 indicating that the T cells had been made functionally tolerant and not deleted. While staphylococcal enterotoxin treatment of normal rats virtually abolished T-cell proliferation to the same enterotoxin in vitro, T cells from similarly treated diabetes-prone Biobreeding (BB-DP) rats were markedly resistant to this in vivo effect. Responses in BB-DP rats were never reduced by more than 50% even when a 4 times more effective dose of enterotoxin was employed. The resistance of BB-DP peripheral T cells to staphylococcal enterotoxin-induced tolerance could not be attributed to differences in T-cell receptor V beta chain family usage of BB-DP vs normal T cells but was associated with qualitative differences in the way in which BB-DP T cells responded to staphylococcal enterotoxins in vitro. While under optimal stimulatory conditions BB-DP T-cell proliferative responses to staphylococcal enterotoxins appeared comparable to those from non-diabetes-prone animals, under superoptimal conditions BB-DP, but not diabetes-resistant, donor T-cell proliferative responses to staphylococcal enterotoxins could be blocked in vitro with antibodies to CD4 antigens. In addition, BB-DP T-cell proliferative responses were more sensitive to suboptimal staphylococcal enterotoxin doses in vitro. We discuss ways in which abnormal BB-DP T-cell responses to superantigens in general and resistance to staphylococcal enterotoxin-mediated tolerance induction in particular may play a role in the generation of a peripheral T-cell repertoire prone to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Sellins
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, Denver, Colorado, USA
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36
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Rathmell JC, Cooke MP, Ho WY, Grein J, Townsend SE, Davis MM, Goodnow CC. CD95 (Fas)-dependent elimination of self-reactive B cells upon interaction with CD4+ T cells. Nature 1995; 376:181-4. [PMID: 7603571 DOI: 10.1038/376181a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The recessive mouse mutations lpr and gld create deficiencies in an interacting pair of cell surface molecules, CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and Fas-ligand (FasL), respectively, resulting in autoantibody production resembling human systemic lupus erythematosus. The mechanisms of self-tolerance affected by deficiency in either molecule are not established, but CD95 deficiency both in B cells and in CD4+ T cells recognizing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules is required for autoimmunity in lpr mice. Here we track the outcome of in vivo interactions between B cells and CD4+ T cells that recognize a transgene-encoded autoantigen, hen egg lysozyme (HEL), using cells from mice transgenic for immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor (TCR) genes. B cells that had not previously encountered HEL autoantigen (naive cells) were triggered into proliferation and antibody production upon interaction with antigen and HEL-specific CD4+ T cells. By contrast, B cells that had been chronically exposed to HEL during their development and carried desensitized surface immunoglobulin (sIg) antigen receptors (anergic cells) did not produce antibody but instead were eliminated in the presence of HEL-specific CD4+ T cells. CD95-deficient anergic B cells, however, were not eliminated by CD4+ T cells and were triggered to proliferate. These findings identify a novel regulatory step for eliminating autoreactive B cells that seems unique in its dependence on CD95.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rathmell
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
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37
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Zhou T, Edwards CK, Mountz JD. Prevention of age-related T cell apoptosis defect in CD2-fas-transgenic mice. J Exp Med 1995; 182:129-37. [PMID: 7540646 PMCID: PMC2192099 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.1.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell dysfunction and thymic involution are major immunologic abnormalities associated with aging. Fas (CD95) is a bifunctional molecule that is critical for apoptosis and stimulation during T cell development, but the role of Fas during aging has not been determined. Fas expression and function on T cells from old (22-26-mo-old) mice was compared with young (2-mo-old) mice and old CD2-fas-transgenic mice. Fas expression and ligand-induced apoptosis were decreased on T cells from old mice compared with young mice. This correlated with an age-related increase in CD44+Fas- T cells. There was a marked decrease in the proliferation of T cells from old mice after anti-CD3 stimulation compared with young mice. Anti-CD3-stimulated T cells from young mice exhibited increased production of interleukin (IL)-2 and decreased production of interferon-gamma and IL-10 compared with old mice. There was an age-related decrease in the total thymocyte count from 127 +/- 10 cells in young mice compared with 26 +/- 8 x 10(6) in old mice. In 26-mo-old CD2-fas-transgenic mice, Fas and CD44 expression, Fas-induced apoptosis, T cell proliferation, and cytokine production were comparable to that of the young mice. These results suggest that T cell senescence with age is associated with defective apoptosis, and that the CD2-fas transgene allows maintenance of Fas apoptosis function and T cell function in aged mice comparable to that of young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhou
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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38
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Hughes DP, Hayday A, Craft JE, Owen MJ, Crispe IN. T cells with gamma/delta T cell receptors (TCR) of intestinal type are preferentially expanded in TCR-alpha-deficient lpr mice. J Exp Med 1995; 182:233-41. [PMID: 7540652 PMCID: PMC2192080 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.1.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fas-mediated apoptosis is essential for activation-induced cell death of alpha/beta T cells, but it is not clear what role, if any, it plays in regulating other components of the immune system. To study the role of Fas in gamma/delta T cell development, Fas-deficient lpr mice were bred with T cell receptor alpha gene-ablated (TCR-alpha-/-) mice to generate mice deficient in one or both genes. The TCR-alpha-/-, lpr/lpr mice had a nearly 10-fold increase in total lymph node cell (LNC) number compared with Fas-intact TCR-alpha-/- mice, because of expansion of TCR-gamma/delta+ and TCR-beta+ cells. In Fas-intact TCR-alpha-/- mice, approximately one third of the LNCs expressed TCR-gamma/delta. These were evenly divided between the CD4-, CD8-alpha+ and the CD4-, CD8- subsets, and rarely expressed the B220 epitope of CD45. In contrast, in TCR-alpha-/-, lpr/lpr mice, TCR-gamma/delta+ cells comprised half of the LNCs and were primarily CD4-, CD8-, and B220+. Moreover, Fas deficiency in TCR-alpha-/- mice caused a preferential expansion of gamma/delta T cells expressing variable region genes characteristic of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. These results demonstrate a role for Fas in regulating the gamma/delta T cell contribution to peripheral lymph nodes. This mechanism may be most important in limiting the access of activated intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes to the peripheral lymphoid system.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/physiology
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Cell Division
- Cell Movement
- DNA Transposable Elements/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/genetics
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/immunology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- fas Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Hughes
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011, USA
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39
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Papiernik M, Pontoux C, Golstein P. Non-exclusive Fas control and age dependence of viral superantigen-induced clonal deletion in lupus-prone mice. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:1517-23. [PMID: 7542196 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of Fas in the induction of tolerance by viral superantigen (SAG), we infected MRL-+/+ and MRL-lpr (Fas mutant) mice with mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) (SW), a virus encoding an SAG with the same specificity as endogenous Mtv-7-SAG. In normal mice, this infection has two distinct consequences on specific V beta 6+CD4+ T cells, consisting of activation followed by clonal deletion. MMTV (SW)-SAG-induced activation in vivo was identical in MRL-+/+ and MRL-lpr mice. In contrast, clonal deletion showed age-dependent impairment. Early infection (5 weeks) led to identical clonal deletion of specific T cells in blood lymphocytes from MRL-+/+ and MRL-lpr mice, although clonal deletion was slightly impaired in the MRL-lpr lymph nodes. Late infection (10 weeks) of MRL-lpr mice led to markedly delayed and reduced clonal deletion. V beta 6+CD4+ T cells which escaped clonal deletion in aging MRL-lpr mice were not anergized by interaction with SAG. These results show that peripheral clonal deletion induced by viral SAG in adult mice is controlled by Fas, but not exclusively so.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Papiernik
- U.345 INSERM, Institut Necker, Paris, France
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Klinman
- Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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41
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Roark JH, Kuntz CL, Nguyen KA, Caton AJ, Erikson J. Breakdown of B cell tolerance in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 1995; 181:1157-67. [PMID: 7532679 PMCID: PMC2191913 DOI: 10.1084/jem.181.3.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-DNA antibodies, specifically those that stain nuclei in a homogenous nuclear (HN) fashion, are diagnostic of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the MRL-lpr/lpr SLE murine model. We have used a heavy chain transgene that increases the frequency of anti-HN antibodies to address whether their production in SLE is the consequence of a defect in B cell tolerance. Anti-HN B cells were undetectable in nonautoimmune-prone transgenic mice, but in MRL-lpr/lpr transgenic mice their Ig was evident in the sera and they were readily retrievable as hybridomas. We conclude that nonautoimmune animals actively delete anti-HN-specific B cells, and that MRL-lpr/lpr mice are defective in this process possibly because of the lpr defect in the fas gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Roark
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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42
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Abstract
In Part II of his review of the basis of autoimmunity, Argyrios N. Theofilopoulos summarizes current knowledge on the genetic factors that contribute to autoimmune disease predisposition. The findings indicate that multiple genes contribute to the induction of pathogenic autoimmunity, and that no single genetic abnormality is sufficient in itself to induce disease. The definition of these genetically complex diseases is about to be revolutionized by the development of genome scanning approaches, such as dense chromosomal maps based on polymorphic microsatellite DNA and other informative markers. These will allow the loci and genes that predispose to these diseases to be identified broadly.
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43
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Mountz JD, Zhou T, Wu J, Wang W, Su X, Cheng J. Regulation of apoptosis in immune cells. J Clin Immunol 1995; 15:1-16. [PMID: 7539010 DOI: 10.1007/bf01489485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J D Mountz
- University of Alabama, Department of Medicine, Birmingham 35294-0007, USA
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44
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Goodnow CC, Cyster JG, Hartley SB, Bell SE, Cooke MP, Healy JI, Akkaraju S, Rathmell JC, Pogue SL, Shokat KP. Self-tolerance checkpoints in B lymphocyte development. Adv Immunol 1995; 59:279-368. [PMID: 7484462 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C C Goodnow
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
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45
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Mountz JD, Wu J, Cheng J, Zhou T. Autoimmune disease. A problem of defective apoptosis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1994; 37:1415-20. [PMID: 7524507 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780371002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human autoimmune diseases share the common feature of an imbalance between the production and destruction of various cell types including lymphocytes (SLE), synovial cells (RA), and fibroblasts (scleroderma). Patients with SLE have increased levels of soluble Fas that inhibit proper apoptosis of lymphocytes. In animal models of autoimmune diseases, mutations of genes involved in apoptosis including Fas, Fas ligand, and the hematopoietic cell phosphatase gene have been identified. Oncogenes, including bcl-2, p53, and myc, that regulate apoptosis are also expressed abnormally. Potent inducers of apoptosis including steroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate are the most efficacious therapies for autoimmune disease currently known. Specific therapies that induce apoptosis without incurring side effects should improve treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Mountz
- Multipurpose Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disease Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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46
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Hosaka N, Nagata N, Miyashima S, Ikehara S. Attenuation of lpr-graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in MRL/lpr spleen cell-injected SCID mice by in vivo treatment with anti-V beta 8.1,2 monoclonal antibody. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 96:500-7. [PMID: 8004820 PMCID: PMC1534572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
When MRL/lpr (H-2k) spleen cells were intraperitoneally injected into C.B-17-scid/scid (severe combined immunodeficient (SCID)) (H-2d) mice, the SCID (SCID-MRL/lpr) mice manifested a severe wasting syndrome with weight loss, splenic atrophy, and lymphoid cell infiltration in the liver and lung, as seen in lpr-GVHD. In contrast, MRL/+ spleen cell-injected SCID (SCID-MRL/+) mice did not show lpr-GVHD. The spleens of SCID-MRL/lpr mice showed progressive increases in donor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from 4 to 12 weeks after injection and a decrease in B cells at 12 weeks. SCID-MRL/+ mice showed a stable engraftment of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and a progressive increase in B cells. Analyses of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires (V beta 6, V beta 8.1,2 and V beta 11) revealed that the V beta 8.1,2+ T cells were found more frequently in SCID-MRL/lpr mice than in SCID-MRL/+ mice. When SCID-MRL/lpr mice were treated with intraperitoneal injection of an anti-V beta 8.1,2 (KJ16) MoAb, V beta 8.1,2+ T cells were markedly depleted, and the severity of lpr-GVHD was attenuated at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment, in contrast to normal rat IgG-injected SCID-MRL/lpr mice. However, the KJ16 MoAb-treated SCID-MRL/lpr mice suffered from severe lpr-GVHD 12 weeks after treatment, although V beta 8.1,2+ T cells were still maintained at a low level. These findings suggest that V beta 8.1,2+ T cells are a major T cell population that mediates lpr-GVHD in the early stage of lpr-GVHD, but that in the later stage, the other T cell populations may proliferate naturally or in accordance with the depletion of V beta 8.1,2+ T cells, and contribute to the development of lpr-GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hosaka
- First Department of Pathology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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Zhou T, Weaver C, Linsley PS, Mountz JD. T cells of staphylococcal enterotoxin B-tolerized autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mice require co-stimulation through the B7-CD28/CTLA-4 pathway for activation and can be reanergized in vivo by stimulation of the T cell receptor in the absence of this co-stimulatory signal. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1019-25. [PMID: 7514125 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The CD28/CTLA-4 receptors on T cells interact with the B7 molecule on antigen-presenting cells (APC) to produce a co-stimulatory signal that determines the outcome of activation. The role of this co-stimulatory signal in T cell activation and loss of tolerance in autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mice has not been investigated previously. The present study examines the contribution of the CD28/CTLA-4 co-stimulatory pathway to the loss of T cell tolerance in V beta 8 transgenic MRL-lpr/lpr and (-)+/+ mice in which neonatal tolerance has been induced by the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). An artificial APC transfected with the murine B7 gene, and a CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein were used to analyze the significance of the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway in vitro. The CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein was also used to inhibit the pathway in vivo. Our results demonstrate that CD28 and CTLA-4 mRNA was overexpressed in the lymph nodes of lpr/lpr mice (MRL, C57BL/6, C3H and AKR), but not in +/+ mice of the same background strain. Lymph node T cells and thymocytes from SEB neonatally tolerized MRL-lpr/lpr mice that had undergone tolerance loss, proliferated when cultured with SEB and B7+ fibroblasts in vitro, but did not proliferate when the SEB was presented in the context of B7- fibroblasts. This in vitro tolerance loss could be prevented by blocking of B7 signaling by CTLA-4-Ig. This loss of tolerance did not occur in lymph node T cells from thymectomized MRL-lpr/lpr mice. SEB challenge of tolerized MRL-lpr/lpr mice in vivo led to weight loss, increased serum cytokine levels and depletion of V beta 8+ T cells. These effects were blocked by blocking of the co-stimulatory pathway by treatment with the CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein prior to and during challenge with SEB. T cells from thymus and lymph nodes of these mice did not proliferate later in response to stimulation in vitro with SEB even in the presence of B7+ APC. Nonresponsiveness was not due to deletion of V beta 8+ CD28+ T cells, as the number of these cells was increased after treatment with SEB and the CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Wu J, Zhou T, Zhang J, He J, Gause WC, Mountz JD. Correction of accelerated autoimmune disease by early replacement of the mutated lpr gene with the normal Fas apoptosis gene in the T cells of transgenic MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:2344-8. [PMID: 7510888 PMCID: PMC43367 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.6.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
MRL-lpr/lpr mice develop a generalized autoimmune disease which includes increased autoantibody production, glomerulonephritis, and development of lymphadenopathy. The lpr genetic defect has been identified as a mutation in the Fas apoptosis gene that results in low expression of Fas mRNA. To determine the significance of the lpr mutation and T cells in the development of the autoimmune disease, we constructed transgenic MRL-lpr/lpr mice using a full-length murine Fas cDNA under the regulation of the T-cell-specific CD2 promoter and enhancer. Here we show that the early correction of the lpr gene defect in T cells eliminates glomerulonephritis and development of lymphadenopathy and decreases the levels of autoantibodies. In this model, early correction of the lpr defect in T cells is sufficient to eliminate the acceleration of autoimmune disease even in the presence of B cells and other cells that express the mutant lpr gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294
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Mountz JD, Zhou T, Long RE, Bluethmann H, Koopman WJ, Edwards CK. T cell influence on superantigen-induced arthritis in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1994; 37:113-24. [PMID: 7907476 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780370117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the influence of the T cell receptor (TCR) and the lpr autoimmune gene on the induction and progression of superantigen-induced arthritis in V beta 8 transgenic MRL-lpr/lpr mice. METHODS The time to onset and the extent of synovial hyperplasia after the induction of arthritis by intraarticular injection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) were compared in mice having T cells that bear the V beta 8 transgene alone (V beta 8 TCR transgenic MRL-+/+), the lpr gene without the V beta 8 gene (nontransgenic MRL-lpr/lpr), both the V beta 8 gene and the lpr gene (V beta 8 transgenic MRL-lpr/lpr), or neither gene (nontransgenic MRL-+/+). Synovial hyperplasia was compared in SEB-injected V beta 8 transgenic MRL-lpr/lpr mice after treatment with cyclosporin A (CSA), anti-V beta 8 and anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies, and in V beta 8 transgenic MRL-lpr/lpr mice after injection of a non-V beta 8-reactive superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). RESULTS At day 30, increased synovial cells were observed in all SEB-treated mice, but the increase was greatest in the V beta 8 transgenic MRL-lpr/lpr mice. T cell involvement was indicated by the inability of either heat-denatured SEB or SEA to induce severe arthritis, the reduction in the severity of the arthritis on systemic treatment with CSA or anti-V beta 8, and the correlation of synovial hyperplasia with in vitro SEB reactivity of T cells. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that superantigens can induce chronic arthritis and that the induction and progression of the arthritis requires an underlying T cell defect in anergy induction in addition to exposure to the superantigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Mountz
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294
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Mountz JD, Zhou T, Bluethmann H, Wu J, Edwards CK. Apoptosis defects analyzed in TcR transgenic and fas transgenic lpr mice. Int Rev Immunol 1994; 11:321-42. [PMID: 7528763 DOI: 10.3109/08830189409051178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Although autoreactive T cells are thought to play a prominent role in autoimmune disease in MRL-lpr/lpr mice, it has been difficult to directly determine if autoreactive T cells escape from the thymus and react with self-antigens in the periphery. Defective expression of the Fas apoptosis antigen in MRL-lpr/lpr mice results from the insertion of the ETn retrotransposon. The fas defect can be partially corrected in CD2-fas transgenic mice in which the expression of fas is corrected in T cells. To identify a possible defect in clonal deletion or clonal anergy induction of auto-specific T cells, we have studied C57BL/6-lpr/lpr transgenic mice that express TcR genes that recognize a known self-antigen, the male H-Y antigen. In addition, we have analyzed clonal deletion and tolerance induction after neonatal tolerance induction and superantigen-induced arthritis with the class II MHC reactive superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in V beta 8 TcR transgenic and non-transgenic MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Neonatal tolerance induction to SEB was normal in lpr/lpr mice. However, over time a loss of tolerance (thymic or peripheral) was observed in lpr/lpr mice but not in +/+ TcR transgenic mice. This defect in lpr/lpr mice was thymic-dependent and was due to increased CD28/CTLA4 signaling. These results suggest that an apoptosis defect involving both thymocytes and peripheral lymphoid cells leads to autoimmune disease in lpr/lpr mice. The challenge in the future will be to determine the role of defective apoptosis in other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Mountz
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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